75:(CFPC). The RCPSC is responsible for the development and implementation of all certifying examinations in each specialty other than Family Medicine. Specialist physicians who join the Royal College as Fellows maintain their knowledge, skills, competence and performance through participating in the Maintenance of Certification Program. For each five-year cycle, fellows of the college are required to document 400 credits, with a minimum of 40 credits obtained in each year of the cycle. Credits are earned at one to two credits per hour, based on the type of learning activity. The CFPC requires 250 credit-hours over a five-year cycle. Fifty credits must be obtained for each year of the cycle. To earn and maintain fellowship within the college, an additional 24 credit-hours of higher level learning are also required over each learning cycle. Similarly, each province and territory requires documentation of ongoing CME for licensure.
48:
discussions, and meetings to discuss published medical papers constituted the continuing learning experience. In the 1950s through to the 1980s, CME was increasingly funded by the pharmaceutical industry. Concerns regarding informational bias (both intentional and unintentional) led to increasing scrutiny of the CME funding sources. This led to the establishment of certifying agencies such as the
Society for Academic Continuing Medical Education which is an umbrella organization representing medical associations and bodies of academic medicine from the United States, Canada, Great Britain and Europe. The pharmaceutical industry has also developed guidelines regarding drug detailing and industry sponsorship of CME, such as the Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board (PAAB) and Canada's Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies (Rx&D).
125:
In 2008, professional certification for CME planners was established by the
National Commission for Certification of CME Professionals which is earned by standardized exam, and confers the Certified CME Professional (CCMEP) certificate. NC-CME maintains a registry of these certified professionals. As
141:
can easily pitch topics designed to attract commercial sponsorship," and sponsors can award grants to programs that support their marketing strategies. The
Institute of Medicine has said that CME has become too reliant on industry funding that "tends to promote a narrow focus on the products and to
117:
Activities may be classified as Formal
Learning Activities, including live planned programs, enduring materials (such as DVD- and web-based content), Process Improvement CME (or PI-CME, as defined by the American Medical Association), or Informal Learning Activities such as Internet-Point of Care
47:
Continuing medical education is not a new concept. From essentially the beginning of institutionalized medical instruction (medical instruction affiliated with medical colleges and teaching hospitals), health practitioners continued their learning by meeting with their peers. Grand rounds, case
34:
field maintain competence and learn about new and developing areas of their field. These activities may take place as live events, written publications, online programs, audio, video, or other electronic media. Content for these programs is developed, reviewed, and delivered by faculty who are
39:, any potentially conflicting financial relationships for faculty members must be both disclosed and resolved in a meaningful way. However, critics complain that drug and device manufacturers often use their financial sponsorship to bias CMEs towards marketing their own products.
477:
Xu, Amy L BS; Jain, Amit MD, FACS; Humbyrd, Casey Jo MD, MBE. Ethical
Considerations Surrounding Surgeon Ownership of Ambulatory Surgery Centers. Journal of the American College of Surgeons: September 2022 – Volume 235 – Education" – p 539–543 doi:
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brought civil and criminal charges against Warner-Lambert, which Warner-Lambert settled for $ 430 million, alleging that Warner-Lambert paid kickbacks to doctors in the form of lavish trips to attend presentations abйИЯСout
181:. "When a pharmaceutical manufacturer rewards high-prescribing physicians by directing a CME provider to pay (or overpay) them as CME faculty, consultants, or members of a speaker's bureau," wrote Morris and Taitsman.
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57:
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In the United States, many states require CME for medical professionals to maintain their licenses. Within the United States, CME for physicians is regulated by the
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Institute of
Medicine, Conflict of interest in medical research, education, and practice. Washington, D.C., National Academies Press, 2009.
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260311473_Network-Based_Continuing_Medical_Education_Social_Media_and_Professional_Development/
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for adjunctive therapy in epilepsy, but Warner-Lambert sponsored CME activities that encouraged its use for off-label indications. The
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773:
61:
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311:
Ahmed K, Ashrafian H, Hanna GB, Darzi A, Athanasiou T (October 2009). "Assessment of specialists in cardiovascular practice".
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635:
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Schofferman, Jerome. "The
Medical-Industrial Complex, Professional Medical Associations, and Continuing Medical Education".
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Warner-Lambert to pay $ 430 million to resolve criminal & civil health care liability relating to off-label promotion.
346:
733:
682:
150:
188:, which describes the connection between pharmaceutical companies, healthcare corporations, and physicians in creating
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Critics, such as Morris and
Taitsman, would prefer that the medical profession eliminate commercial support for CME.
