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compares the use of a sliding timescale in comics to the way ageless figures in myths are depicted interacting with the contemporary world of the storyteller. When certain stories in comics, especially origin stories, are rewritten, they often retain key events but are updated to a contemporary time, such as with the comic book character Tony Stark, who invents his
252:
660:, or SORAS. Children unseen on screen for a time might reappear portrayed by an actor several years older than the original. Usually coinciding with a recast, this rapid aging is typically done to open up the character to a wider range of storylines, and to attract younger viewers. A recent example of this occurring is in the BBC's
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in New York City several times throughout a movie, but as it is extraordinarily expensive to close off Times Square, those scenes will likely be filmed all at once to reduce permit costs. Weather, the ambiance of natural light, cast and crew availability, or any number of other circumstances can also
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explanation that
Frasier was embarrassed about his father's lowbrow attitudes and thus claimed his death. This is a frequent occurrence in sitcoms, where networks may agree to continue a show, but only if a certain character is emphasized, leading other minor characters to be written out of the show
638:, many of Homer's "nods" are explicable as the consequences of the poem being retold and improvised by generations of oral poets. In the second case cited above, it is likely that two different versions are being conflated: one version with an embassy of three people, another with just two people.
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Many continuity errors are subtle, such as minor changes between shots (like the level of drink in a glass or the length of a cigarette); these minor errors often remain due to relative indifference to the final cut. While minor errors are often unnoticed by the average viewer, other errors may be
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on hand whose job is to pay attention to and attempt to maintain continuity across the chaotic and typically non-linear production schedule. It is an inconspicuous job because if done well, none may ever notice. The script supervisor gathers numerous paperwork, photographs, and other documentation
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Film production companies use various techniques to prevent continuity errors. The first would be to film all the shots for a particular scene together and all shots of consecutive scenes together (if the scenes take place together, with no break between them in the film's timeline). This allows
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suggests that comic books use this technique to satisfy "the commercial need to keep certain characters going forever". This is also due to the fact that the authors have no need to accommodate the aging of their characters, which is also typical of most animated television shows. Kevin Wanner
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to describe excessive use of continuity). Often when fans do not agree with one of the events in a story (such as the death of a favorite character), they will choose to ignore the event in question so that their enjoyment of the franchise is not diminished. When the holder of the intellectual
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The third is to avoid shooting on location entirely but instead film everything on a studio set. This allows weather and lighting to be controlled (as the shooting is indoors), and for all clothing and sets to be stored in one place to be hauled out the next day from a secure location.
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Some fiction ignores continuity to allow characters to slow or stop the aging process, despite real-world markers like major social or technological changes. In comics this is sometimes referred to as a "floating timeline", where the fiction takes place in a "continuous present".
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In cinema, special attention must be paid to continuity because scenes are rarely shot in the order in which they appear in the final film. The shooting schedule is often dictated by location permit issues and other logistics. For example, a character may return to
684:. The first few seasons took place over the course of just a few months, but by that point, Lloyd looked much older than 10. In his remaining few appearances, special effects were used to make him look younger, or the scene took place years later.
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The second major technique is for costume designers, production designers, prop masters, and make-up artists to take instant photographs of actors and sets at the beginning and end of each day's shooting (once made possible by
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Continuity is particularly a concern in the process of film and television production due to the difficulty in rectifying errors after filming ends. Continuity can also apply to other art forms, such as novels, comics, and
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When continuity mistakes have been made, explanations are often proposed by either writers or fans to smooth over discrepancies. Fans sometimes make up explanations for such errors that may or may not be integrated into
347:. The gathered information and photographs usually regard factors both within the scene and the technical details of the production, including meticulous records of camera positioning and equipment settings. Film-based
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has helped alleviate the challenge of preventing continuity errors from reaching the final cut, as it is easier to "airbrush" the errant drink glass or cigarette than it once was, albeit still not necessarily trivial.
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is the consistency of the characteristics of people, plot, objects, and places seen by the audience over some period of time. It is relevant to many genres and forms of storytelling, especially if it is long-running.
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A plot error, or a plot hole as it is commonly known, reflects a failure in the consistency of the created fictional world. A character might state he was an only child, yet later mention a sibling. In the TV show
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series, in which
Mordred is initially played by a young child in Season 4, yet suddenly grows up into his late teens in time for the start of Season 5, with the rest of the characters aging by only three years.
388:. In the first frame, Chaplin's character is seen carrying a trunk through a door, holding his hat behind him. In the immediately subsequent shot from the other side of the door, he is wearing the hat.
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The practice of accelerating the age of a television character (usually a child or teenager) in conflict with the timeline of a series and/or the real-world progression of time is popularly known as
514:, Frasier Crane's wife Lilith mentions Frasier's parents are both dead, and, in another episode, Frasier himself claims his father to have been a scientist. When the character was spun off into
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more noticeable, such as sudden drastic changes in the appearance of a character. Productions will aim to prevent such errors in continuity because they can affect the audience's
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cameras, now done with digital cameras and cell phones as well). This allows the various workers to check each day's clothing, set, props, and make-up against a previous day's.
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occurring in visual media such as film and television. Items of clothing change colors, shadows get longer or shorter, items within a scene change place or disappear, etc.
