282:(FDA) helped to keep the news out of the public eye. In May 1985, the FDA's regulator of blood products, Harry M. Meyer Jr., believing the companies had broken a voluntary agreement to withdraw the old medicine from the market, called together officials of the companies and ordered them to comply. Cutter's notes from the meeting indicate that Meyer asked that the issue be "quietly solved without alerting the Congress, the medical community and the public" while another company noted that the FDA wanted the matter solved "quickly and quietly."
272:
question whether Cutter was dumping "AIDS tainted" medicine into less-developed countries. Cutter denied the allegation, claiming that the unheated product posed "no severe hazard" and was in fact the "same fine product we have supplied for years." By May 1985, when the Hong Kong distributor told of an impending medical emergency, asking for the newer product, Cutter replied that most of the new medicine was going to the US and Europe and there wasn't enough for Hong Kong, except for a small amount for the "most vocal patients."
635:
C. The report concluded that around three-quarters of those infected with HIV, and at least 700 people infected with
Hepatitis C, had died. The report also found that 8,120 people were chronically infected with Hepatitis C ten years or more after contaminated blood transfusions. Circumstances under which people were infected via transfusions were different to factor products. For example, blood for blood transfusion was not imported from the US.
260:, Hsu Chien-wen, an official at Taiwan's health department, said in 2003 that Cutter had not applied for permission to sell the heated medicine until July 1985, a year and a half after doing so in the United States. Cindy Lai, assistant director of Hong Kong's health department, said that Cutter needed only to get an import license in the 1980s to sell the newer product, and that the process would normally take one week.
250:
to make the medicine, had kept Cutter from manufacturing more of the new product." Bayer officials also claimed that an overall plasma shortage in 1985 kept Cutter from making more heat treated medicine; however, because Cutter was using some of its limited plasma to continue making the old product, they may have contributed to the shortage. While Bayer said that "procedural requirements" imposed by
22:
293:, doctors and patients contacted overseas said they had not known of the contents of the Cutter documents. The number of affected patients is unknown. Since many records are unavailable and because an HIV test was not available at the time, one cannot know whether foreign hemophiliacs were infected with HIV before Cutter began selling its safer medicine or afterward.
172:
432:, as of 2001, the former head of Iran's blood transfusion centre, Dr. Farhadi, went on trial along with two other doctors, facing charges including negligence for importing HIV-tainted supplies from France after patients contracted HIV. The case followed complaints by families of around 170 people, many of them children, who had hemophilia or
682:, to protect the rights of all affected hemophiliacs, not just those who had already sued, Shrager wanted to pursue the separate federal proceeding that had consolidated hundreds of individual lawsuits that had been filed against the producers. By June 1996, the differing groups reconciled, seeking industry settlement proposals.
1139:
The
Canadian Red Cross pleaded guilty yesterday to a single charge arising from the tainted–blood scandal and publicly accepted responsibility for the disaster that left thousands of people infected with HIV and hepatitis C, saying it ″is deeply sorry for the injury and death caused to those who were
720:
The plaintiffs alleged that the companies manufactured and sold blood factor products as beneficial "medicines" that were, in fact, contaminated with HIV and/or HCV and resulted in the mass infection and/or deaths of thousands of hemophiliacs worldwide. The companies' failure to follow US federal law
697:
In 1997, Bayer and the other three manufacturers agreed to pay $ 660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6,000 hemophiliacs infected in United States in the early 1980s, paying an estimated $ 100,000 net to each infected hemophiliac. The settlement consent decree denied attorney contingent
716:
signed a bill allowing people infected by blood products, or their survivors, two years to bring product liability suits against the manufacturers. While the settled class members are barred from filing suits against the companies, the bill allowed an estimated additional 75 eligible persons to file
634:
The
Infected Blood Inquiry statistics report, published in September 2022, set out to establish the true numbers of those infected. The report found that around 1,250 people with bleeding disorders were infected with HIV in the UK and that at least a further 2,400 people were infected with Hepatitis
543:
to pay damages to 351 people who had contracted HIV and
Hepatitis C through blood transfusions; the court said that the ministry was too slow to introduce measures to prevent the virus being spread by donated blood, and did not establish proper checks on plasma and plasma-derived products. Although
263:
While the new product was selling well, a Cutter company meeting noted that "There is excess nonheated inventory", which resulted in the company deciding to "review international markets again to determine if more of this product can be sold." Cutter decided to sell millions of dollars worth of the
228:
