338:. Lee told the battle-weary emigrants he had negotiated a truce with the Paiutes, whereby they could be escorted safely to Cedar City under Mormon protection in exchange for leaving all their livestock and supplies to the Native Americans. Accepting this, they were split into three groups. Seventeen of the youngest children along with a few mothers and the wounded were put into wagons, which were followed by all the women and older children walking in a second group. Bringing up the rear were the adult males of the Baker–Fancher party, each walking with an armed Mormon militiaman at his right. Making their way back northeast towards Cedar City, the three groups gradually became strung out and visually separated by shrubs and a shallow hill. After about 1.5 miles (2 kilometers) Higbee gave the prearranged order, "Do Your Duty!" Each Mormon then turned and killed the man he was guarding. All of the men, women, older children and wounded were massacred by the Mormon militia and Paiutes who had hidden nearby. Approximately seventeen children were spared because of their young age, and were taken in by local Mormon families.
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to let him know if the
Fanchers committed any acts of violence. Haight, however, who was of equal rank to Dame in ecclesiastical matters, settled on a secondary plan to use the Native Americans instead of the militia. The plan was to ambush the emigrants in the Santa Clara Narrows, south of Mountain Meadows, and have their Indian allies do the killing. Whether Dame was privy to this plan is a matter of disagreement between the witnesses. According to one report, Isaac Haight said the "Indian attack" plan was being put in place under the religious authority of the Cedar City Stake, without William H. Dame's authorization as military commander. John D. Lee, however, said Isaac Haight told him that orders for the "Indian attack" came from William H. Dame. Philip Klingensmith reported that the orders came from "headquarters" other than Cedar City, but he was unsure whether that meant Parowan or Salt Lake City.
81:, 40 miles south of Salt Lake City, the emigrants decided to stop and let their animals rest. An area just west of the town had been marked off, by the local settlers, as use for animal feed during the upcoming winter. The emigrants allowed their livestock to wander into this area, and after seeing this the local settlers asked the party to move on to another area a few miles to the west; even offering to help them move. One of the party's leaders refused saying "This is Uncle Sam's grass...We are staying right here.", so the settlers gave them the option of fighting or leaving; the party left. After camping the night, the Baker–Fancher party continued to pass through Utah over the next few weeks, arriving near
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chained together, along with digging shallow trenches and throwing dirt both below and into the wagons, which made a strong barrier. Seven emigrants were killed during the opening attack and were buried somewhere within the wagon encirclement. Sixteen more were wounded. The attack continued for five days, during which the besieged families had little or no access to fresh water and their ammunition was depleted.
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192:. He noted that the militia was organized and ready to fight, and that some of them were anxious to "fight and take vengeance for the cruelties that had been inflicted upon us in the States". On his return trip to Salt Lake City, Smith camped near the Baker–Fancher party; a traveling partner of Smiths,
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meeting after church services, and brought up the issue of what to do with the emigrants. The
Council believed that there were U.S. Army units approaching from the north and the south, and it was reported at the meeting that the Baker–Fancher party had threatened to "destroy every damned Mormon", and
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President of Cedar City and second in command of the Iron County militia, sent a letter to
William H. Dame, the militia's commanding officer and Stake President of Parowan, asking that the militia be called out against the Baker–Fancher party. Dame reportedly denied the request, but told Isaac Haight
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All of the Mormon participants in the massacre were then sworn to secrecy. The many dozens of bodies were hastily dragged into gullies and other low lying spots, then lightly covered with surrounding material which was soon blown away by the weather, leaving the remains to be scavenged and scattered
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ordering him to assemble Paiute fighters to head towards
Mountain Meadows for the planned attack. Lee was a bishop, a territorial legislator, and a friend to Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, in both of whose service Lee had performed duties as a constable and of personal protection and was rumored to
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The plan for an Indian massacre of the Baker–Fancher train was discussed, but not all the
Council members agreed it was the right approach. The Council resolved to take no action until Haight sent a rider (James Haslam) out the next day to carry an express to Salt Lake City (a six-day round trip on
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Today it is believed that the attack against the wagon train was planned by leaders in Iron County; after the Baker–Fancher party had left Cedar City. Several meetings were held in Cedar City and
Parowan by the local Mormon Leaders, pondering how to implement Brigham Young's war time directives. At
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met with these leaders and Jacob
Hamblin on September 1, 1857. Brigham Young asked them for their help with fighting the "Americans" (the advancing United States Army). The Indian chiefs were reportedly reluctant, saying they would let the Mormons fight while they, the Indians, "would raise grain."
