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middle-regions of which are often described as contact sign (or Pidgin Sign). In a conversation between a native signer and a second-language learner, both conversation partners may be signing at different ends of the spectrum. A blend that is often seen is vocabulary from the sign language signed in the
288:
is represented with manual signs. In the sign languages with such a system, the manual alphabet is structurally quite different from the more 'native' grammatical forms, which are often spatial, visually motivated, and multilayered. Manual alphabets facilitate the input of new terms such as technical
112:
of the oral language, with a simplified or reduced grammar typical of contact languages. We can recognize that the speaking habits of an
English speaker learning French for the first time will differ from those of a native French speaker. The same thing happens when a hearing individual is learning a
107:
While deaf sign languages are distinct from spoken languages, with a different vocabulary and grammar, a boundary between the two is often hard to draw. A language 'continuum' is often described between signing with a strong sign-language grammar to signing with a strong spoken-language grammar, the
333:
and the
English language. Individuals who are hard of hearing, or become deaf later on in life, after using Spoken English, may often use a mixture of ASL and English, which is known as PSE. With PSE, it is common to sign most English words of a sentence, using English grammar and syntax, using ASL
245:
Usually, the language undergoing metatypy (the modified language) is emblematic of its speakers' identity, whilst the language which provides the metatypic model is an inter-community language. Speakers of the modified language form a sufficiently tightknit community to be well aware of their
246:
separate identity and of their language as a marker of that identity, but some bilingual speakers, at least, use the inter-community language so extensively that they are more at home in it than in the emblematic language of the community.
5201:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
517:
341:
English) to PSE which is quite close to ASL lexically and grammatically, but may alter some subtle features of ASL grammar. Fingerspelling may be used more often in PSE than it is normally used in ASL.
166:
and mixed systems. However, between a sign language and an oral language, lexical borrowing and code switching also occur, but the interface between the oral and signed modes produces unique phenomena:
127:
Huenerfauth claims that Pidgin Signed
English, as well as contact languages, can create accessibility benefits for users of sign language who have lower levels of written literacy. While
233:
levels increase. In such bilingual communities, loan translations are common enough that deeper grammatical structures may also be borrowed from the oral language, which is known as
84:, which are almost always located within a dominant oral language ('hearing') culture. Deaf people are exposed to the oral language that surrounds them, if only in visual forms like
5103:
1164:
1139:
147:
have noted several differences between the language contact arising between two sign languages and the contact phenomena that arise between a signed and an oral language.
210:. When a loan translation becomes fully acceptable and considered as 'native' (rather than Contact Signing) is a matter over which native signers will differ in opinion.
463:
5118:
2402:
337:
When communicating with hearing
English speakers, ASL-speakers often use PSE. Various types of PSE exist, ranging from highly English-influenced PSE (practically
131:
explains how contact also occurs when deaf signers modify their language for the sake of hearing people who are in the process of learning to use a sign language.
350:
Contact phenomena have been observed in the reverse direction, from a sign language to an oral language. Hearing adults who grew up in deaf signing households as
5108:
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4304:
1355:
1350:
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Some populations with a high proportion of deaf people have developed sign languages that are used by both hearing and deaf people in the community, such as
2632:
354:(CODAs) sometimes communicate with one another in spoken and written English and knowingly use ASL loan translations and underlying grammatical forms.
5016:
4913:
176:
1132:
1655:
1091:
994:
737:
656:
571:
404:
1190:
69:
Contact sign has been characterized as "a sign language that has elements of both natural sign language and the surrounding language".
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1769:
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4611:
4189:
2353:
251:
4560:
3038:
1125:
616:
428:
396:
5057:
1041:
Cokely, Dennis
Richard (Spring 1983). "When is a Pidgin not a Pidgin? An alternate analysis of the ASL-English contact situation".
681:
4667:
4636:
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3007:
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or writing, from early childhood. Within everyday life it is not uncommon for Deaf people to be in contact with oral languages.
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263:
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However, even a dialogue between two native deaf signers often shows some evidence of language contact. Deaf people in the
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2147:
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1556:
1396:
1316:
1293:
981:
Ann, Jean (1998). "Contact between a sign language and a written language: Character signs in Taiwan Sign
Language". In
934:
Bishop, Michele; Hicks, Sherry (Winter 2005). "Orange Eyes: Bimodal
Bilingualism in Hearing Adults from Deaf Families".
186:
Long-term contact with oral languages has generated a large influence on the vocabulary and grammar of sign languages.
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2984:
2927:
2785:
2448:
2230:
2157:
1926:
1684:
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The phrase Pidgin Sign
English (PSE, sometimes also 'Pidgin Signed English') is often used to describe the different
5113:
4801:
4688:
3897:
3545:
1852:
1701:
857:
255:
5223:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
4142:
820:
4796:
4766:
4756:
4741:
4631:
4621:
4330:
4262:
4199:
4056:
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3585:
3553:
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2937:
2815:
2750:
2705:
2420:
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2193:
1536:
1369:
1329:
1253:
912:
318:
5072:
4923:
4786:
4721:
4684:
4676:
4616:
4601:
4497:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4309:
4137:
4129:
4116:
4093:
4064:
4016:
3847:
3815:
3791:
3422:
3373:
3283:
3133:
3112:
3053:
3013:
2990:
2977:
2942:
2932:
2882:
2842:
2780:
2760:
2678:
2647:
2430:
1868:
1751:
1728:
1574:
1301:
1236:
43:
4426:
2832:
2797:
1943:
1109:
Luetke-Stahlman, Barbara (1993). "Three PSE studies: Implications for educators". In Mary Pat
Moeller (ed.).
