History of Inuit clothing

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differences in styles of clothing. In the 1880s, the establishment of an RGTD trading post on the east coast of Greenland greatly increased the availability of foreign garments, which led to the simplification and decline of traditional Inuit skin garments in the area. In 1914, the arrival of the Canadian Arctic Expedition in the territory of the previously-isolated Copper Inuit prompted the virtual disappearance of the unique Copper Inuit clothing style, which by 1930 was almost entirely replaced by a combination of styles imported by newly immigrated Inuvialuit and European-Canadian clothing, particularly the Mother Hubbard parka. Although the Mother Hubbard only arrived there in the late 19th century, it largely eclipsed historical styles of clothing to the point where it is now seen as the traditional women's garment in those areas.

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years, in an environment that made little to no attempt to include their language, culture, or traditional skills. Children who lived at home and attended day schools were at school for long hours most days, leaving little time for families to teach them traditional clothing-making and survival skills. Until the 1980s, most northern day schools did not include material on Inuit culture, compounding the cultural loss. The time available for traditional skills was further reduced in areas of significant Christian influence, as Sundays were seen as a day of rest on which to attend church services, not to work. Lacking the time and inclination to practice, many younger people lost interest in creating traditional clothing.

957: 467:, necessitating contact with the Inuit. Subsequently, hundreds of European ships arrived to hunt seals and whales, trade with the Inuit, and continue the search for the Northwest Passage. Europeans continued to document the details of Inuit clothing during this time, producing the first detailed visual records of Inuit garments. The clothing styles they depict are largely consistent throughout the centuries. For example, Issenman notes that the 1567 broadsides are consistent with a 1654 painting depicting Kalaallit Inuit in traditional skin clothing. In turn, the Kalaallit clothing in that image is similar to that found with the bodies at Qilakitsoq. 1126: 139: 1078:. The funding has been used to facilitate sewing workshops such as Nattiq Sealebration, run by the Department of Industry, Tourism and Investment of the Northwest Territories, which teaches professional-level sewing skills and business practices. The workshop program aims to bolster the local market for fur products and support Inuit artisans. In 2017, the Canadian government designated May 20 as National Seal Products Day to support Indigenous sealskin products. As of 2023, the Northwest Territories government supports programs to assist artisans in acquiring hide and fur materials and accessing international markets. 30: 1330: 1292:, to use as inspiration for an upcoming collection. Her representatives did not disclose the purpose of their visit to the local Inuit, who only became aware of the nature of the visit after a journalist contacted Inuit women's group Pauktuutit seeking comment. Pauktuutit described the company's actions as exploitative, stating "the fashion house took advantage of some of the less-educated people who did not know their rights." The items they purchased were displayed at the company's 1636: 1228: 672: 6440: 1506: 556: 319:

culture era of approximately 1000 to 1600 CE. Although style elements like hood height and flap size have changed, structural elements like patterns, seam positions, and stitching of these remnants and outfits are very similar to garments from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, which confirms significant consistency in construction of Inuit clothing over centuries. For example, one Dorset-era boot sole from

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they appropriated their traditional garments. Peary never learned more than a few words of Inuktitut despite his nearly twelve years in the Arctic, and wrote that Inuit were valuable assistants but "of course they could not lead". Amundsen acknowledged Inuit mastery of polar survival skills, but wrote of them as "savages" and never included Inuit members in his expeditions.

1538:, in the sense of a full-length coat made with fur covering the exterior, did not appear in European fashion until this time – historically, fur had been used as a trim or a liner, but usually not as the basis for an entire garment. Fashion historian Jonathan Faiers argues that this trend may have been influenced by fur clothing encountered during polar exploration. The 858: 547:. The whaling season extended through the fall until November, overlapping the traditional hunting season for caribou. As a result, many men who worked on whalers were unable to secure enough caribou skins to make appropriate winter clothing, which in turn limited their ability to hunt in the winter, sometimes leading to the starvation of their families. 471: 1214:. Much of the clothing worn today by Inuit dwelling in the Arctic has been described as "a blend of tradition and modernity." Issenman describes the continued use of traditional fur clothing as not simply a matter of practicality, but "a visual symbol of one's origin as a member of a dynamic and prestigious society whose roots extend into antiquity." 993:(Nunavut Literacy Council), have been successful in reintroducing modern Inuit to traditional clothing-making skills. Sewing groups and classes are popular in northern communities, many featuring elders in their traditional teaching role. Many museums now cooperate with Inuit communities in knowledge-sharing and training. 1650: 690:

clothing. Because there was less effort to colonize the Arctic regions with white settlers when compared to more temperate regions, some Europeans may have felt less social pressure to wear European clothing. For others, adopting Inuit clothing signified their own prowess in surviving a difficult environment. Inuit

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replaced traditional wear. Adoption of fabric garments was often driven by external pressure to conform to non-Inuit standards of dress, but many Inuit also adopted fabric garments for their own convenience. These voluntary adoptions were often a precursor to the decline or disappearance of traditional styles.

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by collaborating with Canadian museums, exhibitions, and festivals to showcase Inuit-designed garments. The response to these events was positive, and in 1998, Pauktuutit launched a program called "The Road to Independence", which aimed to promote Inuit women's economic independence by providing them

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Since the 1990s, Inuit groups have made significant efforts to preserve traditional skills and reintroduce them to younger generations in a way that is practical for the modern world. Many educational barriers to traditional knowledge have come down. By the 1990s, both the residential schools and the

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Store-bought garments are often repurposed or adjusted—seamstresses may add fur ruffs to the hoods of store-bought winter jackets, and boot tops made of skin may be sewn to mass-produced rubber boot bottoms to create a boot that combines the warmth of skin clothing with the waterproofing and grip of

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was reaffirmed in 2009. In 2015, exemptions were made in the ban for certified indigenous-hunted products, but a 2020 report described this exemption as economically ineffective. The sealskin ban has never been repealed or loosened in the United States. Many Inuit have criticized efforts to ban seal

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Wearing skin clothing did not necessarily indicate respect for the Inuit and their practices. Missionaries readily adopted Inuit clothing and wrote of its effectiveness, but their goal was to supplant Inuit culture with Christianity. Many explorers continued to treat Inuit with condescension even as

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The following year, the company released an expanded collection called Atigi 2.0, which involved eighteen seamstresses who produced a total of ninety parkas. The proceeds from the sales were again donated to ITK. Gavin Thompson, vice-president of corporate citizenship for Canada Goose told CBC that

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from materials provided by Canada Goose. The designers retained the rights to their designs. The parkas were displayed in New York City and Paris before being sold, and the proceeds, which amounted to approximately $ 80,000, were donated to national Inuit organization Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK).

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launched a program to increase demand for sealskin products by subsidizing the purchase of sealskins from hunters and supporting the creation of new designs. The program has run at a deficit since it was established, as a result of the 1980s crash in sealskin prices. Greenpeace Canada apologized to

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The production of traditional skin garments for everyday use has declined in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries as a result of loss of skills combined with shrinking demand. Lifestyle change as a result of outside influence was a significant factor in the decline of skin clothing. This peaked

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promoted their use or rejection of Inuit clothing as evidence of their own adventuring skill. Peary, like many other explorers, sold photographs of himself in striking Inuit-style outfits and sometimes appeared at lectures wearing furs. He often claimed that his use of Inuit technology was a unique

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where none existed before. Women's clothing was seen as particularly inappropriate, as the cut of certain garments could expose their trousers or even their bare thighs, so they were often pressured into wearing long skirts or dresses to conceal their legs. Adoption of Southern clothes, especially

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In 2015, London-based design house KTZ released a collection which included a number of Inuit-inspired garments. Of particular note was a sweater with designs taken directly from historical photographs of an Inuit shaman's unique caribou parka. The garment, known variously as the Shaman's Parka or

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like steel needles and fabric as well as pre-made European garments. While imported garments never fully replaced the traditional clothing complex of the Inuit, they did gain a significant degree of traction in many areas. Figures carved by Inuit following contact include details that indicate the

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passing down knowledge to younger generations. Wider availability of manufactured clothing and reduced availability of animal pelts further reduced demand for traditional clothing. The combination of these factors resulted in a near-complete loss of traditional clothing-making skills by the 1990s.

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collectively owned by all Inuit women. After consultation with numerous Inuit seamstresses, the project released a report which concluded, "All Inuit own the amauti collectively, though individual seamstresses may use particular designs that are passed down between generations." To safeguard that

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This combination of factors resulted in less demand for elders to create skin garments, which made it less likely that they would pass on their skills. By the mid-1990s, the skills necessary to make Inuit skin clothing were in danger of being completely lost. The decline in the use of traditional

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Cross-cultural adoption of clothing was hardly one-sided. During this period, non-Inuit whalers, missionaries, and explorers all made use of Inuit clothing, which was known to be extremely effective for the climate. Social and economic factors also played a part in driving non-Inuit to adopt skin

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Occasionally, scraps of frozen skin garments or even whole garments are found at archaeological sites. It can be difficult to determine the era of origin owing to the delicacy of these items. Some are believed to come from the Dorset culture era, but the majority are believed to be from the Thule

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Since that time, Inuit groups have made significant efforts to preserve traditional skills and reintroduce them to younger generations in a way that is practical for the modern world. Although full outfits of traditional skin clothing are uncommon overall, they are still seen in the winter and on

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has often been contentious. Inuit seamstresses and designers have described instances of non-Inuit designers making use of traditional Inuit design motifs and clothing styles without obtaining permission or giving credit. In some cases, designers have altered original Inuit designs in a way that

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Although it is uncommon for modern Inuit to wear complete outfits of traditional skin clothing, fur boots, coats and mittens are still popular in many Arctic places. Skin clothing is preferred for winter wear, especially for Inuit who make their living outdoors in traditional occupations such as

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Due to a lack of records, it is difficult to pin down the earliest point of contact between Europeans and the Inuit. The Norse had colonies in Greenland from 986 to around 1410, and the Thule began migrating there from North America as early as 800; contact between the groups is believed to have

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in Nunavut, Canada, several pieces of frozen skin clothing were found in an archaeological dig conducted in 1985; these items, including an intact child's mitten, have been dated to the early Thule era, around 1000 CE. The pattern and stitching of these garments matches those of modern garments.

