440:
497:, while probably not a genuine work of Cicero's, was not a forgery by Sigonio. He reasoned that, because St. Ambrose Traversari had claimed to find a copy of the work so close to its rediscovery by Sigonio in 1583, it was possible that Sigonio had simply found the Perugian text. He then considered the hypothesis (also discussed by Evan Taylor Sage) that, because the pseudo-Ciceronian
1568:
314:. Cicero notes that, in order for his plan to work, her deification must both be approved of by the gods, as well as the Roman public. In order to win over the public, he writes that he will build Tullia a memorial in a well-known location. Cicero also lists a number of famous individuals who have been deified to justify his proposed apotheosis of Tullia.
517:, so the hypothesis goes, that was rediscovered by Sigonio, who also unwittingly believed it also to be genuine. Finally, Ellis argued that, because Sigonio was a man of "high character" who had spent much of his life editing the fragments of Cicero, for Sigonio to stoop to forgery would have been completely out of character.
22:
213:
deserved to be raised to heaven by fame, for her the same honor ought certainly be declared. And this I will indeed do, and I shall consecrate you, the best, the most learned of women, placed with the approval of immortal gods themselves among their company, in the estimation of all mortals.
357:
says. However, the lines preserved by
Lactantius have been criticized due to their lack of context. MacKendrick notes that Lactantius was using "partial quotation" in order to frame what Cicero wrote so that Lactantius could more easily refute his ideas.
353:, as well as to argue that pagans actually accept some tenets of Christianity without them even realizing it. Lactantius criticized what Cicero wrote, but he also applauded Cicero at times for parallelingâalbeit coincidentallyâwhat the
305:
in a consolation letter sent to Cicero following Tullia's death, as well as the structure of Cicero's reply. From the snippets that remain of the work, it would appear that the piece was addressed to Cicero himself. A novel part of the
612:). Robinson Ellis argues that this document might have been the spurious one discovered by Sigonio in 1583 (although this hypothesis assumes that Sigonio did not forge the document and that the pseudo-Ciceronian
166:. Tullia (August 5, 79 BC or 78 BC â February 45 BC), Cicero's daughter, died in the winter of 45 BC after giving birth to her second son; this caused Cicero to go into a period of deep mourning.
470:
being among the most vocal. However, Sigonio continued to defend the work until his death, even mentioning in two different orations his belief in the truthfulness of the text. The scholar
540:
were devoid of "Ciceronianism"âthat is to say Neo-Latinâthen it could be accepted as a genuine work of Cicero. Forsyth, Holmes, and Tse collected six
Classical Latin authors (viz. Cicero,
493:
Despite the gradual condemnation of the work and the accusation that
Sigonio had created it himself, there were some holdouts. Robinson Ellis, in 1893, argued that the pseudo-Ciceronian
173:
for a time, during which he perused
Atticus's library, reading any and all books that dealt with overcoming grief. Unsatisfied with what he found, he relocated to his villa at
1413:
536:
popular in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that sought to emulate the style of Cicero). The three scholars argued that if the pseudo-Ciceronian
588:
matched more closely with
Sigonio's, rather than any of the other New Latin writers, suggestingâalthough not provingâthat he penned the document.
390:
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Another important reference to the work can be found in the aforementioned letter by Jerome addressed to
Heliodorus; Jerome noted that the
463:. While this news was met with excitement at first, scholarsâafter reading the workâbegan to argue that the manuscript was a fraud, with
386:
1273:
191:
was written in an attempt not only to heal himself emotionally, but also to benefit others who are mourning or experiencing sadness.
