Container ship - Knowledge (XXG)

863: 703: 286: 89: 2490:. Freight rates are expressed as the total price in U.S. dollars for a shipper to transport one TEU worth of cargo along a given route. Data is given for the three main container liner routes: U.S.-Asia, U.S.-Europe, and Europe-Asia. Prices are typically different between the two legs of a voyage, for example the Asia-U.S. rates have been significantly higher than the return U.S.-Asia rates in recent years. Generally, from the fourth quarter of 2008 through the third quarter of 2009, both the volume of container cargo and freight rates have dropped sharply. In 2009, the freight rates on the U.S.–Europe route were sturdiest, while the Asia-U.S. route fell the most. 271: 1003:

locating cones, and anti-rack spacers to lock the containers together. Above-decks, without the extra support of the cell guides, more complicated equipment is used. Three types of systems are currently in wide use: lashing systems, locking systems, and buttress systems. Lashing systems secure containers to the ship using devices made from wire rope, rigid rods, or chains and devices to tension the lashings, such as turnbuckles. The effectiveness of lashings is increased by securing containers to each other, either by simple metal forms (such as stacking cones) or more complicated devices such as twist-lock stackers. A typical

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have ranged from $ 2.70 to $ 35.40 in this period, with prices generally lower on larger ships. The most resilient sized vessel in this time period were those from 200 to 300 TEU, a fact that the United Nations Council on Trade and Development attributes to lack of competition in this sector. Overall, in 2010, these rates rebounded somewhat, but remained at approximately half of their 2008 values. As of 2011, the index shows signs of recovery for container shipping, and combined with increases in global capacity, indicates a positive outlook for the sector in the near future.

1520:. Scrapping is rare for ships under 18 years old and common for those over 40 years in age. Ship-owners and buyers negotiate scrap prices based on factors such as the ship's empty weight (called light ton displacement or LTD) and prices in the scrap metal market. Scrapping rates are volatile, the price per light ton displacement has swung from a high of $ 650 per LTD in mid-2008 to $ 200 per LTD in early 2009, before building to $ 400 per LTD in March 2010. As of 2009, over 96% of the world's scrapping activity takes place in China, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. 564: 2971:

conducted by the WSC from 2008–2019, saw an average of 1,382 shipping containers lost at sea. However, in the 3-year period from 2017–2019, that number was nearly halved, down to an average of 779 containers lost annually. Most go overboard on the open sea during storms but there are some examples of whole ships being lost with their cargo. One major shipping accident occurred in 2013 when the MOL Comfort sank with 4,293 containers onboard in the Indian Ocean. When containers are dropped, they immediately become an environmental threat – termed "

6430: 924: 318: 2228:. This index considers time-charters on fully cellular container ships controlled by Hamburg brokers. It is limited to charters of 3 months or more, and presented as the average daily cost in U.S. dollars for a one-TEU slot with a weight of 14 tonnes. The Hamburg Index data is divided into ten categories based primarily on vessel carrying capacity. Two additional categories exist for small vessels of under 500 TEU that carry their own cargo cranes. In 2007, VHSS started another index, the 889:, they suffer from several drawbacks. To begin with, geared ships will cost more to purchase than a gearless ship. Geared ships also incur greater recurring expenses, such as maintenance and fuel costs. The United Nations Council on Trade and Development characterizes geared ships as a "niche market only appropriate for those ports where low cargo volumes do not justify investment in port cranes or where the public sector does not have the financial resources for such investment". 256: 746: 2072: 7064: 3002: 551:

attached to the tops of the frames and run the full breadth of the ship. The beams not only support the deck, but along with the deck, frames, and transverse bulkheads, strengthen and reinforce the shell. Another feature of recent hulls is a set of double-bottom tanks, which provide a second watertight shell that runs most of the length of a ship. The double-bottoms generally hold liquids such as fuel oil, ballast water or fresh water.

792: 1497: 2479: 2186:. In a voyage charter, the charterer rents the vessel from the loading port to the discharge port. In a time charter, the vessel is hired for a set period of time, to perform voyages as the charterer directs. In a bareboat charter, the charterer acts as the ship's operator and manager, taking on responsibilities such as providing the crew and maintaining the vessel. The completed chartering contract is known as a 6877: 1466: 2986: 2717:(TSR) has recently become a more viable alternative to container ships on the Asia-Europe route. This railroad can typically deliver containers in 1/3 to 1/2 of the time of a sea voyage, and in late 2009 announced a 20% reduction in its container shipping rates. With its 2009 rate schedule, the TSR will transport a forty-foot container to Poland from Yokohama for $ 2,820, or from Pusan for $ 2,154. 1948: 991: 825: 306: 507:. The hull of a typical container ship is similar to an airport hangar, or a huge warehouse, which is divided into individual holding cells, using vertical guide rails. The ship's cells are designed to hold cargo containers, which are typically constructed of steel, though sometimes of aluminum, fiberglass or plywood, and designed for intermodal transfers between ship and 6295: 948:. On top of the hatch coamings are the hatch covers. Until the 1950s, hatches were typically secured with wooden boards and tarpaulins held down with battens. Today, some hatch covers can be solid metal plates that are lifted on and off the ship by cranes, while others are articulated mechanisms that are opened and closed using powerful hydraulic rams. 25: 336: 955:. Cell guides are strong vertical structures constructed of metal installed into a ship's cargo holds. These structures guide containers into well-defined rows during loading and provide some support for containers against the ship's rolling at sea. So fundamental to container ship design are cell guides that organizations such as the 366:

moving traditional break-bulk cargoes significantly, reducing shipping time by 84% and costs by 35%. In 2001, more than 90% of world trade in non-bulk goods was transported in ISO containers. In 2009, almost one quarter of the world's dry cargo was shipped by container, an estimated 125 million TEU or 1.19 billion tonnes worth of cargo.

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had consolidated their routes and services accounting for 95 percent of container cargo volumes moving in the dominant east-west trade routes. Carriers remain operationally independent, as they are forbidden by antitrust regulators in multiple jurisdictions from colluding on freight rates or capacity. Similarities can be drawn with

2710:") and by laying up ships. Slow steaming increased the length of the Europe-Asia routes to a record high of over 40 days. Another strategy used by some companies was to manipulate the market by publishing notices of rate increases in the press, and when "a notice had been issued by one carrier, other carriers followed suit". 1504:

ship was $ 10 million, while gearless ships of 6,500 and 12,000 TEU averaged prices of $ 74 million and $ 105 million respectively. At the same time, secondhand prices for 10-year-old geared container ships of 500-, 2,500-, and 3,500-TEU capacity averaged prices of $ 4 million, $ 15 million, and $ 18 million respectively.

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Liner companies responded to their overcapacity in several ways. For example, in early 2009, some container lines dropped their freight rates to zero on the Asia-Europe route, charging shippers only a surcharge to cover operating costs. They decreased their overcapacity by lowering the ships' speed

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Efficiency has always been key in the design of container ships. While containers may be carried on conventional break-bulk ships, cargo holds for dedicated container ships are specially constructed to speed loading and unloading, and to efficiently keep containers secure while at sea. A key aspect

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process became more efficient by grouping cargo into containers, 1,000 to 3,000 cubic feet (28 to 85 m) of cargo, or up to about 64,000 pounds (29,000 kg), is moved at once and each container is secured to the ship once in a standardized way. Containerization has increased the efficiency of

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In an effort to control costs and maximize capacity utilization on ever-larger ships, vessel sharing agreements, co-operative agreements, and slot-exchanges have become a growing feature of the maritime container shipping industry. As of March 2015, 16 of the world's largest container shipping lines

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or more. Maersk Line, the world's largest container shipping line, nevertheless opted for twin engines (two smaller engines working two separate propellers), when ordering a series of ten 18,000 TEU vessels from Daewoo Shipbuilding in February 2011. The ships were delivered between 2013 and 2014. In

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have dictated an upward trend in the size of container ships in order to reduce expenses. However, there are certain limitations to the size of container ships. Primarily, these are the availability of sufficiently large main engines and the availability of a sufficient number of ports and terminals

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The global economic downturn of 2008–2009 resulted in more ships than usual being sold for scrap. In 2009, 364,300 TEU worth of container ship capacity was scrapped, up from 99,900 TEU in 2008. Container ships accounted for 22.6% of the total gross tonnage of ships scrapped that year. Despite the

