563:(RH) is the measure of the humidity, or the water vapor content, in relation to the atmosphere and ranges from damp to dry. Material properties determine the effect that different levels of RH can have on any particular item. Organic materials like wood, paper, and leather, as well as some inorganic material like metals are susceptible to damage from incorrect RH. Damage ranges from physical changes like cracking and warping of organic materials to chemical reactions like corrosion of metals. Temperature has a direct effect on relative humidity: as warm air cools, relative humidity increases and as cool air warms up, relative humidity falls. Dampness can cause the growth of mold which has its own damaging properties. Research in the field has determined the various ranges and fluctuations of incorrect humidity, the sensitivity of various objects to each one, and has helped establish guidelines for proper environmental conditions specific to the objects in question.
405:, organic material that is susceptible to deterioration from both living organisms and environmental factors. Some ancient wood is recognized for its archaeological value and falls into two categories: dry and waterlogged. The recommended temperature for storage and display of wooden artifacts is 21 °C (70 °F) during the winter months and 21–24 °C (70–75 °F) during the summer months. The recommended relative humidity for storage and display of wooden artifacts during the winter months is 35%–45% and 55%–65% during the summer months. Effective cleaning of wooden artifacts includes waxing, polishing, dusting, and buffing. For the maintenance of the wooden structure of the architectural heritage, fire-resistant coatings can be used to enhance the fire-resistant performance of the structure.
481:, or biological changes and differ based on the material properties of the subject at hand. A large portion of conservation science research is the study of the behavior of different materials under a range of environmental conditions. One method used by scientists is to artificially age objects in order to study what conditions cause or mitigate deterioration. The results of these investigations informs the field on the major risk factors as well as the strategies to control and monitor environmental conditions to aid in long term preservation. Further, scientific inquiry has led to the development of more stable and long-term treatment methods and techniques for the types of damages that do occur.
351:. Corrosion occurs when metals come into contact with water, acids, bases, salts, oils, polishes, pollutants and chemicals. Mechanical damage, breakage, dents, and scratches can occur from mishandling metal objects and result in damage to the metal object. Over polishing can lead to deterioration and potentially misidentification by removing plating, decoration, makers' marks, or engravings. Mechanical, electrical, and chemical interventions are often used in the treatment of metals. Appropriate storage of metal objects helps to increase their longevity; it is recommended that metal objects be stored in closed systems with well-sealed doors and drawers with relative humidity between 35 and 55%.
121:, in conjunction with the broader field of restoration and preservation, has resulted in what is now recognized as modern conservation. Using analytical techniques and tools, conservation scientists are able to determine what makes up a particular object or artwork. In turn, this knowledge informs how deterioration is likely to occur due to both environmental effects and the inherent traits of that given material. The necessary environment to maintain or prolong the current state of that material, and which treatments will have the least amount of reaction and impact on the materials of the objects being studied, are the primary goals of conservation research.
700:
814:
363:, oxygen, water, heat, and pollutants. There are no international standards for the storage of plastics so it is common for museums to employ similar methods to those used to preserve paper and other organic materials. A wide range of instruments and techniques can be used in the treatment of plastics including 3-D scanning and printing technologies as a means of reproducing broken or missing parts. Recommended relative humidity for plastics is 50% along with a temperature of 18–20 °C (64–68 °F).
552:. Lightning strikes can cause the timber in the building to catch fire by the heat of the lightning arc. Lightning can also split wood and cause damage to the building structure. The lightning current will generate heat after passing through the timber and generate gas inside, and the impact force formed by the instantaneous expansion of the gas will knock the wood out of damage pits or cracks. Stone decorations on ancient buildings may also suffer physical damage from lightning.
31:
532:, can be emitted from light sources and can also be damaging to material culture. Cultural institutions are tasked with finding the balance between needing light for patrons and guests and exposure to the collection. Any amount of light can be damaging to a variety of objects and artworks and the effects are cumulative and irreversible. Conservation science has helped establish 50
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and could be hazardous to those working with them. Alternatively, previous restoration efforts may have involved chemicals that are now known to have dangerous side effects with prolonged exposure. In these cases, conservation science may reveal the nature of these hazards as well as present solutions for how to prevent current and future exposure.
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light sensitivity of common materials used in material culture and the length of time permissible before deterioration is likely to occur. Control strategies must be considered on an item by item basis. Light, ultraviolet, and thermometers for infrared radiation are some of the tools used to detect when levels fall outside of an acceptable range.
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or cracked ceramics can develop stains from being soaked in water during cleaning. Increased temperatures can cause darkening of already existing stains and can lead to cracks. Glass can become damaged from 'weeping glass' wherein droplets of moisture form on glass surfaces. This can lead to a leaching out of unstable components that produce an
496:. Organic material such as paper, textiles, and wood are especially susceptible to combustion. Inorganic material, while less susceptible, may still suffer damage if exposed to fire for any period of time. The materials used to extinguish fires, such as chemical retardants or water, can also result in further damage to material culture.
