33:
850:
843:
651:
644:
1001:
994:
695:
688:
906:
899:
457:
450:
954:
947:
748:
741:
1049:
1042:
801:
794:
505:
498:
556:
549:
605:
598:
1096:
44:
1088:
3168:
3180:
281:". Bills of credit could not be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold or silver coins upon demand, but were redeemable at a time specified in the future. Bills of credit were usually issued by colonial governments to pay debts. The governments would then retire the currency by accepting the bills for payment of taxes. When colonial governments issued too many bills of credit or failed to tax them out of circulation,
337:, extended the restrictions to the colonies south of New England. Unlike the earlier act, this act did not prohibit the colonies in question from issuing paper money but it forbade them to designate their currency as legal tender for public or private debts. That prohibition created tension between the colonies and the mother country and has sometimes been seen as a contributing factor in the coming of the
3156:
2766:
2754:
293:, were frequently at war. Pennsylvania, however, was responsible in not issuing too much currency, offering an example of a successful government-managed monetary system. Pennsylvania's paper currency, secured by land, generally maintained its value against gold from 1723 until the Revolution broke out in 1775.
273:
However, as the colonies began printing their own money, location-based socio economic issues soon followed. Most of these concerns were rooted in each colony having different values of the dollar, which made any inter-colony transactions a confusing mess. By the time
Parliament decided to prohibit
1223:
badly during the war, giving rise to the famous phrase "not worth a continental". A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between
Congress and the states, which continued to issue bills of credit. "Some think that the rebel bills depreciated because people lost confidence in
1282:
of their face value. Congress attempted to reform the currency by removing the old bills from circulation and issuing new ones, without success. By May 1781, Continentals had become so worthless that they ceased to circulate as money. Franklin noted that the depreciation of the currency had, in
1247:
The artists they employed performed so well that immense quantities of these counterfeits which issued from the
British government in New York, were circulated among the inhabitants of all the states, before the fraud was detected. This operated significantly in depreciating the whole
1347:
By the constitution of the United States, the several states are prohibited from coining money, emitting bills of credit, or making anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts. But no intention can be inferred from this to deny to congress either of these
1318:,000 in silver coins. The Bank of North America also issued notes convertible into gold or silver. Morris also presided over the creation of the first mint operated by the U.S. government, which struck the first coins of the United States, the
371:. Examples were selected based on the notability of the signers, followed by issue date and condition. The initial selection criteria for notability was drawn from a list of currency signers who were also known to have attended the 1765
341:. After much lobbying, Parliament amended the act in 1773, permitting the colonies to issue paper currency as legal tender for public debts. Shortly thereafter, some colonies once again began issuing paper money. When the
239:
origin. For most of the 17th and 18th century, the
Spanish dollar was one of the few widely accepted denominations by the people, which resulted in it serving as the colonists' interim currency. The prevalence of the
2808:
1313:
loaned to the United States by France. Morris helped finance the final stages of the war by issuing notes in his name, backed by his personal line of credit, which was further backed by a French loan of
1423:
Obverse and reverse images have been prepared separately for table preparation purposes. Some of the notes obverse/reverse are not on the same orientation which would make single images containing both
2801:
1343:
the
Supreme Court of the United States settled an ongoing and very heated debate on whether this restriction of issuing bills of credit was also extended to the Federal government:
1228:. "Not so. There were simply too many of them." Congress and the states lacked the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds.
2794:
3205:
1491:
Waddell was a New York City
Alderman (1773–77) with the authority to sign currency issued to fund the "water works" under construction near Broadway and Chambers streets.
274:
the printing of paper money in the colonies, their hired counterfeiters were able to take advantage of the common people, widening the gaps between socioeconomic classes.
32:
923:
2246:
2846:
2817:
1670:
3210:
1442:
Williams, Seymour, and Payne (among others) were appointed to a committee to print and sign currency for the Colony of
Connecticut in the amount of 50,000 pounds.
3009:
1302:
2984:
1885:
1908:
2770:
1290:
formally forbade its members to use the notes. In the 1790s, after the ratification of the United States
Constitution, Continentals could be exchanged for
1554:
Scott, Smyth, and Weston (among others) were appointed commissioners with the authority to print and sign one million dollars of South
Carolina currency.