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64:, which had occurred in February of the same year. Not much is known about the work, although it seems to have been inspired by the
1336:
1095:
Forsyth, R.; Holmes, D. I.; Tse, E. K.; et al. (1999). "Cicero, Sigonio, and
Burrows: Investigating the Authenticity of the
1233:
439:
1480:
478:, although the truth of this statement is unknown. By and large, the academic community concluded that the version of the
382:
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is "extremely uncharacteristic of Cicero, and indeed that the text is much more likely to have been written during the
61:
286:("On Grief"). Some have suggested that Cicero "followed Crantor exclusively or even principally" when composing the
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323:
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1169:
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But if ever any living creature ought to have been consecrated, surely it was she; if the offspring of
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contained all of the extant fragments of Cicero that are to be found in
Lactantius's work, the actual
409:
was of major importance, and
Scourfield argues that it is the distinct work that introduced the Greek
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tradition to the Romans of the late
Republic. The work may have survived well into the 15th century;
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271:
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78:("On Grief"), and its structure was probably similar to a series of letter correspondences between
60:
in the year 45 BC. The work had been written to soothe his grief after the death of his daughter,
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1466:
1366:
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1214:
1078:
How to Grieve: An Ancient Guide to the Lost Art of Consolation, Inspired by Marcus Tullius Cicero
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53:
528:. Forsyth, Holmes, and Tse focused their research on two types of Latin: Cicero's writing and "
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had been lost in the distant past and quietly replaced at some point by an imitation. This
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1434:
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authors who quoted Cicero, such as Lactantius, Augustine, and Jerome. It was this false
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510:
483:
370:
124:
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42:
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than in classical times." The study also provided evidence that the pseudo-Ciceronian
290:, but David Scourfield repudiates this view, arguing it was more likely that Cicero's
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1536:
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contained references to "men who showed equal fortitude in sorrow and war", namely:
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is not certain. Traversari writes that the "author is unknown" but "very learned" (
328:
174:
140:
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literary tradition to the Romans of the late Republic. In 1583, Italian scholar
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181:. (It was during this time that he also wrote the famedâand now lostâdialogue
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86:
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490:, was translated into English in 2022 by the classicist Michael Fontaine.
115:, although most scholars now agree that this work was a fake, with modern
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252:
71:
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823:. Translated by W. H. Fremantle; G. Lewis; W.G. Martley. NewAdvent.org
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simply agreed with Crantor rather than slavishly duplicated his work.
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1264:
Taylor, John (1963). "St. Augustine and the 'Hortensius' of Cicero".
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745:
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202:
151:
139:
Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC â December 7, 43 BC) was an
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is widely accepted as the distinct work that transmitted the earlier
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methods. The three concluded that the text of the pseudo-Ciceronian
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are fragments, one of which was preserved by Cicero himself in his
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21:
20:
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397:, as well as members of the Metellus and Marcellus families.
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claimed to have discovered a non-fragmentary version of the
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claimed to have discovered a non-fragmentary version of the
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Terentia, Tullia and Publilia: The Women of Cicero's Family
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In 1999, Richard Forsyth, David Holmes, and Emily Tse used
482:
discovered was not genuine. The document, now known as the
233:, illustrates Cicero's ideas concerning his own daughter's
297:
Paul MacKendrick argues that the general outline for the
1243:
Consoling Heliodorus: A Commentary on Jerome, Letter 60
524:
techniques to test the origin of the pseudo-Ciceronian
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work, Ellis wrote, could have then been read by those
474:, however, later claimed in a letter that Sigonio had
423:
to have discovered "a short work about consolation" (
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seems to be Cicero's idea that Tullia deserves to be
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Fragments of the work survive, having been quoted by
327:. Seven other fragments were preserved by the early
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A Written Republic: Cicero's Philosophical Politics
301:can be deduced based both on the structure used by
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93:makes note of the work in a consolatory letter to
97:. A popular piece of writing until its loss, the
443:Now considered a forgery, the pseudo-Ciceronian
814:
812:
223:by Spencer Cole. The extant text, preserved by
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278:, makes a similar reference, writing that the
1330:
1166:The Politics of Friendship: Pompey and Cicero
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560:), and five Neo-Latin authors (viz. Sigonio,
8:
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819:Jerome. Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.).
604:The identity of this short work as Cicero's
282:was heavily based on Crantor's ancient work
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261:in consolatione filiae Crantorem ... sequor
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1055:Cicero and the Rise of Deification at Rome
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572:, and Riccoboni) and compared them using
345:). Lactantius used the excerpts from the
25:Marcus Tullius Cicero, the author of the
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685:
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476:admitted to the forgery on his deathbed
169:Cicero decided to stay with his friend
1189:"On the Pseudo-Ciceronian Consolatio"
41:
7:
610:auctoris ignoti ... sed bene eruditi
245:quotes Cicero in the preface to his
1274:University of North Carolina Press
349:both to point out the futility of
263:). Centuries later, the Christian
14:
1143:The Philosophical Books of Cicero
367:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
219:Translation of a fragment of the
16:Lost philosophical work by Cicero
1229:The Pseudo-Ciceronian Consolatio
877:
865:
853:
841:
706:
187:.) Cicero later opined that the
1234:The University of Chicago Press
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1120:Haskell, Henry Joseph (1942).