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in the 1860s, was extremely destructive to the ongoing cycle of elders passing down knowledge to younger generations through informal means. Children who were sent to residential schools or stayed at hostels to attend school outside their communities were often separated from their families for

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European whalers sometimes adopted Inuit garments for Arctic travel, occasionally even going so far as to hire entire families of Inuit to travel with them and sew skin clothing. Use of Inuit clothing reportedly reduced deaths from exposure on whaling ships. By the mid-1800s, it was common for

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provides a great deal of insight into the origins of skin clothing system. Individual skin garments are rarely found intact at archaeological sites, as animal hide is highly susceptible to decay, so it is difficult to definitively date the origins of circumpolar skin clothing. Evidence for the

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Beginning in the late 1500s, contact with non-Inuit traders and explorers began to have an increasingly large influence on the construction and appearance of Inuit clothing. Imported tools and fabrics became integrated into the traditional clothing system, and premade fabric garments sometimes

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movement. Contemporary Inuit and northern designers use a mix of modern and traditional materials to create garments in both traditional and modern silhouettes. Victoria Kakuktinniq's work, which has been cited as a major influence in the modernization of Inuit fashion, focuses on parkas with

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Voluntary adoptions of outside clothing styles were a precursor to the decline or disappearance of traditional styles in many areas. Inuit from disparate groups and tribes often mixed at camps and trading posts set up by European traders, trading their techniques and styles, which muted local

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who emigrated to Nunavut in 1997, has been working with sealskin since 1999. Nicole Camphaug originally started by experimenting with sewing sealskin scraps to her own boots, eventually turning to commercial sales of seal-trimmed shoes after friends and family asked for their own. The use of

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Although much of the drive towards adoption of foreign garments around this time came from external pressure, many Inuit also adopted foreign materials and garments on their own initiative, trading or purchasing for ready-made fabric and clothing. In Canada, these items mostly came from the

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motifs, were inspired by spiritual visions. Ava's great-grandchildren criticized KTZ for failing to obtain permission to use the design from his family. After the criticism was picked up by the media, KTZ issued an apology and pulled the item from the market. French fashion designer

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After the arrival of Frobisher and his imitators, contact with non-Inuit, especially traders and explorers from America, Europe, and Russia, began to have a greater influence on the construction and appearance of Inuit clothing. Clothing-related items brought by foreigners include

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traditional styling. Melodie Haana-SikSik Lavallée combined satin with sealskin to make items that ranged from "Victorian gowns and bustiers to flapper-inspired dresses and 60s-inspired suits". Many designers also make jewellery from local or sustainable materials such as bone.

1493:, has facilitated the popularity and sales of Inuit-designed clothing outside northern communities. This has sometimes generated controversy: Inuit crafters and clothing designers have had sales listings for seal products blocked on social media sites. Throat singer 1434:

Some designers center aspects of Inuit culture through the visual design of their products. Artist and designer Becky Qilavvaq has produced garments printed with Inuit song lyrics and images of traditional tools. Similarly, designer Adina Tarralik Duffy has produced

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and bring them to Europe to be exhibited and studied. The Europeans conducting these exhibitions sometimes produced images and written records of their captives, particularly their clothing. The earliest known European depictions of living Inuit were advertising

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Many Inuit wear a combination of traditional skin garments, garments which use traditional patterns with imported materials, and mass-produced imported clothing, depending on the season and weather, availability, and the desire to be stylish. The fabric-based

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which appear to be wearing tailored skin garments, although these interpretations have been contested. The age of these figurines indicates that a clothing system similar to that of the Inuit may have been in use in Siberia as early as 22,000 BCE. Prehistoric

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as early as 2500 BCE. Pieces of garments found at archaeological sites, dated to approximately 1000 to 1600 CE, are very similar to garments from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, which confirms consistency in the construction of Inuit clothing over centuries.

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or fur and could be worn on their own, especially during summer. These garments were valued by women as they were simple to make compared to the intensive process of making skin clothing. Their exotic materials were considered a sign of wealth and status.

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and modernization at the beginning of the 20th century, the production of traditional skin garments for everyday use declined as a result of loss of skills combined with shrinking demand. Formal schooling, particularly during the era of the

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collaborated with fashion designers to create an American clothing style inspired by Indigenous cultures of North and South America, including the Inuit. In the 1920s, American designer Max Meyer drew inspiration from Inuit garments at the

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and bear pelts for traditional garments, preferring to sell these valuable pelts internationally. Similarly, in the mid-1800s, Inuit in West Greenland began to sell their pelts rather than making clothes from them, as the newly introduced

602:, specifically tailored to its function as a mother's garment, had no European ready-made equivalent. Instead, Inuit women used purchased cloth to create garments that suited their needs. Beginning in the middle of the 19th-century, the 339:, a type of overcoat made of gut-skin, were found at a dig site on Ellesmere Island in 1978. They have been dated to 1200 CE, and are consistent with 20th century gut-skin coats. A group of eight well-preserved and fully dressed 1556:

depicts a model clad in white fur spearing a polar bear. Her garments, while stylized and unrealistic, appear to take visual influence from the clothing of the Greenlanic Inuit. From approximately 1915 to 1921, curators at the

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machines make stitching more consistent and less time-consuming. Many women create follow traditional patterns to make traditionally-styled garments from non-traditional materials like cloth, combining old and new techniques.

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In 2001, following concerns raised by the Road to Independence project and the subsequent DKNY controversy, Pauktuutit launched the Amauti Project, which aimed to order to explore potential methods for legally protecting the

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Coat, is well-known to scholars of Inuit culture; Bernadette Driscoll Engelstad described it as "the most unique garment known to have been created in the Canadian Arctic." It was designed in the late 19th century by the

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Even garments made from woven or synthetic fabric today adhere to ancient forms and styles in a way that makes them simultaneously traditional and contemporary. Modern Inuit clothing has been studied as an example of

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boutique, which Pauktuutit believed was done without the knowledge or consent of the original seamstresses. After a successful letter-writing campaign organized by Pauktuuit, DKNY cancelled the proposed collection.

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is the Eastern Arctic term for boots, and mukluk is the Western Arctic equivalent. While there are some stylistic differences between them, they are functionally the same. This article refers to all Inuit boots as

1813:. Upon the formation of the EU in 1993, the EEC was incorporated into the EU and renamed the European Community (EC). In 2009, the EC formally ceased to exist and its institutions were directly absorbed by the EU. 434:

occurred after 1150. Historical records and archaeology indicate that the groups traded as well as fought, and that the Norse did not appear to adopt garments or hunting techniques from the Inuit, who they called

919:(1983). These restrictions crashed the export market for seal pelts and caused a corresponding drop in hunting as a primary occupation, reducing the availability of pelts for northern seamstresses and increasing 215:). Some of these Dorset figures exhibit what appear to be high collars rather than hoods, and it is not clear whether they depict figures with hoods down, or if the parkas worn in that era had no hoods at all. 572:(RGTD). Men in particular embraced ready-made cloth garments more readily than women, as suitable foreign equivalents were available for most men's clothing. In Greenland, many Inuit men readily adopted 381:

As a result of socialization and trade, Inuit groups throughout their history incorporated clothing designs and styles between themselves, as well as from other Indigenous Arctic peoples such as the

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and the Northwest Territories had been abolished entirely. In northern Canada, many schools at all stages of education have introduced courses which teach traditional skills and cultural material.

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Inuit, had been paramount in his success. In contrast, Scott promoted his rejection of Inuit furs in favor of traditional British textile-based expedition gear as a point of nationalistic pride.

5034: 842:, would be impractical. Purchasing manufactured clothing saves time and energy compared to the intensive workload involved in making traditional skin clothing, and it can be easier to maintain. 226:, and ivory, found at prehistoric archaeological sites and consistent with later tools used by the Inuit, confirm that skin clothing was being produced in northern regions of North America and 1117:. Beginning in 2023, a group of Inuit artists and seamstresses called Agguaq began working with museums in order to study ancient garments with an eye to reviving and modernizing the designs. 584:

woolen hats for beneath their hoods. Most Inuit men working on whaling ships across the Arctic adopted cloth garments completely during the summer, generally retaining only their waterproof

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hunting and trapping, or modern work like scientific research. Traditional skin clothing is also preferred for special occasions like drum dances, weddings, and holiday festivities.