144:— to fund the war effort. To meet the monetary demands of the war, State and Continental governments printed large amounts of currency, leading to rapid
2340:
2025:
An Act describing the tenor of notes and certificates to be issued by the
Treasurer of this state and appointing a committee to counter sign said notes
152:
gangs contributed further to the decreased value. By its conclusion, only a few counterfeiters had been caught and preemptively hanged, for the crime.
376:
1337:
so that the individual states could not issue bills of credit or "make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts". However, in
3200:
2999:
2293:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2904:
2023:
2698:
2679:
2615:
2466:
1358:
102:
760:
232:
2782:
Creating the U.S. Dollar Currency Union,1748–1811: A Quest for Monetary Stability or a Usurpation of State Sovereignty for Personal Gain?
2094:
320:
for public debts (i.e. paying taxes), but disallowed their use for private debts (e.g. for paying merchants). In 1776, British economist
2841:
1373:
1286:
For this reason, some Quakers, whose pacifism did not permit them to pay war taxes, also refused to use Continentals, and at least one
3082:
2538:
2491:
2831:
2739:
2724:
2660:
2104:
1918:
755:
300:
of colonial currency was harmful to creditors in Great Britain when colonists paid their debts with money that had lost value. The
263:. Other colonies followed the example of Massachusetts Bay by issuing their own paper currency in subsequent military conflicts.
3052:
1111:
began issuing paper money known as Continental currency, or Continentals. Continental currency was denominated in dollars from $
2781:
1095:
3037:
1087:
650:
643:
3122:
3032:
2880:
2868:
1082:
364:
3087:
1000:
993:
849:
842:
694:
687:
905:
898:
1814:
953:
946:
617:
456:
449:
345:
began in 1775, all of the rebel colonies, soon to be independent states, issued paper money to pay for military expenses.
252:
3146:
3092:
747:
740:
2758:
1368:
301:
129:
114:
43:
2732:
Money and politics in America, 1755–1775: a study in the Currency act of 1764 and the political economy of revolution
1964:
1325:
The painful experience of the runaway inflation and collapse of the Continental dollar prompted the delegates to the
800:
793:
70:
went through several stages of development during the colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States.
3102:
2945:
1334:
1104:
1064:
1048:
1041:
973:
816:
604:
597:
555:
548:
504:
497:
384:
342:
3047:
1298:
667:
515:
380:
75:
244:
throughout the Colonies led to the money of the United States being denominated in dollars, rather than pounds.
871:
128:, the Colonies became independent states. No longer subject to monetary regulations arbitrarily imposed by the
52:
3072:
1326:
1220:
877:
773:
720:
623:
477:
428:
368:
297:
204:
145:
1414:
Visually attractive and early examples were digitized and additional signer research was conducted later.
714:
79:
60:
3077:
3062:
3057:
1339:
1306:
326:
1305:. Morris advocated the creation of the first financial institution chartered by the United States, the
260:
2626:
2153:
1132:
The Continental Currency dollar was valued relative to the states' currencies at the following rates:
3184:
2836:
2717:
The currency of the American colonies, 1700–1764: a study in colonial finance and imperial relations.
1699:
Lester, Richard A. (1938). "Currency Issues to Overcome Depressions in Pennsylvania, 1723 and 1729".
1573:
1388:
1363:
1213:
1197:
1108:
987:
836:
767:
577:
236:
137:
133:
71:
2979:
1151:
1147:
681:
637:
525:
338:
267:
228:
216:
125:
110:
3172:
3097:
3067:
2933:
2509:"The Bank of North America and Robert Morris's Management of the Nation's First Financial Crisis"
1724:
1716:
1187:
1155:
1015:
940:
892:
706:
422:
372:
248:
220:
37:
2508:
148:. By the end of the war, these paper notes became effectively worthless. Additionally, British
2892:
2886:
2786:
2735:
2720:
2694:
2675:
2656:
2611:
2487:
2462:
2100:
1914:
1319:
1240:
1236:
1143:
911:
443:
360:
86:
56:
2639:
2199:
2176:
3127:
1708:
1232:
1225:
1183:
734:
1659:
based on the English calendar at the time, and equivalent to February 13, 1691 "new style"
1482:
Act authorizing Ephraim Robinson and Joseph Pearson to countersign New Hampshire currency.