5256:
5168:
4989:
4893:
4822:
4791:
4781:
4736:
4731:
4641:
4523:
4489:
4442:
4416:
4400:
4272:
4267:
3951:
3923:
3881:
3831:
3751:
3743:
3590:
3498:
3472:
3342:
3326:
3204:
3127:
3066:
2902:
2715:
2710:
2699:
2688:
2410:
2175:
2170:
2024:
2004:
1828:
1738:
1723:
1614:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1242:
725:
259:
238:
5210:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
3685:
2615:
2607:
597:"Evaluating importance of facial expression in american sign language and pidgin signed english animations"
5203:
5183:
4908:
4776:
4771:
4751:
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4542:
4476:
4408:
4368:
4322:
4314:
4257:
4252:
4211:
4179:
4150:
4124:
4085:
3990:
3985:
3959:
3863:
3775:
3709:
3693:
3672:
3635:
3627:
3600:
3529:
3521:
3506:
3490:
3482:
3464:
3440:
3430:
3412:
3217:
3188:
3183:
3117:
3018:
2972:
2957:
2917:
2791:
2775:
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2438:
2415:
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2201:
2165:
2126:
2105:
2059:
2045:
2009:
1839:
1783:
1759:
1706:
1696:
1665:
1564:
1531:
1381:
1306:
1259:
1223:
1213:
1159:
890:
368:
330:
329:. However, that term is falling out of favour. Pidgin Signed English generally refers to a combination of
326:
214:
191:
55:
5207:
4963:
4903:
4761:
4626:
4596:
4434:
4277:
4242:
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4098:
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4005:
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3783:
3767:
3701:
3664:
3651:
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3569:
3511:
3417:
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3386:
3355:
3334:
3318:
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3209:
3091:
3079:
3048:
3043:
3028:
3001:
2967:
2952:
2922:
2887:
2869:
2822:
2740:
2720:
2593:
2274:
2248:
2142:
2121:
2100:
2084:
2029:
2019:
1973:
1803:
1733:
1670:
1645:
1606:
1598:
1584:
1579:
1516:
1468:
1386:
1334:
1247:
1229:
1218:
314:
218:
39:
213:
The process appears to be very common in those sign languages that have been best documented, such as
5211:
4918:
4662:
4421:
4381:
4343:
4287:
4030:
4025:
3995:
3910:
3839:
3727:
3714:
3680:
3561:
3477:
3456:
3448:
3435:
3350:
3267:
3238:
3225:
3196:
3107:
3086:
2962:
2897:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2683:
2663:
2322:
2317:
2288:
2243:
2238:
2211:
2180:
2014:
1960:
1906:
1847:
1745:
1541:
1401:
1391:
1324:
1264:
728:(1997). "Social networks and kinds of speech-community event". In R. Blench; Matthew Spriggs (eds.).
363:
5143:
5087:
5003:
4591:
4481:
4373:
4348:
4282:
4103:
4069:
4048:
4000:
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3759:
3735:
3719:
3537:
3516:
3394:
3259:
3251:
3233:
3058:
3033:
3023:
2912:
2907:
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2827:
2810:
2755:
2745:
2366:
2206:
2079:
1968:
1711:
1478:
1473:
1423:
1207:
1012:
Reilly, Judy S.; Marina L. McIntire (1980). "ASL and Pidgin Sign English: What's the difference?".
351:
172:
5134:
5032:
4513:
4338:
3595:
3365:
3246:
3146:
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2765:
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959:
849:
794:
622:
601:
The proceedings of the 13th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
509:
457:
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1071:
229:
in both a sign and a "spoken" language (or visual forms of it) as the deaf signing community's
5037:
4698:
1097:
1087:
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1029:
1021:
1000:
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951:
786:
778:
743:
733:
693:
662:
652:
612:
577:
567:
501:
434:
424:
400:
392:
97:
266:. It is unclear what kind of language contact phenomena, if any, occur in such environments.
5236:
5047:
5042:
4878:
4859:
943:
770:
604:
493:
310:
306:
187:
121:
89:
81:
77:
59:
701:
389:
An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method: Volume 1: Language and Social Change
5173:
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290:
163:
93:
5082:
5067:
4958:
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4713:
338:
285:
281:
275:
168:
155:
124:-like signing style in a more formal setting, or if unfamiliar with the interlocutor.
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5052:
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4570:
1148:
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963:
798:
644:
559:
513:
294:
144:
117:
51:
626:
4928:
101:
388:
5062:
4832:
562:(1989). "Language Contact in the American Deaf Community". In Ceil Lucas (ed.).
