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Consumer welfare standard

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923: 929: 31: 331: 383:" have called into question the value of the consumer welfare standard. These critics argue that, by emerging as the dominant form of antitrust analysis by courts and regulators, the consumer welfare standard has led to less competition and an increase in the average 429:, have also argued that the consumer welfare standard is insufficient, stating that he believes that "defining any corporate behavior that leads to lower prices for consumers as acceptable is not true to the original intent of antitrust legislation." 307:“only when it harms both allocative efficiency and raises the prices of goods above competitive levels or diminishes their quality". This contrasts with earlier frameworks of antitrust theory, and more recently the 93: 314:
In other words, the consumer welfare standard does not analyze antitrust issues from a "big is bad" perspective that condemns corporate consolidation as a negative phenomenon in of itself
407: 620: 832: 371:. The adoption of the consumer welfare standard by courts and regulatory agencies has been credited with the sharp drop in antitrust enforcement in recent decades. 535: 550: 1011: 594: 886: 271: 972: 708: 1006: 322:
harmful to consumers, as long as a merger (or series of mergers) does not lead to individuals having to pay more for a product or service.
311:, which argue that corporate mergers are inherently detrimental to consumers because of the diminishing competition resulting from it. 343: 240: 1016: 996: 665: 570: 78: 879: 469: 640: 447: 264: 183: 527: 991: 368: 285: 304: 112: 47: 965: 827: 701: 1001: 938: 415: 300: 257: 807: 494: 891: 402:, multiple noted critics of the consumer welfare standard were appointed to federal office. These include 157: 874: 380: 352: 308: 245: 958: 694: 621:"Advocates for Antitrust Enforcement Say Consumer Welfare Standard Only One Layer of Competition Law" 399: 200: 195: 83: 781: 771: 766: 756: 727: 391: 817: 812: 219: 141: 822: 802: 786: 502: 205: 190: 73: 61: 761: 751: 214: 168: 164: 66: 922: 901: 555: 403: 173: 152: 98: 22: 338:
is often cited as having contributed to the development of the consumer welfare standard
296:(CWP) is a legal doctrine used to determine the applicability of antitrust enforcement. 942: 858: 364: 357: 121: 103: 985: 848: 390:
Many of these critics favor an approach to antitrust enforcement tools to promote of
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principle as the dominant legal theory behind antitrust enforcement by the 1980s.
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In the 21st century, antitrust advocates affiliated with the progressive "
746: 571:"Antitrust Basics: Rule of Reason Standard vs. Consumer Welfare Standard" 52: 641:"What Does Lina Khan's FTC Nomination Mean For the Future of Antitrust?" 342:
The roots of the consumer welfare standard can be found in the work of
666:"Both parties must work together to take on tech monopolies | Opinion" 595:"POLICY SPOTLIGHT: Antitrust Policy and the Consumer Welfare Standard" 318:
Instead, the framework stipulates that corporate consolidation is not
132: 329: 690: 686: 470:"Congress Hears Challenges To The Consumer Welfare Standard" 29: 448:"Antitrust in 2018: The Meaning of Consumer Welfare Now" 946: 356:. The consumer welfare standard gradually replaced the 367:
theory and is related to the economic theories of the