55:
are made. There are three broad categories of conservation science with respect to cultural heritage: understanding the materials and techniques used by artists, study of the causes of deterioration, and improving techniques and materials for examination and treatment. Conservation science includes aspects of
580:, cracking, fading, and disintegration. Too high temperatures can also promote biological reactions like mold growth. Temperatures that are too low can also result in physical damages such as embrittlement and cracking. Temperature fluctuations can cause materials to expand and contract rapidly which causes
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from air, water, and physical touch can wear away surface texture. Carved stone should not be regularly cleaned as cleaning can cause deterioration by opening its pores as well as removing surface features such as engravings, artists' tools, and historical marks. Dirt, moss, and lichen do not usually
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can also occur when leather comes into contact with metals. There are two primary methods for leather conservation: application of dressings or treatments to prolong the life of the leather and improving the means by which leather is stored. The second method is a preventive approach while the first,
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Along with assessing the current state and potential risk of future deterioration of artworks and objects, scientific study may be necessary to determine if there is risk to the conservators themselves. For example, some pigments used in paintings contain highly toxic elements such as arsenic or lead
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include microorganisms, insects, and rodents and are able to disfigure, damage, and destroy material culture. Both organic material and inorganic material are highly susceptible. Damage can occur from pests consuming, burrowing into, and excreting on material. The presence of pests can be the result
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can be maintained for much longer periods of time and are two of the most durable materials. The biggest risk to glass and ceramics is breakage, however improper display and storage can lead to stains and discoloration. Ceramics can become stained from inappropriate cleaning and repair while porous
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and are able to reach objects from transference from other objects, dissipation in the air, or intrinsically as part of the object's makeup. They all have the potential to cause adverse reactions with material culture. Conservation science aids in identifying both material and pollutant properties
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as the benchmark level of light intensity that allows the human eye to operate within the full range the visible light spectrum. While this is a baseline for many museums, adjustments are often needed for based on specific situations. Conservation science has informed the industry on the levels of
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primarily causes physical changes such as warping, stains, discoloration, and other weakening to both inorganic and organic materials. Water can come from natural sources such as flooding, mechanical/technological failures, or human error. Water damage to organic material may lead to the growth of
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to determine exactly what further analysis would be required and whether the subject of the study will be able to withstand more rigorous examination. Additionally, since the goal of conservation-restoration is to only do the minimum required for preservation, this initial assessment falls in line
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of art, architecture, technical art history and other cultural works through the use of scientific inquiry. General areas of research include the technology and structure of artistic and historic works. In other words, the materials and techniques from which cultural, artistic and historic objects
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of the object's material and the magnitude of the force being inflicted. Impact, shock, vibration, pressure, and abrasion are a few examples of physical forces that can have adverse effects on material culture. Physical forces can occur from natural disasters like earthquakes, working forces like
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and structural weakening. Dust is one of the most common airborne pollutants and its presence can attract pests as well as alter the object's surface. Research in the field informs conservators on how to properly manage damage that occurs as well as means to monitor and control pollutant levels.
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Stone objects take on many forms including sculpture, architecture, ornamental decoration, or functional pieces. Deterioration of stone depends on several factors such as the type of stone, geographical or physical location, and maintenance. Stone is subject to a number of decay mechanisms that
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and temperature, pests, pollutants, and physical forces such as fire and water. Textiles may be treated in a number of ways including vacuuming, wet cleaning, dry cleaning, steaming, and ironing. To preserve the integrity of textiles, storage and display environments result in as little light
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Dissociation is the loss of an object, its associated data, or its value due to outside influence. Adherence to proper policies and procedures is the best defense against dissociation and as such, meticulous record keeping is the basis for all good practice. Conservation science aids in the
824:. The portable tool is hooked up to a rig that allows it to pan left and right, up and down, so as to scan the entire surface of the portrait. The height can also be manually adjusted to ensure focus is maintained. This technique provides information on the paints used which aids in
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Prior to thorough scientific analysis, a detailed visual assessment of the object, heritage site, or artwork is necessary in addition to gathering all relevant historic and current documentation. Diagnosing the current state in a non-invasive way allows both conservators and
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Prior to any type of scientific analysis, detailed documentation of the initial state of the object and justification for all proposed examinations is required to avoid unnecessary or potentially damaging study and keep the amount of handling to a minimum. Processes such as
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causes cumulative and irreversible damage to light-sensitive objects. The energy from light interacts with objects at the molecular level and can lead to both physical and chemical damage such as fading, darkening, yellowing, embrittlement, and stiffening.
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The type of material present will be the deciding factor in what method will be appropriate for study. For example, organic materials are likely to be destroyed if exposed to too much radiation, a concern when doing X-ray and electron-based imaging.
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needed to preserve that item. Incorrect temperatures, whether too high, too low, or fluctuating between the two, can cause varying levels of deterioration for objects. Temperatures that are too high can lead to chemical and physical damage such as
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164:. The deterioration of paper may be the result of pests such as vermin, insects, and microbes, or by theft, fire, and flood. More specifically, paper deteriorates from two mechanisms that alter its hue and weaken its fibers:
747:, and even what kind of tools an artist may have used to create their works. While there are many different specialized and generic tools used for conservation science studies, some of the most common are listed below.
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are woven fabrics or cloth that represent culture, material legacy of international trade, social history, agricultural development, artistic trends, and technological progress. There are four main material sources:
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other pests such as mold. In addition to the physical effects of water directly on an object or artwork, moisture in the air directly affects relative humidity which can in turn exacerbate deterioration and damage.