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After the party was organized they left Salt Lake City on or about August 5, 1857. As they passed through Utah, the emigrants were in need of supplies, but because of the possibility of war many
Mormons refused to trade with them; this was one of several problems the emigrants would encounter. When
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Following orders from Haight in Cedar City, 35 miles (56 km) away, on Friday, September 11, John Higbee ordered a group of militiamen not in disguise to march and stand in a formal line a half-mile from the Baker–Fancher party, then John D. Lee and
William Batemen approached the Baker–Fancher
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The attackers were positioned in a small ravine south-east of the emigrant camp. This ravine was about five feet deep and had been carved by the headwaters of
Magotsu Creek. As the attackers shot into the camp, the Baker–Fancher party defended itself by encircling and lowering their wagons, wheels
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some decades before in Missouri. Others were reported by Mormons to have threatened to join the incoming federal troops, or join troops from California, and march against the Mormons. According to one witness, the captain of the emigrant train, Alexander Fancher, rebuked these men on the spot for
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Cedar City was the last major settlement where emigrants could stop to buy grain and supplies before a long stretch of wilderness leading to California. When the Baker–Fancher train arrived there, however, they were turned a cold shoulder once again; important goods were not available in the town
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According to one report, they attempted to send a little girl to a nearby spring for water, dressed in white, and she was fired upon, but escaped unharmed back to the camp. When two emigrant horsemen attempted to retrieve water, one was shot while another escaped, but not before seeing that the
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and his counselor Elias Morris visited Dame in Parowan, where the council decided that the militia would allow the emigrants to pass safely. After the Parowan council meeting, however, Haight spoke with Dame confidentially, relating the information that the emigrants probably already knew that
196:, suggested the Fanchers stop and rest their cattle at Mountain Meadows. Some of Smith's party claimed to have seen a member of the Baker–Fancher party poison the local Corn Creek and a dead ox, in order to kill Indians; a rumor that would precede the wagon train to Cedar City.
69:, which they believed was intent on destroying them as a people. It was during this period of tension that the Baker–Fancher party passed through the Utah Territory, and soon rumors among the Mormons linked the Baker–Fancher train with enemies who had participated in previous
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Yet, some scholars theorize, that the Indian leaders returned to Mountain Meadows and participated in the massacre. However, it is uncertain whether they would have had time to do so, as their traveling companion, Jacob Hamblin, did not return home until after the massacre.
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system. Following the Council, Isaac C. Haight decided to send a messenger south to John D. Lee. What Haight told Lee remains a mystery, but considering the Council's decision to wait for advice from Brigham Young, he may have hoped Lee would back off the planned attack.
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One witness claimed John D. Lee, left his home in Harmony on September 6, 1857 in the company of 14 Native Americans and headed toward Mountain Meadows. In the early morning of Monday, September 7 the Baker-Fancher party was attacked by as many or more than 200
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store, and the local miller charged an exorbitant price for grinding grain. As tension between the Mormons and the emigrants mounted, a member of the Baker–Fancher train was said to have bragged how he had the very gun that "shot the guts out of Old
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John M. Higbee was directed to command a special contingent of militia drawn from throughout the southern settlements whose initial orders were to coordinate the affair while maintaining a picket around the area's perimeter.
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and Mormon militiamen disguised as Native Americans. Why John D. Lee changed the plans to attack the Wagon Train in the Santa Clara Narrows, and instead attacked at Mountain Meadows several days earlier, remains a mystery.
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became isolated and vulnerable outposts. Brigham Young sought to enlist the help of Indian tribes in fighting the "Americans" (the approaching U.S. Army), and allowed them to steal cattle from emigrant trains.
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655:, pp. 323–324. Lee said this meeting probably took place late on a Sunday, which would be September 6, but because this date would conflict with statements by other witnesses.
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least nine southern Utah militiamen had already been sent out as scouts to the area's emigrant trails and mountain passes, looking for any advance parties of the United States
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as well. Lee's meeting with Haight, according to Lee, took place late at night in Cedar City at the iron works, while they were wrapped in blankets against the cold.
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165:. Mormons were to stockpile grain, and were prevented from selling grain to any passing emigrants. As far-off Mormon colonies retreated, both Cedar City and nearby
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832:, p. 54 (statement to Gibbs by Benjamin Platt, a Lee employee, who said he heard details of the massacre from Lee at a church meeting after the massacre).
31:. But the planned attack was repulsed and soon turned into a siege, which later culminated in the massacre of the remaining emigrants, on September 11, 1857.