867: 841: 795: 734: 833:United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection 363:The consumer welfare standard was influenced by 495:"Opinion | Unfortunately, 'Big Is Bad' Is Back" 966: 702: 265: 8: 973: 959: 709: 695: 687: 272: 258: 18: 233:Enforcement authorities and organizations 408:Department of Justice Antitrust Division 438: 299:Under the consumer welfare standard, a 232: 111: 39: 21: 941:or its constituent jurisdictions is a 549:Matthews, Dylan (December 20, 2012). 452:Penn Wharton Public Policy Initiative 446:Hovenkamp, Herbert (September 2018). 406:, Assistant Attorney General for the 7: 918: 916: 619:Abarinova, Masha (6 December 2019). 726:the philosophy of and activism for 14: 1012:Conservatism in the United States 532:University of Michigan Law School 241:International Competition Network 927: 921: 575:Competitive Enterprise Institute 538:from the original on 2015-09-06. 350:, most notably in his 1978 book 16:Legal doctrine in antitrust law 246:List of competition regulators 1: 945:. You can help Knowledge by 493:Kessler, Andy (2021-06-06). 421:Some conservatives, such as 387:of firms in a given sector. 1007:United States antitrust law 369:Chicago school of economics 1033: 915: 526:Crane, Daniel. A. (2014). 334:The work of legal scholar 294:consumer welfare principle 113:Anti-competitive practices 79:Herfindahl–Hirschman index 48:History of competition law 937:This article relating to 828:Collaborative consumption 777:Consumer welfare standard 724: 290:consumer welfare standard 939:law in the United States 416:Federal Trade Commission 1017:United States law stubs 997:Consumer protection law 808:Consumer Bill of Rights 892:Ellen Swallow Richards 887:Consumers' Association 875:Consumer organizations 339: 326:Background and origins 158:Occupational licensing 34: 381:New Brandeis movement 353:The Antitrust Paradox 333: 309:New Brandeis movement 33: 400:Biden administration 286:U.S. competition law 201:Occupational closure 196:Dividing territories 184:Essential facilities 84:Market concentration 992:Consumer protection 782:Ethical consumerism 772:Consumer revolution 767:Consumer protection 757:Consumer capitalism 728:consumer protection 499:Wall Street Journal 474:Stanford Law School 818:Consumer education 813:Consumer complaint 340: 284:In the context of 220:Regulatory capture 35: 954: 953: 910: 909: 823:Consumer movement 803:Consumer activism 787:Informed consumer 392:economic equality 282: 281: 211:Misuse of patents 206:Predatory pricing 191:Exclusive dealing 74:Barriers to entry 62:Coercive monopoly 1024: 975: 968: 961: 933: 932: 931: 930: 925: 917: 762:Consumer privacy 752:Anti-consumerism 711: 704: 697: 688: 681: 680: 678: 677: 662: 656: 655: 653: 652: 637: 631: 630: 628: 627: 616: 610: 609: 607: 606: 591: 585: 584: 582: 581: 567: 561: 560: 546: 540: 539: 523: 517: 516: 514: 513: 490: 484: 483: 481: 480: 466: 460: 459: 443: 305:anti-competitive 301:corporate merger 274: 267: 260: 165:Product bundling 67:Natural monopoly 19: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1002:Competition law 982: 981: 980: 979: 928: 926: 920: 913: 911: 906: 902:Esther Peterson 863: 842:Fields of study 837: 791: 730: 720: 715: 685: 684: 675: 673: 664: 663: 659: 650: 648: 639: 638: 634: 625: 623: 618: 617: 613: 604: 602: 599:Mercatus Center 593: 592: 588: 579: 577: 569: 568: 564: 556:Washington Post 548: 547: 543: 525: 524: 520: 511: 509: 492: 491: 487: 478: 476: 468: 467: 463: 445: 444: 440: 435: 414:, Chair of the 404:Jonathan Kanter 377: 328: 278: 174:Refusal to deal 153:Tacit collusion 99:Relevant market 23:Competition law 17: 12: 11: 5: 1030: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 984: 983: 978: 977: 970: 963: 955: 952: 951: 934: 908: 907: 905: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 883: 882: 871: 869: 865: 864: 862: 861: 859:Home economics 856: 851: 845: 843: 839: 838: 836: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 799: 797: 793: 792: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 738: 736: 732: 731: 725: 722: 721: 716: 714: 713: 706: 699: 691: 683: 682: 657: 632: 611: 586: 562: 541: 518: 485: 461: 437: 436: 434: 431: 376: 373: 358:rule of reason 346:legal scholar 