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239:, excessive dryness resulting in cracking and breakage, fading from exposure to light, mold resulting in odors, stains, and distortion, and insects and dust, both of which can cause holes and abrasions.
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678:, the deliberate destruction or disfigurement of an asset, are directly controlled and limited by the security measures put in place at a cultural institution. Conservation science can aid in the
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Method for identifying materials in works of art based on the fact that each compound or element has a specific combination of atoms, each of which will have a unique peak in the resultant
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or identification of stolen objects. In addition, the research of the field can help inform decisions as to the best course of action repair, minimize, or mitigate damage from vandalism.
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Manrique Tamayo, Silvia N.; Valcarcel Andres, Juan; Osca Pons, Julia (2013). "Applications of
Reflectance Transformation Imaging for Documentation and Surface Analysis in Conservation".
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268:. Careful handling and storage is the surest means to preventing damage to glass and ceramics. The below table displays recommended storage conditions for damaged and unstable objects:
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in museums and other collections. In addition to the use of specialized equipment, visual inspections are often the first step in order to look for obvious signs of damage, decay,
663:, the material properties of the object will inform the necessary steps (i.e. building, housing, and handling) that need to take place to mitigate the effects of physical forces.
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specialize in publishing and disseminating information relating to both tools used for and outcomes of conservation science research, as well as recent discoveries in the field.
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133:. Knowledge of the material properties of cultural heritage and how they deteriorate over time helps conservators formulate actions to preserve and conserve cultural heritage.
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may also be damaging to certain materials and requires careful consideration. Conservation science has aided in the development of thermal control methods to eradicate pests.
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an older method, is an interventive approach. Leather artifacts are best stored with relative humidity between 45% and 55% and a temperature of 18–20 °C (64–68 °F).
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Research into the chemical and physical properties intrinsic to the materials used to create cultural heritage objects is a large part of the study of conservation science.
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Shashoua, Yvonne. (2014). A Safe Place: Storage
Strategies for Plastics. Conservation Perspectives, The GCI Newsletter. Spring 2014.The Getty Conservation Institute.
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Most common IR technique used to obtain spectral information through the constructive and destructive interference of electromagnetic waves using an interferometer
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authentication or identification of misplaced objects and detailed records of all past, present, and future study is necessary for the prevention of dissociation.
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Sadongei, A; Kuwanwisiwma, L; Loma'omvaya, M (2005). "Describing the problem: Contaminated artifacts and Hopi cultural use". In
Odegaard, N; Sadongei, A (eds.).
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Non-invasive and non-destructive method for chemical analysis that requires very small quantities of sample from inconspicuous locations on artworks and objects
786:(EBSD) can provide better contrast within the microscope in order to better visualize different phases, materials, and compounds present to identify composition
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Method of surface imaging whereby the location of the light source can be changed to image so an object or artwork is illuminated from a variety of directions
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1193:
1102:"Analytical imaging studies of the migration of degraded orpiment, realgar, and emerald green pigments in historic paintings and related conservation issues"
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Known for their excellent speed, sensitivity, and resolution, better light-gathering power than dispersive instruments, and wavelength precision and accuracy
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exposure as possible. Safe environments for textiles include those with a temperature of around 21 °C (70 °F) and relative humidity of 50%.
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899:
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Centre for
Doctoral Training in Science and Engineering in Arts, Heritage and Archaeology at UCL, University of Oxford and University of Brighton
2069:
van Loon, Annelies; Noble, Petria; Krekeler, Anna; Van der Snickt, Geert; Janssens, Koen; Abe, Yoshinari; Nakai, Izumi; Dik, Joris (2017-06-27).
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are the primary natural cause of damage to architectural heritage because ancient buildings generally use timber with high oil content, such as
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are any interaction with an object that changes its current state of motion. Physical forces can cause a range of damage from small cracks and
2177:
Giovannetti, Giulio; Guerrini, Andrea; Carnieri, Emiliano; Salvadori, Piero A. (2016). "Magnetic resonance imaging for the study of mummies".
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Optical microscope used to visually study very small paint fragments (mounted in epoxy) as a means of identifying paints used by artists.
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and exhibit different strengths and colors based on their composition. Metals and alloys commonly found in cultural objects include
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Dirksen, V., 1997. The
Degredation and Conservation of Leather. Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies, 3, pp.6–10. DOI:
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Pollutants consist of a wide range of compounds that can have detrimental chemical reactions with objects. Pollutants can be
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448:, in-filling, and retouching of losses. It is recommended that paintings be stored with other heritage and art collections.
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of other deterioration mechanisms such as incorrect temperature, incorrect relative humidity, and the presence of water.
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that are found naturally in the environment. Most metal objects are made from a combination of individual metals called
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Destructive/invasive method – requires obtaining a sample from an object or artwork and exposing it to X-Ray radiation
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Can identify elements both on the surface and sub-surface by performing x-ray scans over the entirety of an artwork
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264:. If allowed to remain on the glass for an extended period of time, this solution can produce fine cracks known as
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Non-destructive/non-invasive method - scans of the object's surface do not require sampling or removal of material
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2120:
Shin, Dong Hoon; Lee, In Sun; Kim, Myeung Ju; Oh, Chang Seok; Park, Jun Bum; Bok, Gi Dae; Yoo, Dong Soo (2010).