Cutter feared losing customers, so according to an internal memo, Cutter "want to give the impression that continuously improving our product without telling them soon to also have a heat-treated" concentrate. The process rendered the virus "undetectable" in the product, according to a government
224:
In
January 1983, the manager of plasma procurement for Bayer's Cutter Biological division acknowledged in a letter that "There is strong evidence to suggest that AIDS is passed on to other people through ... plasma products." In March 1983, the CDC warned that blood products "appear responsible for
693:
was producing damaging documents contending that the companies had collected blood from high-risk donors like homosexuals and prisoners, intensifying informal settlement negotiations. James and
Matthews, using the address data of the clinics where plasma was sourced, and a spatial/demographic model
480:
In August 2005, the 35 or so survivors, along with the families of the ones who died, and the Iraqi Red
Crescent Society sued the Health Ministry and Institut MĂ©rieux of France and Immuno AG of Austria, two corporations who either acquired or succeeded the companies that sold tainted blood products
249:
Bayer officials (responding on behalf of Cutter) issued a statement, stating that Cutter continued to sell the old medicine, "because some customers doubted the new drug's effectiveness", and because some countries were slow to approve its sale. The company also said that a shortage of plasma, used
232:
By June 1983, a Cutter letter to distributors in France and 20 other countries said that "AIDS has become the center of irrational response in many countries" and that "This is of particular concern to us because of unsubstantiated speculations that this syndrome may be transmitted by certain blood
419:
was convicted for failing to adequately screen the blood, leading to the deaths of five people from AIDS, and the infection of two others during a key period in 1985. Two other government officials that continued to use the old unheated stock in 1985, when a heated product was available, received
271:
distributor asked Cutter about the newer product, records show that Cutter asked the distributor to "use up stocks" of the old medicine before switching to its "safer, better" product. Several months later, once hemophiliacs in Hong Kong began testing positive for HIV, some local doctors began to
498:
in 2006 about life under
Hussein's rule. They were forced to "sign a pledge vowing not to work, marry, attend school, use public swimming pools or barbershops, visit a doctor's office or tell anyone about their condition", punishable by death. The families' homes had warnings painted on them,
241:
On
February 29, 1984, Cutter became the last of the four major blood product companies to get US approval to sell heated concentrate. Even after Cutter began selling the new product, for several months, until August 1984, the company continued making the old medicine. One reason was that the
659:
lawsuit with
Jonathan Wadleigh as lead plaintiff on behalf of American hemophiliacs. Shrager had previously negotiated a favourable settlement on behalf of Canadian hemophiliacs and then established a panel of claimants, led by Wadleigh, to advise him and other lawyers. In early 1995, the
570:
In November 1995, a case involving Japanese hemophiliacs was settled, with compensation of $ 420,000 for each victim, $ 235,000 coming from the companies involved and the rest from the Japanese government. This was much higher than the results being discussed in the United States cases.
477:, 189 hemophiliacs, from 6 months to 18 years old, contracted HIV from blood products that Institut MĂ©rieux and Immuno sold to Iraq from 1982 to 1986; undetected, the virus later spread to at least a further 50 Iraqis, through sexual intercourse, childbirth or breast-feeding.
1226:
Working from the findings of the Krever Inquiry, the RCMP created a special unit, the Blood Task Firce, and launched its own five–year investigation. This investigation has so far resulted in thirty–two criminal charges, with the possibility of more in the
499:
telling neighbours to stay away because the house was contaminated with HIV and even uninfected siblings were not allowed to marry. As of 2006, the infected hemophiliacs receive about $ 35 a month in government assistance, but no HIV medication.
378:
for failing to screen blood donors effectively for HIV infection. The Canadian Red Cross pleaded guilty to criminal charges related to distributing tainted blood products and infecting Canadians with HIV and hepatitis C. As of 2003, the
299:
found these largely unnoticed documents ("internal memorandums, minutes of company marketing meetings and telexes to foreign distributors") as part of the production in connection with the American hemophiliacs lawsuits described below.
285:
At the same time, a Cutter official wrote that "It appears there are no longer any markets in the Far East where we can expect to sell substantial quantities of nonheat-treated " and stopped shipping unheated concentrate in July 1985.
162:
and its Hyland Pharmaceutical division. Estimates for HIV infections in the United States alone range from 6,000 to 10,000, with another 4,000 in France, 2,000 in Canada and 1,200 in the United Kingdom, and many more worldwide.
304:, director of the Public Citizen Health Research Group, which has been investigating the industry's practices for three decades, called them "the most incriminating internal pharmaceutical industry documents I have ever seen."
566:
did not ban unheated products until December 1985, despite knowing that they were contaminated. As a result, over 1,400 Japanese hemophiliacs were exposed to HIV, and more than 500 were believed to have died by 2001.