327: 324: 280: 279: 277: 276: 269: 262: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248: 243: 235: 234: 230: 229: 228: 227: 222: 217: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 187: 186: 181: 171: 162: 161: 160: 155: 150: 145: 135: 124: 122:Monopolization 116: 115: 109: 108: 107: 106: 104:Merger control 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 70: 69: 64: 50: 42: 41: 40:Basic concepts 37: 36: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1029: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 987: 976: 971: 969: 964: 962: 957: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 935: 924: 919: 914: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 872: 870: 866: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 849:Consumer math 847: 846: 844: 840: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 798: 794: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 737: 733: 729: 723: 719: 712: 707: 705: 700: 698: 693: 692: 689: 671: 667: 661: 658: 646: 642: 636: 633: 622: 615: 612: 600: 596: 590: 587: 576: 572: 566: 563: 558: 557: 552: 545: 542: 537: 533: 529: 522: 519: 508: 504: 500: 496: 489: 486: 475: 471: 465: 462: 457: 453: 449: 442: 439: 432: 430: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 398:. During the 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 374: 372: 370: 366: 365:microeconomic 361: 359: 355: 354: 349: 345: 337: 332: 325: 323: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 275: 270: 268: 263: 261: 256: 255: 253: 252: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 237: 236: 231: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 185: 182: 180: 179:Group boycott 177: 176: 175: 172: 170: 166: 163: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 134: 131:Formation of 130: 129: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 118: 117: 114: 110: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 68: 65: 63: 60: 59: 58: 54: 51: 49: 46: 45: 44: 43: 38: 32: 28: 27: 24: 20: 947:expanding it 936: 912: 776: 674:. Retrieved 672:. 2021-10-12 669: 660: 649:. Retrieved 647:. 2021-03-10 644: 635: 624:. Retrieved 614: 603:. Retrieved 601:. 2021-03-23 598: 589: 578:. Retrieved 574: 565: 554: 544: 531: 521: 510:. Retrieved 498: 488: 477:. Retrieved 473: 464: 455: 451: 441: 420: 396:labor rights 389: 385:market share 378: 362: 351: 344:conservative 341: 319: 315: 313: 298: 293: 289: 283: 225:Rent-seeking 138:Price fixing 89:Market power 897:Ralph Nader 868:Key players 742:Consumerism 718:Consumerism 423:Jeff Landry 348:Robert Bork 336:Robert Bork 320:necessarily 148:Bid rigging 986:Categories 676:2021-10-14 651:2021-10-06 626:2021-09-09 605:2021-09-03 580:2021-07-25 512:2021-09-03 479:2021-07-25 433:References 303:is deemed 215:copyrights 94:SSNIP test 854:Euthenics 645:ProMarket 507:0099-9660 427:Louisiana 412:Lina Khan 375:Criticism 292:(CWS) or 127:Collusion 57:oligopoly 796:Activism 747:Consumer 735:Concepts 670:Newsweek 536:Archived 53:Monopoly 418:(FTC). 133:cartels 505:  410:, and 288:, the 169:tying 142:cases 943:stub 880:list 503:ISSN 394:and 213:and 167:and 55:and 425:of 988:: 668:. 643:. 597:. 573:. 553:. 534:. 530:. 501:. 497:. 472:. 454:. 450:. 974:e 967:t 960:v 949:. 710:e 703:t 696:v 679:. 654:. 629:. 608:. 583:. 559:. 515:. 482:. 458:. 456:6 316:. 273:e 266:t 259:v 144:) 140:(

Index

Competition law

History of competition law
Monopoly
oligopoly
Coercive monopoly
Natural monopoly
Barriers to entry
Herfindahl–Hirschman index
Market concentration
Market power
SSNIP test
Relevant market
Merger control
Anti-competitive practices
Monopolization
Collusion
cartels
Price fixing
cases
Bid rigging
Tacit collusion
Occupational licensing
Product bundling
tying
Refusal to deal
Group boycott
Essential facilities
Exclusive dealing
Dividing territories

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