444:. Conservation techniques for paintings include dirt and varnish removal, consolidation, structural treatments,
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American
Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC) – Research and Technical Studies Group
2501:
2640:
1508:
2334:
Dambrogio, Jana; Ghassaei, Amanda; Staraza Smith, Daniel; Jackson, Holly; Demaine, Martin L. (2 March 2021).
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Deck, C. (2016). The Care and
Preservation of Furniture and Wooden Objects . Dearborn: The Henry Ford Museum.
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or if there are products of deterioration and decay that ought to be removed or cleaned prior to preservation
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2336:"Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed documents imaged by X-ray microtomography"
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May, Eric; Jones, Mark (2007-10-31). Conservation
Science: Heritage Materials. Royal Society of Chemistry.
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handling, cumulative forces like gravity, or low-level forces like building vibrations. During an object's
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Conservation science studies the process by which the various mechanisms of deterioration cause changes to
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183:(RH) of below 65% and above 40% and an ideal temperature between 18 and 20 °C (64 and 68 °F).
35:
17:
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3172:
3084:
2911:
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2283:
1970:
Gates, G. A. (2014). "Discovering the material secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science".
1681:"An experimental study of the damage degrees to ancient building timber caused by lightning strikes"
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Fahey, Mary (2007). "The Care and
Preservation of Antique Textiles and Costumes." Henry Ford Museum.
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When combined with "computational surface flattening" CT can be used to analyze and read rolled,
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1450:"Novel Ti3C2Tx MXene/epoxy intumescent fire-retardant coatings for ancient wooden architectures"
1100:
Keune, Katrien; Mass, Jennifer; Mehta, Apurva; Church, Jonathan; Meirer, Florian (2016-04-21).
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to complete destruction or disintegration of material. The level of damage is dependent on the
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can reveal surface features such as the weave of parchment paper, whether a print was done in
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and the types of reactions that will occur. Reactions range from discoloration and stains, to
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Li, Jingxiao; Zhang, Xiaoqing; Li, Ci; Li, Rujian; Qian, Muhui; Song, Pingjian (2017-12-01).
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2527:"Scientific methods inform conservation efforts in the quest to preserve cultural heritage"
2246:"Three Egyptian mummies receive CT scans | The Source | Washington University in St. Louis"
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Old
Poisons, New Problems: A Museum Resource for Managing Contaminated Cultural Materials
105:(AIC) Code of Ethics which outlines best practice for conservators and scientists alike.
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148:' which also encompasses scientific aspects less directly related to cultural heritage
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is a manufactured product made from the skin of animals. Leather can deteriorate from
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Safe environments for the storage and display of paper artifacts include having a
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1303:
1236:"Textiles and the Environment – Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 13/1"
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that affect their longevity for future generations. These mechanisms may produce
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1403:. In: Smith C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY
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2122:"Magnetic resonance imaging performed on a hydrated mummy of medieval Korea"
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60:
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2313:
2206:
2163:
1448:
Huang, Shan; Wang, Lei; Li, Yuchen; Liang, Chaobo; Zhang, Junliang (2021).
1199:. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC).
2434:
2272:"A computational platform for the virtual unfolding of Herculaneum Papyri"
647:
3711:
3671:
3666:
3212:
3036:
2705:
2685:
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793:(specific type of paint used) in art works and compounds that may aid in
790:
655:
191:
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Skoog, Douglas; West, Donald; Holler, F. James; Crouch, Stanley (2014).
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Can reveal sub-surface structure as well as some composition information
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441:
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144:, conservation science is considered part of the broader field called '
68:
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2411:"Cultural Heritage Imaging | Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI)"
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780:(EDS) to identify specific elements or compounds present in the object
584:
to build up within the material and eventual deterioration over time.
359:
Plastics experience degradation from several factors including light,
2991:
2981:
2046:"Boot Camp for Conservators Explores X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry"
1343:"Storage of Metals – Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 9/2"
621:
390:
336:
332:
328:
320:
261:
2460:"Conservation Tools: Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)"
1275:
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Allows scientists to analyze whether the object's appearance merits
38:, which can be used for the analysis of cultural heritage materials.
3026:
2931:
2662:
National Archives and Records Administration Preservation Programs
2435:"MCI Imaging Studio | Museum Conservation Institute | Smithsonian"
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in order to determine appropriate analysis and treatment methods.
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29:
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Observatorio para la Investigación en Conservación del Patrimonio
2791:
549:
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344:
324:
316:
2714:
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Heritage Science Masters at UCL Centre for Sustainable Heritage
1990:"The Microscope in Art Conservation and Authentication Studies"
1938:"Microscopy – Under Covers – The University of Chicago Library"
948:"Art meets science in analysis of ancient dancing horse statue"
2596:
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to aid in identification and understanding of burial practices
613:
533:
340:
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may specialize with specific materials and work closely with
2807:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
2641:
Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione e il Restauro, Rome
2221:"CT scans offer a glimpse into lives of 3 Egyptian mummies"
2071:"Artificial orpiment, a new pigment in Rembrandt's palette"
1914:
Conservation Skills: Judgement, Method and Decision Making
2812:
Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
3198:
Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
1740:
1738:
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Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
2696:
Plan Nacional de Investigación en Conservación (España)
2019:
Derrick, Michele; Stulik, Dusan; Landry, James (1999).
