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517:, five remnant areas of land were monitored; one was put in the center with the other four surrounding it. Then, a corridor was put between one of the remnants and the center. Butterflies that were placed in the center habitat were two to four times more likely to move to the connected remnant rather than the disconnected ones. Furthermore, male
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Habitat corridors can be categorized based on their width, with wider corridors generally supporting greater wildlife use. However, the overall effectiveness of a corridor depends more on its design that its width. The following are three main categories of corridor widths:
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populations. A control population in which voles were confined to their core habitat with no corridor was compared to a treatment population in their core habitat with passages that they use to move to other regions. Females typically stayed and mated within their
510:, small mammals, and reptiles, even though the corridors were not intended specifically for animals. Researchers also learned that factors such as surrounding habitat, underpass dimensions, and human activity played a role in the frequency of usage.
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Wildlife corridors are most effective when designed with the ecology of their target species in mind. Factors such as seasonal movement, avoidance behavior, dispersal patterns , and specific habitat requirements must also be considered.
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The Siju-Rewak
Corridor, located in the Garo Hills of India, protects an important population of elephants (thought to be approximately 20% of all the elephants that survive in the country). This corridor project links together the
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populations that have been separated by human activities or structures, such as development, roads, or land clearings. These corridors enable movement of individuals between populations, which helps to prevent negative effects of
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through animals movement, of various species between isolated habitat patches. Corridors must be large enough to support minimum critical populations, reduce migration barriers, and maximize connectivity between populations.
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plants were placed in the center region, and female holly plants in the connected region increased by 70 percent in seed production compared to those plants in the disconnected region. Plant
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Some species are more likely to utilize habitat corridors depending on migration and mating patterns, making it essential that corridor design is targeted towards a specific species.
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353:. Observations that underpasses tend to be more than overpasses as many animals are too timid to cross over a bridge in front of traffic and prefer the cover of an underpass.
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may become unstable or isolated. Corridors help reconnect these fragmented populations and reduce population fluctuations by supporting three key that stabilize population:
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196:,) and are typically found in the form of rivers and streams. Terrestrial corridors take the form of wooded strips connecting forested areas or an urban hedgerows.
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Sutcliffe, O.L.; Thomas, C.D. (1996). "Open
Corridors Appear to Facilitate Dispersal by Ringlet Butterflies (Aphantopus hyperantus) between Woodland Clearings".
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Bennett, A.F. 1999. Linkages in the
Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.
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ConservationCorridor.org - information, tools and links to connect the science of landscape corridors to conservation in practice. Accessed: 14 September 2012
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patterns. By analyzing gene flow within a population, researchers can better understand the long- term role of corridors in migration and genetic diversity.
77:, that can occur in isolated populations. Additionally, corridors support the re-establishment of populations that may have been reduced or wiped out due to
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Ensuring safe access to wildlife in
Lumding Reserve Forest, Assam, India, Mitigating the impacts of up-gradation of Doboka-Silchar National Highway (NH54E)
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1063:
Tewksbury, J.J.; Levey, D.J.; Haddad, N.M.; Sargent, S.; Orrock, J.L.; Weldon, A.; Danielson, B.J.; Brinkerhoff, J.; Damschen, E.I.; Townsend, P. (2002).
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Fleury, A.M.; Brown, R.D. (1997). "A Framework for the Design of
Wildlife Conservation Corridors with Specific Application to Southwestern Ontario".
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1156:
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1377:
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Dole, J.W., Ng, S.J., Sauvajot, R.M. 2003. Use of
Highway Undercrossings by Wildlife in Southern California. Biology Conservation, 115 (3):499-507.
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were observed to see how many animals used them as corridors. They proved to be especially effective on wide-ranging species such as carnivores,
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Due to space constraints, buffers are not usually implemented. Without a buffer zone, corridors can become affected by disturbances from human
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that divides habitat areas and restricts animal movement. Habitat fragmentation from human development poses an increasing threat to
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Roach, J. 2006. First
Evidence that Wildlife Corridors Boost Biodiversity, Study Says. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
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may spend their entire lives in linear habitats. In such cases, the corridor must provide enough resources to support such species.
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through bird droppings was noted to be the dispersal method with the largest increase within the corridor-connected patch of land.
462:; they are also crucial for smaller animals and plants,acting as ecological connectors to move between isolated habitat fragments.