1464:
O’Bryen, Treasurer of Georgia, was elected to the Continental Congress but did not attend.
2862:
1378:
1330:
1054:
966:
806:
471:
354:
290:
278:
177:
165:
90:
1452:
1393:
1383:
1287:
1193:
1179:
1175:
1159:
1059:
1035:
1029:
1020:
961:
934:
886:
859:
830:
821:
787:
781:
728:
631:
591:
536:
491:
485:
437:
241:
224:
98:
1125:, including many odd denominations in between. During the Revolution, Congress issued
3194:
2927:
1728:
1291:
1224:
them or because they were not backed by tangible assets", writes financial historian
1137:
542:
256:
94:
17:
3160:
2951:
1310:
510:
334:
317:
309:
305:
247:
One by one, colonies began to issue their own paper money to serve as a convenient
169:
118:
1545:
Act passed June 1780 authorizing Harris and Bowler to sign Rhode Island currency.
3042:
2921:
2295:
Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England
563:
313:
286:
173:
149:
106:
2939:
2874:
321:
27:
Money in the English/British American colonies and the pre-1789 United States
3133:
2898:
282:
185:
266:
The oldest surviving bill bears the date "February 3, 1690" and was for 20
2765:
2753:
2691:
One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe
2155:
North Carolina State House of Representatives – Past Speakers of the House
255:
created "the first authorized paper money issued by any government in the
208:
2719:
Dissertations in American economic history. New York: Arno Press, 1975.
2342:
An ordinance for the printing, stamping and issuing one million dollars…
2776:
2099:, Laws of New Hampshire: First constitutional period, 1784–1792, 2004,
1720:
1536:
Hopkinson, Jones, and Fisher authorized to sign Pennsylvania currency.
1500:
Downing served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses from 1735 to 1739.
259:". This paper money was issued to pay for a military expedition during
189:
2777:
Currency Issues to Overcome Depressions in Pennsylvania, 1723 and 1729
2592:
Juilliard v. Greenman, 110 U.S. 421, 4 S.Ct. 122, 28 L.Ed. 204 (1884)
2028:, Laws of New Hampshire: First constitutional period, 1784–1792, 1916
197:
193:
78:
to make the earliest coinage of the colony (the willow, the oak, and
2461:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 259–260.
2178:
Letter from George Burrington to the Board of Trade of Great Britain
1433:
Date of the first issue of paper currency for each of the Colonies.
1712:
2539:"How Robert Morris's "Magick" Money Saved the American Revolution"
1094:
1086:
212:
161:
48:
2248:
The Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania from 1682 to 1801, Volume 8
2201:
Minutes of the Upper House of the North Carolina General Assembly
1819:, The public records of the Colony of Connecticut 1636–1776, 1890
215:. The value of each denomination varied from Colony to Colony; a
181:
2790:
1910:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005
1674:, Volume 1, Issue 4 (American Economic Association, 1900) p.307
1297:
After the collapse of Continental currency, Congress appointed
2345:, Statutes at Large of South Carolina: Acts, 1753 – 1786, 1838
1635:, Volume 1, Issue 4 (American Economic Association, 1900) p.10
1473:
Couden served as Mayor of Annapolis from 1785–86 and 1790–91.
1633:
Currency and Banking in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay
324:
criticized colonial bills of credit in his most famous work,
1527:
Swann served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses in 1729.
1887:
Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, Volume 11
391:
Complete 13-colony set of United States Colonial currency
223:. All colonial pounds were of less value than the British
121:
in 1751, 1764, and 1773 to regulate colonial paper money.
2734:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
140:
also issued paper money during the Revolution — known as
1231:
Another problem was that the British successfully waged
308:
to regulate the paper money issued by the colonies. The
2428:
2426:
2424:
2399:
2397:
2395:
1797:
1795:
2674:(5th ed.). Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications.
2655:(3rd ed.). Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications.
1682:
1680:
1643:
1641:
349:
Thirteen Colony set of United States Colonial currency
277:
The paper bills issued by the colonies were known as "
200:, served as money at various times in many locations.