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In 2009, 11,669,000 gross tons of newly built container ships were delivered. Over 85% of this new capacity was built in the Republic of Korea, China, and Japan, with Korea accounting for over 57% of the world's total alone. New container ships accounted for 15% of the total new tonnage that year,

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or feeders. They are small ships that typically operate between smaller container ports. Some feeders collect their cargo from small ports, drop it off at large ports for transshipment on larger ships, and distribute containers from the large port to smaller regional ports. This size of vessel is

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In recent years, oversupply of container ship capacity has caused prices for new and used ships to fall. From 2008 to 2009, new container ship prices dropped by 19–33%, while prices for 10-year-old container ships dropped by 47–69%. In March 2010, the average price for a geared 500-TEU container

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at sea each year, costing $ 370 million. A survey for the six years 2008 through 2013 estimates average losses of individual containers overboard at 546 per year, and average total losses including catastrophic events such as vessel sinkings or groundings at 1,679 per year More recently, a survey

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The Hamburg Index shows some clear trends in recent chartering markets. First, rates were generally increasing from 2000 to 2005. From 2005 to 2008, rates slowly decreased, and in mid-2008 began a "dramatic decline" of approximately 75%, which lasted until rates stabilized in April 2009. Rates

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The hull of a modern cargo ship is a complex arrangement of steel plates and strengthening beams. Resembling ribs, and fastened at right angles to the keel, are the ship's frames. The ship's main deck, the metal platework that covers the top of the hull framework, is supported by beams that are

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visibility requirements, several new designs have been developed. As of 2015, some large container ships are being developed with the bridge further forward, separate from the exhaust stack. Some smaller container ships working in European ports and rivers have liftable wheelhouses, which can be

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have been a key to the success of the container ship. The first crane that was specifically designed for container work was built in California's Port of Alameda in 1959. By the 1980s, shoreside gantry cranes were capable of moving containers on a 3-minute-cycle, or up to 400 tons per hour. In

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in the early 2010s had prompted most container lines to adapt a slower, more economical voyage speed of about 21 knots, compared to earlier top speeds of 25 or more knots. Subsequently, newly built container ships can be fitted with a smaller main engine. Engine types fitted to today's ships of

1385:, where ships trade on scheduled routes. As of January 2010, the top 20 liner companies controlled 67.5% of the world's fully cellular container capacity, with 2,673 vessels of an average capacity of 3,774 TEU. The remaining 6,862 fully cellular ships have an average capacity of 709 TEU each. 981:

Container ships typically take 20 foot and 40 foot containers. Some ships can take 45 footers above deck. A few ships (APL since 2007, Carrier53 since 2022 ) can carry 53 foot containers. 40 foot containers are the primary container size, making up about 90% of all container shipping and since

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worldwide is transported by container by about 50,000 container ships. Modern container ships can carry over 24,000 TEU. The largest container ships measure about 400 metres (1,300 ft) in length, and carry loads equal to the cargo-carrying capacity of sixteen to seventeen pre-World War II

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Numerous systems are used to secure containers aboard ships, depending on factors such as the type of ship, the type of container, and the location of the container. Stowage inside the holds of fully cellular (FC) ships is simplest, typically using simple metal forms called container guides,

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of 366 metres (1,201 ft), a maximum beam (width) of 49 metres (161 ft), and tropical fresh-water draft of 15.2 metres (50 ft). Such a vessel, called Neopanamax class, is wide enough to carry 19 columns of containers, can have a total capacity of approximately 12,000 TEU and is

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Vessels in the 1,500–2,499 TEU range are the most likely size class to have cranes, with more than 60% of this category being geared ships. Slightly less than a third of the very smallest ships (from 100–499 TEU) are geared, and almost no ships with a capacity of over 4,000 TEU are geared.

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2016, some experts believed that the current largest container ships are at the optimum size, and could not economically be larger, as port facilities would be too expensive, port handling too time consuming, the number of suitable ports too low, and insurance cost too high.

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installed. These cranes, specialized for container work, are able to roll forward and aft on rails. In addition to the additional capital expense and maintenance costs, these cranes generally load and discharge containers much more slowly than their shoreside counterparts.

604:, which can accommodate ships with a beam of up to 32.31 m, a length overall of up to 294.13 m, and a draft of up to 12.04 m. The Post-Panamax category has historically been used to describe ships with a moulded breadth over 32.31 m, however the 1392:, with approximately 75% owned by Hamburg brokers. It is a common practice for the large container lines to supplement their own ships with chartered-in ships, for example in 2009, 48.9% of the tonnage of the top 20 liner companies was chartered-in in this manner. 1015:

The buttress system, used on some large container ships, uses a system of large towers attached to the ship at both ends of each cargo hold. As the ship is loaded, a rigid, removable stacking frame is added, structurally securing each tier of containers together.

882:. The earliest purpose-built container ships in the 1970s were all gearless. Since then, the percentage of geared newbuilds has fluctuated widely, but has been decreasing overall, with only 7.5% of the container ship capacity in 2009 being equipped with cranes. 6126: 862: 974:. Rows on the starboard side are given odd numbers and those on the port side are given even numbers. The rows nearest the centerline are given low numbers, and the numbers increase for slots further from the centerline. The third coordinate is the 608:

has caused some changes in terminology. The Neopanamax category is based on the maximum vessel size that is able to transit a new third set of locks, which opened in June 2016. The third set of locks were built to accommodate a container ship with a

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of container ship specialization is the design of the hatches, the openings from the main deck to the cargo holds. The hatch openings stretch the entire breadth of the cargo holds, and are surrounded by a raised steel structure known as the

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A ship's engine room houses its main engines and auxiliary machinery such as the fresh water and sewage systems, electrical generators, fire pumps, and air conditioners. In most new ships, the engine room is located in the aft portion.

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prepared and equipped to handle ultra-large container ships. Furthermore, the permissible maximum ship dimensions in some of the world's main waterways could present an upper limit in terms of vessel growth. This primarily concerns the

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Since even very large container ships are vessels with relatively low draft compared to large tankers and bulk carriers, there is still considerable room for vessel growth. Compared to today's largest container ships, Maersk Line's

1404:. A ship's flag state exercises regulatory control over the vessel and is required to inspect it regularly, certify the ship's equipment and crew, and issue safety and pollution prevention documents. As of 2006, the United States 5994: 1007:

is inserted into the casting hole of one container and rotated to hold it in place, then another container is lowered on top of it. The two containers are locked together by twisting the device's handle. A typical

358:. Bulk cargoes, like grain or coal, are transported unpackaged in the hull of the ship, generally in large volume. Break-bulk cargoes, in contrast, are transported in packages, and are generally manufactured goods. 3424: 2857:

reported that it had raised concerns with 14 container shipping carriers regarding their practice of announcing General Rate Increases (GRIs) in a coordinated manner, which potentially conflicted with the EU and

547:. The holds are topped by hatch covers, onto which more containers can be stacked. Many container ships have cargo cranes installed on them, and some have specialized systems for securing containers on board. 2982:," by which a ship can roll 30-40 degrees during rough seas creating a powerful torque on a 10-high stack of containers which can easily snap lashings and locks of the stack, resulting in losses into the sea. 2863: 5073: 2223:

or VHSS for short) as its main industry source for container ship freight prices. The VHSS maintains a few indices of container ship charter prices. The oldest, which dates back to 1998, is called the

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has a capacity of 20,150 TEUs. Samsung Heavy Industries was expected to deliver several ships of over 20,000 TEUs in 2017, and has orders for at least ten vessels in that size range for OOCL and MOL.

441:, on its first voyage. In 1955, McLean built his company, McLean Trucking into one of the United States' biggest freighter fleets. In 1955, he purchased the small Pan Atlantic Steamship Company from 5048: 2201:

two aspects of container shipping prices: The first one is a chartering price, specifically the price to time-charter a 1 TEU slot for 14 tonnes of cargo on a container ship. The other is the

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and ultra-large. As of December 2012, there were 161 container ships in the VLCS class (Very Large Container Ships, more than 10,000 TEU), and 51 ports in the world can accommodate them.