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Habitat corridors can be considered a management tool in areas where the destruction of a natural habitats has severely impacted
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485:. The tops of the bridges are planted with trees and native grasses, with fences present on either side to help guide animals.
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2618:
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Simberloff, D.; Farr, J.A.; Cox, J.; Mehlman, D.W. (1992). "Movement
Corridors: Conservation Bargains or Poor Investments?".
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Species that relocate seasonally can do so more safely and effectively without interference from human development barriers.
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Wildlife passages - De-Fragmentation in the
Netherlands - How to evaluate their effectiveness? Accessed: 22 January 2009
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Animals can move and occupy new areas when food sources or other natural resources are scarce in their primary habitat.
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688:. There is a possibility that corridors could aid in the spread of invasive species, threatening native populations.
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32:
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Beier, P.; Loe, S. (1992). "In My
Experience: A Checklist for Evaluating Impacts to Wildlife Movement Corridors".
101:
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Dixon, Jeremy D.; Oli, Madan K.; Wooten, Michael C.; Eason, Thomas H.; McCown, J. Walter; Paetkau, David (2006).
1303:"A framework for the design of wildlife conservation corridors With specific application to southwestern Ontario"
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consist of small, separate patches of suitable habitat. However, stepping-stone corridors are more vulnerable to
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Foreman, Dave. Rewilding North America: a Vision for Conservation in the 21st Century. Washington: Island, 2004.
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De Chant, T. 2007. A Future of Conservation. Northfield Habitat Corridors Community Plan, Northfield, Minnesota.
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and observe how wildlife utilizes corridors. Marking and recapturing animals helps track individual movement.
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2397:"Do wildlife corridors link or extend habitat? Insights from elephant use of a Kenyan wildlife corridor"
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455:; habitat quality along the edge of a habitat fragment is often much lower than in core habitat areas.
82:
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Defragmentation in Belgium (Flanders) - Connecting nature, connecting people. Accessed: 22 January 2009
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276:– (>500 metres (1,600 ft) wide); connect major ecological gradients such as migratory pathways.
157:
Daniel Rosenberg et al. were among the first to define the concept of wildlife corridors, developing a
1807:"As Banff's famed wildlife overpasses turn 20, the world looks to Canada for conservation inspiration"
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M., S. 2002. Ecology: Insects, Pollen, Seeds, Travel Wildlife Corridors. Science News, 162 (10):269.
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Ng, Sandra J; Dole, Jim W; Sauvajot, Raymond M; Riley, Seth P.D; Valone, Thomas J (20 March 2003).
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Mech, S.G.; Hallett, J.G. (2001). "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach".
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Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). 2004. Wildlife Corridors. DEC, New South Wales.
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2236:"Why This Elevated Stretch On National Highway 44 Is A Hit With Animals In Pench Tiger Reserve"
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552:, which successfully altered wildlife behavior and showed frequent use by the wolf population.
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Wildlife corridors also have significant indirect effects on plant populations by increasing
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1906:"The Effect of Habitat Corridors on Rates of Transfer and Interbreeding Between Vole Demes"
1763:"Architecture for Wildlife: The Possible Solution to Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Indonesia"
1421:"Wildlife, forest, and forestry. Principles of managing forests for biological diversity".
282:– (>300 metres (980 ft) wide); connect larger vegetated landscape features such as
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1787:
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836:
Beier, Paul; Noss, Reed F. (December 1998). "Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity?".
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Sandra J. Ng; Jim W. Dole; Raymond M. Sauvajot; Seth P.D Riley; Thomas J. Valone (2004).
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Green, Siân E.; Davidson, Zeke; Kaaria, Timothy; Doncaster, C. Patrick (December 2018).
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that emphasized the corridors' role in facilitating movement unrestricted by the end of
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1511:"Effectiveness of a Regional Corridor in Connecting Two Florida Black Bear Populations"
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CorridorDesign.org - GIS tools for designing wildlife corridors Accessed: 9 March 2010
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1741:"Habitat fragmentation, edge effects and biological corridors in tropical ecosystems"
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Three elephant underpasses, each with 6 metres (20 ft) of vertical clearance on
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2302:"Elephant underpass in Rajaji hanging for 9 yrs, NGT orders NHAI to deposit Rs 2 cr"
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222:, juvenile dispersal or moving between different parts of a large home range. Large
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1235:"Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes"
1065:"Corridors Affect Plants, Animals, and Their Interactions in Fragmented Landscapes"
451:
and are oriented perpendicular to habitat patches. However, they are vulnerable to
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occupy corridors for brief periods. These animals use corridors for such events as
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86:
611:. This area lies within the meeting place of the Himalayan Mountain Range and the
117:, whether due to human development or natural disasters. When land is fragmented,
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Additionally wildlife corridors are designed to reduce human-wildlife conflicts.