197:
started to believe that the disease was being spread through blood products, with grave implications for hemophiliacs who had routinely been treated with concentrate made from large pools of donated
473:'s Health Ministry had determined that at least 115 Iraqi hemophiliacs had contracted AIDS from clotting agents imported from France and Austria. According to Said I. Hakki, the director of the
694:
of illicit drug markets, showed that during the period from 1980 to 1995, these clinics were over-represented in so-called "underclass" or extreme-poverty areas and active illicit drug markets.
593:, more than 100 Portuguese hemophiliacs were infected with HIV after receiving transfusions of contaminated plasma that had been imported and distributed by the public health service. In 2001,
420:
prison sentences. Allegedly, all three politicians delayed the introduction of United States blood-screening tests in France until a rival French product was ready to be sold on the market.
349:
415:, an estimated 4,000 people, many of whom were hemophiliacs, were given blood infected with HIV. France continued using older style, untreated concentrate through August 1983. A former
910:
661:
685:
Meanwhile, the clotting producers were quietly settling many claims. Individual lawsuits continued to fail because most states had laws shielding blood products from traditional
1291:
The federal and provincial governments were releasing details of a $ 1.1–billion package to compensate people who had contracted hepatitis C from transfusions of tainted blood.
225:
AIDS among hemophilia patients." By May 1983, a Cutter rival began making a heat-treated concentrate and France decided to halt all imports of clotting factor concentrates.
1496:
606:
186:. In the U.S. it was found mostly in homosexual men and intravenous drug users, while in France a more diverse group of patients was affected. On July 16, 1982, the
440:
563:
1257:
Last week the Canadian government established a $ 1.1 billion (Canadian) fund to compensate some hepatitis C victims, but advocates say the fund won′t be enough.
655:) met with leaders of the hemophilia community to outline the terms of a $ 125 million offer. Rejecting the offer, David Shrager, a plaintiffs' lawyer, filed a
848:
264:
older medicine to Asia and Latin America while selling the new, safer product in the West, where the nonheated product was proving increasingly unmarketable.
524:
According to the tribunal a 'minimal figure' of 250 hemophiliacs were infected with HIV or Hepatitis C while receiving treatment from the BTSB before 1985.
1452:
In re Factor VIII or IX Concentrate Blood Products Litigation, Appeals of Roy G. Spece, Jr., Rose Marie Ibanez, and Mull & Mull. In re Mull & Mull.
748:
1122:
325:
article referenced above, saying that the product (known by Bayer to bear the risk of contamination) was "dropped ... in Japan, Spain and France."
190:
32:
775:
90:
62:
127:, a protein required for blood clotting. Factor VIII injections are a common treatment to prevent or stop bleeding in people with hemophilia A.
761:
69:
992:
808:
182:
In 1981 concern was growing over an unidentified infectious disease associated with immune system collapse that would later become known as
221:
during the four or five years of the late 1970s through early 1980s before AIDS was discovered and recognized as a public health concern.
386:
In July, 2006 the federal government approved a $ 1 billion compensation package for the so-called "forgotten victims" of tainted blood.
76:
553:
532:
Angelo Magrini, the head of a hemophiliacs' association, said that as of 2001, 1,300 people, including almost 150 children, had died in
329:
679:
1429:
1218:
1185:
58:
574:
In February 2000, three former drug company executives accused of selling blood products tainted with HIV were given prison terms.
1304:
1458:
1088:
518:
517:
in 1999 to investigate the infection of hemophiliacs with HIV and Hepatitis C from contaminated blood products supplied by the
458:
406:
1270:
876:
47:
597:, a former health minister, was indicted for propagating a contagious disease during her time in office during the 1980s.
380:
740:
279:
39:
416:
544:
almost 100 of the victims had already died, the court ruled that their families were still entitled to compensation.
83:
540:
474:
627:
as a result of receiving contaminated clotting factor products. In the United Kingdom, these were supplied by the
358:, by the time blood tests began in late 1985, about 2,000 people had been infected with HIV and up to 60,000 with
1322:
758:, A plasmapheresis campaign in China where they exchanged blood plasma for money and resulted in contamination.
734:
218:
721:
and conduct tests against viral hepatitis increased the risk of plasma containing HIV entering plasma pools.