5441: 2123:(MSC), with a capacity of 24,346 TEUs. Measuring 399.99 metres in length and 61.3 metres in beam, the ship is one of four ordered from the builder in 2020, and exceeded MSC's 24,116 TEU 1359:

As of 2010, container ships made up 13.3% of the world's fleet in terms of deadweight tonnage. The world's total of container ship deadweight tonnage has increased from 11 million

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Source credits: "Sources: "The Geography of Transport Systems," by Jean-Paul Rodrigue; VesselFinder; the Empire State Building; the Eiffel Tower; ShipHub; Maryland Port Administration".

5274: 4640: 396:). These containers were loaded in London or Paris, and carried to ports of Dover or Calais on flat cars. In February 1931, the first container ship in the world was launched; the 4744: 702: 577:, though considered large, is less than that of the largest container ship. It is recognized that bigger ships can cause bigger disasters, such as the 1,300-foot vessel in the 1524:

surge, the capacity removed from the fleet only accounted for 3% of the world's container ship capacity. The average age of container ships scrapped in 2009 was 27.0 years.

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As container ships get larger and stacking becomes higher, the threat of containers toppling into the sea during a storm increases. This results from a phenomenon called "

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Container ships were designed to accommodate intermodal transport of goods, and eliminated requirements for the individual hatches, holds and other dividers of traditional

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would measure 440 m × 59 m (1,444 ft × 194 ft), compared to 397.71 m × 56.40 m (1,304.8 ft × 185.0 ft) for the

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In total, the busiest twenty container ports handled 220,905,805 TEU in 2009, almost half of the world's total estimated container traffic that year of 465,597,537 TEU.

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Before the advent of containerization in the 1950s, break-bulk items required manual loading, lashing, unlashing and unloading from the ship one piece at a time. This

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in Malaysia, a new world record was set when 734 container moves were made in a single hour. The record was achieved using 9 cranes to simultaneously load and unload

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There are several key points in the design of modern container ships. The hull, similar to that of bulk carriers and general cargo ships, is built around a strong

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in 2010. The combined deadweight tonnage of container ships and general cargo ships, which also often carry containers, represents 21.8% of the world's fleet.

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class. It would have an estimated deadweight of circa 220,000 tons. While such a vessel might be near the upper limit for a Suez Canal passage, the so-called

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container ship would only be moderately larger in terms of exterior dimensions. According to a 2011 estimate, an ultra-large container ship of 20,250

5052: 6539: 6071: 5776: 5363: 4719: 4970: 2892: 2866:). The shipping companies announced a series of commitments aiming to address the Commission's concerns, which for its part the Commission accepted as " 4590: 1452:. By way of comparison, traditional maritime nations such as the United States and Japan only had 75 and 11 registered container ships, respectively. 1024:

Container ships have typically had a single bridge and accommodation unit towards the rear, but to reconcile demand for larger container capacity with

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Ships of the Bay class are at the upper limit of the Panamax class, with an overall length of 292.15 m, beam of 32.2m, and maximum depth of 13.3 m.

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In the present market situation, main engines will not be as much of a limiting factor for vessel growth either. The steadily rising expense of

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A major characteristic of a container ship is whether it has cranes installed for handling its cargo. Those that have cargo cranes are called

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of about 21 metres (69 ft) is still above that of any conceivable container ship design. In 2011, Maersk announced plans to build a new "

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Review of Developments in Transport in Asia and the Pacific 2007: Data and Trends (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific)

4564: 2975:". Once in the ocean, they fill with water and sink if the contents cannot hold air. Rough waters smash the container, sinking it quickly. 2128: 492:, purpose-built container ship. and was built by Australian company Associated Steamships, a partnership formed by the 1964 merger of the 445:

and adapted its ships to carry cargo in large uniform metal containers. On April 26, 1956, the first of these rebuilt container vessels,

6856: 6816: 6353: 4644: 3347: 1405: 693: 461: 4695: 2870:" for the period from 2016 to 2019. General Rate Increases continue to be published in the industry either annually or sixth-monthly. 1925: 6044: 5683: 1420:

for container ships, with 541 of the vessels in its registry. Seven other flag states had more than 100 registered container ships:

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Container ships under 3,000 TEU are typically called feeders. In some areas of the world, they might be outfitted with cargo cranes.

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As of 2009, the average age of container ships worldwide was 10.6 years, making them the youngest general vessel type, followed by

4759:"MOL Truth, Japan's 1st 20,000 TEU Containership, Delivered - Largest Built in Japan, to be Launched on Asia-North Europe Trade -" 45:

The "Sources" section needs to match existing short citations under "References", or be moved to a "Further reading" section. See

6429: 5817:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration. Archived from 4616:"World's largest gas-powered container ship rolls off Shanghai slipway, a milestone for global shipping and China's shipbuilding" 3035: 3025: 1905: 1885: 1805: 1645: 963: 7044: 6220: 6104: 5883: 4863: 4452: 4098: 3549: 3030: 1965: 1533: 53: 5628: 4508: 3453: 7103: 6809: 6346: 3040: 2825: 2120: 1969: 1725: 1685: 1665: 1625: 1573: 1049: 605: 4909: 3398: 3196:

Transport Means 2016, Proceedings of the 20th International Scientific Conference, October 5–7, 2016, Juodkrante, Lithuania.

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Year-average daily charter rates for a 1-TEU (14-tonne) slot have varied from $ 2.70 to $ 35.40 between 2000 and 2010.

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is one of six new Megamax vessels ordered by Ocean Network Express in December of 2020 to be built by a consortium of

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of 60 m (200 ft). If constructed, the container ship would become the largest seagoing vessel in the world.

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Maritime Shipping Container Security and the Defense Transportation System: Problems and Policy in the 21st Century

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container shipping moves 90% of the world's freight, over 80% of the world's freight moves via 40 foot containers.

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class are much too big to fit through the Panama Canal's old locks, but could easily fit through the new expansion.

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The first ships designed to carry standardized load units were used in the late 18th century in England. In 1766

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While geared container ships are more flexible in that they can visit ports that are not equipped with pierside

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worldwide is transported by container ships, the largest of which, from 2023 onward, can carry over 24,000 TEU.

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The vast majority of the capacity of fully cellular container ships used in the liner trade is owned by German

923: 385:, the first container ships were used to carry the baggage of the luxury passenger train from London to Paris ( 5783: 4306: 6083: 4977: 7020: 5549:

Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook: based on the original edition by Edward A. Turpin and William A. MacEwen

3753: 2714: 7049: 7039: 7031: 6988: 6653: 6466: 5741: 5710: 5679: 3765: 2859: 1103: 508: 2209:, both indicators showed sharp drops during 2008–2009, and have shown signs of stabilization since 2010. 6638: 5754: 5367: 2979: 2795: 2175: 2143: 1085: 687: 386: 2068:" family of container ships with a capacity of 18,000 TEU, with an emphasis on lower fuel consumption. 6249: 2205:; or comprehensive daily cost to deliver one-TEU worth of cargo on a given route. As a result of the 978:, with the first tier at the bottom of the cargo holds, the second tier on top of that, and so forth. 317: 6832: 6643: 5393: 5309: 5297:

Antitrust: Commission accepts commitments by container liner shipping companies on price transparency

4243: 3618: 3088: 2761: 2219: 2206: 2155: 1449: 1067: 457: 393: 389: 218: 162: 5527:"Shipping firms experience a sharp rise in containers lost at sea," Feb. 25, 2021, Lockton Companies 686:

With a length of 400 m, a beam of 59 m, draft of 14.5 m, and a capacity of 18,270 TEU, ships of the

35: 7098: 7003: 6770: 6714: 6496: 6250:"An analysis of safety and security risks in container shipping operations: A case study of Taiwan" 5296: 2854: 2159: 910: 255: 46: 5691:. Notices to Shipping. Balboa-Ancon: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. pp. 11–12. Archived from 1444:(104). The Panamanian, Liberian, and Marshallese flags are open registries and considered by the 130:(4) Panamax or post-Panamax vessel (as per breadth of vessel < or > than 32.2m respectively) 6972: 6724: 6399: 5836: 4370: 3627: 3020: 2057: 2000: 1409: 1364: 1360: 959:

use their presence to distinguish dedicated container ships from general break-bulk cargo ships.