1080:. Princeton University Press.
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317:The only extant pieces of the
119:methods backing this up. This
56:philosophical work written by
1:
1786:Philosophical works by Cicero
1481:De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
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383:Quintus Mucius Scaevola Augur
270:, in a consolation letter to
1746:Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem
1020:Resources in other libraries
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274:concerning the death of St.
1796:16th-century books in Latin
821:"Letter 60 â To Heliodorus"
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635:
1817:
1414:De Partitionibus Oratoriae
1241:Scourfield, J. H. (1993).
1203:Cambridge University Press
1141:MacKendrick, Paul (1989).
1076:Fontaine, Michael (2022).
1059:Cambridge University Press
1036:Princeton University Press
733:
43:[koËnsoËËlaËtÉŞ.oË]
1564:
1421:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
1352:
1292:Treggiari, Susan (2007).
1211:10.1017/s0009840x00197525
1015:Resources in your library
956:
917:
768:
689:
558:Publius Cornelius Tacitus
455:In 1583, Italian scholar
425:opusculum de Consolatione
154:. He came from a wealthy
1488:Tusculanae Disputationes
1187:Robinson, Ellis (1893).
550:Gaius Sallustius Crispus
391:Publius Licinius Crassus
324:Tusculanae Disputationes
177:, where he composed the
1739:Epistulae ad Familiares
1516:Cato Maior de Senectute
1287:(subscription required)
1170:Sydney University Press
395:Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes
303:Servius Sulpicius Rufus
171:Titus Pomponius Atticus
123:work, now known as the
80:Servius Sulpicius Rufus
1661:Divinatio in Caecilium
1572:
1164:Rawson, Beryl (1978).
1101:Lit Linguist Computing
1053:Cole, Spencer (2014).
1030:Baraz, Yelena (2012).
616:is a much older text).
452:
417:St. Ambrose Traversari
251:as saying, "I follow
216:
160:Roman equestrian order
29:
1594:De Imperio Cn. Pompei
1571:Marcus Tullius Cicero
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1346:Marcus Tullius Cicero
981:Forsyth et al. (1999)
969:Forsyth et al. (1999)
933:Forsyth et al. (1999)
663:Forsyth et al. (1999)
554:Lucius Annaeus Seneca
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375:Gaius Calpurnius Piso
343:The Divine Institutes
338:Institutiones Divinae
230:Institutiones Divinae
58:Marcus Tullius Cicero
24:
1725:Epistulae ad Atticum
1266:Studies in Philology
1194:The Classical Review
1113:10.1093/llc/14.3.375
570:Bernadino di Loredan
431:, Italy in 1432 AD.
379:Lucius Junius Brutus
272:Heliodorus of Altino
95:Heliodorus of Altino
1732:Epistulae ad Brutum
1523:Laelius de Amicitia
1226:Sage, Evan (1910).
1128:. Alfred A. Knopf.
1001:Consolatio (Cicero)
387:Quintus Marcius Rex
373:, Quintus Gallius,
164:Golden Age of Latin
1654:Pro Roscio Amerino
1573:
1553:Paradoxa Stoicorum
878:MacKendrick (1989)
866:MacKendrick (1989)
854:MacKendrick (1989)
842:MacKendrick (1989)
707:MacKendrick (1989)
566:Marc-Antoine Muret
507:falsely-attributed
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447:was discovered by
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1601:In Catilinam IâIV
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1544:Somnium Scipionis
996:Library resources
920:, pp. 7â9, 25â46.
804:Scourfield (1993)
468:Antonio Riccoboni
150:, famous for his
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1696:Pro Archia Poeta
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1495:De Natura Deorum
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1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1156:9780715622148
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
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1125:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1087:9780691220321
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1068:9781107032507
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1045:9781400842162
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
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989:
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
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950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
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927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
883:
880:, pp. 108â09.
879:
874:
871:
868:, pp. 106â07.