571:
Material properties directly determine the appropriate
211:
Deterioration of textiles can be caused by exposure to
2680:
1210:
872:
documents without disturbing the artifacts' condition.
2225:
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
347:. The most common form of deterioration for metal is
125:
fall under four broad categories including cleaning,
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1000:. Marina del Rey, CA: Getty Conservation Institute.
3795:
3608:
3337:
3281:
3148:
3050:
2752:
1382:
http://www.conservationregister.com/PIcon-Stone.asp
2490:. California: Cengage Learning. pp. 699, 714.
1832:
1830:
1828:
1194:"Defining the Conservator: Essential Competencies"
993:
861:Particularly useful for imaging artifacts such as
3910:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
3851:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
2987:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
2802:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
2023:. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
1498:. Asiarta Foundation. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
1423:"Basic care – Furniture and objects made of wood"
1155:. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. pp. 1–3.
3874:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
3864:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
3828:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
2525:Ploeger, Rebecca; Shugardate=2016-11-18, Aaron.
1291:The Care and Preservation of Glass and Ceramics.
1084:"AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice"
1027:"Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) | The Getty"
410:conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts
3869:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
3841:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
2270:Stabile, S.; Palermo, F.; Bukreeva, I. (2021).
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
996:The Nature of Conservation: A Race Against Time
3805:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
2962:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
2681:Italian Association of Conservation Scientists
2726:
2393:International Journal of Conservation Science
2021:Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science
1894:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1869:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1844:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1814:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1782:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1752:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1724:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1656:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1595:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1567:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1539:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-14
492:is caused by chemical reactions resulting in
152:, as well its management and interpretation.
8:
1129:11245.1/080e76f8-43f1-4464-afa3-8b9646e2484a
2549:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
855:Non-destructive way to image larger objects
820:of the wooden, painted portrait of a Roman
3370:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
2733:
2719:
2711:
2657:Italian Risk Map of the Cultural Heritage.
1270:
1268:
1266:
2917:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
2667:Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
2367:
2303:
2153:
2096:
2086:
1127:
1117:
453:conservation and restoration of paintings
2817:Conservation science (cultural property)
1770:
1768:
1766:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1583:
1581:
1056:Conservation Science: Heritage Materials
773:to study structural and surface features
389:cause decay to stone but may add to its
270:
18:Conservation science (cultural heritage)
1555:
1553:
1376:The Institute of Conservation. (2011).
1285:
1283:
1021:
1019:
1017:
977:
900:Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
707:There are a variety of methods used by
2542:
2502:"Conservation and Scientific Research"
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
987:
985:
983:
981:
50:is the interdisciplinary study of the
2481:
2479:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1378:Care and Conservation of Carved Stone
1188:
1186:
1053:May, Eric; Jones, Mark (2007-10-31).
818:X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)
7:
2488:Fundamentals of analytical chemistry
1078:
1076:
1048:
1046:
778:Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
160:The majority of paper is made up of
1401:Wood: Conservation and Preservation
302:18–21 °C (64–70 °F), 45%
291:18–21 °C (64–70 °F), 55%
280:18–21 °C (64–70 °F), 40%
103:American Institute for Conservation
3002:Preservation (library and archive)
1972:American Ceramics Society Bulletin
1454:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
1380:. Retrieved 15 December 2019 from
878:Reflectance Transformation Imaging
25:
1650:"Light, ultraviolet and infrared"
711:to support work in the fields of
299:Temperature and relative humidity
288:Temperature and relative humidity
277:Temperature and relative humidity
136:In many countries, including the
3856:Conservation-restoration of the
3732:Indigenous intellectual property
2138:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01185.x
1621:"Museum Collection Environments"
1509:"The 10 Agents of Deterioration"
1496:Painting conservation techniques
1276:http://doi.org/10.5334/jcms.3972
886:Non-invasive method that yields
846:Computerized Tomography Scanning
784:Electron Backscatter Diffraction
2967:Inventory (library and archive)
2867:Cultural property documentation
2706:National Heritage Science Forum
2619:Canadian Conservation Institute
2602:AIC/NU Art Conservation Science
832:X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
674:, the removal of an asset, and
3365:Bone, horn, and antler objects
2907:Digital photograph restoration
1059:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
946:Erin Blakemore (17 Sep 2022).
1:
3550:South Asian household shrines
3248:Reconstruction (architecture)
3178:Cultural property radiography
3135:Registrar (cultural property)
2887:Cultural resources management
2847:Collections management system
2458:Lee, Christine (2015-02-03).
1718:"Incorrect relative humidity"
1293:The Henry Ford: Dearborn, MI.
172:Treatment for paper includes
3819:Conservation-restoration of
3810:Conservation-restoration of
3183:Detachment of wall paintings
2957:Intangible cultural heritage
2872:Cultural property exhibition
2857:Cultural heritage management
2624:Getty Conservation Institute
2569:The Art Institute of Chicago
1697:10.1016/j.elstat.2017.08.009
1031:Getty Conservation Institute
760:Scanning Electron Microscopy
85:Getty Conservation Institute
3263:Transfer of panel paintings
2701:Icon Heritage Science Group
2607:Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
2415:culturalheritageimaging.org
1916:. New York, NY: Routledge.