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special occasions. Many Inuit seamstresses today use modern materials to make traditionally-styled garments, leading to the growth of an Inuit-led fashion movement, a subset of

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distorts their cultural context, but continue to label the products in a way that makes them appear to be authentically Inuit. Inuit designers have criticized this practice as

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in the 19th and 20th centuries when the presence of non-Inuit missionaries, researchers, explorers, and government officials significantly increased in Inuit communities.

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led to a significant depletion of caribou herds in some areas. Lack of materials after the 1940s caused the extinction of a style of baggy leggings or stockings worn by

808: 781: 769: 378:, dated to approximately 1510–1826. The construction of these garments indicates that Kakligmiut garments underwent little change between approximately 1500–1850. 6960: 238:

clothing at coastal sites, just as the later Inuit did. Archaeological evidence of seal processing by the Dorset culture has been found at Philip's Garden in the

146:, interpreted as showing child in coverall fur garment. Right: photo of indigenous Siberian child in coverall garment from the beginning of the twentieth century. 4205: 6965: 1475:(PETA). Since the late 2010s, some designers have reported that Canadians outside the Arctic appeared to be increasingly supportive of Inuit sealskin fashion. 417:

to exchange materials and finished goods; the trade network that supported these fairs extended across some 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of Arctic territory.

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of these looks often included tropes of exoticism, savagery, and barbarianism, perpetuating the dominant Southern view of Indigenous peoples as uncivilized.

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for new seamstresses. Prepared skins are available at many northern supply stores today, allowing seamstresses to shop directly for their desired materials.

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Thule-era garments are similarly consistent with later items, which suggests that the Inuit skin clothing system directly evolved from the Thule system. At

1472: 6995: 835: 776:, dressing in furs to raise funds for an Antarctic expedition, although it never materialized. He later brought skin garments he had commissioned to the 4632: 711: 4758: 1114: 846: 98: 5092: 3081: 1317: 5463:

Bahnson, Anne. "Women's Skin Coats from West Greenland – with Special Focus on Formal Clothing of Caribou Skin from the Early Nineteenth Century".

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had also drawn inspiration from the Shaman's Parka in his Fall/Winter 2012 collection, but to a lesser degree that did not result in controversy.

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to make over-parkas to protect their caribou garments from dirt and snow. Men's were shorter while women's were calf-length with ruffled hems. In

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had her Facebook account suspended in 2017 after posting a photo of a sealskin coat; Facebook apologized and reversed the action within hours.

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sealskin, a traditional Inuit clothing material, has been controversial among non-Inuit due to the influence of anti-sealing campaigns by

362:, and extensive research on these garments indicates that they were prepared and sewn in the same manner as modern skin clothing from the 5213: 4576: 4687: 3277: 936: 785: 985:

programs such as Miqqut, Somebody's Daughter, Reclaiming our Sinew, and Traditional Skills Workshop, spearheaded by organizations like

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for the third iteration of Project Atigi. The advertising campaign for the collection featured Inuit women as models: throat singer

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Few modern Inuit maintain the nomadic hunting-trapping lifestyle of their ancestors, instead spending much of their time indoors in

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Improvisation in Tradition: a Study of Contemporary Vernacular Clothing Design Practiced by Iñupiaq Women of Kaktovik, North Alaska

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as early as 2500 BCE. Conversely, the absence of sewing needles at summertime coastal camps indicates that the Dorset may have had

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Europeans had little contact with the Inuit in the following centuries. Occasionally, sailors would kidnap Inuit from what is now

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indicates use of the site spanned approximately eight centuries, from about 50 BCE at the earliest to about 770 CE at the latest.

6042: 5929:. The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Vol. 2. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 4236: 1719:

The original Project Atigi was criticized by some Inuit designers for not being sufficiently publicized to potential applicants.

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in a jacket made of fur and skins. Mizrahi's collection paired parkas and furs with voluminous, brightly-colored evening gowns.

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Pickman, Sarah (2017). "Dress, Image, and Cultural Encounter in the Heroic Age of Polar Expedition". In Mears, Patricia (ed.).

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the brand had plans to continue expanding the project in the future. A parka from the original collection was displayed at the

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printed in Germany in 1567, which depict an anonymous Inuit woman and her child who had been kidnapped from Labrador in 1566.

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The once-extinct ceremonial clothing of the Copper Inuit has been revived for drum gatherings and other special occasions in

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played a significant part in influencing Inuit communities to adopt non-Inuit or "Southern" clothing. Missionaries imposed a

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factor in his success as an Arctic explorer, despite the fact that plenty of previous explorers had used Inuit technology.

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Driscoll-Engelstad, Bernadette (2005). "Dance of the Loon: Symbolism and Continuity in Copper Inuit Ceremonial Clothing".

1064: 1052: 72:) are similar, and evidence in the form of tools and carved figurines indicates that these systems may have originated in 65: 6266: 5900: 1353: 6724: 4271: 964:

in 1999 wearing modern-made clothing in the traditional pattern, incorporating fabric, seed bead designs, and animal fur

777: 753: 714:(1913–1916), adopting Inuit clothing and making in-depth studies of its construction. The Scandinavian personnel of the 5513:

Martin, Cyd. "Caribou, Reindeer and Rickrack: Some Factors Influencing Cultural Change in Northern Alaska, 1880–1940".

52:, with significant evidence to indicate that its basic structure has changed little since. The clothing systems of all 6970: 1427: 1329: 1060: 916: 111: 1357: 725:

to drive interest and funding for their expeditions. Historian Sarah Pickman argues that famous polar explorers like

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Mears, Patricia (2017). "Fashion From the Extreme: The Poles, Highest Peaks, and Beyond". In Mears, Patricia (ed.).

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Hall, Judy (2001). ""Following The Traditions of Our Ancestors": Inuit Clothing Designs". In Thompson, Judy (ed.).

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McGovern, Thomas H. (2000). "The Demise of Norse Greenland". In Fitzhugh, William W.; Ward, Elisabeth I. (eds.).

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Stenton, Douglas R. (1991). "The Adaptive Significance of Caribou Winter Clothing for Arctic Hunter-gatherers".

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Oakes, Jill; Riewe, Rick. "Factors Influencing Decisions Made by Inuit Seamstresses in the Circumpolar Region".

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noted was, to her knowledge, completely unique on prehistoric figurines. Thule-era ivory figurines collected in

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culture that lived in what is now northern Canada from approximately 500 BCE to 1500 CE, also appear to show

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launched Project Atigi, commissioning fourteen Canadian Inuit seamstresses to each design a unique parka or

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buildings. Many Inuit in Northern Canada work outdoor industrial jobs for which fur clothing, particularly

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might be appropriated and genericized by non-Inuit, in the same way that Inuit cultural developments like

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industry, was also implicated in unwanted changes to Inuit clothing. After establishing a trading post on

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Some brands have made efforts to work with Inuit designers directly. In 2019, Canadian winterwear brand

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and the Mother Hubbard parka remain popular and fashionable in Alaska and Northern Canada, respectively.

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The availability of pelts has also impacted the production of skin garments. In the early 20th century,

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and leggings printed with the packaging designs found on common northern food products like McCormicks

6305:"Stitching together literacy, culture & well-being: The potential of non-formal learning programs" 5960: 3307:"Why this Inuk son chose to proudly wear a sealskin parka made by his mom, amid social media backlash" 792:. Amundsen wrote that his detailed preparations, including his extensive study of the clothing of the 370:

from 1981 to 1983 uncovered the earliest known samples of caribou and polar bear skin clothing of the

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On a technical level, modern-day techniques ease the time and effort needed for production, lowering

813: 645: 449: 367: 6874: 6836: 6353: 6147:"Dorset Palaeoeskimo Skin Processing at Phillip's Garden, Port au Choix, Northwestern Newfoundland" 5247:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies. 1635: 1584: 1568: 1459: 1207: 1134: 956: 734: 702:

American and British polar explorers to trade for or commission Inuit garments. Canadian explorers

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formalwear such as coats and ties, was taken as a visual signifier of conversion to Christianity.

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MacDonald, John. "Stories and Representation: Two Centuries of Narrating Amitturmiut History". In

5270:

Issenman, Betty Kobayashi. "Stitches in Time: Prehistoric Inuit Skin Clothing and Related Tools".