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While wildlife corridors are essential for large species that require expensive
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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that allow animals to cross man-made structures like roads, helping to reduce
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236:, on the other hand, can occupy a corridor for several years. Species such as
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Corridors are more successful when they include some degree of randomness or
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like fires or disease. They can also mitigate some of the severe impacts of
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Wildlife corridors may also include aquatic habitats often referred to as
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1150:"Principles of Wildlife Corridor Design. Center for Biological Diversity"
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The Paséo Pantera (also known as the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor or
537:, but the rate of transfer through corridors in the males was very high.
342:
241:
61:
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2522:"First Evidence That Wildlife Corridors Boost Biodiversity, Study Says"
2015:
1988:
Daniel K. Rosenberg; Barry R. Noon; E. Charles Meslow (November 1997).
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1664:"The Role and Design of Wildlife Corridors with Examples from Tanzania"
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The 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long Kanha-Pench elevated corridor on
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and contains at least 139 other species of mammals, including tigers,
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1957:"Response of wolves to corridor restoration and human use management"
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237:
181:
37:
2006:
1989:
988:
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Habitat corridors can also be classified based on their continuity.
2335:"26 Important Wildlife Corridors Providing Safe Passage to Species"
2029:
630:
is a network of corridors and habitats created for wildlife in the
528:
The positive effects on the rates of transfer and interbreeding in
1836:"Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in southern California"
1460:"Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in southern California"
812:
659:
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644:
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283:
249:
173:
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106:
100:
31:
1184:
Rosenberg, Daniel K.; Noon, Barry R.; Meslow, E. Charles (1995).
292:– (some <50 metres (160 ft)); connect remnant patches of
2265:
Singh A.P.; Singh A.K.; Mishra D.K.; Bora P.; Sharma A. (2010).
529:
172:
Sign on a highway in Qatar, indicating an underpass that allows
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1597:"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach"
2524:. News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Archived from
360:
149:
Animals can find new mates in neighboring regions, increasing
93:, and habitat corridors help to reduce its harmful effects.
2566:
2074:"New corridor links Amur tiger habitats in Russia and China"
1922:
10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1648:TEOHCO]2.0.CO;2
477:, overpasses have been constructed to keep animals off the
1739:
Julieta Benitez-Malvido; VĂctor Arroyo-RodrĂguez (2008).
1190:
Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future
204:
Most species can be categorized into one of two groups:
431:
Genetic testing is also used to evaluate migration and
1767:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
1397:
1395:
2366:"Elephant corridors in Botswana to protect the herds"
1990:"Biological Corridors: Form, Function, and Efficacy"
972:"Biological Corridors: Form, Function, and Efficacy"
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3211:
3048:
2991:
2960:
2880:
2747:
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230:, and migratory species are typical passage users.
1875:"Insects, pollen, seeds travel wildlife corridors"
1595:Mech, Stephen G.; Hallett, James G. (April 2001).
970:Rosenberg, D.K.; Noon, B.R.; Meslow, E.C. (1997).
2847:Other effective area-based conservation measures
1179:
1177:
2842:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
544:corridor was restored through a golf course in
2592:
643:Two elephant passes and two minor bridges on
308:are uninterrupted strips of habitat,, while "
8:
2438:"Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity?"
2436:Beier, Paul; Noss, Reed F. (December 1998).
823:Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
1301:Allison M. Fleury; Robert D. Brown (1997).
1186:"Towards a definition of wildlife corridor"
165:or intermediate target patches of habitat.
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2005:
1972:
1786:
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404:Learn how and when to remove this message
320:, which can reduce their effectiveness.
1122:
27:Connecting wild territories for animals
3488:Urban studies and planning terminology
2281:from the original on 15 December 2021
2136:from the original on 11 November 2022
1904:Jon Aars; Rolf A. Ims (1 July 1999).
