1336:) voters vote for only a single candidate, rather than ranking candidates in order of preference. As under the contingent vote, if no candidate has an absolute majority in the first round, all but the top two are eliminated and there is a second round. However, in the two round system, voters are asked to return and vote a second time. Because of the similarities between them, the contingent vote and the two-round system can usually be expected to elect the same winner. However, in the two-round system, the voter is permitted to change one's mind from one round to another, even if their favourite candidate in the first round has not been eliminated. It also guarantees that every voter has a chance to express a preference between the top two, unlike
1142:. As under the conventional contingent vote, in an election held using the Sri Lankan form of the contingent vote each voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, and if no candidate receives an overall majority of first preference votes on the first count then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and their votes redistributed to help determine a winner in a second and final round. However, whereas under the ordinary form of the contingent vote voters can rank all of the candidates in order of preference, under Sri Lankan contingent voting the voter can only express their top three preferences (which can lead to
1396:) differs from the contingent vote in that it permits several rounds rather than just two. Under the alternative vote only candidate(s) for whom it is mathematically impossible to win are eliminated after each round, and as many rounds occur as are necessary to give one candidate an absolute majority. These differences mean that the contingent vote and alternative vote can produce different results. Because, under the contingent vote, all but two candidates are eliminated in the first round, it is possible for a candidate to be eliminated who would have gone on to win had they been allowed to receive transfers in later rounds.
949:
1180:
1170:
84:
924:
1090:
936:
1106:
candidates with the most first preferences are eliminated, and there is a second round. In the second round, the votes of the voters whose first preference had been eliminated are transferred to whichever of the two remaining candidates they ranked the highest. The votes are then counted, and whichever candidate has an absolute majority is declared elected.
1006:, and when the votes are counted, the first preference votes only are counted. If no candidate has a majority (more than half) of the votes cast, then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and the votes received by the eliminated candidates are distributed among the two remaining candidates according to voters' preferences.
1105:
There are then a maximum of two rounds of counting. In the first round only first preferences are counted. Candidates receiving an absolute majority of first preferences (i.e. more than half) are immediately declared the winner. However, if no candidate has an absolute majority, then all but the two
1309:
Second, it is possible for the victor to fail to achieve an absolute majority overall, for it is not an obligation for a voter to cast a second preference, and even when a second preference is marked, the vote will be ineffective if it is cast for a candidate who does not make it into the top two,
1101:
In an election held using the contingent vote, the voters rank the list of candidates in order of preference. Under the most common ballot layout, they place a '1' beside their most preferred candidate, a '2' beside their second most preferred, and so on. In this respect the contingent vote is the
1286:
The supplementary vote is said to encourage candidates to seek support beyond their core base of supporters in order to secure the second preferences of the supporters of other candidates, and so to create a more conciliatory campaigning style among candidates with similar policy platforms. SV is
1266:
In the 2021 London election, a record 5 percent of ballots were wholly rejected, and no candidate achieved a majority of the vote. The government responded by ending the use of the supplementary vote in 2022, citing voter confusion with a complex system. However, critics, including the Labour and
1305:
First, since the automatic dual-ballot nature of SV dispenses with any need for a runoff two weeks later – as often happens for, say, the election of the president of France – voters cast their second preferences without being certain of which candidates will make the runoff. Consequently, some
1518:
The contingent vote ... was used in
Queensland from 1892 to 1942 and for Democratic primary elections in the U.S. state of Alabama between 1915 and 1931. It has been used for presidential elections in Sri Lanka since 1978 and in 1996 ... the United Kingdom ... called it the "supplementary
1190:
The supplementary vote (SV) is a variation of the contingent vote in which the voter ranks only two of the candidates in order of preference. If a voter's first-choice candidate is eliminated but their second choice is one of the two remaining candidates, their vote is transferred to the
1356:
is a variation of the two-round system except the first round does not pick a winner, but instead picks the two highest candidates who will compete in the general election. Because the first round does not pick a winner, there will tend to be higher voter turnout in the second election.