3144:
2610:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
1671:
and Banking in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay
3115:
3020:
2972:
2965:
2914:
2855:
2824:
2096:
Colonial And Revolutionary Families Of Pennsylvania
1272:of their face value. By 1780, the bills were worth
416:
413:
410:
404:
398:
132:, the States began to issue paper money to pay for
2484:99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns
2847:Canceled denominations of United States currency
1518:Pollock was a member of the House of Burgesses.
2148:
2146:
1509:Lovick was a member of the House of Burgesses.
1345:
1252:By the end of 1778, Continentals retained from
1245:
2158:, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina
1303:Superintendent of Finance of the United States
1099:A fifty-five dollar Continental issued in 1779
316:. It allowed the existing bills to be used as
2802:
289:and the southern colonies, which, unlike the
8:
2298:, Alfred Anthony, Printer to the State, 1864
2818:Obsolete United States currency and coinage
1451:Newman (2008) indicates the total issue in
1283:effect, acted as a tax to pay for the war.
1091:Continental One Third Dollar Note (obverse)
363:set of colonial currency below is from the
3206:Historical currencies of the United States
2969:
2911:
2809:
2795:
2787:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1309:, in 1782. The bank was funded in part by
389:
2627:"Credit in the Colonial American Economy"
2583:U.S. Constitution, Article I, section 10.
377:United States Declaration of Independence
1620:
42:
31:
3151:
1565:
1407:
312:restricted the issue of paper money in
219:, for example, was not equivalent to a
3211:Financial history of the United States
2562:
2444:
2432:
2415:
2403:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2327:
2315:
2280:
2268:
2233:
2221:
2137:
2125:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1951:
1939:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1801:
1786:
1765:
1686:
1647:
1455:despite the currency issue in dollars.
285:resulted. This happened especially in
227:. The coins in circulation during the
2518:. University of Pittsburgh Press: 162
2251:, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1902
1777:Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 12–29.
1753:
1741:
1598:
1359:Economic history of the United States
184:(coins and paper money) were scarce.
85:Because few coins were minted in the
51:note of paper currency issued by the
7:
2574:Morris Papers, Volume 7, pp. 761–765
1913:, Government Printing Office, 2005,
2842:History of the United States dollar
2771:Currency of the American Revolution
1374:History of the United States dollar
2543:Journal of the American Revolution
2486:. Picket Line Press. p. 166.
2459:Counterfeiting in Colonial America
1890:, Government Printing Office, 1908
160:There were three general types of
25:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3010:one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill
2764:
2752:
2672:The Early Paper Money of America
2653:The Early Paper Money of America
2640:"Money in the American Colonies"
2537:Unger, Harlow (March 12, 2019).
2204:, Documenting the American South
2181:, Documenting the American South
1047:
1040:
999:
992:
952:
945:
904:
897:
848:
841:
799:
792:
746:
739:
693:
686:
649:
642:
603:
596:
554:
547:
503:
496:
455:
448:
180:. Commodity money was used when
3038:Compound interest treasury note
2985:Large denominations of currency
2625:Flynn, David (March 16, 2008).
1239:Continentals on a large scale.
47:Obverse and reverse of a three
3201:Banknotes of the United States
3123:Black Eagle Silver Certificate
2638:Michener, Ron (June 8, 2003).
1083:Continental currency banknotes
365:National Numismatic Collection
105:governments, at times, issued
1:
253:Province of Massachusetts Bay
3093:Treasury Note (19th century)
2642:. In Whaples, Robert (ed.).
2629:. In Whaples, Robert (ed.).
1701:Journal of Political Economy
1574:"The Hull Mint - Boston, MA"
251:. On December 10, 1690, the
3021:Discontinued currency types
1369:History of economic thought
270:, equivalent to one pound.
3227:
3103:United States postal notes
2973:Discontinued denominations
2689:Wright, Robert E. (2008).
1335:United States Constitution
1105:American Revolutionary War
1080:
1065:Robert Carter Nicholas Sr.
385:United States Constitution
352:
343:American Revolutionary War
3048:Federal Reserve Bank Note
3000:five-thousand-dollar bill
2693:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2608:The Encyclopedia of Money
1969:, Maryland State Archives
1816:Public Records, May, 1775
1327:Constitutional Convention
1129:in Continental currency.