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James H. Martineau, "The Mountain Meadow Catastrophy", July 23, 1907, Church Archives, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
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Andrew Jenson, notes of discussion with William Barton, Jan. 1892, Mountain Meadows file, Jenson Collection, Church Archives
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740:, pp. 226–227 Lee said the first attack occurred on a Tuesday and the Native Americans were several hundred strong.
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significance. From July to September 1857, Mormon leaders prepared Mormons for a possible seven-year siege predicted by
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Mormons were involved in the siege. This information changed Dame's mind, and he reportedly authorized a massacre.
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After staying less than one hour in Cedar City, the emigrants passed over Leach's cutoff, passed the small town of
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began. After leaving Arkansas and traveling in several smaller groups these emigrants gathered together near
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Among Smith's party were a number of Indian chiefs from Southern Utah. When Smith returned to Salt Lake,
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which ended up being peaceful. In the summer of 1857, however, Mormons expected an all-out invasion of
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967:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre: An Analytical Narrative Based on Participant Confessions]"
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Mormonism Unveiled; or the Life and Confessions of the Late Mormon Bishop, John D. Lee
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In the afternoon of Sunday, September 6, Major Isaac C. Haight held his weekly Stake
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Shirts, Morris A. (1994), "Mountain Meadows Massacre", in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.),
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23 June 2007, with information gleaned from lectures by historians Ron Walker and
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109:. Here they stopped to rest and regroup their approximately 800 head of cattle.
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65:, the Mormons throughout the Territory had been mustered to fight the advancing
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and became the Baker–Fancher party. As these emigrants were crossing into the
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The Mountain Meadows Massacre was caused in part by events relating to the
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emigrants, who were later attacked at Mountain Meadows, were traveling to
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Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
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Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
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Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
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Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
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Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
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Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
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Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
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Forgotten kingdom: the Mormon theocracy in the American West, 1847-1896
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1228:. Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
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Walker, Ronald W., Richard E. Turley, JR., Glen M. Leonard (2008).
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Walker, Ronald W., Richard E. Turley, JR., Glen M. Leonard (2008).
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Walker, Ronald W., Richard E. Turley, JR., Glen M. Leonard (2008).
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Walker, Ronald W., Richard E. Turley Jr., Glen M. Leonard (2008).
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Walker, Ronald W., Richard E. Turley Jr., Glen M. Leonard (2008).
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horseback) for Brigham Young's advice; as Utah did not yet have a
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Mountain Meadows and surrounding region in 1857, showing path of
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Mountain Meadows Massacre Trials (John D. Lee Trials) 1875–1876
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Mountain Meadows Massacre Trials (John D. Lee Trials) 1875–1876
1159:. University of Missouri-Kansas School of Law. Archived from
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Mountain Meadows Massacre: An Aberration of Mormon Practice
1074:, Washington: Government Printing Office (published 1902)
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570:
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Burying the Past: Legacy of the Mountain Meadows Massacre
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Possibly on September 4, 1857, Haight had a meeting with
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perpetrators to be a short "Indian" attack, against the
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Killings and aftermath of the Mountain Meadows massacre
1151:"Laban Morrill Testimony—witness for the prosecution"
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War hysteria preceding the Mountain Meadows massacre
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1109:, University of Missouri-Kansas School of Law, 2006
933:, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press,
98:their inflammatory language against the Mormons.
1404:Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows Massacre
1071:Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre
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1144:. St. Louis, Missouri: Bryan, Brand & Co.
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137:Mountain Meadows massacre and Mormon theology
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1052:"New Perspectives on the West (Documentary)"
950:. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press.
861:on a bus tour of the massacre site on 28 May
801:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1115:Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872),
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1032:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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246:have meted out secret punishments as a
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314:On September 9, local Mormon leader
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1138:(1877). Bishop, William W. (ed.).
1099:Hamblin, Jacob (September 1876),
476:in Tietoa Mormonismista Suomeksi.)
14:
1149:Morrill, Laban (September 1876).
258:some of them had claimed to have
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853:, published in the LDS Church's
474:Mountain Meadows Massacre Leader
217:. Major Isaac C. Haight, Mormon
85:on Thursday, September 3, 1857.
1368:Investigations and prosecutions
1220:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre"
1080:Gibbs, Josiah Francis (1910).
851:"Remembering Mountain Meadows"
1:
1472:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
1429:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
1083:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
1029:The mountain meadows massacre
23:was initially planned by its
1453:Massacre at Mountain Meadows
1153:. In Linder, Douglas (ed.).