85:
481:
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128:
109:
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608:
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226:
100:
from the oral language. A mixing of languages and modes may also occur when
17:
1033:
790:
947:
774:
4883:
4842:
4693:
4447:
234:
230:
207:
180:
47:
853:
843:
92:
parents and teachers of deaf children, if they sign at all, are usually
4518:
812:
761:
Woodward, James (1973). "Some Characteristics of Pidgin Sign English".
730:
Archaeology and language 1: Theoretical and methodological orientations
151:
908:
5147:
4232:
1504:
1492:
418:
322:
289:
vocabulary from the dominant oral language of the region and allow a
222:
199:
195:
159:
150:
When two sign languages meet, the expected contact phenomena occurs:
63:
4847:
194:
signs BOY and FRIEND, forming a compound meaning "boyfriend" or the
1072:"The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages"
54:
and hearing individuals using an oral language (or the written or
4837:
1117:
203:
3166:
1182:
1121:
1082:. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.
848:. Linstok Press, Gallaudet University Press. pp. 151–192.
206:
MIND combined with an upturned palm, which is a typical Auslan
62:
also arise between different sign languages, although the term
987:
Pinky Extension and Eye Gaze: Language Use in Deaf Communities
171:(see below), fingerspelling/sign combination, initialisation,
66:
rather than contact sign is used to describe such phenomena.
420:
Outsiders in a hearing world : a sociology of deafness
96:
learners, and their signing style will exhibit features of
595:
Huenerfauth, Matt; Lu, Pengfei; Rosenberg, Andrew (2011).
293:
of phrases, names, and places. They may also be used for
1113:. Omaha, Nebraska: Boys Town National Research Hospital.
5104:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
482:"Sign language contact and interference: ASL and LSM"
5127:
5096:
5025:
5002:
4977:
4892:
4858:
4810:
4712:
4650:
4579:
4541:
4506:
4390:
4222:
3932:
3617:
3308:
3173:
3159:
3100:
2656:
2631:
2592:
2575:
2447:
2429:
2401:
2365:
2331:
2303:
2257:
2229:
2192:
2156:
2135:
2114:
2093:
2072:
2038:
1997:
1988:
1958:
1941:
1924:
1885:
1861:
1768:
1683:
1654:
1632:
1597:
1555:
1491:
1461:
1432:
1410:
1368:
1343:
1315:
1189:
1173:
280:One of the most striking contact sign phenomena is
603:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. p. 99.
27:Language arising from contact between deaf people
989:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
682:"Language contact phenomena in deaf communities"
225:. In all of the cases, signers are increasingly
5119:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
649:Language contact in the American deaf community
539:Deaf Culture and Community: Why is it important
243:
5109:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
1133:
566:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 11–40.
346:Reverse phenomenon by children of deaf adults
46:of language that arises from contact between
8:
1111:Proceedings: Issues in Language and Deafness
462:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
202:DON'T MIND, which involves the sign for the
154:borrowing, foreign "accent", interference,
4866:
3163:
2453:
1994:
1776:
1689:
1638:
1497:
1416:
1374:
1312:
1179:
1140:
1126:
1118:
902:
900:
564:The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community
4914:Manually coded language in South Africa
842:Reilly, Judy; McIntire, Marina (1980).
732:. London: Routledge. pp. 209–261.
380:
135:Linguistic features of language contact
455:
104:between a spoken and a sign language.
7:
553:
551:
475:
473:
1951:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
3264:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
2878:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
480:QUINTO-POZOS, DAVID (2008-03-13).
25:
915:from the original on May 19, 2013
823:from the original on 9 March 2021
4846:
4637:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
889:
860:from the original on 9 July 2021
5227:
5218:
5196:
5164:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4248:Far North Queensland Indigenous
2870:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
520:from the original on 2024-05-26
445:from the original on 2024-05-26
264:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
252:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
4985:Bilingual–bicultural education
4305:Western Torres Strait Islander
3379:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1356:Western Torres Strait Islander
1:
4057:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3205:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3067:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2816:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2323:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
1070:Supalla, T.; R. Webb (1995).
813:"Pidgin Signed English (PSE)"
651:. San Diego: Academic Press.
297:such as 'at', 'so' or 'but'.
2643:Providence Island (Provisle)
2293:North West Frontier Province
686:Estudios de Sociolingüística
80:is extremely common in most
58:form of the oral language).
4243:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
1080:Language, gesture and space
5278:
5114:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4323:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
4253:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
3039:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
2893:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2313:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1707:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
1078:; Reilly, Judy S. (eds.).
417:C., Higgins, Paul (1997).
273:
256:Yucatec Maya Sign Language
139:Sign language researchers
5192:
4869:
4359:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2798:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
2608:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
2456:
2015:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
1779:
1692:
1641:
1510:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
1500:
1419:
1377:
1165:List by number of signers
1155:
911:. Deaf Resource Library.
498:10.1017/s0047404508080251
391:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006,
319:New Zealand Sign Language
4924:Paget Gorman Sign System
4378:Samoa and American Samoa
3168:Sign languages by region
2953:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2679:Albarradas Sign Language
2669:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
2502:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2354:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2318:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1570:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1184:Sign languages by family
907:Nakamura, Karen (2008).