1014:
972:
922:
870:
815:
766:
713:
666:
616:
576:
524:
470:
421:
407:
401:
395:
381:Articles of Confederation
203:Cash in the Colonies was
97:, foreign coins like the
89:, which later became the
76:Massachusetts legislature
3005:ten-thousand-dollar bill
2995:one-thousand-dollar bill
2990:five-hundred-dollar bill
2670:Newman, Eric P. (2008).
2651:Newman, Eric P. (1990).
2482:Gross, David M. (2014).
1668:Andrew McFarland Davis,
1631:Andrew McFarland Davis,
101:were widely circulated.
53:Province of Pennsylvania
3073:National Gold Bank Note
3028:Early American currency
2516:Papers of Robert Morris
2457:Scott, Kenneth (2000).
916:Robert Strettell Jones,
369:Smithsonian Institution
268:Massachusetts shillings
68:Early American currency
2730:Ernst, Joseph Albert.
1350:
1331:gold and silver clause
1250:
1100:
1092:
80:the pine tree shilling
74:was authorized by the
64:
40:
3088:Treasury or Coin Note
3078:Refunding Certificate
3063:Interest bearing note
3058:Hawaii overprint note
2832:United States coinage
2606:Allen, Larry (2009).
1340:Juilliard v. Greenman
1307:Bank of North America
1294:at 1% of face value.
1219:Continental currency
1098:
1090:
335:Currency Act, in 1764
327:The Wealth of Nations
231:were, most often, of
46:
35:
3033:Continental currency
2837:United States dollar
2773:at Wikimedia Commons
2761:at Wikimedia Commons
1389:United States dollar
1364:Federal Reserve Note
1109:Continental Congress
1077:Continental currency
142:Continental currency
138:Continental Congress
18:Continental currency
2980:Fractional currency
2644:EH.Net Encyclopedia
2631:EH.Net Encyclopedia
2507:Nuxoll, Elizabeth.
1107:began in 1775, the
568:Thomas Netherclift,
392:
339:American Revolution
217:Massachusetts pound
164:in the Colonies of
126:American Revolution
111:economic activities
3098:United States Note
3083:Silver certificate
3068:National Bank Note
2934:Three-dollar piece
1580:. January 20, 2012
1322:patterns of 1783.
1101:
1093:
707:John Taylor Gilman
390:
373:Stamp Act Congress
302:British Parliament
261:King William's War
249:medium of exchange
221:Pennsylvania pound
130:British Parliament
115:British Parliament
65:
41:
38:pine tree shilling
3142:
3141:
3111:
3110:
2961:
2960:
2954:(1850–1933; 2009)
2905:Twenty-cent piece
2893:Three-cent silver
2887:Three-cent nickel
2769:Media related to
2759:Colonial currency
2757:Media related to
2715:Brock, Leslie V.
2700:978-0-07-154393-4
2681:978-0-89689-326-9
2617:978-1-59884-251-7
2468:978-0-8122-1731-5
1768:, pp. 24–25.
1744:, pp. 96–98.
1320:Nova Constellatio
1241:Benjamin Franklin
1071:
1070:
912:Francis Hopkinson
702:Ephraim Robinson,
156:Colonial currency
134:military expenses
87:Thirteen Colonies
57:Benjamin Franklin
16:(Redirected from
3218:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3128:Brasher Doubloon
3053:Gold certificate
2970:
2912:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2788:
2768:
2756:
2704:
2685:
2666:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1317:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1233:economic warfare
1226:Robert E. Wright
1211:
1210:
1206:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1051:
1044:
1003:
996:
956:
949:
908:
901:
855:William Downing,
852:
845:
811:William Waddell
803:
796:
761:John Stevens Jr.
750:
743:
697:
690:
653:
646:
607:
600:
570:William O’Bryen,
558:
551:
507:
500:
462:Elisha Williams,
459:
452:
393:
176:and trade-based
21:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3107:
3016:
2957:
2910:
2851:
2820:
2815:
2749:
2712:
2710:Further reading
2707:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2669:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2618:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1379:Monetary policy
1355:
1329:to include the
1315:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1058:
1055:Peyton Randolph
1010:Plowden Weston
1009:
1007:
967:Jonathan Arnold
965:
960:
918:William Fisher
917:
915:
865:
864:Cullen Pollock,
863:
858:
856:
810:
807:John Cruger Jr.