1267:
Green parties, argued that the wasted votes were due to ballot layout and that the change was aimed at benefitting
Conservative Party candidates. They also claimed that the supplementary vote was effective in increasing multi-party participation and was popular among voters.
1287:
also likely to improve the chances of "third party" candidates by encouraging voters, who wish to do so, to vote sincerely for such candidates for whom, under systems such as first-past-the-post, they would be discouraged from doing so for tactical reasons.
1146:). Each direct presidential election going back to the first in 1981 has seen a candidate from one of the two major parties or alliances at the time winning in the first count so never has the second round of vote counting ever been conducted.
1121:
This means that if a voter's marked preferences do not include either of the candidates who survive to the second round, then it will be impossible to transfer the vote, which is therefore declared "wasted" or "exhausted".
1191:
second-choice candidate. This means that the winning candidate has the support of a majority of voters who expressed a preference among the top two, although not necessarily a majority of votes cast in the first count.
1174:
Each voter ranks at least one and no more than two candidates by placing an 'X' in one column to indicate their first choice of candidate and another 'X' in a second column to indicate their second choice of candidate.
1258:
In 2000, several districts in
England introduced directly elected mayors. It was decided to use the supplementary vote for the election of these new mayors, including the Mayor of London, and for the election of
1230:. When the Commission reported in 1993, instead of suggesting an already existing system, it recommended the supplementary vote system, which it said had never been used anywhere. In actuality,
977:
1602:
1773:
1118:
are two implementation variations, in which voters cannot rank all of the candidates but rather are only permitted to express two or three preferences, respectively.
1384:
which advances the top four candidates from a single primary, regardless of party, and uses instant-runoff voting in the general election to pick a majority winner.
1184:
A less common form is to print a single column on the ballot paper and require voters to write '1' next to their first preference and '2' next to their second.
1036:
allow for many rounds of counting, eliminating only one weakest candidate each round. IRV allows a candidate other than the top two in the first count to win.
2223:
1415:
1195:
1056:
1991:
668:
1290:
These positive effects are moderated by the incentives SV creates for voting, in some circumstances, for only candidates from among the leading three.
2393:
2383:
2119:
1971:
1735:
1410:
700:
562:
557:
2388:
2218:
1996:
1238:
970:
663:
1981:
1766:
345:
1511:
1131:
40:
869:
2345:
1532:
120:
1368:, except fewer voters in the primary round may lead to a different top-two candidates than if the whole electorate voted in both rounds.
2028:
1459:
1616:
1067:
963:
1759:
2363:
864:
2213:
2159:
1227:
854:
604:
575:
515:
2011:
1574:
2340:
1658:
586:
111:
1013:(runoff system), in which both "rounds" occur without the need for voters to go to the polls twice. For this reason, the term
2139:
649:
1260:
1241:, with the invention of SV, according to others, it was the brainchild of a Labour member of Parliament (MP) at the time,
1203:
1060:
291:
276:
261:
2182:
2167:
1986:
1094:
907:
527:
450:
371:
1630:
2233:
1956:
1946:
1807:
1353:
339:
321:
162:
1495:
Elections in
Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution
892:
2198:
1889:
1207:
1074:
783:
766:
733:
713:
497:
485:
455:
256:
214:
147:
591:
2248:
2203:
2149:
2061:
1492:
Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard Norman (2000). "The Single
Transferable Vote and the Alternative Vote Compared".
639:
632:
116:
1306:
second preferences will be declared invalid because they bear only preferences marked for eliminated candidates.
998:
used to elect a single representative in which a candidate requires a majority of votes to win. It is a form of
2238:
2124:
2082:
2001:
1926:
1862:
1820:
1455:
1435:
693:
621:
610:
473:
460:
443:
420:
398:
361:
351:
1857:
2263:
2253:
2228:
2044:
1921:
819:
673:
356:
1723:
1070:
from 1892 to 1942. To date, this has been the longest continuous use of the system anywhere in the world.