767:
628:
367:
1481:
The emergence of HIV in the U.S. blood supply: organizations, obligations and the management of uncertainty
1070:
706:
652:
644:
486:
243:
159:
877:"Bad blood between hemophiliacs, Bayer: Patients sue over tainted transfusions spreading HIV, hep C"
514:
313:
155:
143:
1350:
668:
494:
371:
363:
256:
1210:
733:, an American youth who was infected with HIV from using tainted blood from the plasma product
1405:
1214:
1181:
804:
752:, a documentary about the crisis in the United States using contaminated blood from prisoners.
710:
686:
454:
395:
151:
1395:
1387:
702:
648:
508:
1376:"Geographic Location of Commercial Plasma Donation Clinics in the United States, 1980–1995"
1462:
1100:
690:
318:
301:
849:"Blood, Money and AIDS: Hemophiliacs Are Split; Liability Cases Bogged Down in Disputes"
443:. Iran is the only country that has not received compensation from France, according to
1400:
1375:
1203:
1175:
755:
612:
482:
470:
450:
202:
194:
581:
court cleared the former top AIDS expert of professional negligence over the scandal.
1490:
713:
594:
439:
Approximately 300 Iranians were infected by the tainted blood products, according to
276:
187:
120:
1455:
1430:"Pataki Signs Bill Letting Hemophiliacs Sue Companies Over Blood-Clotting Products"
1074:
656:
198:
1480:
1278:
884:
213:
that had large numbers of homosexuals and intravenous drug users and in some U.S.
1140:
infected by blood or blood products it distributed″ in the 1980s and early 1990s.
798:
1153:
1050:
709:
required people to file a lawsuit within three years of discovering an illness,
698:
fees and provided a $ 40 million fund to pay attorneys as ordered by the court.
620:
616:
433:
359:
206:
176:
139:
124:
21:
1240:
779:, 2010 judicial review by a claimant treated with contaminated blood products.
730:
375:
340:
The sale of contaminated blood products led to court cases in many countries.
131:
383:
blood task force had an ongoing investigation into the Arkansas blood sells.
445:
268:
1409:
1391:
744:, a documentary about the crisis in the United States and other countries.
590:
171:
665:
366:
by people who had received tainted blood products. In April 2001, the
675:
412:
355:
251:
214:
210:
147:
1093:
of MSNBC from 8-22-2003 about his rat of the week Bayer Corporation"
797:
Ma, Alice D.; Roberts, Harold R.; Escobar, Miguel A. (2012-10-03).
117:
were a serious public health problem in the late 1970s up to 1985.
674:
While Wadleigh and Corey Dubin (another named plaintiff) favoured
578:
559:
533:
308:
193:(CDC) reported that three hemophiliacs had acquired the disease.
130:
Contamination of these and other products caused large numbers of
1351:"Iraqis Infected by H.I.V.-Tainted Blood Try New Tool: A Lawsuit"
142:. The companies involved included Alpha Therapeutic Corporation,
429:
254:
slowed down their ability to sell the new product, according to
183:
146:(which then became Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Inc., and is now part of
246:
and believed that the old product would be cheaper to produce.
800:
Hemophilia and Hemostasis: A Case-Based Approach to Management
624:
457:
there was renewed controversy and protests, partly due to the
135:
15:
1177:
The gift of death: confronting Canada′s tainted-blood tragedy
993:"2 Paths of Bayer Drug in 80's: Riskier One Steered Overseas"
317:
had Bayer on their "Rat of the Week" segment. Speaking with
1309:
Al-Monitor: Independent, Trusted Coverage of the Middle East
1123:"Red Cross pleads guilty, offers apology in blood scandal"
911:"Expert Report to the Infected Blood Inquiry: Statistics"
350:
Royal Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada
905:
903:
901:
631:, with many of the products being imported from the US.
611:
In the 1970s and 1980s, a large number of people in the
321:, a legal advisor to the show, they discussed the 2003
201:, much of which was collected by commercial paid-donor
43:
662:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
771:(Right to property case involving bad blood victims)
671:
the lawsuit, saying it might bankrupt the industry.
539:In June 2001, an Italian court in Rome ordered the
1202:
1209:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. pp.
332:had yet to investigate any corporate executives.
607:Contaminated blood scandal in the United Kingdom
492:Several of the infected hemophiliacs spoke with
1121:Kilpatrick, Ken; Freeze, Colin (31 May 2005).
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396:HIV/AIDS in China § Bloodhead controversy
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8:
1323:"Fabius arrives in Tehran amid public anger"
643:In 1993, top executives of three companies (
48:introducing citations to additional sources
749:Factor 8: The Arkansas Prison Blood Scandal
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
536:from infected blood infusions since 1985.