759:
754:
705:
704:Joseph Pearson,
703:
701:
662:Edward Eveleth
661:
659:
657:
611:
571:
569:
567:
562:
519:
514:
466:Benjamin Payne
465:
464:Thomas Seymour,
463:
361:Thirteen Colony
357:
355:Bills of credit
351:
304:passed several
291:Middle Colonies
279:bills of credit
178:commodity money
166:British America
158:
91:United Colonies
55:and printed by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2881:Two-cent piece
2878:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2762:
2748:
2747:External links
2745:
2744:
2743:
2728:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2686:
2680:
2667:
2661:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2616:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2555:
2529:
2499:
2493:978-1490572741
2492:
2474:
2467:
2449:
2437:
2420:
2408:
2391:
2379:
2377:, p. 437.
2367:
2365:, p. 443.
2355:
2332:
2330:, p. 405.
2320:
2318:, p. 426.
2308:
2285:
2283:, p. 371.
2273:
2271:, p. 399.
2261:
2238:
2236:, p. 331.
2226:
2224:, p. 346.
2214:
2191:
2168:
2142:
2140:, p. 313.
2130:
2128:, p. 315.
2118:
2105:
2086:
2084:, p. 269.
2074:
2072:, p. 285.
2062:
2060:, p. 247.
2050:
2048:, p. 260.
2038:
2015:
2013:, p. 223.
2003:
2001:, p. 183.
1991:
1989:, p. 200.
1979:
1956:
1954:, p. 167.
1944:
1942:, p. 172.
1932:
1919:
1900:
1877:
1875:, p. 130.
1865:
1863:, p. 151.
1853:
1851:, p. 119.
1841:
1839:, p. 125.
1829:
1806:
1791:
1789:, p. 110.
1779:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1713:10.1086/255233
1707:(3): 324–375.
1691:
1676:
1661:
1652:
1637:
1624:
1602:
1591:
1578:Waymarking.com
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1453:Pound sterling
1444:
1435:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:Hyperinflation
1391:
1386:
1384:Money creation
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1292:treasury bonds
1288:Yearly Meeting
1237:counterfeiting
1217:
1216:
1214:South Carolina
1200:
1198:North Carolina
1192:8 shillings –
1190:
1162:
1142:6 shillings –
1140:
1136:5 shillings –
1078:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1060:John Blair Jr.
1052:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
985:
982:
979:
976:
974:South Carolina
970:
969:
962:Metcalf Bowler
957:
950:
943:
938:
932:
929:
926:
920:
919:
909:
902:
895:
890:
884:
881:
874:
868:
867:
860:Edward Moseley
853:
846:
839:
834:
828:
825:
819:
817:North Carolina
813:
812:
804:
797:
790:
785:
779:
776:
770:
764:
763:
751:
744:
737:
732:
726:
723:
717:
711:
710:
700:James McClure,
698:
691:
684:
679:
676:
673:
670:
664:
663:
658:Jonathan Hale,
656:Robert Choate,
654:
647:
640:
635:
629:
626:
620:
614:
613:
612:Robert Couden
608:
601:
594:
589:
586:
583:
580:
574:
573:
572:Nehemiah Wade
559:
552:
545:
540:
534:
531:
528:
522:
521:
516:Thomas Collins
508:
501:
494:
489:
483:
480:
474:
468:
467:
460:
453:
446:
441:
435:
432:
425:
419:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
375:or signed the
353:Main article:
350:
347:
242:Spanish dollar
225:pound sterling
170:specie (coins)
157:
154:
150:counterfeiting
109:to facilitate
99:Spanish dollar
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3223:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3186:
3185:United States
3176:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3148:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:Quarter eagle
2926:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2740:0-8078-1217-X
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:0-405-07257-0
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2662:0-87341-120-X
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2565:, p. 62.
2564:
2559:
2556:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2447:, p. 52.
2446:
2441:
2438:
2435:, p. 49.
2434:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:, p. 50.
2417:
2412:
2409:
2406:, p. 17.
2405:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:, p. 16.