1181:

Both handmade and imported garments may feature logos and images from traditional or contemporary

6751: 6291: 6248: 6227: 6219: 6176: 6133: 6004: 5996: 5390: 5315: 4637: 4553: 4499: 4471: 3884:"A group of Inuit artists is travelling to museums to study traditional Inuit clothing and tools" 1797: 1728: 1674: 1604: 1399: 1211: 990: 861: 722: 503: 352: 286: 247: 5692: 5657: 5622: 1454:

Those who focus on traditional materials such as sealskin often do so in support of traditional

1063:

to support sealing and sealskin crafts in indigenous communities, an effort promoted by Nunavut

371: 6261: 6190:"The Holmberg Collection of Skin Clothing from Kodiak Island at the National Museum of Denmark" 6017: 1227: 784:, Amundsen's use of Inuit-style clothing is regarded as a significant factor in the success of 6759: 6283: 6211: 6168: 6125: 6071: 5988: 5940: 5930: 5906: 5885: 5862: 5852: 5835: 5825: 5806: 5796: 5777: 5758: 5748: 5706: 5696: 5671: 5661: 5636: 5626: 5599: 5569: 5559: 5540: 5490: 5449: 5430: 5405: 5395: 5376: 5366: 5346: 5336: 5305: 5258: 5248: 1600: 1531: 1436: 997: 982: 924: 920: 904: 780:

of 1897–1899, where he and Amundsen met and exchanged ideas about polar exploration. When the

540: 499: 460: 301:

actually has miniature trousers made of bear skin, a feature which Inuit skin clothing expert

5482: 6573: 6452: 6448: 6275: 6201: 6158: 6117: 6063: 5980: 5297: 4719: 3458:"Nunavut's 96-year-old seamstress models her own clothes, advocates for traditional designs" 1702: 1519: 1510: 1383: 1249: 1185:, such as Inuit organizations, sports teams, musical groups, or common northern foodstuffs. 1001: 961: 869: 823: 715: 456: 398: 298: 115: 6104:"Frederick A. Cook: the role of photography in the making of his polar explorer-hero image" 413:

groups. There is evidence indicating that prehistoric and historic Inuit gathered in large

6405: 6395: 6385: 5819: 1732: 1563: 1514:

cover showing woman in stylized fur outfit spearing polar bear, August 1917, George Lepape

1463: 1387: 1342: 1244: 1110: 927:

in Nunavut. Income levels for Inuit dropped by a reported 95% compared to pre-ban levels.

881: 773: 703: 270: 77: 17: 6052:"'A Sense of Seal' in Greenland: Kalaallit Seal Pluralities and Anti-Sealing Contentions" 3141:"Inuit designers revive sealskin fashion, celebrate 'National Seal Products Day,' May 20" 1611:

both released collections which incorporated Inuit concepts for Fall/Winter 1994, titled

1447:. Martha Kyak's clothing incorporates geometric designs that originated with traditional 5556:

The Hands' Measure: Essays Honouring Leah Aksaajuq Otak's Contribution to Arctic Science

1410:

featuring both historical and contemporary Inuit fashion. Kakuktinniq also presented at

6929: 6719: 6610: 6484: 6429: 6346: 4581: 4276: 3860: 3486:"Inuit women reviving traditional black-bottom sealskin boots through summer workshops" 1810: 1793: 1697: 1681: 1592: 1361: 1348:

The growth of Inuit fashion is supported by national organizations like Pauktuutit and

1286:

sent representatives to the western Arctic to purchase traditional garments, including

1253: 1033: 1013: 885: 850: 788:, while Scott's preference for British textiles is considered a major failure point in 765: 749: 745: 730: 607: 402: 382: 192: 171: 156: 45: 5472:

Buijs, Cunera. "Clothing as a Visual Representation of Identities in East Greenland".

4494: 4466: 4385: 1505: 644:, where it became known as the cloth parka or Mother Hubbard parka (from the European 6944: 6683: 6563: 6400: 6390: 6377: 6295: 6231: 6137: 6008: 5877:

Madhouse at the End of the Earth: The Belgica's Journey into the Dark Antarctic Night

5534: 5422: 5418: 4811:"Tanya Tagaq says her Facebook account was temporarily suspended over seal fur photo" 4333: 3226:"Putting sexy back in sealskin: Nunavut seamstresses aim for high-end fashion market" 2943:"'It's our way of life': Inuit designers are reclaiming the tarnished sealskin trade" 1608: 1576: 1543: 1455: 1448: 1398:

and Melissa Attagutsiak were invited to show at the Indigenous Fashion Week event at

1293: 1240: 1182: 1067: 1048: 912: 877: 793: 695: 576:, traditional Icelandic sweaters. Men from the Nunavimiut or Ungava Inuit group from 519: 390: 278: 4326:"Performance art? Inuit art? An embrace of Arctic heritage? – Call it unforgettable" 1603:. During the 1990s, Inuit-inspired clothing returned to prominence. French designer 1518:

The intersection between traditional Inuit clothing and the non-Inuit or "Southern"

944:

clothing coincided with an uptick in artistic depictions of traditional clothing in

892:

has resulted in decreasing seal populations and reduced availability of seal pelts.

285:, Canada also display features consistent with skin clothing. One ivory figure from 6623: 6538: 6108: 4724: 3827:"Inuk student sews parka to tell 'heartbreaking' story of tuberculosis sanatoriums" 3180:"Inuit hunters' plea to the EU: lift ban seal cull or our lifestyle will be doomed" 2947: 1740: 1685: 1588: 1482: 1365: 1102: 896: 873: 726: 691: 676: 655: 544: 532: 327: 266: 160: 6262:"The Dialectics of "Us" and "Other": Anglican Missionary Photographs of the Inuit" 3800:"Elder's dream to sew amautis for Ukrainian mothers 'catches fire' in Pangnirtung" 1572:

has been a popular source of inspiration to fashion designers since its release.

1044: 671: 455:

The first real expansion of contact with the Inuit was prompted by the voyages of

1727:

exhibition at the Winnipeg Art Gallery in 2020. In 2022, Kakuktinnniq designed a

6879: 6739: 6417: 6410: 5218: 4206:"Reforming Canada's Intellectual Property Laws: The Slow Path To Reconciliation" 1736: 1494: 1444: 1338: 1279: 1090: 555: 436: 406: 196: 164: 118:, Inuit groups have raised concerns about the protection of Inuit heritage from 1595:, were also interpreted by Southern designers during this era. French designer 1105:

seamstress Augatnaaq Eccles sewed a parka depicting the colonialist history of

6691: 6643: 6585: 6506: 6469: 6279: 6121: 5573: 5329:

Sanatujut: Pride in Women's Work. Copper and Caribou Inuit Clothing Traditions

4415:"Winnipeg Art Gallery exhibition puts spotlight on Inuit clothing and jewelry" 1478: 1334: 1236: 1025: 986: 741: 621: 603: 577: 492: 414: 375: 344: 204: 61: 49: 6287: 6215: 6172: 6129: 6075: 5992: 5944: 5839: 5810: 5710: 5675: 5640: 5409: 4149: 3744:"How Indigenous people are strengthening fur traditions in an anti-fur world" 3381: 3252:"Inuit exemption to European Union's seal product ban is ineffective: report" 2968: 2915: 6769: 6461: 6439: 5866: 5762: 5380: 5350: 5262: 5039: 3748: 1490: 1374: 1086: 945: 627: 573: 527: 511: 363: 258: 227: 81: 6696: 5064:"Inuit shaman parka 'copied' by KTZ design well-studied by anthropologists" 429:

1567 broadsheet depicting unknown Inuit woman and child, anonymous engraver

5984: 5319: 3718:"Canada will celebrate its first National Seal Products Day this Saturday" 1822:

Nunavut was not partitioned out from the Northwest Territories until 1999.

1059:

From 2016 to 2020, the Canadian government allotted $ 5.7 million through

948:, which has been interpreted as a reaction to a feeling of cultural loss. 636:. The longer women's version eventually made its way eastward through the 6774: 6764: 6653: 6648: 6638: 6520: 6035:

The Importance of Sewing: Perspectives from Inuit Women in Ulukhaktok, NT

5723:

Factors Influencing Kamik Production in Arctic Bay, Northwest Territories

5187:"Inuk designer says not everyone informed about Canada Goose program -US" 4664: 3888: 3831: 3804: 3775: 3490: 3462: 1677:

and sewn by his wife, Ataguarjugusiq. Either Qingailisaq or his son, the

1670: 1620: 1546:, now mainstays of Southern fashion, both developed from Inuit designs. 1535: 1530:

The fashion industry has taken inspiration from Inuit clothing since the

1486: 1440: 1379: 1171: 1138: 908: 585: 444: 334: 320: 306: 262: 179: 6252: 6223: 6189: 6180: 6051: 6000: 5035:"Nunavut family outraged after fashion label copies sacred Inuit design" 4786:"Inuit crafters continue to be blocked on Facebook for selling sealskin" 4357:"Inuit fashion featured for the first time at Indigenius show in Ottawa" 3771:"Bear intestines, fish skins and red carpet runways: The year in sewing" 1141:

trim on the hem and cuffs. The curved hem is typical of the traditional

940:

hunting and sealskin products as short-sighted and culturally ignorant.

857: 6734: 6729: 6701: 6628: 6578: 6568: 6474: 5902:

Design for a Sustainable Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Education

5301: 1693: 1372:

art collective Axe Néo-7 held an exhibition of contemporary Inuit art,

1071: 581: 515: 475: 394: 386: 282: 235: 175: 73: 6206: 5293:

Fascinating Challenges: Studying Material Culture with Dorothy Burnham

2590: 2588: 281:

era of approximately 1000 to 1600 CE found at archaeological sites in

6711: 6679: 6600: 6544: 6527: 6513: 6163: 6146: 6067: 4715:"This Iqaluit-Based Designer Can Hand-Make a Luxe Parka in 2.5 Hours" 1391: 1369: 1258: 1248:

the skills to design, produce, and sell garments in the contemporary

1017: 1005: 611: 523: 292: 125: 114:. In light of the growing interaction between Inuit clothing and the 6097:. No. 110. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. 1 May 2011. pp. 14–21. 5427:

The Visible Self: Global Perspectives on Dress, Culture, and Society

5120:"U.K. fashion house pulls copied Inuit design, here's their apology" 3856:"Rankin Inlet student's parka takes centre stage on Parliament Hill" 3278:"Crystal Serenity brings sales boom to Nunavut artists? Not so fast" 606:

people of northern Alaska began to use colorful cotton fabrics like

4759:"11 Inuit designers to see at the Indigenous Fashion Arts Festival" 1252:. The program was successful, but raised concerns that traditional 543:

around the middle of the 19th century, many Inuit men took jobs on

470: 6658: 6633: 6590: 6533: 6369: 5291: 3537: 3535: 2481: 2479: 1539: 1504: 1328: 1268: 1264: 1226: 1175: 1124: 1043: 975: 955: 856: 849:

to northern Canada, beginning with the establishment of Christian

807: 740: 670: 554: 469: 424: 340: 252: 231: 219: 210: 200: 188: 137: 57: 33:

Sealskin woman's parka discovered at Qilakitsoq in 1972, dated to

28: 6303:

Tulloch, Shelley; Kusugak, Adriana; et al. (December 2013).