867:
862:
859:
855:
850:
847:
843:
838:
835:
822:
815:
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742:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
719:Taylor (1963)
715:
712:
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691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
668:
664:
659:
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644:
641:
637:
636:Rawson (1975)
632:
629:
623:
615:
611:
607:
601:
598:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Piero Vettori
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Julius Caesar
539:
535:
531:
530:Ciceronianism
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Latino Latini
469:
466:
462:
458:
457:Carlo Sigonio
450:
449:Carlo Sigonio
446:
441:
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141:Ancient Roman
134:
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109:Carlo Sigonio
106:
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77:
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70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:
44:
36:
35:
28:
23:
19:
1764:Summum bonum
1762:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1701:
1694:
1689:Pro Cluentio
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1647:Pro Quinctio
1645:
1627:
1622:Pro Marcello
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1551:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
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1479:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1391:
1385:and politics
1293:
1269:
1265:
1242:
1228:
1198:
1192:
1165:
1142:
1123:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1077:
1054:
1031:
1010:Online books
1000:
990:Bibliography
983:, p. 394â95.
976:
964:
952:
940:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:. Retrieved
806:, pp. 19â22.
784:
776:
749:
741:
734:Baraz (2012)
714:
670:
643:
631:
613:
609:
605:
600:
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577:
537:
525:
519:
514:
502:
498:
494:
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487:
479:
460:
454:
444:
424:
421:Hodoeporicon
420:
410:
406:
404:
362:
360:
346:
342:
336:
335:in his work
322:
318:
316:
307:
298:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
260:
256:
246:
241:
228:
227:in his work
220:
217:
200:
188:
182:
178:
168:
138:
128:
112:
102:
98:
84:
82:and Cicero.
75:
48:
47:
33:
32:
31:
26:
18:
1682:Pro Caecina
1629:Philippicae
1530:De Officiis
1276:: 487â498.
957:Sage (1910)
918:Sage (1910)
769:Cole (2014)
690:Cole (2014)
582:Renaissance
574:stylometric
486:Ciceronian
385:, Scaurus,
144:philosopher
127:Ciceronian
121:Renaissance
117:stylometric
69:philosopher
49:Consolation
1780:Categories
1703:Pro Caelio
1675:Pro Tullio
1615:Pro Milone
1474:Consolatio
1460:Hortensius
1442:De Legibus
1400:De Oratore
1134:B00BD0VWRG
1097:Consolatio
771:, pp. 1â3.
624:References
614:Consolatio
606:Consolatio
586:Consolatio
578:Consolatio
538:Consolatio
526:Consolatio
522:linguistic
515:Consolatio
503:Consolatio
499:Consolatio
495:Consolatio
488:Consolatio
480:Consolatio
461:Consolatio
445:Consolatio
412:consolatio
407:Consolatio
363:Consolatio
347:Consolatio
333:Lactantius
319:Consolatio
308:Consolatio
299:Consolatio
292:Consolatio
288:Consolatio
280:Consolatio
265:theologian
257:Consolatio
235:apotheosis
225:Lactantius
221:Consolatio
207:Amphitryon
189:Consolatio
184:Hortensius
179:Consolatio
148:politician
135:Background
129:Consolatio
113:Consolatio
104:consolatio
99:Consolatio
87:Lactantius
34:Consolatio
27:Consolatio
1668:In Verrem
1586:Political
1467:Academica
1376:Treatises
1147:Duckworth
971:, p. 376.
935:, p. 376.
903:, p. 197.
856:, p. 108.
844:, p. 107.
721:, p. 488.
709:, p. 106.
638:, p. 303.
534:Neo-Latin
329:Christian
211:Tyndareus
156:municipal
1639:Judicial
1579:Orations
1406:Book III
1383:Rhetoric
1367:Writings
959:, p. 26.
827:July 19,
736:, p. 94.
677:, p. 13.
465:humanist
451:in 1582.
351:paganism
284:De Luctu
276:Nepotian
195:Contents
76:De Luctu
1756:Related
1717:Letters
1509:De Fato
1282:4173424
1205:: 197.
692:, p. 1.
484:pseudo-
435:Forgery
429:Perugia
331:author
253:Crantor
125:pseudo-
72:Crantor
52:) is a
1435:Orator
1428:Brutus
1304:
1280:
1253:
1247:Oxford
1219:690471
1217:
1176:
1153:
1132:
1084:
1065:
1042:
998:about
746:Cicero
556:, and
401:Legacy
393:, and
268:Jerome
255:in my
203:Cadmus
175:Astura
91:Jerome
89:, and
62:Tullia
39:Latin:
1278:JSTOR
1272:(3).
1215:JSTOR
1201:(5).
592:Notes
427:) at
355:Bible
66:Greek
1302:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1130:ASIN
1082:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1040:ISBN
829:2014
754:2.3.
405:The
146:and
54:lost
1207:doi
1109:doi
1099:".
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209:or
205:or
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