190:are common, such as the
5169:Monastic sign languages
5017:Television shows (list)
4990:Manually coded language
4823:Hamburg Notation System
2616:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
1862:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1585:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1522:Northern Ireland (NISL)
609:10.1145/2049536.2049556
352:children of deaf adults
309:that arise between the
260:Adamorobe Sign Language
183:, and contact signing.
5140:CHCI chimpanzee center
4909:Manually coded English
4607:Henniker Sign Language
4273:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4258:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3252:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1160:List of sign languages
879:American Sign Language
369:Manually Coded English
331:American Sign Language
327:American Sign Language
248:
215:American Sign Language
192:American Sign Language
4964:Signing Exact English
4904:Indian Signing System
4627:Plateau Sign Language
4001:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3578:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3108:Amami Shuwa languages
2781:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2721:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2700:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2648:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2176:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
2148:French Belgian (LSFB)
1580:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
1043:Sign Language Studies
1014:Sign Language Studies
948:10.1353/sls.2005.0001
936:Sign Language Studies
845:Sign Language Studies
775:10.1353/sls.1973.0006
763:Sign Language Studies
315:British Sign Language
219:British Sign Language
32:contact sign language
5212:French Sign Language
4919:Manually Coded Malay
4727:British (two-handed)
4663:Bimodal bilingualism
4293:Far North Queensland
3601:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3123:Sri Lankan languages
3054:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
2958:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2469:Chaticks si Chaticks
2449:Plains Sign Language
2367:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
1869:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1547:South African (SASL)
1270:Far North Queensland
364:Bimodal bilingualism
50:individuals using a
5262:Pidgins and creoles
3134:Tanzanian languages
3113:Ethiopian languages
3080:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2171:Icelandic (Táknmál)
1886:Francophone African
1844:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1702:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1633:Chilean-Paraguayan-
486:Language in Society
301:Pidgin Sign English
5135:Baby sign language
5033:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4514:International Sign
4417:Brazilian (Libras)
4331:New Zealand (NZSL)
4278:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4206:Sandy River Valley
4185:Keresan (Keresign)
3776:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
3147:International Sign
3128:Sudanese languages
2751:Navajo/Diné Family
2565:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
2403:Original Thai Sign
2181:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1724:Brazilian (Libras)
1537:New Zealand (NZSL)
175:talk (see below),
5244:
5243:
5237:extinct languages
5159:Legal recognition
5038:Jeanette Berglind
4998:
4997:
4699:Nonmanual feature
4612:Martha's Vineyard
4537:
4536:
4191:Martha's Vineyard
3686:Faroese (Teknmál)
3408:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3218:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3155:
3154:
3140:Zimsign languages
3118:Laotian languages
3002:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
2761:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2706:Azerbaijani (AİD)
2627:
2626:
2225:
2224:
2068:
2067:
1984:
1983:
1974:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
1679:
1678:
1607:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1593:
1592:
1487:
1486:
1457:
1456:
1364:
1363:
1219:Eltye eltyarrenke
1199:
1198:multiple families
1093:978-0-8058-1378-4
996:978-1-56368-070-0
887:(25th ed., 2022)
739:978-0-415-11760-9
658:978-0-12-458040-4
573:978-0-12-458045-9
405:978-1-4051-1498-1
387:Ricento, Thomas.
307:contact languages
188:Loan translations
60:Contact languages
16:(Redirected from
5269:
5231:
5222:
5200:
5088:Pierre Pélissier
5073:Thomas Gallaudet
5048:Thomas Braidwood
4879:Initialized sign
4867:
4850:
4335:Papua New Guinea
4238:Australian-Irish
3944:Plains Sign Talk
3824:Northern Ireland
3820:Northern Ireland
3343:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3164:
2943:Nicaraguan (ISN)
2858:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2674:Albanian (AlbSL)
2454:
2268:Bangalore-Madras
2249:Israeli (Shassi)
2217:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
2127:Honduran (LESHO)
1995:
1853:Singapore (SgSL)
1789:Black ASL (BASL)
1777:
1717:Australian-Irish
1690:
1639:
1615:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1575:Portuguese (LGP)
1565:Eritrean (EriSL)
1498:
1417:
1375:
1313:
1197:
1180:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1066:
1037:
1008:
968:
967:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
904:
895:
894:
893:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
809:
803:
802:
758:
752:
751:
726:Ross, Malcolm D.