1829:
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2314:from the original on 9 November 2022
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2166:from the original on 9 November 2022
2084:from the original on 9 November 2022
2036:from the original on 9 November 2022
1955:Shepherd, B; J. Whittington (2006).
1936:from the original on 4 November 2022
1885:from the original on 4 November 2022
1720:from the original on 2 November 2022
1621:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x
1490:from the original on 31 October 2022
1368:Repayment", "Debt (30 August 2021).
1349:from the original on 28 October 2022
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1294:
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1233:Tewksbury, Joshua (1 October 2002).
952:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x
333:Corridors can also take the form of
2476:from the original on 13 August 2023
1643:from the original on 13 August 2023
1056:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10051359.x
1027:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06040493.x
809:, wildlife corridor conservationist
2502:from the original on 3 August 2007
2345:from the original on 23 April 2021
2196:Gandhi, Divya (7 September 2019).
1196:from the original on 31 March 2022
376:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
2719:Conservation biology of parasites
3422:
3421:
2835:Tropical rainforest conservation
2739:Vulnerability and susceptibility
2462:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x
2300:SHIVANI AZAD (18 January 2019).
2130:"European Green Belt Initiative"
1873:Susan Milius (22 October 2002).
1694:from the original on 19 May 2023
1573:from the original on 19 May 2023
1535:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00292.x
1380:from the original on 20 May 2023
1162:from the original on 6 June 2022
858:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x
740:
726:
712:
698:
603:and the Rewak Reserve Forest in
386:guide to writing better articles
365:
3384:NatureServe conservation status
2669:Conservation-induced extinction
2333:Chauhan, Priya (1 April 2021).
1788:10.1088/1755-1315/1169/1/012046
1761:Maulana, Rheza (1 April 2023).
1131:"Planning Portal – Glossary: G"
2775:Conservation management system
2659:Conservation-dependent species
2619:Index of conservation articles
2496:"Northfield Habitat Corridors"
2106:. Panthera.org. Archived from
1714:"Designing wildlife corridors"
502:, 15 underpasses and drainage
1:
3001:Assisted natural regeneration
2805:Ecoregion conservation status
1860:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00166-6
1484:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00166-6
1333:10.1016/S0169-2046(97)80002-3
910:10.1016/S0169-2046(97)80002-3
3389:Special Area of Conservation
2927:Landscape-scale conservation
2922:High conservation value area
2800:Community-based conservation
1662:Newmark, William D. (1993).
1437:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90732-g
1308:Landscape and Urban Planning
890:Landscape and Urban Planning
3407:List of conservation issues
2815:Evidence-based conservation
2709:Mutualisms and conservation
1155:. Biologivaldiversity.org.
586:China-Russia Tiger Corridor
105:An urban green corridor in
3514:
3468:Environmental conservation
2857:Roadless area conservation
2649:Compassionate conservation
2401:African Journal of Ecology
2185:Ecologische Hoofdstructuur
628:Ecologische hoofdstructuur
3402:
2614:
1404:Wildlife Society Bulletin
672:, Lower Himalayan Region.
418:mark-recapture techniques
3244:Central African Republic
2892:Conservation designation
2810:Environmental protection
2795:Conspicuous conservation
2785:Conservation photography
2760:Conservation development
2755:Conservation agriculture
757:Aquatic organism passage
567:Major wildlife corridors
3458:Ecological connectivity
2983:Human–wildlife conflict
2867:Site-based conservation
2790:Conservation psychology
2608:Conservation of species
2030:"Paseo Pantera Project"
1974:10.5751/ES-01813-110201
1840:Biological Conservation
1779:2023E&ES.1169a2046M
1464:Biological Conservation
1424:Biological Conservation
609:India-Bangladesh border
601:Siju Wildlife Sanctuary
481:, which passes through
347:human-wildlife conflict
36:A wildlife corridor in
3463:Ecological restoration
3040:Species reintroduction
2699:Latent extinction risk
1262:10.1073/pnas.202242699
1216:"What is a landscape?"