1101:"Testimony of Jacob Hamblin"
785:Massacre at Mountain Meadows
752:Massacre at Mountain Meadows
679:Massacre at Mountain Meadows
588:Massacre at Mountain Meadows
561:University of Oklahoma Press
542:University of Oklahoma Press
523:University of Oklahoma Press
423:Massacre at Mountain Meadows
405:University of Oklahoma Press
383:University of Oklahoma Press
364:University of Oklahoma Press
18:conspiracy and siege of the
915:Shirts, (1994) Paragraph 10
906:Shirts, (1994) Paragraph 11
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965:Briggs, Robert H. (2006).
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149:, an 1858 invasion of the
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1513:Mountain Meadows Massacre
1341:Mountain Meadows massacre
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1277:Mountain Meadows Massacre
1179:Utah History Encyclopedia
974:Utah Historical Quarterly
946:Bigler, David L. (1998).
504:October 14, 2007, at the
311:shooter was a white man.
133:Mountain Meadows massacre
20:Mountain Meadows Massacre
1184:University of Utah Press
1182:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
1050:; Ives, Stephen (1996).
491:Salt Lake City Messenger
789:Oxford University Press
756:Oxford University Press
683:Oxford University Press
643:Klingensmith affidavit.
592:Oxford University Press
427:Oxford University Press
119:An emigrant wagon train
71:persecutions of Mormons
1392:Other related articles
1363:Killings and aftermath
1301:Southern Paiute people
1216:Turley, Richard E. Jr.
1123:Corinne Daily Reporter
1103:, in Linder, Douglas,
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279:Siege (September 7–10)
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208:Meetings at Cedar City
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1437:Blood of the Prophets
1086:. Salt Lake tribune.
1066:Carleton, James Henry
929:Bagley, Will (2002),
555:Bagley, Will (2002).
536:Bagley, Will (2002).
517:Bagley, Will (2002).
486:Burns & Ives 1996
399:Bagley, Will (2002).
377:Bagley, Will (2002).
358:Bagley, Will (2002).
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1378:LDS public relations
1358:Conspiracy and siege
1291:Hawn's Mill massacre
334:party wagons with a
95:Haun's Mill massacre
59:Salt Lake City, Utah
1399:Baker–Fancher party
1348:Theological factors
1339:Articles about the
758:. pp. 157–158.
594:. pp. 139–141.
563:. pp. 113–114.
525:. pp. 109–110.
260:killed Joseph Smith
53:shortly before the
41:Baker–Fancher party
29:Baker–Fancher party
1421:Mormonism Unveiled
1218:(September 2007).
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304:by Josiah F. Gibbs
302:Map of the Meadows
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155:United States Army
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67:United States Army
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1445:American Massacre
1125:(Corinne, Utah)
366:. pp. 97–98.
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1165:. Retrieved
1161:the original
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1136:Lee, John D.
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855:Church News
819:Shirts 1994
726:Bigler 1998
722:Brooks 1991
665:Briggs 2006
653:Briggs 2006
461:Turley 2007
243:John D. Lee
190:John D. Lee
159:apocalyptic
127:The Mormons
1507:Categories
1284:Precursors
1167:2019-07-09
1048:Burns, Ken
1015:2017-01-12
922:References
871:Gibbs 1910
830:Gibbs 1910
710:Gibbs 1910
336:white flag
131:See also:
83:Cedar City
51:California
39:See also:
1234:0884-1136
1118:Affidavit
1026:(1991) .
1002:254444678
797:cite book
764:cite book
691:cite book
600:cite book
435:cite book
268:telegraph
91:Joe Smith
1306:Utah War
1238:Archived
1202:30473917
1092:37010372
1068:(1859),
994:45062984
895:Lee 1877
738:Lee 1877
502:Archived
215:dragoons
147:Utah War
55:Utah War
47:Arkansas
286:Paiutes
167:Parowan
153:by the
1492:(2007)
1483:(2004)
1474:(2001)
1455:(2008)
1447:(2003)
1439:(2002)
1431:(1950)
1423:(1877)
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248:Danite
188:, and
139:, and
25:Mormon
1464:Films
1413:Books
1009:(PDF)
998:S2CID
990:JSTOR
970:(PDF)
346:Notes
219:Stake
103:Pinto
79:Provo
1230:ISSN
1198:OCLC
1188:ISBN
1088:LCCN
1034:ISBN
952:ISBN
935:ISBN
803:link
770:link
697:link
606:link
472:see
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45:The
16:The
1057:PBS
982:doi
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