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1211:"An Aston Martini, stirred not shaken, please Pennymoney / Site lists 007 continuity gaffes in new Bond film / Odd Corsas, corpses and capitals spotted in movie"
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shot of something else happening, followed by another shot of
Groucho. Each time, Groucho's hat changes, usually to something more outrageous than before (a
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which note a large quantity of detail for maintaining the continuity of the production; Some of the gathered documents can be sometimes assembled into the
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tinuity. Retcons sometimes clarify ambiguities or correct perceived errors. This is not to be confused with the continuance of a reality (continuality).
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Editing errors can occur when a character in a scene references a scene or incident that has not occurred yet, or of which they should not yet be aware.
741:
1157:
Méon, J. M. (2018). "Sons and
Grandsons of Origins: Narrative Memory in Marvel Superhero Comics". In Ahmed, Maaheen; Crucifix, Benoît (eds.).
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loses his hat in one room, but it is instantly back on his head as he enters the next room. Rather "loose" plots and a lack of
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actors to remain in costume, in character, and in the same location (and with the same weather, if shooting on location).
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This article is about consistency throughout a single work of fiction. For a broader franchise of related works, see
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form are used, indicating more than two; but another dual verb appears at line 192 ("the two of them came forward").
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kills a minor character, Pylaimenes, in combat. Pylaimenes is later still alive to witness the death of his son.
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Sometimes a work of fiction may deliberately employ continuity errors, usually for comedy. For example, in the
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A Homeric nod (sometimes heard as 'Even Homer nods') is a term for a continuity error that has its origins in
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Wanner, Kevin J. (2018). "Authority Apart from Truth: Superhero Comic Book
Stories as Myths". In
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with no further mention of the character's existence, while the emphasized character (usually a
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There are numerous continuity errors in Homer that can be described as "nods", as for example:
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that "Those oft are
Stratagems which Errors seem, Nor is it Homer Nods, but We that Dream."
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form to indicate that there are only two people going; at lines 185ff. verbs in the
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Jeffery, Scott (2016), Jeffery, Scott (ed.), "The
Rhizome of Comic Book Culture",
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property discards all existing continuity and starts from scratch, it is known as
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The
Posthuman Body in Superhero Comics: Human, Superhuman, Transhuman, Post/Human
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A conflict with previously established facts is sometimes deliberate; this is a
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Goertz, Allie; Prescott, Julia; Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh (2018-09-18).
740:(2012), and contains intentional plot inaccuracies such as the inclusion of
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was inclined to give
Homeric nods the benefit of the doubt, saying in his
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Irreverence and the Sacred: Critical Studies in the History of Religions
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100 Things The Simpsons Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die
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armor in a different war depending on when the story is told.
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
34:. For continuity as applied to a fictional universe, see
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The reverse can also happen. On the television program
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An example of an editing error can be seen in the film
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1232:"When Continuity Counts, Call a Script Girl — Er, Guy"
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The Audience in Everyday Life: Living in a Media World
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Script Supervising and Film Continuity, Third Edition
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Superheroes!: Capes and Crusaders in Comics and Films
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Script Supervising and Film Continuity, Third Edition
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622:; however, at line 182 the poet uses a verb in the
580:"et idem indignor quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus"
358:In comic books, continuity has also come to mean a
351:were once standard but have since been replaced by
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493:made most early films rife with such errors.
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864:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1161:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 203–204.
761:(a term originally coined by the author
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362:, sometimes said to be "set in the same
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1146:. Oxford University Press. p. 84.
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27:Consistency or continuity of narrative
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960:. New York: Routledge. p. 135.
338:Most film and TV productions have a
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1159:Comics Memory: Archives and Styles
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935:. Independent News & Media
884:"Charlie Chaplin : Films"
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1209:Gillan, Audrey (2008-11-10).
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1117:(in Arabic). Triumph Books.
688:Deliberate continuity errors
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1478:Narratology
1192:Focal Press
1140:Urban, Hugh
842:Focal Press
812:Roz Kaveney
774:. See also
575:Ars Poetica
549:Homeric nod
534:retroactive
497:Plot errors
471:appears in
345:story bible
333:video games
1462:Categories
1409:Continuity
1402:Continuity
1378:Superpower
1352:Kamishibai
1340:Television
1335:Television
1267:2008-12-21
1241:2008-12-21
1222:2008-12-21
1022:Doctor Who
1001:2024-03-12
823:References
759:fanwanking
716:Napoleonic
678:Walt Lloyd
634:In modern
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524:featuring
522:an episode
324:continuity
224:March 2013
208:improve it
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61:improve it
1429:Crossover
1388:Alter ego
1368:Superhero
860:cite book
768:rebooting
699:Duck Soup
620:Achilleus
503:Plot hole
487:the Tramp
212:verifying
67:talk page
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1086:(2008).
1024:universe
1018:(2007).
817:Iron Man
720:Prussian
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364:universe
282:May 2015
1483:Phrases
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718:hat, a
712:cutaway
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268:Please
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568:poet
566:Roman
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153:JSTOR
139:books
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975:2009
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870:link
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704:shot
673:Lost
624:dual
616:Aias
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