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
706:
700:. Archived from
677:
671:
670:
637:
631:
630:
592:
586:
585:
555:
546:
545:
535:
529:
528:
526:
525:
477:
468:
467:
461:
453:
451:
450:
414:
408:
385:
311:English language
82:Deaf communities
78:Language contact
73:Language contact
21:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5225:
5216:
5194:
5188:
5174:Tactile signing
5123:
5092:
5021:
4994:
4973:
4949:Signed Japanese
4895:
4888:
4861:
4854:
4828:Stokoe notation
4806:
4708:
4668:Phonology (ASL)
4646:
4581:
4575:
4533:
4502:
4401:Argentine (LSA)
4386:
4218:
4041:New Costa Rican
4036:Old Costa Rican
3936:
3934:
3928:
3812:North Macedonia
3613:
3304:
3239:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3169:
3151:
3101:Other groupings
3096:
2948:Old Costa Rican
2923:Burkina (Mossi)
2903:Mauritian (MSL)
2776:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2689:Argentine (LSA)
2652:
2634:
2623:
2588:
2571:
2443:
2425:
2397:
2361:
2327:
2299:
2260:
2253:
2221:
2188:
2158:Danish (Tegnic)
2152:
2131:
2110:
2089:
2064:
2039:Yugoslavic Sign
2034:
2005:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
1990:
1980:
1969:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
1954:
1944:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
1937:
1920:
1907:Bamako (LaSiMa)
1888:(Françafrosign)
1887:
1881:
1857:
1829:Malaysian (BIM)
1771:
1764:
1739:Valencian (LSV)
1675:
1666:Paraguay (LSPY)
1657:
1650:
1634:
1628:
1589:
1551:
1483:
1453:
1428:
1412:
1406:
1370:Arab (Ishaaric)
1360:
1339:
1311:
1224:Iltyeme iltyeme
1195:
1192:
1185:
1175:
1169:
1151:
1146:
1108:
1094:
1069:
1040:
1020:(27): 151–192.
1011:
997:
980:
977:
975:Further reading
972:
971:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
906:
905:
898:
888:
877:
873:
863:
861:
841:
840:
836:
826:
824:
817:NC Hearing Loss
811:
810:
806:
760:
759:
755:
740:
724:
723:
719:
710:
708:
704:
679:
678:
674:
659:
639:
638:
634:
619:
594:
593:
589:
574:
557:
556:
549:
543:Healthy Hearing
537:
536:
532:
523:
521:
479:
478:
471:
454:
448:
446:
431:
416:
415:
411:
386:
382:
377:
360:
348:
303:
291:transliteration
278:
272:
137:
120:may use a more
113:sign language.
94:second language
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5275:
5273:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5257:Sign languages
5249:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5083:William Stokoe
5080:
5075:
5070:
5068:Valerie Sutton
5065:
5060:
5058:Abbé de l'Épée
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4969:Signed Swedish
4966:
4961:
4959:Signed Spanish
4956:
4951:
4946:
4944:Signed Italian
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4787:Serbo-Croatian
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4714:Fingerspelling
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:Western Desert
4297:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4151:American (ASL)
4148:
4145:
4143:Old Salvadoran
4140:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3991:Maritime (MSL)
3988:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3960:American (ASL)
3957:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Central Taurus
3903:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3661:United Kingdom
3659:
3657:French Belgian
3654:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3457:Kazakh-Russian
3454:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3361:Indo-Pakistani
3358:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2973:Peruvian (LSP)
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Miyakubo Shuwa
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Dogon/Douentza
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2578:American (ASL)
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2439:Namibian (NSL)
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:Indo-Pakistani
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2106:Tunisian (TSL)
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2060:Yugoslav (YSL)
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:Croatian (HZJ)
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:Sierra Leonean
1915:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1840:Filipino (FSL)
1837:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1784:American (ASL)
1780:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1760:Romanian (LSR)
1757:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Algerian (LSA)
1693:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1658:Uruguayan Sign
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1646:Chilean (LSCh)
1642:
1636:
1635:Uruguayan Sign
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:Maritime (MSL)
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1397:Qatari Unified
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1344:Zendath Kesign
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:Western Desert
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1294:Worora Kinship
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1092:
1076:Emmorey, Karen
1067:
1038:
1009:
995:
976:
973:
970:
969:
942:(2): 188–230.
926:
896:
871:
834:
804:
753:
738:
717:
692:(1): 145–152.
672:
657:
645:Valli, Clayton
632:
617:
587:
572:
547:
530:
469:
429:
409:
379:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
366:
359:
356:
347:
344:
302:
299:
295:function words
286:writing system
282:fingerspelling
276:Fingerspelling
274:Main article:
271:
270:Fingerspelling
268:
179:conversation,
169:fingerspelling
156:code switching
136:
133:
74:
71:
56:manually coded
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5274:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:Miscellaneous
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:Organisations
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Laurent Clerc
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:Pär Aron Borg
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:Signed Polish
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:Signed German
4937:
4935:
4934:Signed French
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Grammar (ASL)
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:International
4505:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:South America
4389:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Rossel Island
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:Mount Avejaha
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:Navajo Family
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:United States
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:South African
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Yoruban (YSL)
3085:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Bura (Burasl)
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:West African
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Ugandan (USL)
3047:
3045:
3044:Turkish (TİD)
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Spanish (LSE)
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Rossel Island
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2985:Qahveh Khaneh
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Mount Avejaha
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Maltese (LSM)
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Atgangmuurniq
2809:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:Guinea-Bissau
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2392:Cepeda Peraza
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:Highland Maya
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2305:Japanese Sign
2302:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Flemish (VGT)
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Mexican (LSM)
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Italian (LIS)
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2030:Russian (РЖЯ)
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Latvian (LSL)
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:Catalan (LSC)
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1671:Uruguay (LSU)
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:British (BSL)
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1335:Ngaatjatjarra
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:Sign language
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
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731:
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721:
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707:on 2009-12-12
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:Lucas, Ceil.