1090:10.1073/pnas.202242699
797:The Pollinator Pathway
782:Landscape connectivity
653:Lumding Reserve Forest
563:
495:
330:
177:
110:
56:is an designated area
41:
3493:Wildlife conservation
3453:Conservation projects
3412:List of organisations
3066:Hawaiian honeycreeper
3006:Ecosystem restoration
2978:Habitat fragmentation
2973:Fortress conservation
2932:Marine protected area
2902:Conservation easement
2897:Conservation district
2862:Roadside conservation
2780:Conservation movement
2724:Species translocation
2664:Conservation genetics
2654:Conservation behavior
2160:CONSERVATION CORRIDOR
2156:"Siju-Rewak Corridor"
1370:"The Riparian Ribbon"
787:Marine Protected Area
734:Earth sciences portal
589:Tandai Tiger Corridor
558:
491:
326:
171:
104:
83:habitat fragmentation
35:
18:Conservation corridor
3448:Conservation biology
3374:Planetary boundaries
3364:Conservation officer
2968:Conservation refugee
2917:Habitat conservation
2907:Conservation reserve
2872:Wetland conservation
2770:Conservation grazing
2765:Conservation finance
2729:Conservation welfare
2694:In-situ conservation
2689:Extinction threshold
2684:Ex-situ conservation
2558:Project Regeneration
2442:Conservation Biology
2242:. 25 February 2020.
1716:. Sciencedaily.com.
1601:Conservation Biology
1515:Conservation Biology
1036:Conservation Biology
1007:Conservation Biology
932:Conservation Biology
838:Conservation Biology
772:Habitat conservation
670:Terai Arc Landscapes
621:Himalayan black bear
607:State, close to the
546:Jasper National Park
479:Trans-Canada Highway
306:Continuous corridors
2714:Nature conservation
2704:Marine conservation
2674:Conservation status
2528:on 21 February 2015
2454:1998ConBi..12.1241B
2413:2018AfJEc..56..860G
2370:Your African Safari
2198:"A wild, wild road"
2110:on 22 November 2011
1961:Ecology and Society
1852:2004BCons.115..499N
1811:Canadian Geographic
1613:2001ConBi..15..467M
1527:2006ConBi..20..155D
1476:2004BCons.115..499N
1325:1997LUrbP..37..163F
1253:2002PNAS...9912923T
1137:on 1 December 2008.
1081:2002PNAS...9912923T
1075:(20): 12923–12926.
1048:1996ConBi..10.1359S
1019:1992ConBi...6..493S
944:2001ConBi..15..467M
902:1997LUrbP..37..163F
850:1998ConBi..12.1241B
777:Habitat destruction
594:European Green Belt
561:Pench Tiger Reserve
500:Southern California
483:Banff National Park
300:, ridge lines, etc.
3011:Island restoration
2942:Open space reserve
2734:Threatened species
2556:Wildlife Corridors
2307:The Times of India
1222:on 13 August 2020.
706:Environment portal
564:
535:founder population
496:
335:wildlife crossings
331:
286:and valley floors.
226:, medium to large
220:seasonal migration
178:
111:
73:, often caused by
48:, also known as a
42:
3435:
3434:
3394:Soil conservation
2947:Wildlife corridor
2830:Forest protection
2825:Forest management
2422:10.1111/aje.12541
2062:on 12 April 2023.
1148:Bond, M. (2003).
818:Wildlife crossing
414:
413:
406:
380:used on Knowledge
378:encyclopedic tone
234:Corridor dwellers
210:corridor dwellers
163:native vegetation
151:genetic diversity
71:genetic diversity
46:wildlife corridor
16:(Redirected from
3505:
3498:Animal migration
3425:
3424:
3309:Papua New Guinea
3201:Cryopreservation
3166:Gray nurse shark
2820:Flagship species
2644:Captive breeding
2601:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2498:. De-chant.com.
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2448:(6): 1241–1252.
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2339:Planet Custodian
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2058:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1805:(22 July 2022).
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1431:(3): 271. 1993.
1418:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1374:ArcGIS StoryMaps
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:. Archived from
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1133:. Archived from
1127:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1059:
1042:(5): 1359–1365.
1030:
1001:
991:
963:
923:
921:
869:
844:(6): 1241–1252.
750:
745:
744:
736:
731:
730:
729:
722:
717:
716:
715:
708:
703:
702:
617:clouded leopards
613:Indian Peninsula
574:Paséo del Jaguar
416:Researchers use
409:
402:
398:
395:
389:
388:for suggestions.
384:See Knowledge's
369:
368:
361:
194:riparian ribbons
176:to safely cross.