5773:

Settlements, Kinship and Hunting Grounds in Traditional Greenland

2259: 2257: 2255: 1990: 1988: 1198:

are sometimes made with shorter tails for comfort while driving.

1192:

Traditional patterns may be revised to account for modern needs:

559:

Group of Inuit in Greenland wearing cloth garments, c. 1888–1889.

4441:"Victoria's Arctic Fashion gearing up for New York Fashion Week" 3082:"How Nunatsiavut Artists Use Their Work to Fight Climate Change" 2708: 2706: 2466: 2464: 2462: 1283: 1133:, 2021. The body is made from synthetic waterproof fabric, with 1075: 1028:, Northwest Territories. The modern Inuit of Igloolik celebrate 760:

Adoption of Inuit clothing principles was instrumental in early

721:

Some explorers positioned their adoption of Inuit clothing as a

526:, in 1783, Russian traders prevented the Inuit there from using 223: 6342: 5961:

Intellectual Property Rights and the Inuit Amauti: A Case Study

5923:

Canada's Residential Schools: The Inuit and Northern Experience

5444:

King, J.C.H.; Pauksztat, Birgit; Storrie, Robert, eds. (2005).

5327:

Hall, Judy; Oakes, Jill E.; Webster, Sally Qimmiu'naaq (1994).

122:

and prevention of genericization of cultural garments like the

6595: 4609: 4523:"Haana-SikSik, Inuk fashion designer, brings her designs home" 935:

Inuit in 1985 for the knock-on effects of their campaign. The

818: 654:(overtop or underneath), but later styles were insulated with 4577:"Winnipeg conference showcases Nunavut designers, businesses" 1975: 1973: 1378:, which featured modern sealskin fashion by Inuit designers: 1231:

T-shirt from Greenland reading "INUIT" in stylized text, 2003

648:). The Mother Hubbard parka was originally worn with the fur 596:

While Inuit men easily adopted outside clothing, the women's

5429:. New York : Fairchild Publications. pp. 110–117. 5162:"Inuit designers launch new line of parkas for Canada Goose" 4299:"Northern Scene: The dawning of a new era of Inuit artistry" 3202: 3200: 884:, limits the number of animals that can be hunted, and sets 289:

displays chest straps reminiscent of the woman's parka, the

5093:"The Shaman's Legacy: The Inuit Angakuq Coat from Igloolik" 3522: 3520: 3353: 3351: 3106: 3104: 3102: 2991: 2989: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2413: 2411: 2191: 2189: 1575:

Arctic- and Inuit-inspired clothing became trendy again in

1239:(Inuit Women of Canada) began to promote Inuit fashion and 907:

campaign, led to significant restrictions on the import of

5483:"Keynote Address: Our Clothing, Our Culture, Our Identity" 5281:

Braving the Cold: Continuity and Change in Arctic Clothing

5272:

Braving the Cold: Continuity and Change in Arctic Clothing

5245:

Braving the Cold: Continuity and Change in Arctic Clothing

4876:"Debate in Inuvik over who should sell traditional crafts" 2242: 2240: 2044: 2042: 2017: 2015: 1326:, but as of 2020, no such protection has been established. 1312:

collective cultural ownership, Pauktuutit has lobbied the

459:, who from 1576 to 1578 made several attempts to seek the 5726:. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization. Archived from 5582: 5522:

Petrussen, Frederikke. "Arctic Clothing from Greenland".

5419:"Many Disciplines, Many Rewards: Inuit Clothing Research" 4237:"Canada Goose unveils parkas designed by Inuit designers" 1912: 1910: 1908: 6338: 4688:"Nicole Camphaug takes sealskin footwear to new heights" 4549:"Inuit artist Becky Qilavvaq melds clothing and culture" 4016: 4014: 2750: 2748: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2496: 2494: 1895: 1893: 1809:

The European Economic Community is a predecessor to the

5391:

Sinews of Survival: the Living Legacy of Inuit Clothing

5002: 5000: 4998: 4973: 4971: 4910: 4908: 4660:"Nunavut fur designer moves into downtown Iqaluit shop" 4187: 4185: 4172: 4170: 4112: 4110: 4108: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 5920:

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).

5899:

Skjerven, Astrid; Reitan, Janne Beate (26 June 2017).

2723: 2721: 2617: 2615: 1004:

may be used to soften hides. Household chemicals like

782:

Amundsen and Scott South Pole expeditions are compared

4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 1840:

Ava is also frequently transliterated as Aua and Awa.

1352:, as well as local development associations like the 1070:, who is known for wearing sealskin accessories like 1012:

can produce soft white leather when rubbed on skins.

768:

had encountered Greenlandic Inuit as part of Peary's

698:, were known for wearing their skin garments poorly. 510:

International trade, particularly in the form of the

355:, Greenland, in 1972. They have been carbon-dated to 3692:"Stitching connection and culture through seal skin" 3405: 1534:

craze of the late 19th to early 20th centuries. The

1109:

in the North. She was invited to bring the parka to

6899: 6862: 6819: 6803: 6796: 6750: 6710: 6678: 6671: 6609: 6556: 6483: 6460: 6447: 6376: 3639:"Certification and Market Access Program for Seals" 1800:, which considers the present era to begin in 1950. 1164:Mothers from all occupations still make use of the 309:in 1939 show the large hoods characteristic of the 5558:. Iqaluit, Nunavut: Nunavut Arctic College Media. 3601: 3431:"Parka class in Whitehorse revives northern style" 3382:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 2015 3043: 2969:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 2015 2916:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 2015 2594: 2132: 1360:. Contemporary Inuit fashion has been featured in 895:From the 1960s to the 1980s, strong opposition to 539:difficult to maintain. After the expansion of the 315:, as well as the rounded tails of women's parkas. 44:Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of 5595:Inuit Education and Schools in the Eastern Arctic 5504:Graburn, Nelson (2005). "Clothing in Inuit Art". 5824:. Oslo: Oslo School of Architecture and Design. 5554:MacDonald, John; Wachowich, Nancy, eds. (2018). 4605:"Reclaiming Inuit culture, one tattoo at a time" 4272:"Nunavut fashion and design come into their own" 3993: 3981: 3957: 3945: 3921: 3565: 3541: 2606: 2536: 2485: 2366: 2263: 1994: 218:Tools for skin preparation and sewing made from 5966:(Report). Pauktuutit Inuit Women's Association. 5489:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 23–26. 5365:. Montréal: McCord Museum of Canadian History. 5029: 5027: 4633:"High fashion's new home in the Canadian North" 1778: 1772: 1766: 1759: 1713: 1591:, an Inuit device for protecting the eyes from 1321: 1302: 1287: 1219: 1193: 1165: 1142: 649: 631: 619: 597: 588: 332: 310: 290: 208: 123: 5425:; Evenson, Sandra Lee; Lutz, Hazel A. (eds.). 5155: 5153: 4230: 4228: 4068: 3909: 3666:"Are attitudes around seal products changing?" 3178:Copenhagen, Malcolm Brabant in (16 May 2015). 2712: 1368:within the Arctic and outside of it. In 2016, 6354: 5539:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5086: 5084: 1320:to create a special protected status for the 366:people of the region. Archaeological digs in 182:and statuettes at sites originating from the 8: 6037:(Report). Ulukhaktok Community Corporation, 5243:Buijs, Cunera; Oosten, Jarich, eds. (1997). 4547:Kurup, Rohini; Jung, Harry (21 April 2017). 952:Contemporary revival of traditional clothing 752:wearing Inuit-style fur clothing during the 5793:Caribou Skin Clothing of the Igloolik Inuit 5743:Oakes, Jill E.; Riewe, Roderick R. (1995). 4408: 4406: 3742:Beaulne-Stuebing, Laura (28 January 2023). 2549: 2547: 2545: 1473:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 6800: 6675: 6457: 6361: 6347: 6339: 4745: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4056: 4032: 3882:Palliser, Lyndsay-Ann (9 September 2023). 3690:Morritt-Jacobs, Charlotte (6 March 2020). 3625: 3589: 3553: 3511: 2874: 1964: 1884: 1501:Appropriation by Southern fashion industry 159:system is therefore usually inferred from 101:, was destructive to the ongoing cycle of 6205: 6162: 3417: 3393: 3357: 3342: 3330: 3300: 3298: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3165: 3110: 3067: 2995: 2980: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2903: 2685: 2512: 2470: 2441: 2390: 2287: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2168: 2144: 2120: 2096: 2072: 2060: 2033: 2021: 2006: 1979: 1952: 1928: 1872: 1115:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation 847:Canadian Indian residential school system 675:Promotional photograph of polar explorer 474:Watercolor painting of Inuk man known as 99:Canadian Indian residential school system 4379: 4377: 3007: 2429: 2180: 2156: 2084: 2048: 1916: 1692:. Its intricate designs, which resemble 1318:World Intellectual Property Organization 1256:pieces, especially the woman's parka or 1218:Inuit-led fashion and protection of the 981:Outside of the formal education system, 5849:Uvattinnit: The People of the Far North 5212:Cardin-Goyer, Camille (February 2022). 5062:Zerehi, Sima Sahar (2 December 2015b). 3613: 3577: 3369: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2739: 2673: 2661: 2644: 2453: 2417: 2402: 2354: 2342: 2108: 1940: 1899: 1860: 1853: 1752: 1599:paired white plastic versions with his 1426:Inuit fashion is a subset of the wider 667:Adoption of Inuit garments by non-Inuit 551:Purposeful adoption of foreign garments 541:whaling industry in the Canadian Arctic 257:Estimated extent of Arctic cultures in 5296:. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. 4493:Bowen, Dana (September–October 2022). 4465:Bowen, Dana (September–October 2022). 4080: 4044: 4020: 3969: 3933: 2790: 2727: 2500: 2299: 1831:Ulukhaktok was formerly called Holman. 1771:for consistency. The singular form of 1129:Modern women's parka by Inuk designer 6961:Cultural history of the United States 5747:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 5592:McGregor, Heather E. (January 2011). 5144: 5091:MacDuffee, Allison (31 August 2018). 5018: 5006: 4989: 4977: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4899: 4835: 4603:Allford, Jennifer (23 October 2019). 4176: 4116: 4005: 3854:Pelletier, Jeff (30 September 2022). 3526: 3276:Zerehi, Sima Sahar (30 August 2016). 3135: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3031: 3019: 2886: 2621: 2579: 2378: 2330: 2311: 2275: 694:records that some explorers, such as 7: 6966:History of the Northwest Territories 5685:Expedition: Fashion From the Extreme 5650:Expedition: Fashion From the Extreme 5615:Expedition: Fashion From the Extreme 4191: 4128: 4099: 3305:Hwang, Priscilla (5 February 2017). 3055: 2862: 2697: 2556:"Inuit parkas change with the times" 2524: 2246: 1414:in February 2020. Kyak presented at 864:anti-sealing protest in Canada, 2009 804:Decline since the nineteenth century 770:expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892 630:, spoken in Canada, they are called 6267:American Review of Canadian Studies 6260:Trott, Christopher G. (June 2001). 6145:Renouf, M. A. P.; Bell, T. (2008). 5795:. Iqaluit, Nunavut: Inhabit Media. 5776:. Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center. 5363:Ivalu: Traditions Of Inuit Clothing 4765:. Inuit Art Foundation. 9 June 2022 4631:Sardone, Andrew (17 January 2014). 4521:Zerehi, Sima Sahar (10 July 2015). 4413:Monkman, Lenard (29 October 2020). 3456:Hwang, Priscila (14 January 2017). 2554:Sponagle, Jane (30 December 2014). 1579:, with the increased popularity of 1354:Nunavut Arts and Crafts Association 937:European Union ban on seal products 903:, particularly an influential 1976 816:scraping a caribou hide with their 496:wide adoption of fabric clothing. 178:, archaeologists have found carved 5448:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. 5417:Issenman, Betty Kobayashi (2000). 5388:Issenman, Betty Kobayashi (1997). 4874:Scott, Mackenzie (29 March 2019). 4784:Patar, Dustin (30 December 2019). 4575:Rohner, Thomas (9 February 2017). 4386:"From Iqaluit to the Eiffel Tower" 3664:Zerehi, Sima Sahar (17 May 2016). 3406:Tulloch, Kusugak & et al. 2013 1690:American Museum of Natural History 1559:American Museum of Natural History 1152:Modern use of traditional clothing 1101:with their children. In May 2022, 570:Royal Greenland Trading Department 568:(HBC), and in Greenland, from the 25: 6996:Native American history of Alaska 6842:Bering Straits Native Corporation 6832:Arctic Slope Regional Corporation 6050:Graugaard, Naja Dyrendom (2020). 5160:McKay, Jackie (19 January 2020). 4324:Gessell, Paul (1 February 2016). 4235:McKay, Jackie (4 February 2019). 3250:Patar, Dustin (27 January 2020). 1619:, respectively. Icelandic artist 1083:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1040:Specific programs and initiatives 240:Port au Choix Archaeological Site 6438: 6043:University of the Sunshine Coast 5583:MacDonald & Wachowich (2018) 5536:Vikings: the North Atlantic Saga 4713:Brown, Beth (28 February 2018). 4439:McKay, Jackie (8 January 2020). 4355:Frizzell, Sara (19 April 2017). 3080:Campbell, Heather (5 May 2021). 1648: 1634: 1170:, which may be worn over fabric 1113:that year for the second annual 710:lived with the Inuit during the 5745:Our Boots: An Inuit Women's Art 5689:Fashion Institute of Technology 5654:Fashion Institute of Technology 5619:Fashion Institute of Technology 5333:Canadian Museum of Civilization 4270:Rogers, Sarah (27 March 2019). 3798:Hudson, April (25 April 2022). 3484:Heidi, Atter (20 August 2023). 3224:McCue, Duncan (14 March 2016). 1688:in 1902, who brought it to the 1358:Nunavut Development Corporation 1097:to donate to women fleeing the 167:found at archaeological sites. 76:as early as 22,000 BCE, and in 6885:Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated 6188:Schmidt, Anne Lisbeth (2018). 4384:Boon, Jacob (April–May 2019). 4204:Lakusta, Adam (24 July 2020). 3994:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 3982:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 3958:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 3946:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 3922:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 3716:Sara, Frizzell (27 May 2017). 3566:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 3542:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 2941:Kassam, Ashifa (11 May 2017). 2607:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 2537:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 2486:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 2367:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 2264:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 1995:Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 1471:such as Greenpeace Canada and 1462:. Designer Rannva Simonsen, a 1406:launched an exhibition called 1055:, wearing sealskin tie in 2015 969:General revitalization efforts 142:Left: ivory figurine from the 1: 6956:Cultural history of Greenland 5613:Mears, Patricia, ed. (2017). 5549:– via Internet Archive. 5439:– via Internet Archive. 4848:Grant, Meghan (25 May 2018). 1641:Original shaman's parka, 1907 356: 234:forbidding the production of 66:indigenous peoples of Siberia 34: 6033:Emanuelsen, Kristin (2020). 5818:Reitan, Janne Beate (2007). 5361:; Rankin, Catherine (1988). 1402:in March 2019. In 2020, the 989:(Inuit Women of Canada) and 778:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 754:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 242:in the Canadian province of 6951:Cultural heritage of Canada 5959:Bird, Phillip (July 2002). 4495:"A New Era of High Fashion" 4467:"A New Era of High Fashion" 4148:Madwar, Samia (June 2014). 