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2108:
2106:9780806352398
2102:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1966:Robert Couden
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1922:
1920:9780160731761
1916:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1804:, p. 89.
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1756:, p. 98.
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1689:, p. 45.
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1650:, p. 11.
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:Michener 2003
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:bullion coins
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Robert Morris
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1249:
1244:
1243:later wrote:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:New Hampshire
1149:
1148:Massachusetts
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:$ 241,552,780
1110:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
971:
968:
963:
959:Caleb Harris,
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
925:
921:
913:
910:
907:
903:
900:
896:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
873:
869:
866:Thomas Swann
861:
854:
851:
847:
844:
840:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
818:
814:
808:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
775:
771:
769:
765:
762:
757:
753:Robert Smith,
752:
749:
745:
742:
738:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
699:
696:
692:
689:
685:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
669:
668:New Hampshire
665:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
625:
621:
619:
618:Massachusetts
615:
610:John Clapham,
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
579:
575:
565:
561:Charles Kent,
560:
557:
553:
550:
546:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
527:
523:
520:Boaz Manlove
517:
512:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
479:
475:
473:
469:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
426:
424:
420:
394:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
330:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Currency Acts
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
269:
264:
262:
258:
257:Western World
254:
250:
245:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
119:Currency Acts
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:United States
93:and then the
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3027:
2952:Double eagle
2731:
2716:
2690:
2671:
2652:
2643:
2630:
2607:
2599:Bibliography
2588:
2579:
2570:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2515:
2502:
2483:
2477:
2458:
2452:
2440:
2411:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2347:, retrieved
2341:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2300:, retrieved
2294:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2253:, retrieved
2247:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2206:, retrieved
2200:
2194:
2183:, retrieved
2177:
2171:
2160:, retrieved
2154:
2133:
2121:
2110:, retrieved
2095:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2030:, retrieved
2024:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1971:, retrieved
1965:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1924:, retrieved
1909:
1903:
1892:, retrieved
1886:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1821:, retrieved
1815:
1809:
1782:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1632:
1627:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1424:distracting.
1419:
1410:
1398:
1346:
1338:
1324:
1296:
1285:
1251:
1246:
1230:
1218:
1212:shillings –
1188:Pennsylvania
1174:shillings –
1156:Rhode Island
1131:
1102:
1072:
984:$ 1,000,000
924:Rhode Island
872:Pennsylvania
857:John Lovick,
511:John McKinly
358:
332:
325:
318:legal tender
298:depreciation
295:
276:
272:
265:
246:
229:Colonial Era
202:
159:
146:depreciation
141:
123:
84:
67:
66:
29:
3173:Numismatics
3043:Demand Note
2948:(1795–1933)
2942:(1795–1929)
2936:(1854–1889)
2930:(1796–1929)
2924:(1849–1889)
2922:Gold dollar
2907:(1875–1878)
2901:(1792–1873)
2895:(1851–1873)
2889:(1865–1889)
2883:(1864–1873)
2877:(1793–1857)
2871:(1793–1857)
2563:Wright 2008
2445:Wright 2008
2433:Wright 2008
2416:Wright 2008
2404:Newman 1990
2387:Newman 1990
2375:Newman 2008
2363:Newman 2008
2328:Newman 2008
2316:Newman 2008
2281:Newman 2008
2269:Newman 2008
2234:Newman 2008
2222:Newman 2008
2138:Newman 2008
2126:Newman 2008
2082:Newman 2008
2070:Newman 2008
2058:Newman 2008
2046:Newman 2008
2011:Newman 2008
1999:Newman 2008
1987:Newman 2008
1952:Newman 2008
1940:Newman 2008
1873:Newman 2008
1861:Newman 2008
1849:Newman 2008
1837:Newman 2008
1802:Newman 2008
1787:Newman 2008
1766:Newman 2008
1687:Wright 2008
1648:Newman 1990
1221:depreciated
1144:Connecticut
1026:1773-03-04
1008:John Smyth,
1006:John Scott,
981:1779-02-08
931:1780-07-02
883:1771-03-20
827:1729-11-27
778:1775-08-02
725:1776-03-25
675:1780-04-29
660:John Brown,
628:1741-05-01
585:1770-03-01
564:William Few
533:1778-05-04
482:1776-01-01
434:1775-01-02
423:Connecticut
417:Signatures
414:Note (rev)
411:Note (obv)
314:New England
310:Act of 1751
287:New England
207:in pounds,
205:denominated
196:skins, and
186:Commodities
174:paper money
124:During the
107:paper money
82:) in 1652.