894:to analyze surface features
828:and compositional studies.
556:Incorrect relative humidity
459:Mechanisms of deterioration
420:Painting materials include
83:. Institutions such as the
3926:
3727:Heritage language learning
2997:Optical media preservation
2565:"Conservation and Science"
2360:10.1038/s41467-021-21326-w
2296:10.1038/s41598-020-80458-z
2179:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
850:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
717:architectural conservation
462:
3767:Oral history preservation
2882:Cultural property storage
2877:Cultural property imaging
2191:10.1016/j.mri.2016.03.012
2098:10067/1448640151162165141
2088:10.1186/s40494-017-0138-1
1685:Journal of Electrostatics
1533:"Agents of deterioration"
1119:10.1186/s40494-016-0078-1
315:Metals are produced from
176:, bleaching and washing.
166:acid-catalyzed hydrolysis
3814:by Elías García Martínez
3032:Sustainable preservation
2044:Lee, Lynn (2013-12-09).
1626:. National Park Services
1494:Ebert, Bettina. (2010).
3772:Preservation of meaning
3757:Language revitalization
3425:Illuminated manuscripts
3203:Historic paint analysis
3095:Conservation technician
2897:Deaccessioning (museum)
2837:Collections maintenance
2762:Agents of deterioration
1746:"Incorrect temperature"
926:Conservation scientists
776:Also may involve using
769:and high magnification
709:conservation scientists
465:Agents of deterioration
296:Archaeological ceramics
123:Conservation treatments
98:conservation scientists
27:Interdisciplinary study
3782:Tradition preservation
3435:Iron and steel objects
3324:Outdoor bronze objects
3268:UVC-based preservation
3125:Photograph conservator
3090:Conservation scientist
2842:Collections management
2772:Archaeological science
1513:National Postal Museum
992:Ward, Phillip (1986).
966:Conservation scientist
829:
789:Can help to determine
704:
39:
3787:Traditional knowledge
3752:Language preservation
3360:Ancient Greek pottery
3258:Textile stabilization
3120:Paintings conservator
3007:Preservation metadata
2892:Database preservation
2746:historic preservation
2675:University of Bologna
2340:Nature Communications
1912:Caple, Chris (2000).
1863:"Thieves and vandals"
1289:Deck, Clara. (2016).
816:
702:
567:Incorrect temperature
522:Ultraviolet radiation
361:ultraviolet radiation
129:, consolidation, and
36:infrared spectrometer
33:
3575:Time-based media art
3385:Copper-based objects
3299:Archaeological sites
3228:Mass deacidification
3173:Cradling (paintings)
3085:Conservator-restorer
2912:Digital preservation
1942:www.lib.uchicago.edu
1399:Macchioni N. (2014)
751:Scientific equipment
48:conservation science
3879:World Heritage Site
3742:Indigenous language
3642:Endangered language
3540:Shipwreck artifacts
3520:Photographic plates
3470:Musical instruments
3223:Lining of paintings
3140:Textile conservator
3115:Objects conservator
3105:Exhibition designer
3012:Preservation survey
2937:Found in collection
2827:Collection (museum)
2797:Calendar (archives)
2767:Archival processing
2352:2021NatCo..12.1184D
2288:2021NatSR..11.1695S
1429:. 22 September 2017
1349:. 14 September 2017
1242:. 14 September 2017
952:The Washington Post
667:Theft and vandalism
113:Material properties
3737:Indigenous culture
3080:Collection manager
2977:Media preservation
2972:Inventory (museum)
2832:Collection catalog
2650:2011-05-19 at the
2634:2010-05-10 at the
2612:2010-12-12 at the
2126:Journal of Anatomy
1387:2020-02-22 at the
1215:en.m.wikipedia.org
888:surface topography
830:
705:
526:Infrared radiation
248:Glass and ceramics
40:
3900:Cultural heritage
3887:
3886:
3836:Pompeian frescoes
3722:Heritage language
3612:cultural heritage
3400:Flags and banners
3345:cultural property
3309:Heritage railways
3289:cultural property
3238:Paleo-inspiration
2922:Film preservation
2862:Cultural property
2852:Cultural heritage
2742:Cultural heritage
2506:www.metmuseum.org
1838:"Physical forces"
1466:10.1002/app.50649
1178:978-1-84755-762-9
1066:978-1-84755-762-9
863:mummified remains
791:paint composition
721:cultural heritage
561:Relative humidity
546:Lightning strikes
528:, in addition to
306:
305:
262:alkaline solution
221:relative humidity
181:relative humidity
119:Materials science
57:materials science
44:cultural property
16:(Redirected from
3917:
3905:Applied sciences
3823:by Thomas Eakins
3821:The Gross Clinic
3717:Folklore studies
3627:Applied folklore
3600:Wooden furniture
3595:Wooden artifacts
3590:Woodblock prints
3570:Tibetan thangkas
3430:Insect specimens
3319:Outdoor artworks
3314:Historic gardens
2947:Heritage science
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2686:Heritage Science
2669:, peer-reviewed
2579:
2578:
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2217:
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2174:
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2157:
2117:
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2100:
2090:
2075:Heritage Science
2066:
2060:
2059:
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2056:
2041:
2035:
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2016:
2005:
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2002:
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1986:
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1106:Heritage Science
1097:
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1071:
1070:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1023:
1012:
1011:
999:
989:
955:
870:folded or sealed
737:stereomicroscopy
725:cultural objects
713:art conservation
471:material culture
271:
219:(IR), incorrect
162:cellulose fibers
146:Heritage Science
42:With respect to
21:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3830:The Last Supper
3797:
3791:
3777:Primitive music
3687:Folk instrument
3662:Family folklore
3652:Ethnomusicology
3647:Ethnochoreology
3614:
3611:
3604:
3525:Plastic objects
3510:Performance art
3495:Panel paintings
3490:Painting frames
3455:Leather objects
3375:Ceramic objects
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:and restoration
3340:
3333:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:and restoration
3284:
3277:
3243:Paper splitting
3158:Aging (artwork)
3150:
3144:
3130:Preservationist
3052:
3046:
2902:Digital library
2754:
2748:
2739:
2652:Wayback Machine
2636:Wayback Machine
2614:Wayback Machine
2588:
2583:
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2269:
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2264:
2255:
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2239:
2230:
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2219:
2218:
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2176:
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2171:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2068:
2067:
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2054:
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2038:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1988:
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1983:
1969:
1968:
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1398:
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1389:Wayback Machine
1375:
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1024:
1015:
1008:
991:
990:
979:
974:
962:
945:
942:
940:Further reading
767:high resolution
753:
697:
688:
669:
661:risk assessment
640:
638:Physical forces