1684:, sold the coat to Captain 1428:Indigenous American fashion 1314:Canadian federal government 1278:In 1999, American designer 1099:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1081:The northern branch of the 1061:Fisheries and Oceans Canada 917:European Economic Community 331:Clothing items including a 112:Indigenous American fashion 7012: 6318:(2): 28–32. Archived from 6039:Indigenous Services Canada 6016:Dubuc, Élise (Fall 2002). 5214:"Reclaiming Their Culture" 5098:National Gallery of Canada 4069:Skjerven & Reitan 2017 3910:Issenman & Rankin 1988 2713:Issenman & Rankin 1988 1422:Materials and visual style 1271:, and to some extent even 718:(1922–1924) did the same. 712:Canadian Arctic Expedition 618:these garments are called 152:research on Inuit clothing 18:Contemporary Inuit fashion 6925: 6852:NANA Regional Corporation 6827:Alaska Native corporation 6811:Inuit Circumpolar Council 6436: 6280:10.1080/02722010109481589 6122:10.1017/S0032247414000424 6102:Millar, Pat (July 2015). 5770:Petersen, Robert (2003). 5359:Issenman, Betty Kobayashi 2290:, pp. 108, 117, 174. 1137:fur trim on the hood and 925:suicide rates among Inuit 764:. Physician and explorer 762:exploration of Antarctica 679:on the deck of steamship 504:religious taboo on nudity 411:North American Indigenous 297:. A wooden figurine from 244:Newfoundland and Labrador 6991:Native American clothing 6720:Inuit Nunangat ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ 5905:. Taylor & Francis. 5874:Sancton, Julian (2021). 5791:Pharand, Sylvie (2012). 5598:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 5481:Dewar, Veronica (2005). 5394:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 4211:Canadian Bar Association 3948:, pp. 108–113, 115. 1235:Beginning in the 1990s, 1107:tuberculosis sanatoriums 1002:Wringer washing machines 890:Climate change in Canada 845:The introduction of the 409:, and various non-Inuit 303:Betty Kobayashi Issenman 155:earliest origins of the 6870:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami 6847:Cook Inlet Region, Inc. 6312:Northern Public Affairs 6022:Material Culture Review 5720:Oakes, Jill E. (1987). 3602:Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 3044:Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 2829:, p. 195, Note 81. 2595:Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 2133:Inuktitut Magazine 2011 1350:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami 1341:skin, by Inuk designer 273:from 900 CE to 1500 CE. 134:Prehistoric development 5847:Rholem, Karim (2001). 4057:Oakes & Riewe 1995 4033:Oakes & Riewe 1995 3590:Oakes & Riewe 1997 3554:Oakes & Riewe 1995 2875:Oakes & Riewe 1997 1965:Renouf & Bell 2008 1887:, pp. 50, 54, 60. 1885:Oakes & Riewe 1995 1779: 1773: 1767: 1760: 1714: 1623:walked the runway for 1607:and American designer 1525:cultural appropriation 1515: 1416:Vancouver Fashion Week 1345: 1322: 1303: 1288: 1232: 1220: 1194: 1166: 1148: 1143: 1056: 965: 932:Greenlandic government 901:animal rights movement 865: 827: 824:Fifth Thule Expedition 757: 716:Fifth Thule Expedition 686: 650: 632: 620: 598: 589: 560: 500:Christian missionaries 487: 430: 333: 311: 291: 274: 209: 147: 124: 120:cultural appropriation 48:extends far back into 41: 5985:10.1353/arc.2011.0010 5423:Eicher, Joanne Bubolz 2781:, pp. 42–43, 47. 2769:, pp. 37–38, 41. 2369:, pp. 81, 89–90. 1508: 1458:and the promotion of 1412:New York Fashion Week 1332: 1309:traditional knowledge 1230: 1189:artificial materials. 1128: 1047: 974:hostel system in the 959: 860: 814:Mother Hubbard parkas 811: 744: 708:Vilhjalmur Stefansson 674: 642:Northwest Territories 638:Mackenzie River delta 558: 537:subsistence lifestyle 473: 465:North American Arctic 428: 256: 184:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 144:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 141: 94:cultural assimilation 32: 6411:Proto-Inuit language 6241:Études/Inuit/Studies 6194:Études/Inuit/Studies 6056:Études/Inuit/Studies 5851:. Montréal: Stanké. 3924:, pp. 101, 108. 3643:Government of Canada 3384:, pp. 163, 167. 3145:Indian Country Today 3086:Inuit Art Foundation 2805:, pp. 109, 192. 2515:, pp. 100, 166. 2473:, pp. 108, 117. 1792:The source uses the 1655:Garment by KTZ, 2015 1469:animal rights groups 1404:Winnipeg Art Gallery 1396:Victoria Kakuktinniq 1131:Victoria Kakuktinniq 1121:Contemporary fashion 1065:Member of Parliament 1053:Member of Parliament 812:Inuit women wearing 646:Mother Hubbard dress 566:Hudson's Bay Company 535:made their previous 92:With an increase in 6875:Makivik Corporation 6837:Calista Corporation 6725:Inuvialuit Nunangit 6084:"Through the Lens: 5973:Arctic Anthropology 5693:Thames & Hudson 5660:. pp. 56–105. 5658:Thames & Hudson 5623:Thames & Hudson 5517:. pp. 121–126. 5508:. pp. 132–138. 5476:. pp. 108–114. 4763:Inuit Art Quarterly 3996:, pp. 18, 107. 3058:, pp. 131–132. 2582:, pp. 109–110. 2527:, pp. 135–136. 2278:, pp. 178–179. 2249:, pp. 133–134. 2171:, pp. 173–174. 2159:, pp. 335–336. 2123:, pp. 98, 172. 2036:, pp. 18, 234. 1617:Nanook of the North 1585:Fashion photographs 1569:Nanook of the North 1481:, particularly via 1460:sustainable fashion 1208:sustainable fashion 1010:all-purpose cleaner 822:knives. Photo from 349:archaeological site 277:Figurines from the 207:, and Inuit boots ( 191:figurines from the 6971:History of Nunavut 6095:Inuktitut Magazine 5695:. pp. 31–55. 5302:10.2307/j.ctv170p6 5283:. pp. 89–104. 5193:. 22 February 2019 5191:APTN National News 5126:. 27 November 2015 5043:. 25 November 2015 4941:, pp. 62, 64. 4727:on 2 December 2021 4638:The Globe and Mail 4554:The Bowdoin Orient 3779:. 30 December 2022 3556:, p. 34, 171. 3529:, pp. 14, 34. 3034:, pp. 46, 49. 2853:, pp. 44, 55. 2841:, pp. 50, 52. 2793:, p. 434–435. 1798:radiocarbon dating 1729:capsule collection 1605:Jean Paul Gaultier 1516: 1485:platforms such as 1400:Paris Fashion Week 1394:. Inuit designers 1382:by Nala Peter and 1346: 1233: 1149: 1057: 1034:Inuit spirituality 966: 930:In the 1980s, the 866: 862:Friends of Animals 828: 758: 723:marketing strategy 687: 561: 488: 431: 353:Nuussuaq Peninsula 287:Southampton Island 275: 248:Radiocarbon dating 148: 56:(encompassing the 42: 6938: 6937: 6895: 6894: 6792: 6791: 6667: 6666: 6207:10.7202/1064498ar 5936:978-0-7735-9829-4 5912:978-1-351-85797-0 5891:978-1-9848-2434-9 5831:978-82-547-0206-2 5802:978-1-927095-17-1 5783:978-87-635-1261-9 5702:978-0-500-51997-4 5691:. New York City: 5667:978-0-500-51997-4 5656:. New York City: 5632:978-0-500-51997-4 5621:. New York City: 5605:978-0-7748-5949-3 5585:, pp. 43–80. 5565:978-1-897568-41-5 5546:978-1-56098-970-7 5526:. pp. 45–47. 5467:. pp. 84–90. 5455:978-0-7735-3008-9 5436:978-1-56367-068-8 5401:978-0-7748-5641-6 5274:. pp. 34–59. 4965:, pp. 65–66. 4817:. 2 February 2017 4150:"Inappropriation" 4047:, pp. 30–31. 4035:, p. 19, 31. 3604:, pp. 42–44. 3580:, pp. 66–68. 3408:, pp. 28–32. 2918:, pp. 3, 14. 2817:, pp. 42–43. 2597:, pp. 41–42. 2420:, pp. 21–22. 2357:, pp. 87–88. 2063:, pp. 47–48. 2009:, pp. 9, 18. 1982:, pp. 37–38. 1955:, pp. 42–43. 1931:, pp. 13–14. 1601:Space Age fashion 1532:polar exploration 1307:as an example of 1212:vernacular design 1051:, former Nunavut 998:barriers to entry 983:cultural literacy 905:Greenpeace Canada 461:Northwest Passage 368:Utqiaġvik, Alaska 16:(Redirected from 7003: 6976:History of Yukon 6801: 6697:Nunavut (Alaska) 6676: 6458: 6442: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6324: 6309: 6299: 6274:(1–2): 171–190. 6256: 6235: 6209: 6184: 6166: 6164:10.14430/arctic5 6141: 6098: 6092: 6079: 6068:10.2307/27078837 6062:(1/2): 373–398. 6046: 6029: 6012: 5967: 5965: 5948: 5928: 5916: 5895: 5870: 5843: 5814: 5787: 5766: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5714: 5679: 5644: 5609: 5586: 5577: 5550: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5500: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5440: 5413: 5384: 5354: 5331:. 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The 1922 film 1520:fashion industry 1325: 1306: 1291: 1250:fashion industry 1223: 1197: 1169: 1146: 1093:, Nunavut sewed 653: 635: 625: 601: 592: 485: 457:Martin Frobisher 421:European contact 399:Russian Far East 361: 358: 338: 314: 299:Ellesmere Island 296: 269:and the eastern 214: 129: 116:fashion industry 70:Russian Far East 39: 36: 21: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6921: 6891: 6858: 6815: 6788: 6746: 6706: 6663: 6605: 6552: 6479: 6451: 6443: 6434: 6372: 6367: 6337: 6328: 6326: 6325:on 25 June 2021 6322: 6307: 6302: 6259: 6238: 6187: 6144: 6101: 6090: 6082: 6049: 6032: 6015: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5955: 5937: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5898: 5892: 5873: 5859: 5846: 5832: 5817: 5803: 5790: 5784: 5769: 5755: 5742: 5733: 5731: 5730:on 20 June 2022 5719: 5703: 5682: 5668: 5647: 5633: 5612: 5606: 5591: 5580: 5566: 5553: 5547: 5532: 5524:Arctic Clothing 5521: 5515:Arctic Clothing 5512: 5506:Arctic Clothing 5503: 5497: 5487:Arctic Clothing 5480: 5474:Arctic 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1243:outside of the 1225: 1154: 1123: 1111:Parliament Hill 1042: 1014:Sewing machines 971: 954: 915:(1972) and the 886:hunting seasons 882:hunting license 851:mission schools 806: 774:lecture circuit 704:Diamond Jenness 669: 553: 483: 423: 359: 271:Canadian Arctic 170:In what is now 150:Archaeological 136: 78:northern Canada 37: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7009: 7007: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6981:Inuit clothing 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6943: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6900:Notable people 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6756: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6716: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6692:Iñupiat Nunaat 6688: 6686: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6611:Transportation 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6500: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6445: 6444: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6423:Throat singing 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6336: 6335: 6300: 6257: 6236: 6200:(1): 117–136. 6185: 6142: 6116:(4): 432–443. 6099: 6080: 6047: 6030: 6013: 5968: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5935: 5917: 5911: 5896: 5890: 5871: 5857: 5844: 5830: 5815: 5801: 5788: 5782: 5767: 5753: 5740: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5701: 5680: 5666: 5631: 5610: 5604: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5564: 5551: 5545: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5495: 5478: 5469: 5454: 5441: 5435: 5414: 5400: 5385: 5371: 5355: 5341: 5324: 5310: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5276: 5253: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5204: 5178: 5149: 5147:, p. 100. 5137: 5111: 5080: 5054: 5023: 5011: 4994: 4982: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4919: 4904: 4892: 4866: 4840: 4828: 4802: 4790:Nunatsiaq News 4776: 4750: 4738: 4705: 4694:. 