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Container ships are distinguished into 7 major size categories: small feeder, feeder, feedermax,

442: 434: 3904: 6891: 6501: 6404: 6226: 6179: 6153: 6147: 6132: 5949: 5922: 5889: 5862: 5658: 5613: 5594: 5571: 5552: 3733: 3486: 3243: 3199: 2952: 2944: 2933: 2925: 2727: 2081: 378: 4351:. MTCP Work Package 2.1, Quality and Efficiency. Bremen/Brussels. p. 3.3. Archived from 3480: 7068: 6993: 6962: 6957: 6846: 6749: 6734: 6668: 6612: 6511: 6414: 6261: 6016: 3233: 3219:"Czechoslovak activity to prepare European norms for containers before the Second World War" 3007: 2967: 2921: 2913: 2902: 2847: 2183: 2009: 1437: 1025: 857: 745: 355: 298: 264: 222: 5509: 4888: 1400:

International law requires that every merchant ship be registered in a country, called its

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In March 2017 the first ship with an official capacity over 20,000 TEUs was christened at

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after World War II. In 1951, the first purpose-built container vessels began operating in

6193: 5001: 4809: 3310:"History - Port of New York and New Jersey - Port Authority of New York & New Jersey" 1825: 970:, which starts at the front of the ship and increases aft. The second coordinate is the 5458: 1479:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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A view into the holds of a container ship. The vertical cell guides organize containers

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The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger

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Benefits to maritime commerce from ocean surface vector wind observations and forecasts

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is constructed of forged steel and ductile iron and has a shear strength of 48 tonnes.

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designed the box boat "Starvationer" with 10 wooden containers, to transport coal from

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to describe the position of a container aboard the ship. The first coordinate is the

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Ancient and modern mariners: The romance of the high seas in an age of quantification

5855: 4667:"China's largest cargo ship handed over to owners | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide" 3218: 2972: 2948: 2791: 2707: 2187: 2036: 1517: 1091: 430: 404: 6110: 5547:

Conrad, Edward E. (1989). "12. Containership Operations". In Hayler, William (ed.).

4867: 3194:

Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2016). "The containers ships, which really was the first?".

2478: 791: 400:, owned by Southern Railway UK. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway. 6694: 6486: 6451: 5635: 4591:"MSC MINA, one of the world's largest container ships, docks at King Abdullah Port" 3584: 2985: 2487: 2202: 1371: 928: 893: 753: 661: 590: 516: 382: 294: 279: 5753:. Notices to Shipping. Balboa-Ancon: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. Archived from 5722:. Notices to Shipping. Balboa-Ancon: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. Archived from 5232:. United Nations conference on trade and development. 14 October 2015. p. 58. 1381:

Most of the world's carrying capacity in fully cellular container ships is in the

4938: 4917: 4048: 4024: 3700: 6689: 6663: 6617: 6607: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6554: 6544: 6516: 6506: 4565:"Inaugural stopover of the mega container ship HMM OSLO at the Port of Le Havre" 2821: 2787: 2061: 1947: 1865: 1382: 1073: 1055: 832: 710: 626: 544: 540: 482: 450: 362: 322: 193: 94: 6265: 5131:"Europe sets its gaze on the world's largest ship: A closer look at MSC Loreto" 3787: 3454:"Shipping Contributes Heavily to Climate Change. Are Green Ships the Solution?" 2232:

which tracks similar data obtained from an international group of shipbrokers.

2060:) does not apply for container ships, since the Malacca and Singapore Straits' 990: 824: 6952: 6719: 6602: 6559: 6461: 6438: 6389: 5772: 3129: 2997: 2883: 2171: 2170:

The act of hiring a ship to carry cargo is called chartering. Outside special

2076: 2053: 2019:

announced plans to construct a container ship capable of carrying 22,000

2005: 1417: 1401: 1375: 1009: 1004: 906: 594: 523: 504: 424: 351: 244: 214: 5587: 4758: 3247: 3203: 6967: 6744: 6704: 6456: 5275:"Shippers, regulators will be watching closely as alliances launch services" 3729:

Development of containerization success through vision, drive and technology

1429: 1389: 408: 344: 305: 275: 260: 6045:"History of Sea-Land, CSX Lines, and Horizon Lines Timeline (1956–Present)" 6017:"The Containership Revolution: Malcom McLean's 1956 Innovation Goes Global" 5982: 403:

The earliest container ships after the Second World War were converted oil

5716:

Proposal for the Expansion of the Panama Canal: Third Set of Locks Project

3309: 2119:, was delivered March 9, 2023 by builder Yangzi Xinfu Shipbuilding to the 1378:

at 17 years, general cargo ships at 24.6 years, and others at 25.3 years.

6916: 6861: 6754: 6699: 6648: 4641:"New Largest Containership In The World 'OOCL Hong Kong' Christened haul" 4242:. International Transport Workers' Federation. 2005-06-06. Archived from 2966:

It has been estimated that container ships lose between 2,000 and 10,000

2088: 615: 329: 6801: 6338: 5002:"NORDIC ROUNDUP: Maersk Orders 10 Container Carriers - Source - WSJ.com" 3587:" (World ports not ready for giant ships). ShippingWatch, December 2012. 3238: 3134:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition

7026: 6911: 6906: 6673: 3015: 2757: 1972: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1425: 1421: 1061: 951:

Another key component of dedicated container-ship design is the use of

944: 763: 619: 586: 569: 416: 412: 374: 237: 3126:

From the American Heritage dictionary definition available on-line at

335: 236:(TEU). Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot (1-TEU) and 40-foot (2-TEU) 2905:

was the world's busiest container port, with 43,303,000 TEU handled.

1433: 1413: 420: 2096:

are thus sufficiently large to propel future vessels of 20,000

4509:"World's largest container ship MSC Tessa delivered, made in China" 4073:"World container-fleet capacity has grown by 50 percent since 2008" 479:, built in 1955, and introduced containers to its railway in 1956. 6597: 6446: 6394: 3905:"APL to Take Delivery of First 'Ocean-capable' 53-foot Containers" 2984: 2864:

Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

2477: 2070: 1495: 989: 922: 861: 562: 519:. Shipping containers are categorized by type, size and function. 512: 334: 316: 304: 284: 269: 254: 3434:. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2014. p. 9 3100:

Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

2023:, and with a proposed length of 450 m (1,480 ft) and a 1516:

Most ships are removed from the fleet through a process known as

6384: 5882:

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2009).

5513: 5425: 2908:

That year, seven of the busiest ten container ports were in the

536: 453:

in New Jersey and a new revolution in modern shipping resulted.

6805: 6342: 3596:

Autoridad del Canal de Panamá 2005, pp. 11 – 12.

3102:. Washington: Department of Defense. p. 73. Archived from 124:(2) Freighter or pure container (as per passenger carrier-type) 3623:"Panama Canal Opens $ 5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes" 2897:

Container traffic through a port is often tracked in terms of

2862:

rules on concerted practices which could distort competition (

1941: 1459: 18: 6174:

Roland, Alex; Bolster, W Jeffrey; Keyssar, Alexander (2008).

5747:

Dimensions for Future Lock Chambers and "New Panamax" Vessels

4539:"Do you know these are the largest cargo ships in the world?" 6176:

The way of the ship: America's maritime history reenvisioned

6091:. Johannesburg: 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development 5568:

Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC)

3930: 3732:(Online-Ausg. ed.). Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 290. 3485:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. p. Table 2.1. 2139:, with an equal capacity of 24,346 TEU was received by MSC. 127:(3) Feeder or world-wide foreign-going vessel (as per trade) 5937:

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

5910:

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

5105:"MSC Shatters Records With Delivery Of 24,346TEU MSC Irina" 6248:

Chia-Hsun Chan; Jingjing Xu; Dong-Ping Song (March 2014).

4428:"MSC vessel "Irina" is the world's largest container ship" 4340:

Maritime Transport Coordination Platform (November 2006).

1408:

count 2,837 container ships of 10,000 long tons

4726:(Press release). Archived from the original on 2017-05-05 313:

container ship unloading at the Zanzibar port in Tanzania

6109:(M.S. thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from 5486:"How Many Shipping Containers are Lost at Sea Annually?" 5439:

Survey Results for Containers Lost At Sea – 2014 Update

1508:

behind bulk carriers at 28.9% and oil tankers at 22.6%.