50:habitat corridor
21:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3483:Systems ecology
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3398:
3352:
3207:
3125:Indian elephant
3044:
2987:
2956:
2952:30 by 30 target
2883:
2876:
2852:Riparian buffer
2743:
2630:
2623:
2610:
2605:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2240:India Infra Hub
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2007:10.2307/1313208
2000:(10): 677–687.
1987:
1986:
1982:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1247:(20): 12923–6.
1232:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1062:
1033:
1004:
989:10.2307/1313208
982:(10): 667–687.
969:
929:
887:
835:
832:
830:Further reading
827:
767:Emerald network
746:
739:
732:
727:
725:
718:
713:
711:
704:
697:
694:
686:land use change
679:
569:
475:Alberta, Canada
471:
441:
410:
399:
393:
390:
383:
374:This section's
370:
366:
359:
266:
202:
99:
54:green corridor,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3417:List of people
3414:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3329:United Kingdom
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Painted turtle
3173:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3093:American bison
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2545:External links
2543:
2540:
2539:
2513:
2487:
2428:
2407:(4): 860–871.
2387:
2356:
2325:
2292:
2257:
2227:
2188:
2177:
2162:. 2 May 2012.
2147:
2121:
2095:
2065:
2056:"Map of Nepal"
2047:
2021:
1980:
1947:
1896:
1865:
1846:(3): 499–507.
1823:
1803:Dickie, Gloria
1794:
1753:
1731:
1705:
1674:(8): 500–504.
1654:
1607:(2): 467–474.
1584:
1521:(1): 155–162.
1501:
1470:(3): 499–507.
1450:
1413:
1391:
1360:
1286:
1225:
1207:
1173:
1140:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1060:
1031:
1013:(4): 492–504.
1002:
967:
964:
938:(2): 467–474.
927:
924:
896:(8): 163–186.
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
831:
828:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
753:
752:
751:
748:Biology portal
737:
723:
720:Ecology portal
709:
693:
690:
678:
675:
674:
673:
667:
656:
641:
634:
624:
596:
590:
587:
584:
577:
568:
565:
523:seed dispersal
515:South Carolina
470:
467:
440:
437:
412:
411:
373:
371:
364:
358:
357:Monitoring use
355:
310:stepping stone
302:
301:
287:
277:
265:
262:
201:
198:
186:seed dispersal
155:
154:
141:
132:
115:native species
98:
95:
85:, a result of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3510:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3428:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:IUCN Red List
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:De-extinction
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:United States
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:afforestation
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:Reforestation
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
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2634:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2277:
2274:. WWF-India.
2270:
2269:
2261:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:(1): 012046.
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
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1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
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75:genetic drift
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19:
3142:Bengal Tiger
3098:Arabian oryx
3089:Land mammal
3076:Golden eagle
2946:
2912:Gap analysis
2639:Biodiversity
2629:Conservation
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579:The Eastern
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453:edge effects
446:
442:
430:
426:genetic flow
421:
415:
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332:
318:edge effects
313:
309:
305:
303:
289:
280:Sub-regional
279:
273:
267:
256:, and small
233:
232:
215:
214:
209:
205:
203:
193:
191:
179:
156:
143:
134:
127:Colonization
125:
112:
91:biodiversity
87:urbanization
69:and reduced
53:
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3314:South Sudan
3299:New Zealand
2993:Restoration
1916:(5): 1648.
1816:26 February
1319:: 163–186.
792:Natura 2000
664:Uttarakhand
632:Netherlands
540:In 2001, a
422:hair snares
339:underpasses
284:ridge lines
119:populations
3442:Categories
3249:Costa Rica
3212:By country
3132:Slow loris
3108:Polar bear
2961:Key issues
2748:Approaches
2318:9 November
2170:9 November
2140:9 November
2104:"Panthera"
2088:9 November
2040:9 November
1994:BioScience
1940:4 November
1889:4 November
1746:2 November
1494:31 October
1353:28 October
1342:10214/4617
1117:References
976:BioScience
919:10214/4617
807:Gary Tabor
677:Evaluation
424:to assess
394:March 2008
349:, such as
343:overpasses
337:, such an
246:amphibians
228:carnivores
224:herbivores
67:inbreeding
3289:Mauritius
3269:Indonesia
3254:Hong Kong
3224:Australia
3196:Seed bank
3186:Sea otter
3056:Arthropod
3028:Rewilding
2882:Protected
2532:11 August
2506:11 August
2210:0971-751X
2202:The Hindu
1930:0012-9658
1680:0044-7447
1629:0888-8892
1543:0888-8892
1445:0006-3207
1192:: 436–9.