610:
590:
569:
558:
543:
514:
502:
487:
467:
461:
418:
399:
369:
357:
313:
285:Crizzling glass
250:
230:
189:
174:deacidification
158:
115:
93:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3907:
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3892:
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3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
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3871:
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3816:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Living history
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Language death
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Folk etymology
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Dance notation
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3545:Silver objects
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
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3462:
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3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3329:Outdoor murals
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
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3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Rissverklebung
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:Arrested decay
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3151:and techniques
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
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3132:
3127:
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3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
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3044:
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3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Heritage asset
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
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2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Bioarchaeology
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
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2586:External links
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2282:(1695): 1695.
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2185:(6): 785–794.
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2132:(3): 329–334.
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2050:The Getty Iris
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2006:
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1953:
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1888:"Dissociation"
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3692:Folk medicine
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3620:
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3555:Stained glass
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3440:Ivory objects
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3420:Human remains
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3287:of immovable
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2030:0-89236-469-6
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1977:
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1923:0-415-18881-4
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1460:(27): 50649.
1459:
1455:
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1427:www.canada.ca
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765:Able to take
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631:acidification
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578:embrittlement
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531:
530:visible light
527:
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476:
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466:
458:
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454:
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447:
443:
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435:
431:
427:
423:
422:acrylic paint
415:
413:
411:
406:
404:
403:biodegradable
396:
394:
392:
387:
383:
382:applied decay
379:
375:
374:environmental
366:
364:
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354:
352:
350:
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342:
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322:
318:
310:
308:
301:
298:
295:
294:
290:
287:
284:
283:
279:
276:
274:Weeping glass
273:
272:
269:
267:
263:
258:
254:
247:
245:
242:
238:
234:
227:
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222:
218:
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210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
186:
184:
182:
177:
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171:
167:
163:
155:
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147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
110:
106:
104:
99:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
75:, as well as
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
3857:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3702:Folk process
3657:Ethnopoetics
3615:preservation
3475:Neon objects
3348:by item type
3339:Conservation
3292:by item type
3283:Conservation
3233:Overpainting
3193:Display case
3022:Repatriation
2816:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:
2559:
2534:. Retrieved
2531:Books, Et Al
2530:
2520:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:
2496:
2487:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:
2453:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:
2429:
2418:. Retrieved
2414:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2279:
2275:
2265:
2254:. Retrieved
2252:. 2014-10-24
2249:
2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2227:. 2018-02-23
2224:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:
2039:
2020:
1998:. Retrieved
1996:. 2003-11-09
1993:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1913:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1891:
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1841:
1816:. Retrieved
1811:
1808:"Pollutants"
1784:. Retrieved
1779:
1754:. Retrieved
1749:
1726:. Retrieved
1721:
1688:
1684:
1658:. Retrieved
1653:
1628:. Retrieved
1597:. Retrieved
1592:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1541:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1503:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1408:
1395:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1322:aiccm.org.au
1321:
1312:
1298:
1290:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1239:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1152:
1146:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1055:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:
995:
951:
930:conservators
922:
802:preservation
754:
733:
706:
689:
686:Dissociation
670:
641:
611:
591:
570:
559:
544:
515:
503:
488:
468:
450:
419:
407:
400:
381:
377:
373:
370:
358:
314:
307:
251:
231:
208:
204:
200:
196:
190:
178:
169:
165:
159:
150:conservation
135:
131:pest control
127:desalination
116:
107:
94:
91:Introduction
81:anthropology
52:conservation
47:
41:
3858:H.L. Hunley
3637:Early music
3585:Vinyl discs
3580:Totem poles
3515:Photographs
3460:Lighthouses
3450:Lacquerware
3405:Fur objects
3343:of movable
3273:VisualAudio
3218:Leafcasting
3163:Anastylosis
3110:Mount maker
3070:Art handler
2927:Finding aid
2777:Archaeology
2671:open access
2346:(1): 1184.