2304:
2243:
2106:
2049:
1139:
1045:
848:
728:
658:
465:
2208:
2129:
1894:
1603:"First Past the Post to be introduced for all local mayoral and police and crime commissioner elections"
1430:
1425:
1275:
1242:
1025:
1018:
756:
596:
480:
286:
265:
197:
175:
1263:
across much of
England and Wales. The supplementary vote was used for these offices from 2000 to 2022.
948:
814:
2278:
1847:
1644:
887:
874:
842:
106:
1310:
when the first preference is marked also for a candidate who does not make it into the second round.
2258:
1852:
1179:
999:
793:
627:
280:
33:
1024:
It also has similarities to other ranked-choice systems. Unlike the contingent vote, systems like
2299:
1909:
1702:
1420:
953:
824:
435:
219:
1867:
1169:
902:
2268:
2177:
2134:
2054:
1976:
1899:
1884:
1842:
1663:
1507:
1231:
1223:
1029:
859:
829:
751:
688:
522:
249:
224:
207:
75:
2309:
1941:
1797:
1782:
1694:
1682:
1617:"London mayoral election to be changed to First Past the Post system under Government plans"
1499:
1377:
1325:
1298:
1271:
1246:
1219:
1143:
1010:
940:
897:
788:
776:
490:
366:
192:
186:
168:
157:
152:
140:
101:
63:
2357:
2273:
2114:
2092:
1825:
1815:
1793:
1741:
1531:
Gajanayake, Manjula; Siriwardana, Thusitha; Isuranga, Hirantha; Jayasinghe, Pasan (2019).
1199:
928:
761:
616:
581:
502:
413:
316:
239:
181:
59:
83:
2172:
1877:
1837:
1746:
1678:
1493:
1294:
1033:
798:
738:
723:
534:
403:
378:
229:
1588:
923:
2377:
1916:
1706:
1405:
1341:
1251:
1135:
1003:
995:
807:
507:
295:
133:
96:
71:
39:
1931:
1872:
1089:
547:
311:
304:
234:
17:
2314:
2077:
2016:
1936:
1832:
425:
383:
326:
271:
2087:
2023:
1560:
2324:
2319:
1066:
In the past, the ordinary form of the contingent vote was used to elect the
1009:
The contingent vote can be considered a compressed or "instant" form of the
393:
388:
44:
1659:"Priti Patel under fire over plan to change voting system for London mayor"
935:
2144:
644:
2006:
1503:
1078:
430:
1698:
2294:
1751:
1645:"A big change is coming to how we vote for the next Mayor of London"
1533:"2019 Sri Lankan Presidential Election: Election Observation Report"
1278:
may be seen as part of the history of SV due to their similarities.
1589:"London elections 2021: Record number of mayoral votes rejected"
1755:
1017:
has also been used for this method, though this conflicts with
1685:; Cowling, David (2002). "Mayoral Referendums and Elections".
1237:
Although some commentators credit the head of the commission,
1044:
A variant of the contingent vote has been used to elect the
82:
1249:, who outlined and advocated for it in an article for the
1724:
Electoral Reform
Society press release on Torbay election
1153:
1194:
The supplementary vote was used in all elections for
2333:
2287:
2191:
2158:
2105:
2070:
2037:
1964:
1955:
1806:
1742:London Elects: How the Mayor of London is Elected
1255:magazine that was published September 29, 1989.
1234:had been in use in Australia as early as 1892.
1421:List of democracy and elections-related topics
1392:As noted above, the instant-runoff voting (or
1767:
1736:Democratic and Electoral Shifts in Queensland
971:
8:
2224:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
1498:. University of Michigan Press. p. 40.
27:Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
1631:"'Make Every Vote Matter' Says Green Party"
1561:"Supplementary fudge | Fabian Society"
1004:ranks the candidates in order of preference
1961:
1774:
1760:
1752:
978:
964:
54:
1454:This form was used to elect the Mayor of
1364:will generally pick the same winner as a
1226:to recommend a new voting system for the
1411:History and use of instant-runoff voting
1088:
38:
2219:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
1997:Sequential proportional approval voting
1540:Centre for Monitoring Election Violence
1475:
1447:
1344:may also be higher in the second vote.
70:
1206:, until 2022, when it was replaced by
1102:same as other ranked ballot methods.
7:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1416:Elected mayors in the United Kingdom
1338:the limited forms of contingent vote
2029:Indirect single transferable voting
1134:, a variant of the contingent vote
1747:Electoral Systems Index: Sri Lanka
1196:directly elected mayors in England
1068:Legislative Assembly of Queensland
25:
1282:Impact on factions and candidates
1228:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1178:
1168:
947:
934:
922:
870:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
516:Semi-proportional representation
148:First preference plurality (FPP)
2394:Non-monotonic electoral systems
2384:Single-winner electoral systems
1114:The supplementary vote and the
1073:Contingent voting was used for
2389:Preferential electoral systems
2140:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1261:police and crime commissioners
1204:police and crime commissioners
1061:police and crime commissioners
908:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
865:Moulin's impossibility theorem
830:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
1337:
734:Frustrated majorities paradox
2341:Comparison of voting systems
2183:Satisfaction approval voting
2168:Single non-transferable vote
1987:Proportional approval voting
903:Condorcet dominance theorems
843:Social and collective choice
1947:Graduated majority judgment
1382:nonpartisan blanket primary
1354:nonpartisan blanket primary
1348:Nonpartisan blanket primary
1063:in England prior to 2022.
569:By mechanism of combination
340:Proportional representation
2410:
2199:Condorcet winner criterion
1890:First-past-the-post voting
1208:first-past-the-post voting
1177:
1167:
1132:1982 presidential election
1126:Sri Lankan contingent vote
1116:Sri Lankan contingent vote
1075:Democratic party primaries
767:Multiple districts paradox
498:Fractional approval voting
486:Interactive representation
31:
2354:
2346:Voting systems by country
2249:Mutual majority criterion
2204:Condorcet loser criterion
2150:Vote linkage mixed system
2062:Largest remainders method
1789:
714:Paradoxes and pathologies
563:Mixed-member proportional
558:Mixed-member majoritarian
553:By results of combination
444:Approval-based committees
2239:Majority loser criterion
2125:Additional member system
2083:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
2002:Single transferable vote
1927:Positional voting system
1863:Minimax Condorcet method
1821:Combined approval voting
1687:Local Government Studies
1436:Single transferable vote
1218:In the early 1990s, the
1130:In Sri Lanka, since the
893:Condorcet's jury theorem
694:Double simultaneous vote
669:Rural–urban proportional
664:Dual-member proportional
626:
615:
582:Parallel (superposition)
474:Fractional social choice
461:Expanding approvals rule
290:
275:
260:
191:
180:
156:
32:Not to be confused with
2264:Resolvability criterion
2254:Participation criterion
2229:Later-no-harm criterion
2045:Highest averages method
1301:noted two flaws of SV:
1222:was established by the
1202:, and in elections for
1155:Example ballot designs
1057:directly elected mayors
1019:the more common meaning
820:Tyranny of the majority
597:Fusion (majority bonus)
414:Quota-remainder methods
2305:First-preference votes
2244:Monotonicity criterion
2214:Independence of clones
1917:Simple majoritarianism
1575:"Supplementary Voting"
1276:instant run-off voting
1098:
1046:president of Sri Lanka
954:Mathematics portal
860:Majority impossibility
849:Impossibility theorems
645:Negative vote transfer
466:Method of equal shares
87:
52:
2209:Consistency criterion
2130:Alternative vote plus
1895:Instant-runoff voting
1431:Alternative Vote Plus
1406:Ranked voting systems
1388:Instant-runoff voting
1293:Political scientists
1243:Dale Campbell-Savours
1138:is used to elect the
1095:optional preferential
1092:
1026:instant-runoff voting
1015:instant-runoff voting
757:Best-is-worst paradox
746:Pathological response
481:Direct representation
134:Single-winner methods
86:
42:
2279:Seats-to-votes ratio
2050:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
1380:is a variant of the
941:Economics portal
888:Median voter theorem
107:Comparative politics
2259:Plurality criterion
1858:Kemeny–Young method
1274:and other forms of
1156:
1140:country's president
1085:Voting and counting
1081:from 1915 to 1931.