676:
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618:9781450309202
614:
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583:
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569:
565:
561:
560:Clayton Valli
558:Lucas, Ceil;
554:
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430:0-8039-1421-0
426:
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422:
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397:1-4051-1498-3
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161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
145:Clayton Valli
142:
134:
132:
130:
125:
123:
119:
118:United States
114:
111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:sign language
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5232:
5226:
5217:
5215:
5195:
5012:Films (list)
4929:Signed Dutch
4874:Contact sign
4873:
4319:Hawaii (USA)
4212:
4205:
4190:
4015:
4006:
3898:Swiss-German
3534:Saudi Arabia
3272:South Africa
3006:
2989:
2863:Somali (SSL)
2790:
2698:
2633:Providencia–
2612:Nesilextcl'n
2585:Oneida (OSL)
2547:Tickanwa•tic
2535:Schitsu'umsh
2517:Nųmą́khų́·ki
2431:Paget Gorman
2352:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2296:Punjab-Sindh
2244:Polish (PJM)
2239:German (DGS)
2115:Mexican Sign
2094:Italian Sign
1998:Russian Sign
1961:French (LSF)
1934:Oneida (OSL)
1848:Quebec (LSQ)
1833:Oneida (OSL)
1750:
1746:French (LSF)
1599:Chinese Sign
1557:Swedish Sign
1281:
1252:
1235:
1228:
1206:
1110:
1079:
1049:(38): 1–24.
1046:
1042:
1017:
1013:
986:
939:
935:
929:
917:. Retrieved
882:
874:
862:. Retrieved
844:
837:
825:. Retrieved
816:
807:
769:(3): 39–46.
766:
762:
756:
729:
720:
709:. Retrieved
702:the original
689:
685:
675:
648:
635:
600:
590:
563:
542:
538:
533:
522:. Retrieved
489:
485:
447:. Retrieved
419:
412:
383:
349:
336:
304:
279:
249:
244:
239:Malcolm Ross
212:
185:
149:
138:
126:
115:
106:
102:interpreting
98:interference
76:
68:
36:contact sign
35:
31:
29:
18:Contact Sign
5154:Open Outcry
5078:Abbé Sicard
5063:Roger Fouts
4894:Signed Oral
4833:SignWriting
4681:Orientation
4651:Linguistics
4632:Pitha Pitha
4327:New Zealand
4263:Manjiljarra
4134:El Salvador
3894:Switzerland
3804:Netherlands
3644:Azerbaijani
3586:Old Bangkok
3526:Philippines
3214:Ivory Coast
3008:Sandy River
2746:Cuban (LSC)
2635:Cayman Sign
2484:Hinono'eino
2475:Coahuilteco
2460:Anishinaabe
2421:Old Bangkok
2342:Old Kentish
2271:Beluchistan
2231:German Sign
2212:Ho Chi Minh
2136:Old Belgian
2080:Dutch (NGT)
1819:Costa Rican
1712:Irish (ISL)
1656:Paraguayan-
1447:Palestinian
1330:Manjiljarra
1325:Kartutjarra
1260:Rdaka rdaka
1254:Pitha Pitha
919:December 3,
909:"About ASL"
641:Lucas, Ceil
313:and any of
284:in which a
129:Cecil Lucas
86:lip reading
5251:Categories
5179:Protactile
4818:ASL-phabet
4802:Portuguese
4704:Sign names
4689:Expression
4617:Old French
4602:Kalkutungu
4571:Name signs
4561:Literature
4498:Venezuelan
4472:Inmaculada
4464:Paraguayan
4456:Ecuadorian
4310:Yir Yoront
4161:Protactile
4138:Salvadoran
4130:Panamanian
4117:Nicaraguan
4094:Albarradas
4065:Guatemalan
4022:Costa Rica
4017:Old Cayman
3970:Protactile
3848:Portuguese
3816:Macedonian
3792:Lithuanian
3640:Azerbaijan
3609:Vietnamese
3566:Tajikistan
3554:Sri Lankan
3453:Kazakhstan
3423:Kafr Qasem
3374:Indonesian
3076:Mofu-Gudur
3014:Salvadoran
2991:Rennellese
2978:Inmaculada
2933:Mozambican
2883:Macedonian
2853:Kata Kolok
2843:Kafr Qasim
2802:Creole HSL
2553:Tsuu T'ina
2514:Niitsítapi
2508:Ni Mii Puu
2499:Maagiadawa
2463:Apsáalooke
2389:Trascorral
2073:Dutch Sign
1876:Yogyakarta
1836:Panamanian
1794:Protactile
1752:Old French
1729:Lithuanian
1685:Francosign
1302:Yir Yoront
1289:Warramunga
1237:Kalkutungu
1193:Aboriginal
1191:Australian
983:Ceil Lucas
884:Ethnologue
711:2007-10-24
524:2024-05-26
449:2024-05-26
375:References
339:relexified
141:Ceil Lucas
110:word order
5235:indicate
4896:Languages
4797:Ukrainian