1166:11 August
605:Meghalaya
581:Himalayan
508:mule deer
449:asymmetry
328:Singapore
314:corridors
136:Migration
60:connects
3478:Habitats
3427:Category
3334:Scotland
3304:Pakistan
3284:Malaysia
3120:Elephant
3049:By taxon
2679:Endemism
2500:Archived
2474:Archived
2470:16770640
2380:4 August
2374:Archived
2349:23 April
2343:Archived
2312:Archived
2276:Archived
2244:Archived
2214:Archived
2164:Archived
2134:Archived
2114:4 August
2082:Archived
2034:Archived
1934:Archived
1883:Archived
1724:4 August
1718:Archived
1692:Archived
1641:Archived
1637:84520743
1571:Archived
1567:15106420
1559:16909668
1488:Archived
1378:Archived
1347:Archived
1317:Elsevier
1281:12239344
1194:Archived
1157:Archived
1109:12239344
960:84520743
866:16770640
802:Roadkill
692:See also
666:, India.
619:and the
583:Corridor
504:culverts
469:Examples
351:roadkill
298:wetlands
274:Regional
242:reptiles
62:wildlife
3473:Habitat
3357:Related
3346:forests
3294:Namibia
3274:Ireland
3259:Iceland
3171:Manatee
3161:Dolphin
3115:Cheetah
2631:biology
2450:Bibcode
2409:Bibcode
2016:1313208
1910:Ecology
1848:Bibcode
1775:Bibcode
1688:4314138
1647:4 April
1609:Bibcode
1551:3591161
1523:Bibcode
1472:Bibcode
1321:Bibcode
1315:(3–4).
1249:Bibcode
1077:Bibcode
1044:Bibcode
1015:Bibcode
998:1313208
940:Bibcode
898:Bibcode
846:Bibcode
559:NH 44,
550:Alberta
493:Florida
294:gullies
258:mammals
254:insects
97:Purpose
3324:Uganda
3319:Sweden
3239:Canada
3234:Brazil
3229:Belize
3219:Angola
3192:Plant
3181:Salmon
3156:Marine
3071:Raptor
3033:marine
2937:Marxan
2480:14 May
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2364:Fran.
2208:
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1698:19 May
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460:ranges
439:Design
433:mating
238:plants
182:pollen
174:camels
38:Brazil
3279:Italy
3264:India
3137:Tiger
3085:Fungi
2884:areas
2466:S2CID
2279:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2012:JSTOR
1967:(2).
1684:JSTOR
1668:Ambio
1633:S2CID
1563:S2CID
1547:JSTOR
1160:(PDF)
1153:(PDF)
994:JSTOR
956:S2CID
862:S2CID
813:Tugay
660:NH 72
649:Assam
645:NH 54
638:NH 44
519:holly
290:Local
264:Types
250:birds
200:Users
159:model
107:Lille
52:, or
3149:Wolf
3103:Bear
3061:Bird
2534:2015
2508:2015
2482:2022
2382:2015
2351:2021
2320:2022
2287:2020
2252:2020
2222:2020
2206:ISSN
2172:2022
2142:2022
2116:2015
2090:2022
2042:2022
1942:2022
1926:ISSN
1891:2022
1818:2024
1771:1169
1748:2022
1726:2015
1700:2023
1676:ISSN
1649:2022
1625:ISSN
1579:2023
1555:PMID
1539:ISSN
1496:2022
1441:ISSN
1386:2023
1355:2022
1277:PMID
1202:2018
1168:2015
1105:PMID
1069:PNAS
626:The
592:The
542:wolf
530:vole
420:and
208:and
184:and
58:that
2458:doi
2417:doi
2078:WWF
2002:doi
1969:doi
1918:doi
1856:doi
1844:115
1783:doi
1617:doi
1531:doi
1480:doi
1468:115
1433:doi
1337:hdl
1329:doi
1267:PMC
1257:doi
1095:PMC
1085:doi
1052:doi
1023:doi
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