1077:in the US state of
1000:preferential voting
929:Politics portal
640:Vote linkage system
611:Seat linkage system
198:Ranked-choice (RCV)
34:contingent election
2300:Election threshold
2234:Majority criterion
1910:Supplementary vote
1504:10.3998/mpub.16507
1154:
1150:Supplementary vote
1099:
1053:supplementary vote
825:Discursive dilemma
784:Lesser evil voting
659:Supermixed systems
362:Largest remainders
220:Round-robin voting
88:
53:
2371:
2370:
2269:Reversal symmetry
2178:Cumulative voting
2160:Semi-proportional
2135:Mixed single vote
2101:
2100:
1977:Mixed single vote
1885:Exhaustive ballot
1848:Copeland's method
1843:Condorcet methods
1783:Electoral systems
1699:10.1080/714004163
1683:Thrasher, Michael
1667:. March 16, 2021.
1664:Independent.co.uk
1619:. March 17, 2021.
1563:. March 21, 2024.
1513:978-0-472-02681-4
1270:The histories of
1232:contingent voting
1188:
1187:
1144:exhausted ballots
1055:was used to pick
988:
987:
875:Gibbard's theorem
815:Dominance paradox
752:Perverse response
456:Phragmen's method
322:Majority judgment
250:Positional voting
208:Condorcet methods
76:electoral systems
18:Contingent voting
16:(Redirected from
2401:
2310:Liquid democracy
1962:
1942:Two-round system
1853:Dodgson's method
1776:
1769:
1762:
1753:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1647:. April 7, 2022.
1641:
1635:
1634:
1633:. June 19, 2021.
1627:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1489:
1463:
1452:
1426:Alternative vote
1394:alternative vote
1378:top-four primary
1372:Top-four primary
1326:two-round system
1320:Two-round system
1299:Michael Thrasher
1272:two-round voting
1247:Patrick Dunleavy
1220:Plant Commission
1198:, including the
1182:
1172:
1157:
1136:electoral system
1034:Baldwin's method
1011:two-round system
996:electoral system
980:
973:
966:
952:
951:
939:
938:
927:
926:
882:Positive results
777:Strategic voting
674:Majority jackpot
631:
620:
491:Liquid democracy
367:National remnant
357:Highest averages
294:
279:
264:
196:
187:Alternative vote
185:
169:Partisan primary
161:
102:Mechanism design
55:
21:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2350:
2329:
2283:
2274:Smith criterion
2187:
2154:
2115:Parallel voting
2097:
2093:Imperiali quota
2066:
2033:
1951:
1905:Contingent vote
1868:Nanson's method
1826:Unified primary
1816:Approval voting
1802:
1785:
1780:
1732:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1679:Rallings, Colin
1677:
1676:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:. May 10, 2021.