600:

The size of a Panamax vessel is limited by the original

6146:

Nichols, C. Reid; Williams, Robert G. (November 2008).

5551:(5th ed.). Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. 4864:"STX reveals design for world's largest container ship" 4453:"OOCL Kicks Off New Generation of Ultra-Large Boxships" 3323: 2218:

Vereinigung Hamburger Schiffsmakler und Schiffsagenten

539:. Into this frame is set one or more below-deck cargo 423:. The first commercially successful container ship was 3585:

Alphaliner: Verdens havne er ikke klar til gigantskibe

5972:"ISO's container standards are nothing but good news" 892:

Instead of the rotary cranes, some geared ships have

625:

Container ships under 3,000 TEU are generally called

5634:. West Sayville, NY: Peck & Hale. Archived from 5049:"Hafen muss Mega-Containerschiffen angepasst werden" 4910:"New designs on the world's biggest container ships" 4099:"Global containership fleet - TEUs 2017 | Statistic" 3262:

http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/autocarrier_1931_b_1.htm

3189: 3187: 998:) are widely used to secure containers aboard ships. 192:

Reduced superstructure, containers stacked on deck,

7012: 6981: 6925: 6884: 6839: 6763: 6682: 6626: 6568: 6525: 6437: 6377: 6287: 5262:. Drewry Shipping Consultants Limited. 12 Mar 2017. 3726:van Ham, Hans; Rijsenbrij, Joan Rijsenbrij (2012). 3543: 3541: 2887:

is one of the largest container ships in the world.

225:. Container ships are a common means of commercial 173:

Typically 16–25 knots (30–46 km/h) (19-29 mph)