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Morris L, Taitsman JK (December 2009). "The agenda for continuing medical education—limiting industry's influence".
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whose members evaluate published research for mutual awareness and benefit, or online professional communities.
345:
Trentin G. (Ed) (2014). Network-Based
Continuing Medical Education: Social Media and Professional Development.
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92:
87:
83:
Continuing medical education activities are developed and delivered by a variety of organizations, including:
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neglect provisions of a broader education on alternative strategies," such as communication and prevention.
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27:
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products. Physicians who undergo continuing medical education courses can oftentimes be subject to
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226:"Standards for Commercial Support: Standards to Ensure Independence in CME Activities"
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208:, who are oftentimes subject to physician bias and potentially detrimental effects.
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Despite ACCME requirements that program content be free of commercial interests, "
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163:
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442:
Press release of the U.S. Department of
Justice, Washington, DC, May 13, 2004.
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promoting products throughout the course. This can create poor outcomes for
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experts in their individual clinical areas. Similar to the process used in
409:
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Ahmed K, Ashrafian H (October 2009). "Life-long learning for physicians".
171:
97:
31:
205:
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Industry-sponsored CMEs can violate federal statutes, according to the
170:
for off-label promotion to doctors for their anti-psychotic drug,
373:. National Commission for Certification of CME Professionals, Inc
193:
488:
451:
Relman, Arnold S. "Doctors as the Key to Health Care Reform".
291:"Continuing Medical Education for Licensure Reregistration"
744:
American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine
228:. Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
126:
of June 2011, the Registry included 320 professionals.
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Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
58:
Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
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Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
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Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
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808:
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State Medical Licensure Requirements and Statistics
69:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
112:Home study nursing continuing education providers
764:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation
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8:
179:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
67:In Canada, certification is provided by the
856:Issues in higher education inside the U.S.
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739:Association of American Medical Colleges
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389:
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166:PLC has been fined $ 520 million in the
16:Post-secondary medical education program
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118:(POC) research and decision making, or
759:Liaison Committee on Medical Education
516:Medical education in the United States
149:(Neurontin), was approved by the U.S.
105:, including universities, medical and
73:College of Family Physicians of Canada
300:. American Medical Association. 2006.
7:
453:The New England journal of medicine.
861:Physician shortage inside the U.S.
749:National Resident Matching Program
14:
130:Criticism of industry sponsorship
774:American Osteopathic Association
62:American Osteopathic Association
636:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
610:International medical graduate
455:361, no. 13 (2009): 1225–1227.
1:
468:12, no. 12 (2011): 1713–1719.
466:Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.)
347:Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
184:CMEs also work alongside the
30:(CE) that helps those in the
734:American Medical Association
584:Continuing medical education
478:10.1097/XCS.0000000000000271
151:Food and Drug Administration
20:Continuing medical education
903:
552:Graduate medical education
371:"Welcome to www.nccme.org"
186:medical-industrial complex
155:U.S. Department of Justice
93:Medical education agencies
605:Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
325:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.155
313:Nature Reviews Cardiology
88:Professional associations
79:Production of CME courses
269:10.1126/science.326_227a
198:pharmaceutical companies
103:Educational institutions
835:William Stewart Halsted
202:healthcare corporations
410:10.1056/NEJMsb0905411
190:for-profit healthcare
887:Continuing education
28:continuing education
840:Andrew Taylor Still
574:Board certification
261:2009Sci...326..227A
800:Specialty colleges
631:Doctor of Medicine
43:Historical context
882:Medical education
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727:Regulatory bodies
355:978-1-63117-346-2
349:, Hauppauge, NY,
162:. More recently,
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816:Abraham Flexner
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319:(10): 659–67.
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160:off-label uses
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145:For example,
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232:14 February
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646:Comparison
567:Fellowship
557:Internship
377:2013-06-28
212:References
147:gabapentin
809:Reformers
579:Licensure
562:Residency
540:Clerkship
98:Hospitals
593:Pathways
418:20018969
333:19724254
277:19815754
206:patients
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849:Topics
695:COMLEX
671:Step:
641:MD–PhD
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667:USMLE
655:Exams
294:(PDF)
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662:MCAT
614:MBBS
414:PMID
351:ISBN
329:PMID
273:PMID
234:2012
200:and
194:bias
711:2PE
706:2CE
683:2CS
678:2CK
406:doi
402:361
321:doi
265:doi
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