4757:Hungarian
4742:Esperanto
4673:Handshape
4642:Warluwara
4582:languages
4566:Profanity
4529:Signalong
4494:Venezuela
4490:Uruguayan
4443:Colombian
4397:Argentina
4268:Warlmanpa
4229:Australia
4167:Blackfeet
4156:Black ASL
4113:Nicaragua
4061:Guatemala
4053:Greenland
3976:Blackfoot
3965:Black ASL
3933:North and
3924:Ukrainian
3882:Valencian
3864:Slovenian
3832:Norwegian
3788:Lithuania
3752:Icelandic
3744:Hungarian
3591:Chiangmai
3562:Taiwanese
3550:Sri Lanka
3546:Singapore
3542:Singapore
3499:Mongolian
3473:Malaysian
3370:Indonesia
3339:Hong Kong
3327:Cambodian
3284:Tanzanian
3160:By region
2716:Bhutanese
2511:Niimíipuu
2493:Karankawa
2416:Hai Phong
2411:Chiangmai
2202:Hai Phong
2194:Viet-Thai
2056:Slovenian
2025:Mongolian
1991:Hungarian
1927:Hand Talk
1894:Ethiopian
1822:Dominican
1816:Cambodian
1611:Shanghai
1441:Jordanian
1434:Levantine
1413:Levantine
1298:Yan-nhaŋu
1283:Warluwara
1277:Warlmanpa
1243:Miriwoong
1055:0302-1475
1026:0302-1475
964:143557815
799:143728942
783:0302-1475
514:146522117
506:0047-4045
458:cite book
439:917256899
227:bilingual
4884:Mouthing
4860:Language
4843:ASLwrite
4767:Japanese
4722:American
4694:Mouthing
4685:Movement
4677:Location
4622:Old Kent
4588:Chilmark
4524:Monastic
4477:Peruvian
4460:Paraguay
4448:Provisle
4439:Colombia
4409:Bolivian
4369:Sinasina
4213:Henniker
4173:Cheyenne
4125:Chiriqui
4086:Honduran
4082:Honduras
3952:Belizean
3860:Slovenia
3844:Portugal
3710:Ghardaia
3694:Estonian
3673:Croatian
3636:Austrian
3628:Armenian
3582:Thailand
3530:Filipino
3522:Nepalese
3507:Ghandruk
3495:Mongolia
3491:Maldives
3487:Maldives
3483:Selangor
3469:Malaysia
3441:Miyakubo
3431:Japanese
3413:Ghardaia
3323:Cambodia
3280:Tanzania
3193:Cameroon
3189:Ghardaia
3184:Algerian
3019:Sinasina
2792:Henniker
2771:Ghandruk
2711:Belizean
2694:Armenian
2657:Isolates
2604:Kalispel
2601:A'aninin
2559:Wazhazhe
2556:Umatilla
2538:Shiwinna
2529:Piipaash
2478:Dane-zaa
2472:Cheyenne
2377:Yucatec
2348:Chilmark
2282:Calcutta
2166:Malagasy
2010:Georgian
1914:Nigerian
1911:Moroccan
1900:Ghanaian
1825:Jamaican
1811:Mandalay
1800:Bolivian
1770:American
1462:Possible
1444:Lebanese
1382:Egyptian
1248:Mudburra
1214:Djingili
1176:families
1174:Language
1102:31434174
1063:92819277
1005:40137540
956:92476830
913:Archived
858:Archived
854:26203531
821:Archived
748:35673530
698:48513134
667:25316891
647:(1992).
627:13414696
582:18781573
518:Archived
443:Archived
358:See also
241:writes:
235:metatypy
231:literacy
208:negation
198:partial-
181:mouthing
5233:Italics
5184:Tic-tac
5026:Persons
4862:contact
4811:Writing
4792:Spanish
4782:Russian
4737:Chilean
4732:Catalan
4597:Jaralde
4580:Extinct
4551:Grammar
4519:Makaton
4486:Uruguay
4452:Ecuador
4435:Chilean
4427:Ka'apor
4405:Bolivia
4223:Oceania
4109:Mexican
4099:Chatino
4078:Haitian
4007:Plateau
3937:America
3935:Central
3920:Ukraine
3916:Turkish
3890:Swedish
3877:Spanish
3872:Catalan
3856:Russian
3800:Russian
3796:Moldova
3784:Latvian
3768:Italian
3756:Ireland
3748:Iceland
3740:Hungary
3724:Germany
3702:Finnish
3698:Finland
3690:Estonia
3677:Denmark
3669:Croatia
3665:British
3652:Flemish
3648:Belgium
3632:Austria
3624:Armenia
3605:Vietnam
3570:Russian
3512:Jhankot
3465:Laotian
3418:Israeli
3400:Kurdish
3387:Persian
3356:Bengali
3335:Chinese
3319:Bengali
3300:Zambian
3292:Ugandan
3256:Senegal
3243:Nigeria
3210:Nanabin
3180:Algeria
3092:Zambian
2968:Persian
2874:Kisindo
2833:Ka'apor
2823:Jhankot
2741:Chatino
2594:Plateau
2576:Mixed,
2568:Wyandot
2562:Wichita
2550:Tháumgá
2532:Ppáⁿkka
2520:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
2496:Liksiyu
2487:Hiraacá
2466:Arikara
2333:Kentish
2275:Bengali
2185:Teknmál
2085:Gambian
2053:Serbian
2050:Kosovar
1989:Austro-
1959:Mixed,
1942:Mixed,
1925:Mixed,
1903:Guinean
1897:Chadian
1873:Jakarta
1804:Burmese
1772:(ASLic)
1469:Emirati
1387:Kuwaiti
1230:Jaralde
1084:333–352
1034:1779938
985:(ed.).