121:(1) Geared or gearless (as per cargo-handling type) 6085:More Troubled Waters: Fishing, Pollution, and FOCs 5854: 5586: 3764:. Hamburg: Reederei Blue Star GmbH. Archived from 2195:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 957:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 6540:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) 5808:Bureau of Transportation Statistics 2007 (2008). 4229:Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2007, p. 80. 471:railway acquired the world's first purpose built 6068:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 5653:Sauerbier, Charles L.; Meurn, Robert J. (2004). 5589:Box boats: how container ships changed the world 5378:(Maritime insurers). Accessed: 26 February 2011. 5223:"Table 3.1. Container freight markets and rates" 4838:"Top 22 World's Largest Container Ships in 2024" 4743:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 2127:, which had been delivered that same day by the 630:the most likely to carry cargo cranes on board. 16:Ship that carries cargo in intermodal containers 6316:about a voyage on a 21st-century container ship 4916:. Shipping Times UK. 2008-05-28. Archived from 4780: 4778: 4010: 4008: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 2080:in March 2020 at the ECT Delta terminal in the 464:began to revolutionize freight transportation. 6131:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. 5888:. New York: United Nations. pp. 144–146. 4481:"ONE Plans Six World's Largest Containerships" 3604: 3602: 900:The introduction and improvement of shoreside 6817: 6354: 3989: 3987: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3931:"Tailor made dedicated 53FT shipping service" 3861: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3550:"The Dali Is a Big Ship. But Not the Biggest" 3348:"First purpose-built cellular container ship" 1539:15 largest container ship classes, listed by 8: 6194:"The container industry: The world in a box" 6178:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. 5608:Hayler, William B.; Keever, John M. (2003). 5429:, December 2008. Accessed: 26 February 2011. 5324: 5322: 5299:, published 7 July 2016, accessed 9 May 2023 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 3829: 3827: 433:, which carried 58 metal containers between 274:The earliest container ships were converted 229:and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo. 6076:International Transport Workers' Federation 6015:Cudahy, Brian J. (September–October 2006). 5841:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5655:Marine Cargo Operations: a guide to stowage 5027:"Maersk Line shipping containers worldwide" 4810:"EVER GLOBE (IMO 9786841) - Container Ship" 4413: 4411: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3662:Autoridad del Canal de Panamá, 2006, p. 45. 3074: 3072: 3070: 2174:markets, ships are hired by three types of 1446:International Transport Workers' Federation 217:that carries all of its load in truck-size 6824: 6810: 6802: 6361: 6347: 6339: 6072:Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD 5392:. National Geographic News. Archived from 5359: 5357: 5163: 5161: 4475: 4473: 4375:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4307:"Is there a decent way to break up ships?" 3894:Meurn & Sauerbier, 2004, p. 1-19–1-21. 3874:Hayler & Keever, 2004, pp. 5-9 – 5-10. 3060: 3058: 3056: 2724: 2492: 1036: 632: 6791:List of merchant navy capacity by country 6152:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 121–122. 5657:. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. 5570:. Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. 4866:. SeaTrade Asia. May 2008. Archived from 4832: 4830: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3399:"Understanding Design Of Container Ships" 3237: 2955:in the Netherlands in the 10th position. 2240:2008–2009 freight rates in 1000 US$ /TEU 1988:Learn how and when to remove this message 72:Learn how and when to remove this message 5782:. Copenhagen: MAN Diesel. Archived from 5777:"Propulsion Trends in Container Vessels" 5629:"Container Stowage and Securing Systems" 4533: 4531: 4529: 4503: 4501: 4014:Meurn and Sauerbier, 2006, p. 1-38–1-40. 3646: 3644: 2877: 2238: 1537: 962:A system of three dimensions is used in 866:Cargo cranes on a US navy container ship 5948:. New York and Geneva: United Nations. 5921:. New York and Geneva: United Nations. 5390:"Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?" 3658: 3656: 3052: 2901:or TEU of throughput. As of 2019, the 2893:List of world's busiest container ports 916:, a ship with a capacity of 9,600 TEU. 456:In the 1950s, a new standardized steel 350:There are two main types of dry cargo: 232:Container ship capacity is measured in 7040:Container Shipping Information Service 6284: 5970:Bohlman, Michael T. (September 2001). 5834: 5593:. New York: Fordham University Press. 5448:, June 2014. Accessed: 16 August 2019. 5338: 5336: 5334: 5074:"Obergrenzen helfen Reedern und Häfen" 4786:"World's Largest Container Ship Named" 4736: 4368: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 3853:Meurn & Sauerbier, 2004, pp. 1–16. 3570: 3568: 1040:Largest container ship operators, 2022 683:49.9 ft (15.2 m) and deeper 677:1,200 ft (366 m) and longer 83: 6225:. Boston, MA: Butterworth Heinemann. 5685:MR Notice to Shipping Number N-1-2005 5344:"Lloyd's List One Hundred Ports 2020" 4720:"Ships for the long (and short) haul" 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2015:In 2008 the South Korean shipbuilder 7: 4571:. American Journal of Transportation 4434:. American Journal of Transportation 3865:Hayler & Keever, 2004, pp. 5–10. 3650:Autoridad del Canal de Panamá, 2009. 3560:from the original on March 30, 2024. 2943:Rounding out the top ten ports were 2494:Container freight markets and rates 2129:China State Shipbuilding Corporation 2115:The world's largest container ship, 1970:adding citations to reliable sources 680:160.7 ft (49 m) and wider 671:Ultra Large Container Vessel (ULCV) 6857:Bureau International des Containers 5811:Maritime Trade & Transportation 4313:. International Labour Organization 3963:Meurn and Sauerbier, 2006, p. 1-35. 3535:Hayler & Keever, 2004, p. 15-3. 3519:Hayler & Keever, 2004, p. 15-2. 3425:""Cargo Packaging and unitization"" 3136:. Huntingdon Valley, PA: Farlex Inc 1406:Bureau of Transportation Statistics 1029:lowered to pass under low bridges. 690:are able to transit the Suez canal. 462:United States Department of Defense 6222:Maritime security: an introduction 5942:Review of Maritime Transport, 2012 5915:Review of Maritime Transport, 2010 5484:Stoltz, Ryan (February 27, 2022). 5155:Aragon & Messer, 2001, p. 233. 4696:"CMA CGM ANTOINE DE SAINT EXUPERY" 4342:"3: The London Tonnage Convention" 728:With a beam of 43 m, ships of the 259:Container ships avoid the complex 14: 6786:International Chamber of Shipping 6634:Anchor handling tug supply vessel 6299:Loading sea-land vessels, c. 1962 5993:The New Scientist (22 May 1958). 5610:American Merchant Seaman's Manual 3479:Olsen, Alexander Arnfinn (2023). 3128:Houghton Mifflin Company (2003). 874:and those that do not are called 787:passing through the Panama Canal 575:Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse 500:, then commissioned in May 1964. 460:based on specifications from the 7062: 6875: 6428: 6293: 5459:"Freak waves spotted from space" 5350:from the original on 2020-08-31. 4889:"STX ponders 20,000 TEU boxship" 4724:John Churchill, AP Moller-Maersk 3793:. Oslo: Fearnleys AS. p. 90 3788:"Fearnley's Annual Review, 2004" 3026:Environmental impact of shipping 3000: 2214:Hamburg Shipbrokers' Association 2150:with a capacity of 24,136 TEUs. 1946: 1806:CMA CGM Antoine de Saint Exupery 1464: 823: 790: 744: 701: 87: 23: 7045:Shipping container architecture 5388:Janice Podsada (19 June 2001). 5273:Leach, Peter (7 January 2015). 3217:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014). 3031:List of largest container ships 1957:needs additional citations for 1534:List of largest container ships 634:Container ship size categories 240:, with the latter predominant. 6149:Encyclopedia of Marine Science 6103:Jankowski, William M. (2003). 5517:. Retrieved: 25 November 2010. 3548:Koeze, Ella (March 28, 2024). 3324:"Intermodal freight transport" 3041:Ship resistance and propulsion 2826:Mediterranean Shipping Company 2121:Mediterranean Shipping Company 1363:in 1980 to 169.0 million 1119:Fleet capacity, April 02, 2023 994:Twist-locks and lashing rods ( 606:Panama Canal expansion project 498:McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co 1: 5742:Autoridad del Canal de Panamá 5711:Autoridad del Canal de Panamá 5680:Autoridad del Canal de Panamá 4311:Sectoral Activities Programme 3036:List of world's longest ships 2486:UNCTAD also tracks container 6852:Intermodal freight transport 6320:Rodrigo de Larrucea, Jaime. 5230:Review of Maritime Transport 4891:. Turkish Maritime. May 2008 4671:www.hellenicshippingnews.com 3972:Peck and Hale, 2000, p. 1-4. 2899:twenty foot equivalent units 2182:, the time charter, and the 2040:-type series, a 20,000 1412:(DWT) or greater worldwide. 778:39.5 ft (12.04 m) 602:Panama canal's lock chambers 488:was the world's first fully 469:White Pass & Yukon Route 377:Delph to Manchester via the 234:twenty-foot equivalent units 227:intermodal freight transport 6867:Twenty-foot equivalent unit 6219:Michael McNicholas (2008). 5851:Central Intelligence Agency 5310:GRI Shipping Increases 2023 4951:American Bureau of Shipping 4002:Peck and Hale, 2000, p. 10. 3993:Peck and Hale, 2000, p. 12. 3713:American Bureau of Shipping 2721:Shipping industry alliances 2499:$ per TEU from Shanghai to 775:106 ft (32.31 m) 771:965 ft (294.13 m) 725:49.9 ft (15.2 m) 719:1,200 ft (366 m) 579:2021 Suez Canal obstruction 43:. The specific problem is: 7125: 6266:10.1016/j.ssci.2013.11.008 3981:Peck and Hale, 2000, p. 2. 2962:Losses and safety problems 2951:in South Korea at 6th and 2910:People's Republic of China 2890: 1531: 855: 722:160.7 ft (49 m) 543:, numerous tanks, and the 494:Adelaide Steamship Company 39:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 7058: 6948:Rubber tyred gantry crane 6873: 6426: 6292: 5585:Cudahy, Brian J. (2006). 4349:Tonnage Measurement Study 4213:ICFTU et al., 2002, p. 7. 2817: 2783: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2545:United States East Coast 2522:United States West Coast 1473:This section needs to be 1350: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1290: 1278: 1273: 1260: 1252: 1247: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1221: 1213: 1208: 1200: 1195: 1187: 1182: 1174: 1169: 1161: 1156: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1123: 1118: 822: 810: 808: 806: 804: 743: 727: 724: 721: 718: 665: 152: 102: 86: 6080:Greenpeace International 6005:(79): 10. Archived from 5510:Sources of Marine Debris 5194:UNCTAD, 2010, pp. 85–89. 5176:Huber 2001, pp. 212–213. 4545:. News9 Live. 2024-03-27 4305:Bailey, Paul J. (2000). 4053:alphaliner.axsmarine.com 4029:alphaliner.axsmarine.com 3762:Reederei Blue Star Fleet 2726:Container ship industry 2199:Review of Maritime Trade 2106:Samsung Heavy Industries 1416:was the world's largest 783:Photo: The 4,224 TEU MV 614:comparable in size to a 522:Today, about 90% of non- 429:, a T2 tanker, owned by 407:, built up from surplus 243:Today, about 90% of non- 221:, in a technique called 6613:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 6512:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 6322:"Container Ship Safety" 6125:Levinson, Marc (2006). 