21 July 2015 4679: 4651: 4623: 4595: 4582:Nunatsiaq News 4567: 4539: 4513: 4485: 4457: 4431: 4402: 4373: 4347: 4336:on 2 July 2022 4316: 4303:Arctic Journal 4290: 4277:Nunatsiaq News 4253: 4224: 4196: 4194:, p. 3–4. 4181: 4166: 4133: 4121: 4104: 4085: 4073: 4071:, p. 129. 4061: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3984:, p. 110. 3974: 3962: 3960:, p. 115. 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3912:, p. 146. 3902: 3874: 3861:Nunatsiaq News 3846: 3818: 3790: 3762: 3734: 3708: 3682: 3656: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3592:, p. 100. 3582: 3570: 3568:, p. 108. 3558: 3546: 3531: 3516: 3504: 3476: 3448: 3422: 3420:, p. 225. 3418:Issenman 1997a 3410: 3398: 3396:, p. 226. 3394:Issenman 1997a 3386: 3374: 3372:, p. 135. 3362: 3358:Petrussen 2005 3347: 3343:Issenman 1997a 3335: 3333:, p. 378. 3331:Graugaard 2020 3323: 3294: 3268: 3256:Nunatsiaq News 3242: 3211: 3209:, p. 374. 3207:Graugaard 2020 3196: 3170: 3168:, p. 385. 3166:Graugaard 2020 3158: 3127: 3115: 3113:, p. 242. 3111:Issenman 1997a 3098: 3072: 3068:Petrussen 2005 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2998:, p. 224. 2996:Issenman 1997a 2985: 2983:, p. 179. 2981:Issenman 1997a 2973: 2961: 2920: 2908: 2906:, p. 177. 2904:Issenman 1997a 2891: 2879: 2867: 2865:, p. 132. 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2744: 2732: 2717: 2715:, p. 138. 2702: 2700:, p. 133. 2690: 2686:MacDonald 2018 2678: 2666: 2649: 2626: 2611: 2599: 2584: 2572: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2513:Issenman 1997a 2505: 2503:, p. 123. 2490: 2488:, p. 100. 2475: 2471:Issenman 1997a 2458: 2446: 2444:, p. 176. 2442:Issenman 1997a 2434: 2432:, p. 143. 2422: 2407: 2395: 2393:, p. 175. 2391:Issenman 1997a 2383: 2381:, p. 109. 2371: 2359: 2347: 2345:, p. 124. 2335: 2333:, p. 180. 2316: 2314:, p. 110. 2304: 2302:, p. 102. 2292: 2288:Issenman 1997a 2280: 2268: 2251: 2236: 2232:Issenman 1997a 2224: 2220:Issenman 1997a 2212: 2210:, p. 174. 2208:Issenman 1997a 2200: 2198:, p. 164. 2196:Issenman 1997a 2185: 2183:, p. 336. 2173: 2169:Issenman 1997a 2161: 2149: 2147:, p. 171. 2145:Issenman 1997a 2137: 2125: 2121:Issenman 1997a 2113: 2101: 2097:Issenman 1997a 2089: 2087:, p. 114. 2077: 2073:Issenman 1997a 2065: 2061:Issenman 1997b 2053: 2051:, p. 112. 2038: 2034:Issenman 1997a 2026: 2022:Issenman 1997b 2011: 2007:Issenman 1997a 1999: 1984: 1980:Issenman 1997b 1969: 1957: 1953:Issenman 1997b 1945: 1933: 1929:Issenman 1997a 1921: 1919:, p. 113. 1904: 1902:, p. 133. 1889: 1877: 1873:Issenman 1997a 1865: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1811:European Union 1802: 1794:Before Present 1785: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1654: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1593:snow blindness 1502: 1499: 1464:Faroe Islander 1441:Pilot Biscuits 1423: 1420: 1254:Inuit clothing 1224: 1216: 1153: 1150: 1122: 1119: 1041: 1038: 970: 967: 962:throat singers 953: 950: 805: 802: 786:his expedition 766:Frederick Cook 750:Roald Amundsen 746:Frederick Cook 731:Roald Amundsen 668: 665: 552: 549: 422: 419: 343:were found at 193:Dorset culture 172:Irkutsk Oblast 157:Inuit clothing 135: 132: 54:Arctic peoples 46:Inuit clothing 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7008: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6986:Inuit history 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6907:United States 6905: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6797:Organisations 6795: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6359: 6357: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6024:(in French). 6023: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5858:2-7604-0794-2 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5754:1-55054-195-1 5750: 5746: 5741: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5496:9780773530089 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5372:0-7717-0182-9 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5342:0-660-14027-6 5338: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5311:9781772823004 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5254:90-73782-72-4 5250: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5222:. p. 70. 5221: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5205: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5138: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5021:, p. 77. 5020: 5015: 5012: 5009:, p. 74. 5008: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4992:, p. 71. 4991: 4986: 4983: 4980:, p. 67. 4979: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4956: 4953:, p. 65. 4952: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4929:, p. 84. 4928: 4923: 4920: 4917:, p. 62. 4916: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4902:, p. 61. 4901: 4896: 4893: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4841: 4838:, p. 38. 4837: 4832: 4829: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4777: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4748:, p. 10. 4747: 4742: 4739: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4706: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4668:. 5 July 2016 4667: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4486: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4458: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4348: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4317: 4305:. 3 July 2013 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4179:, p. 24. 4178: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4119:, p. 25. 4118: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4083:, p. 17. 4082: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4059:, p. 17. 4058: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4023:, p. 32. 4022: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3936:, p. 46. 3935: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3903: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3645:. 17 May 2016 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3616:, p. 71. 3615: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3544:, p. 18. 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3449: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3360:, p. 47. 3359: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3147:. 20 May 2017 3146: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3125:, p. 48. 3124: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3070:, p. 45. 3069: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3046:, p. 41. 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3022:, p. 47. 3021: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3008:McGregor 2011 3004: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2889:, p. 46. 2888: 2883: 2880: 2877:, p. 93. 2876: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2757:, p. 42. 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742:, p. 41. 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2688:, p. 53. 2687: 2682: 2679: 2676:, p. 37. 2675: 2670: 2667: 2664:, p. 32. 2663: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2647:, p. 35. 2646: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2624:, p. 33. 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2609:, p. 98. 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2539:, p. 92. 2538: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2456:, p. 21. 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430:Petersen 2003 2426: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2405:, p. 64. 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2266:, p. 89. 2265: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2234:, p. 98. 2233: 2228: 2225: 2222:, p. 29. 2221: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:McGovern 2000 2177: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2157:McGovern 2000 2153: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2135:, p. 14. 2134: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2111:, p. 16. 2110: 2105: 2102: 2099:, p. 24. 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085:Issenman 2000 2081: 2078: 2075:, p. 21. 2074: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2049:Issenman 2000 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2024:, p. 44. 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1997:, p. 11. 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1967:, p. 36. 1966: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1943:, p. 15. 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917:Issenman 2000 1913: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1875:, p. 11. 1874: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1847: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1651: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:Isaac Mizrahi 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:1960s fashion 1573: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1544:puffer jacket 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:Inuit culture 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1366:fashion shows 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1229: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1183:Inuit culture 1180: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1151: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068:Hunter Tootoo 1066: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1049:Hunter Tootoo 1046: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 968: 963: 958: 951: 949: 947: 941: 938: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:United States 911:goods in the 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:Caribou Inuit 875: 871: 863: 859: 855: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 832: 825: 821: 820: 815: 810: 803: 801: 797: 795: 794:Netsilingmiut 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 699: 697: 696:Graham Rowley 693: 684: 683: 678: 673: 666: 664: 660: 657: 652: 647: 643: 639: 634: 629: 624: 623: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 594: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 557: 550: 548: 546: 545:whaling ships 542: 538: 534: 529: 525: 521: 520:Kodiak Island 517: 513: 508: 505: 501: 497: 494: 481: 477: 472: 468: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 446: 441: 439: 438: 427: 420: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 391:Yupik peoples 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 336: 329: 324: 322: 316: 313: 308: 304: 300: 295: 294: 288: 284: 280: 279:Thule culture 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 216: 213: 212: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 166: 162: 158: 153: 145: 140: 133: 131: 128: 127: 121: 117: 113: 107: 104: 100: 95: 90: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 31: 27: 19: 6781: 6735:Nunavik ᓄᓇᕕᒃ 6730:Nunavut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ 6543: 6539:Snow goggles 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6492: 6327:. 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