3195:Categories
2940:Half eagle
2915:Gold coins
2875:Large cent
2863:Half disme
1754:Allen 2009
1742:Allen 2009
1599:Flynn 2008
1561:References
1184:New Jersey
1103:After the
1081:See also:
715:New Jersey
678:$ 145,000
588:$ 318,000
322:Adam Smith
237:Portuguese
172:, printed
61:David Hall
3134:Funnyback
2899:Half dime
2869:Half cent
2349:April 29,
2302:April 29,
2255:April 29,
2208:April 29,
2185:April 29,
2162:April 29,
2112:April 29,
2032:April 29,
1973:April 29,
1926:April 29,
1894:April 29,
1823:April 29,
1729:154264538
1333:into the
756:John Hart
383:, or the
283:inflation
209:shillings
72:John Hull
2966:Currency
2548:July 27,
2522:July 27,
1353:See also
1194:New York
1180:Maryland
1176:Delaware
1160:Virginia
1016:Virginia
768:New York
731:100,000
578:Maryland
539:150,000
472:Delaware
333:Another
188:such as
103:Colonial
63:in 1764.
3147:Portals
3116:Related
1721:1824000
1348:powers.
1277:⁄
1267:⁄
1257:⁄
1207:⁄
1169:⁄
1138:Georgia
1116:⁄
1032:36,384
937:39,000
889:15,000
833:40,000
634:50,000
526:Georgia
488:30,000
440:15,000
396:Colony
367:at the
233:Spanish
190:tobacco
117:passed
3130:(1787)
2865:(1792)
2825:Topics
2738:
2723:
2697:
2678:
2659:
2614:
2490:
2465:
2103:
1917:
1727:
1719:
1584:May 3,
1301:to be
1067:(rev)
784:2,500
709:(rev)
408:First
405:Issue
399:Value
211:, and
198:wampum
194:beaver
168:: the
136:. The
113:. The
3161:Money
2946:Eagle
2856:Coins
2512:(PDF)
1725:S2CID
1717:JSTOR
1403:Notes
1316:$ 450
1248:mass.
978:$ 60
880:(£1)
530:$ 40
431:(£2)
402:Date
296:This
213:pence
162:money
49:pence
36:1652
2736:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2550:2020
2524:2020
2488:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2351:2014
2304:2014
2257:2014
2210:2014
2187:2014
2164:2014
2114:2014
2101:ISBN
2034:2014
1975:2014
1928:2014
1915:ISBN
1896:2014
1825:2014
1586:2022
1123:$ 80
1036:1755
988:1703
941:1710
928:$ 1
893:1723
837:1712
788:1709
735:1709
682:1709
672:$ 1
638:1690
592:1733
582:$ 1
543:1735
492:1723
444:1709
359:The
235:and
182:cash
59:and
1709:doi
1262:to
1235:by
1121:to
3197::
2541:.
2514:.
2423:^
2394:^
2145:^
1794:^
1723:.
1715:.
1705:46
1703:.
1679:^
1640:^
1605:^
1576:.
1279:40
1202:32
1196:,
1186:,
1182:,
1178:,
1158:,
1154:,
1150:,
1146:,
1023:3
876:20
824:3
719:12
427:40
387:.
379:,
192:,
3149::
2810:e
2803:t
2796:v
2742:.
2727:.
2703:.
2684:.
2665:.
2646:.
2633:.
2620:.
2552:.
2526:.
2496:.
2471:.
1731:.
1711::
1588:.
1275:1
1269:7
1265:1
1259:5
1255:1
1209:2
1205:1
1171:2
1167:1
1164:7
1118:6
1114:1
1062:,
1057:,
1030:£
1021:£
964:,
935:£
914:,
887:£
878:s
862:,
831:£
822:£
809:,
782:£
774:s
772:2
758:,
729:£
721:s
632:£
624:s
622:2
566:,
537:£
518:,
513:,
486:£
478:s
476:4
438:£
429:s
329:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