481:to Iraq. Institut MĂ©rieux is now part of
191:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
111:Health crisis in the late 1970s up to 1985
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868:
776:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
59:"Contaminated haemophilia blood products"
362:. Three suits were brought against the
170:
38:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1497:Contaminated haemophilia blood products
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
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1334:
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789:
701:Soon after the settlement, because the
1305:"Fabius visit stirs bad blood in Iran"
762:Tainted blood scandal (United Kingdom)
115:Contaminated hemophilia blood products
1277:. Canada. 30 May 2005. Archived from
7:
678:the Seventh Circuit decision to the
554:Contaminated blood scandal in Japan
513:The Lindsay Tribunal was set up in
1483:." Theory and Society, 28:529–558.
1374:James, R.C.; C.A. Mustard (2004).
1349:von Zielbauer, Paul (2006-09-04).
680:Supreme Court of the United States
485:, while Immuno AG was acquired by
14:
1380:American Journal of Public Health
1271:"In depth: Tainted blood scandal"
875:Zamora, Jim Herron (2003-06-03).
449:. When the French Prime Minister
1154:"Aids scandals around the world"
1051:"Aids scandals around the world"
31:relies largely or entirely on a
20:
920:. September 2022. pp. 1–4.
519:Blood Transfusion Service Board
407:Infected blood scandal (France)
328:As of 2003, the United States
1:
381:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1205:Paul Martin: CEO for Canada?
741:Bad Blood: A Cautionary Tale
280:Food and Drug Administration
847:Meier, Barry (1996-06-11).
1513:
1180:. Toronto: HarperCollins.
604:
577:However, in March 2001, a
551:
506:
475:Iraqi Red Crescent Society
404:
393:
347:
1428:Dao, James (1997-12-02).
1077:, 1987, St Martin's Press
803:. John Wiley & Sons.
441:Iran's Ministry of Health
469:In 1986, officials from
219:underdeveloped countries
134:to become infected with
1201:Dobbin, Murray (2003).
881:San Francisco Chronicle
768:M.C. and Others v Italy
629:National Health Service
453:visited Iran after the
368:Supreme Court of Canada
123:causes a deficiency in
1465:, Retrieved 2010-01-20
1392:10.2105/ajph.94.7.1224
1156:. BBC News. 2001-08-09
1071:And the Band Played On
1053:. BBC News. 2001-08-09
918:Infected Blood Inquiry
707:statute of limitations
459:infected blood scandal
179:
1479:Kieran Healy. 1999. "
1174:André Picard (1995).
619:– were infected with
267:In late 1984, when a
244:fixed-price contracts
175:Concentrated form of
174:
645:Baxter International
487:Baxter International
336:Specifics by country
307:On August 22, 2003,
242:company had several
160:Baxter International
44:improve this article
1454:, (7th Cir. 1998),
615:– most of whom had
314:Scarborough Country
1461:2008-11-23 at the
1434:The New York Times
1355:The New York Times
1281:on 13 January 2006
1127:The Globe and Mail
1091:Scarborough County
997:The New York Times
853:The New York Times
495:The New York Times
372:Canadian Red Cross
364:Canadian Red Cross
330:Justice Department
323:The New York Times
297:The New York Times
291:The New York Times
257:The New York Times
180:
1456:Projectposner.org
1089:"Transcript from
810:978-1-118-43930-2
711:New York Governor
689:claims. However,
687:product liability
653:Alpha Therapeutic
455:Iran nuclear deal
205:prior to routine
156:Cutter Biological
152:Bayer Corporation
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1386:(7): 1224–1229.
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1099:. Archived from
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1087:Templin, Chris.
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883:. Archived from
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509:Lindsay Tribunal
209:, often in U.S.
167:Initial concerns
144:Institut MĂ©rieux
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1325:. 29 July 2015.
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1311:. 23 July 2015.
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1275:CBC News Online
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417:Health Minister
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319:Mike Papantonio
302:Sidney M. Wolfe
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237:Continued sales
195:Epidemiologists
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177:Factor VIII
140:hepatitis C
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1360:2006-09-20
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1251:2020-04-15
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1160:2020-04-14
1133:2020-04-14
1107:2006-09-20
1057:2006-09-20
1003:2012-04-09
891:2006-09-20
858:2014-02-23
784:References
731:Ryan White
394:See also:
376:negligence
374:guilty of
370:found the
70:newspapers
1245:Salon.com
691:discovery
676:appealing
489:in 1996.
446:Fars News
269:Hong Kong
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1491:Category
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579:Tokyo
560:Japan
548:Japan
534:Italy
528:Italy
390:China
309:MSNBC
91:JSTOR
77:books
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651:and
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430:Iran
424:Iran
275:The
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