791:1779938
334:signs.
164:creoles
160:pidgins
152:lexical
122:English
90:Hearing
40:variety
38:, is a
5148:Loulis
5144:Washoe
4978:Others
4777:Polish
4772:Korean
4752:German
4747:French
4592:Diyari
4556:Idioms
4413:Brazil
4382:Samoan
4344:Kailge
4288:Umpila
4233:Auslan
4196:Navajo
4180:Oneida
4176:Ojibwa
4121:Panama
4090:Mexico
4031:Brunca
4026:Bribri
4012:Cayman
3996:Quebec
3986:Oneida
3982:Ojibwa
3956:Canada
3948:Belize
3911:Mardin
3902:Turkey
3886:Sweden
3852:Russia
3840:Polish
3836:Poland
3828:Norway
3780:Latvia
3772:Kosovo
3732:Greece
3728:German
3715:French
3706:France
3681:Danish
3618:Europe
3558:Taiwan
3478:Penang
3449:Korean
3436:Koniya
3404:Israel
3351:Alipur
3315:Bengal
3296:Zambia
3288:Uganda
3268:Somali
3226:Kenyan
3197:Maroua
3174:Africa
3130:(~150)
2963:Penang
2908:M'bour
2898:Mardin
2848:Kailge
2838:Kajana
2807:Inuit
2731:Brunca
2726:Bribri
2684:Alipur
2664:Afghan
2620:Sqeliz
2505:Nakota
2383:Nohkop
2380:Chicán
2289:Nepali
2279:Bombay
1808:Yangon
1542:Samoan
1528:Fijian
1505:Auslan
1493:BANZSL
1450:Syrian
1411:Iraqi–
1402:Yemeni
1392:Libyan
1351:Meriam
1265:Umpila
1208:Diyari
1100:
1090:
1061:
1053:
1032:
1024:
1003:
993:
962:
954:
864:2 July
852:
827:2 July
797:
789:
781:
746:
736:
696:
665:
655:
625:
615:
580:
570:
512:
504:
437:
427:
403:
395:
323:Auslan
223:Auslan
200:calque
196:Auslan
64:pidgin
5004:Media
4762:Irish
4482:Sivia
4431:Chile
4374:Wanib
4349:Mehek
4315:Yolŋu
4283:Ngada
4104:Mayan
4074:Haiti
4070:Mayan
4049:Cuban
3868:Spain
3808:Dutch
3764:Italy
3760:Irish
3736:Greek
3720:Lyons
3574:Tibet
3538:Saudi
3517:Jumla
3503:Nepal
3445:Korea
3427:Japan
3395:Iraqi
3347:India
3331:China
3260:Mbour
3234:Tebul
3222:Kenya
3201:Ghana
3059:Wanib
3034:Tebul
3024:Sivia
2913:Mehek
2828:Jumla
2541:Sioux
2526:Palus
2523:Omaha
2386:Nohya
2285:Delhi
2207:Hanoi
1619:Macau
1479:Omani
1474:Saudi
1424:Iraqi
1307:Yolŋu
1074:. In
960:S2CID
850:JSTOR
795:S2CID
705:(PDF)
623:S2CID
510:S2CID
492:(2).
44:style
34:, or
5206:and
4838:si5s
4468:Peru
4422:Cena
4339:Enga
4170:Cree
4045:Cuba
3979:Cree
3596:Thai
3461:Laos
3391:Iraq
3383:Iran
3366:Naga
3309:Asia
3247:Bura
3230:Mali
3136:(7+)
2938:Naga
2766:Enga
2736:Cena
2544:Taos
2490:Icāk
2481:Diné
2261:Sign
1098:OCLC
1088:ISBN
1059:OCLC
1051:ISSN
1030:OCLC
1022:ISSN
1001:OCLC
991:ISBN
952:OCLC
921:2012
866:2021
829:2021
787:OCLC
779:ISSN
744:OCLC
734:ISBN
694:OCLC
663:OCLC
653:ISBN
613:ISBN
578:OCLC
568:ISBN
502:ISSN
464:link
435:OCLC
425:ISBN
401:ISBN
393:ISBN
262:and
221:and
204:noun
173:CODA
143:and
48:deaf
5208:BSL
5204:ASL
4543:ASL
944:doi
881:at
771:doi
605:doi
494:doi
325:or
177:TTY
42:or
5253::
5228:^c
5219:^b
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5197:^a
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