5981:: 12–15. Archived from 5861:. Skyhorse Publishing. 5857:CIA World Factbook 2009 5612:. Cornell Maritime Pr. 5006:The Wall Street Journal 4513:Interesting Engineering 4263:UNCTAD 2010, p. 53, 57. 3754:Reederei Blue Star GmbH 3373:"Adelaide Steamship Co" 2989:Container fleet in 2006 2715:Trans-Siberian Railroad 2614:South America (Santos) 1786:COSCO Shipping Universe 573:, involved in the 2024 339:Open-top containership 238:ISO-standard containers 153:General characteristics 7050:Sun Modular Datacenter 6989:Refrigerated container 6654:Platform supply vessel 6467:Coastal trading vessel 6049:Horizon Lines web site 5627:Peck and Hale (2000). 5373:March 4, 2011, at the 4790:The Maritime Executive 4595:Hellenic Shipping News 4485:The Maritime Executive 3786:Fearnresearch (2005). 3703:Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller 3608:UNCTAD, 2010, p. xiii. 3574:MAN Diesel, 2009, p.6. 2990: 2888: 2637:South Africa (Durban) 2483: 2084: 1500: 999: 932: 867: 734:Photo: The 9,500 TEU 696:Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller 582: 347: 332: 314: 302: 282: 267: 148:9,535 ships as of 2010 7104:Intermodal containers 6833:Intermodal containers 6639:Diving support vessel 6260:(925–7535): 168–178. 5364:Containers Overboard! 5316:, accessed 9 May 2023 5314:Freight Term Glossary 5295:European Commission, 4204:UNCTAD, 2010, pp. 85. 3833:UNCTAD, 2010, p. 100. 3821:Conrad, 1989, p. 249. 3352:Guiness World Records 3281:Meurn, 2004, pp. 1–3. 3272:Levinson, 2006, p. 1. 3172:Bohlman, 2001, p. 15. 3163:Bohlman, 2001, p. 13. 3154:Meurn, 2004, pp. 1–7. 2988: 2891:Further information: 2881: 2796:Ocean Network Express 2481: 2197:, tracks in its 2010 2146:took delivery of the 2144:Ocean Network Express 2074: 1926:COSCO Shipping Taurus 1746:CMA CGM Jacques Saadé 1499: 1052:– Switzerland / Italy 1033:Fleet characteristics 993: 926: 865: 688:Maersk Triple E class 566: 338: 320: 308: 288: 273: 258: 219:intermodal containers 7069:Transport portal 6644:Emergency tow vessel 5566:Huber, Mark (2001). 5541:Shipboard operations 5249:UNCTAD, 2010, p. 89. 5212:UNCTAD, 2010, p. 88. 4330:UNCTAD, 2010, p. 35. 3758:"Bay Class Overview" 3690:UNCTAD, 2010, p. 32. 3619:The Associated Press 3583:Vesterager, Jacob. " 3299:Cudahy, 2004, p. 29. 3290:Cudahy, 2004, p. 19. 3181:UNCTAD, 2010, p. 84. 3089:Joint Chief of Staff 3064:UNCTAD, 2010, p. 33. 2762:COSCO Shipping Lines 2706:(a strategy called " 2207:late-2000s recession 2156:Imabari Shipbuilding 1966:improve this article 1450:flags of convenience 741:pierside in Hamburg 458:Intermodal container 54:improve this article 7109:Port infrastructure 7004:Flat rack container 6862:ISO 6346 (BIC code) 6771:Nautical operations 6715:Floating restaurant 6497:Lighter aboard ship 6213:Safety and security 5995:"News and Comments" 5413:Hauke Kite‐Powell. 5328:UNCTAD, 2010, p.97. 5203:Huber 2001, p. 225. 5185:Huber 2001, p. 213. 5167:Huber 2001, p. 212. 4763:Mitsui O.S.K. Lines 4487:. December 24, 2020 4417:UNCTAD 2010, p. 52. 4405:UNCTAD 2010, p. 53. 4396:UNCTAD 2010, p. 51. 4295:UNCTAD 2010, p. 50. 4281:UNCTAD 2010, p. 57. 4272:UNCTAD 2010, p. 56. 4148:UNCTAD 2010, p. 34. 4139:UNCTAD 2006, p. 19. 4130:UNCTAD 2010, p. 31. 4121:UNCTAD 2010, p. 30. 4077:Progressive Economy 3482:Merchant Ship Types 3239:10.22306/al.v1i4.25 2855:European Commission 2730: 2495: 2241: 2160:Japan Marine United 1543: 1043: 813:Photo: The 384 TEU 635: 278:in the 1940s after 265:break-bulk shipping 7094:Maritime transport 6973:Container spreader 6725:Merchant submarine 6400:Maritime transport 5444:2020-11-08 at the 5420:2021-03-20 at the 5031:www.maerskline.com 4739:cite press release 4457:Maritime Executive 4079:. 12 December 2012 3909:www.marinelink.com 3628:The New York Times 3554:The New York Times 3078:McNicholas, p. 45. 3021:Container on barge 2991: 2980:parametric rolling 2889: 2725: 2493: 2484: 2239: 2131:(CSSC). In April, 2085: 2058:Straits of Malacca 2001:Economies of scale 1538: 1501: 1274:Worldwide capacity 1037: 1000: 933: 868: 674:14,501 and higher 633: 618:bulk carrier or a 583: 477:Clifford J. Rogers 443:Waterman Steamship 435:Newark, New Jersey 387:Southern Railway's 348: 333: 315: 303: 283: 268: 181:Up to 24,000 7076: 7075: 6799: 6798: 6502:Livestock carrier 6405:Freight transport 6304: 6303: 6232:978-0-12-370859-5 6185:978-0-470-13600-3 6159:978-0-8160-5022-2 6138:978-0-691-12324-0 5955:978-92-1-112860-4 5928:978-92-1-112810-9 5895:978-92-1-120534-3 5868:978-1-60239-080-5 5673:Vessel categories 5664:978-0-87033-550-1 5619:978-0-87033-549-5 5600:978-0-8232-2568-2 5577:978-0-87033-528-0 5558:978-0-87033-379-8 5037:on July 14, 2011. 3935:www.carrier53.com 3911:. 31 October 2007 3492:978-1-032-37876-3 2853:In July 2016 the 2848:airline alliances 2843: 2842: 2703: 2702: 2476: 2475: 2082:Port of Rotterdam 1998: 1997: 1990: 1940: 1939: 1494: 1493: 1355: 1354: 1265: 1264: 1112: 1111: 849: 848: 527:freighter ships. 379:Bridgewater Canal 199: 198: 82: 81: 74: 41:quality standards 32:This article may 7116: 7067: 7066: 6963:Terminal tractor 6958:Straddle carrier 6879: 6847:Containerization 6826: 6819: 6812: 6803: 6750:Semi-submersible 6735:Pipe-laying ship 6432: 6415:Maritime history 6363: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6297: 6296: 6285: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6189: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6142: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6051:. Archived from 6038: 6036: 6035: 6021: 6010: 5989: 5987: 5976: 5959: 5947: 5932: 5920: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5860: 5846: 5840: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5823: 5816: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5781: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5668: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5623: 5604: 5592: 5581: 5562: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5490:Container Addict 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5455: 5449: 5436: 5430: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5385: 5379: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5340: 5329: 5326: 5317: 5308:Freightos Ltd., 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5234: 5233: 5227: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5085: 5079:. Archived from 5078: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5051:. Archived from 5045: 5039: 5038: 5033:. Archived from 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4982: 4976:. Archived from 4975: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4673:. Archived from 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4643:. Archived from 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4535: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4406: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4381: 4380: 4374: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3854: 3851: 3834: 3831: 3822: 3819: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768:on July 19, 2011 3750: 3744: 3743: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3663: 3660: 3651: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3545: 3536: 3533: 3520: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3429: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3379:. The Ships List 3377:TheShipsList.com 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3223: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3191: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3097: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3065: 3062: 3010: 3008:Transport portal 3005: 3004: 2903:Port of Shanghai 2743:Weekly services 2731: 2568:Northern Europe 2496: 2242: 2212:UNCTAD uses the 2184:bareboat charter 2178:agreements: the 2142:On June 2, 2023 2010:Singapore Strait 1993: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1950: 1942: 1544: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1456:Vessel purchases 1438:Marshall Islands 1271: 1270: 1116: 1115: 1044: 902:container cranes 887:container cranes 858:Lift-on/lift-off 827: 794: 748: 713:(or Neopanamax) 705: 636: 567:The size of the 383:Second World War 356:break bulk cargo 299:Ho Chi Minh City 223:containerization 91: 84: 77: 70: 66: 63: 57: 27: 26: 19: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7089:Container ships 7079: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7061: 7054: 7008: 6977: 6938:Container crane 6921: 6880: 6871: 6835: 6830: 6800: 6795: 6759: 6740:Research vessel 6730:Narco-submarine 6678: 6622: 6564: 6550:Hydrogen tanker 6535:Chemical tanker 6521: 6482:Heavy-lift ship 6433: 6424: 6410:Merchant marine 6373: 6367: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6319: 6294: 6283: 6270: 6268: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6218: 6215: 6203: 6201: 6192: 6186: 6173: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6145: 6139: 6124: 6116: 6114: 6102: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6066: 6058: 6056: 6043:Horizon Lines. 6042: 6033: 6031: 6019: 6014: 6009:on 7 July 2014. 5992: 5985: 5974: 5969: 5966: 5956: 5945: 5935: 5929: 5918: 5908: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5881: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5849: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5804: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5740: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5709: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5678: 5675: 5665: 5652: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5607: 5601: 5584: 5578: 5565: 5559: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5446:Wayback Machine 5437: 5433: 5422:Wayback Machine 5412: 5408: 5399: 5397: 5396:on July 3, 2001 5387: 5386: 5382: 5375:Wayback Machine 5362: 5355: 5342: 5341: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5307: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5237: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5135:Offshore Energy 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4953: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4923: 4921: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4844:. 