1433:15 December
1353:15 December
1327:15 December
1246:15 December
1220:15 December
771:micrographs
652:brittleness
573:temperature
446:in-painting
438:water color
430:egg tempera
213:ultraviolet
77:art history
73:engineering
3894:Categories
3697:Folk music
3677:Folk dance
3610:Intangible
3208:Inpainting
3075:Auctioneer
3065:Art dealer
3017:Provenance
2822:Collecting
2755:and issues
2574:2019-12-14
2536:2019-12-14
2511:2019-12-14
2469:2019-12-12
2444:2019-12-11
2439:www.si.edu
2420:2019-12-11
2399:: 535–548.
2256:2019-12-08
2250:The Source
2231:2019-12-08
2055:2019-12-11
2000:2019-12-11
1947:2019-12-10
1898:2019-12-10
1873:2019-12-10
1848:2019-12-10
1818:2019-12-10
1786:2019-12-10
1756:2019-12-10
1728:2019-12-10
1660:2019-12-10
1630:2019-12-15
1599:2019-12-10
1571:2019-12-10
1543:2019-12-10
1518:2019-12-10
1036:2019-12-12
972:References
826:provenance
795:provenance
608:Pollutants
602:pesticides
598:Fumigation
494:combustion
463:See also:
401:Wood is a
378:mechanical
209:synthetic.
170:oxidation.
3812:Ecce Homo
3707:Folk play
3560:Taxidermy
3505:Parchment
3485:Paintings
3060:Archivist
2673:journal,
2199:1873-5894
2146:0021-8782
2107:2050-7445
2081:(1): 26.
1691:: 23–30.
1482:233881630
1474:1097-4628
1211:"Textile"
1138:2050-7445
1112:(1): 10.
729:infilling
676:vandalism
642:Physical
541:Lightning
451:See also
426:oil paint
416:Paintings
408:See also
349:corrosion
266:crizzling
241:Corrosion
101:with the
61:chemistry
3798:projects
3712:Foodways
3672:Folk art
3667:Folklore
3565:Textiles
3415:Herbaria
3390:Feathers
3355:Aircraft
3213:Kintsugi
3037:Treasure
2648:Archived
2632:Archived
2610:Archived
2545:cite web
2378:33654094
2314:33462265
2207:26979539
2164:20070429
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1385:Archived
1318:"Metals"
1304:"Metals"
960:See also
934:curators
755:Source:
656:hardness
648:fissures
618:aerosols
479:physical
475:chemical
372:include
355:Plastics
257:ceramics
215:(UV) or
192:Textiles
187:Textiles
3796:Notable
3500:Papyrus
3445:Judaica
3304:Frescos
3149:Methods
3100:Curator
2782:Archive
2369:7925573
2348:Bibcode
2319:4 March
2305:7813886
2284:Bibcode
2276:Sci Rep
2155:2829391
1994:McCrone
1776:"Pests"
1589:"Water"
907:spectra
902:(FTIR)
892:texture
797:queries
745:ntaglio
743:or in i
731:, etc.
695:Methods
622:liquids
442:gouache
434:lacquer
386:Erosion
237:red rot
233:Leather
228:Leather
205:mineral
69:biology
65:physics
3465:Metals
3380:Clocks
2992:Museum
2982:Midden
2753:Topics
2376:
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1561:"Fire"
1480:
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1176:
1136:
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1004:
880:(RTI)
852:(MRI)
834:(XRF)
762:(SEM)
741:relief
644:forces
626:solids
582:stress
440:, and
391:patina
380:, and
343:, and
337:pewter
333:copper
329:silver
321:alloys
311:Metals
207:, and
197:animal
71:, and
3051:Roles
3027:Ruins
2932:Fonds
1624:(PDF)
1478:S2CID
1197:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
672:Theft
624:, or
614:gases
593:Pests
588:Pests
517:Light
512:Light
505:Water
500:Water
367:Stone
253:Glass
201:plant
156:Paper
142:Italy
3395:Film
2792:Book
2744:and
2551:link
2374:PMID
2321:2021
2310:PMID
2203:PMID
2195:ISSN
2160:PMID
2142:ISSN
2103:ISSN
2025:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1470:ISSN
1435:2019
1355:2019
1329:2019
1248:2019
1222:2019
1174:ISBN
1134:ISSN
1061:ISBN
1002:ISBN
932:and
890:and
600:and
550:pine
524:and
490:Fire
485:Fire
397:Wood
345:iron
325:gold
317:ores
255:and
168:and
140:and
79:and
2364:PMC
2356:doi
2300:PMC
2292:doi
2187:doi
2150:PMC
2134:doi
2130:216
2093:hdl
2083:doi
1892:aem
1867:aem
1842:aem
1812:aem
1780:aem
1750:aem
1722:aem
1693:doi
1654:aem
1593:aem
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1462:doi
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