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1514:
1491:
1490:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1402:
1390:
1374:
1366:blanket primary
1362:contingent vote
1350:
1328:(also known as
1322:
1317:
1315:Similar systems
1284:
1216:
1214:History and use
1200:Mayor of London
1183:
1173:
1152:
1128:
1112:
1087:
1042:
992:contingent vote
984:
946:
945:
933:
921:
913:
912:
879:
855:Arrow's theorem
845:
835:
834:
803:
773:
762:No-show paradox
743:
729:Cloning paradox
719:Spoiler effects
716:
706:
705:
680:
567:
550:
540:
539:
512:
503:Maximal lottery
470:
451:Thiele's method
440:
410:
342:
332:
331:
317:Approval voting
305:Cardinal voting
301:
246:
240:Maximal lottery
204:
136:
126:
49:contingent vote
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
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2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Limited voting
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
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1900:Coombs' method
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1878:Schulze method
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1245:and academic
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1239:Raymond Plant
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808:majority rule
806:Paradoxes of
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548:Mixed systems
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508:Random ballot
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287:Antiplurality
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215:Condorcet-IRV
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97:Social choice
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72:Social choice
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41:
35:
30:
19:
2362:
2356:
1972:Mixed-member
1957:Proportional
1932:Score voting
1904:
1873:Ranked pairs
1792:Part of the
1791:
1719:
1693:(4): 67–90.
1690:
1686:
1673:
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1625:
1611:
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1583:
1569:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
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1224:Labour Party
1217:
1193:
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1115:
1113:
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1072:
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1050:
1043:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1002:. The voter
991:
989:
881:
880:
847:
805:
804:
789:Exaggeration
775:
774:
745:
744:
718:
682:
681:
650:Mixed ballot
605:Compensatory
603:
576:compensatory
573:
568:
552:
514:
513:
472:
471:
442:
441:
412:
411:
399:List-free PR
344:
312:Score voting
303:
302:
248:
247:
235:Ranked pairs
206:
205:
138:
48:
29:
2315:Spoilt vote
2078:Droop quota
2017:Schulze STV
1992:Rural–urban
1937:STAR voting
1833:Borda count
1160:Two column
1093:Example of
689:Single vote
592:Conditional
587:Coexistence
436:Quota Borda
426:Schulze STV
384:Closed list
327:STAR voting
272:Borda count
2378:Categories
2334:Comparison
2088:Hare quota
2038:Allocation
2024:Spare vote
2012:Hare-Clark
1982:Party-list
1470:References
1324:Under the
794:Truncation
523:Cumulative
346:Party-list
121:By country
112:Comparison
2325:Unseating
2320:Sortition
1922:Plurality
1798:Economics
1707:155007579
701:Dual-vote
394:Panachage
389:Open list
379:List type
257:Plurality
153:Two-round
141:plurality
64:Economics
45:flowchart
2192:Criteria
2145:Scorporo
1794:politics
1545:July 21,
1400:See also
1332:and the
1210:(FPTP).
1110:Variants
421:Hare STV
60:Politics
58:A joint
47:for the
2364:Project
2055:D'Hondt
2007:CPO-STV
1965:Systems
1458:in the
1079:Alabama
1028:(IRV),
431:CPO-STV
281:Baldwin
230:Schulze
225:Minimax
143:methods
2358:Portal
2295:Ballot
2071:Quotas
1800:series
1705:
1519:vote."
1510:
1456:Newham
1032:, and
994:is an
296:Coombs
66:series
2288:Other
2107:Mixed
1738:(PDF)
1703:S2CID
1536:(PDF)
1442:Notes
1040:Usage
633:'MMP'
622:'AMS'
1796:and
1722:See
1547:2022
1508:ISBN
1376:The
1360:The
1352:The
1297:and
1059:and
1051:The
990:The
574:Non-
528:SNTV
117:List
74:and
62:and
2120:MMP
1695:doi
1500:doi
292:el.
277:el.
266:IRV
262:el.
2380::
2361:—
1701:.
1691:28
1689:.
1681:;
1661:.
1538:.
1516:.
1506:.
1478:^
1340:.
1021:.
628:NZ
617:UK
193:US
182:UK
165:)
158:US
43:A
1775:e
1768:t
1761:v
1709:.
1697::
1605:.
1577:.
1549:.
1502::
1462:.
979:e
972:t
965:v
630::
619::
298:)
289:(
283:)
274:(
268:)
259:(
195::
184::
160::
155:(
123:)
119:(
51:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