11 April 2024 4836: 4835: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4814:Vessel Tracking 4808: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4783: 4776: 4767: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4704: 4702: 4700:www.cma-cgm.com 4694: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4647:on 9 March 2020 4639: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4384: 4367: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4314: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4249: 4247: 4240:"FOC Countries" 4238: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3523: 3518: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3331: 3328:Knowledge (XXG) 3322: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3109:on June 4, 2011 3106: 3095: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3068: 3063: 3054: 3049: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2964: 2895: 2876: 2874:Container ports 2868:legally binding 2754:Ocean Alliance 2723: 2168: 1994: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1963: 1951: 1608:ONE Innovation 1554: 1536: 1530: 1514: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1398: 1374:at 16.6 years, 1357: 1356: 1348: 1335: 1322: 1309: 1296: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1245: 1232: 1219: 1206: 1193: 1180: 1167: 1154: 1141: 1042: 1035: 1022: 988: 986:Lashing systems 938: 905:March 2010, at 860: 854: 812: 782: 772: 738:COSCO Guangzhou 733: 730:COSCO Guangzhou 691: 643: 561: 559:Size categories 533: 289:Container ship 253: 98: 97:container ships 78: 67: 61: 58: 51: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7122: 7120: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7081: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7029: 7024: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6999:Tank container 6996: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6933:Container port 6929: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6897:Container ship 6894: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6710:Fishing vessel 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6574: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6492:Lake freighter 6489: 6484: 6479: 6477:Container ship 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6371:merchant ships 6368: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6317: 6302: 6301: 6290: 6289: 6288:External image 6282: 6281:External links 6279: 6278: 6277: 6254:Safety Science 6244: 6243: 6231: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6190: 6184: 6171: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6122: 6100: 6064: 6040: 6012: 5990: 5988:on 2008-04-09. 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5933: 5927: 5906: 5894: 5879: 5867: 5847: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5769: 5738: 5707: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5650: 5624: 5618: 5605: 5599: 5582: 5576: 5563: 5557: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5519: 5502: 5476: 5465:. 22 July 2004 5450: 5431: 5406: 5380: 5353: 5330: 5318: 5301: 5288: 5265: 5251: 5235: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5157: 5148: 5122: 5111:. Kelsey Media 5096: 5065: 5040: 5018: 4993: 4962: 4930: 4914:Shipping Times 4901: 4880: 4855: 4842:Marine Insight 4826: 4801: 4774: 4750: 4711: 4687: 4658: 4632: 4607: 4582: 4556: 4525: 4497: 4469: 4444: 4419: 4407: 4398: 4382: 4332: 4323: 4297: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4231: 4215: 4206: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4090: 4064: 4049:"PublicTop100" 4040: 4025:"PublicTop100" 4016: 4004: 3995: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3947: 3922: 3896: 3876: 3867: 3855: 3835: 3823: 3803: 3778: 3745: 3738: 3692: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3621:(2016-06-26). 3610: 3598: 3589: 3576: 3564: 3537: 3521: 3505: 3491: 3471: 3458:New York Times 3445: 3416: 3403:Marine Insight 3390: 3364: 3339: 3315: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3253: 3226:Acta Logistica 3209: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3119: 3091:(2005-08-31). 3080: 3066: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2995: 2992: 2963: 2960: 2916:in 1st place, 2875: 2872: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2722: 2719: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2591:Mediterranean 2588: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2216:(formally the 2180:voyage charter 2167: 2166:Freight market 2164: 2152:ONE Innovation 2148:ONE Innovation 1996: 1995: 1954: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766:OOCL Hong Kong 1762: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1532:Main article: 1529: 1526: 1513: 1510: 1492: 1491: 1472: 1470: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1442:United Kingdom 1440:(118) and the 1397: 1394: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1021: 1018: 987: 984: 937: 934: 853: 850: 847: 846: 843: 839: 838: 835: 829: 828: 821: 809: 807: 805: 803: 800: 796: 795: 788: 785:Providence Bay 779: 776: 773: 769: 766: 760: 759: 756: 750: 749: 742: 726: 723: 720: 717: 716:10,000–14,500 714: 707: 706: 699: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 668: 667: 664: 659: 654: 649: 640: 611:length overall 560: 557: 532: 529: 473:container ship 439:Houston, Texas 415:, and between 394:La Flèche d'Or 371:James Brindley 252: 249: 203:container ship 197: 196: 190: 186: 185: 179: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 159: 155: 154: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 117: 113: 112: 111:Container ship 109: 105: 104: 103:Class overview 100: 99: 92: 80: 79: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7121: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6943:Reach stacker 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6781:Admiralty law 6779: 6777: 6776:Affreightment 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6421: 6420:Shipping line 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6359: 6357: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6323: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6313:The Economist 6310:– article in 6309: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6245: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6199: 6198:The Economist 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6123: 6113:on 2011-06-29 6112: 6108: 6107: 6101: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6055:on 2010-12-27 6054: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5999:New Scientist 5996: 5991: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5880: 5870: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5824:on 2009-05-10 5820: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5789:on 2012-05-07 5785: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5760:on 2009-05-06 5756: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5729:on 2011-07-21 5725: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5698:on 2011-06-11 5694: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5641:on 2011-07-15 5637: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5503: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5477: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5276: 5269: 5266: 5261: 5260:"Ready to go" 5255: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5137:. 26 May 2023 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5110: 5109:Ships Monthly 5106: 5100: 5097: 5086:on 2020-03-15 5082: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5055:on 2020-02-29 5054: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4983:on 2011-07-07 4979: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4934: 4931: 4920:on 2020-03-01 4919: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4870:on 2008-12-24 4869: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4677:on 2020-02-26 4676: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4544: 4543:news9live.com 4540: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4358:on 2007-03-30 4354: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4246:on 2010-07-18 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3739:9781614991472 3735: 3731: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3472: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3120: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2973:marine debris 2969: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2784:THE Alliance 2782: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2732: 2729: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2708:slow steaming 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2488:freight rates 2480: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2226:Hamburg Index 2222: 2221: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2188:charter party 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056:concept (for 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1981: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1955:This section 1953: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1666:HMM Algeciras 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1528:Largest ships 1527: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1488: 1476: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1383:liner service 1379: 1377: 1373: 1372:bulk carriers 1368: 1366: 1362: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1255: 1251: 1242: 1238: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1160: 1151: 1147: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1094:– South Korea 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1006: 997: 992: 985: 983: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 949: 947: 946: 935: 930: 925: 921: 917: 915: 914: 908: 903: 898: 895: 894:gantry cranes 890: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 864: 859: 851: 844: 842:Small feeder 841: 840: 836: 834: 831: 830: 826: 819: 818: 817:TransAtlantic 801: 798: 797: 793: 789: 786: 780: 777: 774: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 758:5,101–10,000 757: 755: 752: 751: 747: 740: 739: 731: 715: 712: 709: 708: 704: 700: 698: 697: 689: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 669: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 647: 641: 638: 637: 631: 628: 623: 621: 617: 612: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 580: 576: 572: 571: 565: 558: 556: 552: 548: 546: 542: 538: 530: 528: 525: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 486: 480: 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:Malcom McLean 428: 427: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 388: 384: 381:. Before the 380: 376: 372: 367: 364: 359: 357: 353: 346: 342: 337: 331: 327: 324: 319: 312: 307: 300: 296: 292: 287: 281: 277: 272: 266: 262: 257: 250: 248: 246: 241: 239: 235: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:containership 208: 205:(also called 204: 195: 191: 188: 187: 184: 180: 177: 176: 172: 169: 168: 164: 160: 157: 156: 151: 147: 144: 143: 139: 136: 135: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 118: 115: 114: 110: 107: 106: 101: 96: 90: 85: 76: 73: 65: 55: 50: 48: 42: 38: 37: 30: 21: 20: 7060: 7035:(board game) 7032: 7019: 6902:Double-stack 6896: 6695:Crane vessel 6487:Hopper barge 6476: 6452:Bulk carrier 6328:. Retrieved 6311: 6269:. Retrieved 6257: 6253: 6236:. Retrieved 6221: 6202:. Retrieved 6200:. 2006-03-16 6197: 6175: 6163:. Retrieved 6148: 6127: 6115:. Retrieved 6111:the original 6105: 6093:. Retrieved 6084: 6057:. Retrieved 6053:the original 6048: 6032:. Retrieved 6027: 6023: 6007:the original 6002: 5998: 5983:the original 5979:ISO Bulletin 5978: 5941: 5914: 5899:. Retrieved 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5856: 5826:. Retrieved 5819:the original 5810: 5791:. Retrieved 5784:the original 5762:. Retrieved 5755:the original 5746: 5731:. Retrieved 5724:the original 5715: 5700:. Retrieved 5693:the original 5684: 5654: 5643:. Retrieved 5636:the original 5609: 5588: 5567: 5548: 5522: 5512: 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5489: 5479: 5467:. Retrieved 5462: 5453: 5434: 5424: 5409: 5398:. Retrieved 5394:the original 5383: 5366: 5313: 5304: 5291: 5279:. Retrieved 5268: 5254: 5229: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5134: 5125: 5113:. Retrieved 5108: 5099: 5088:. Retrieved 5081:the original 5068: 5057:. Retrieved 5053:the original 5043: 5035:the original 5030: 5021: 5010:. Retrieved 5008:. 2011-02-22 5005: 4996: 4985:. Retrieved 4978:the original 4971:"Alphaliner" 4965: 4954:. Retrieved 4946: 4940: 4933: 4922:. Retrieved 4918:the original 4913: 4904: 4893:. Retrieved 4883: 4872:. Retrieved 4868:the original 4858: 4846:. Retrieved 4841: 4817:. Retrieved 4813: 4804: 4793:. 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