544:. Interest-bearing certificates in denominations up to ten dollars that were issued by loan offices established by the State of Missouri and made receivable in payment of taxes or other moneys due to the State, and in payment of the fees and salaries of state officers, were held to be bills of credit whose issuance was banned by this section. The States are not forbidden, however, to issue coupons receivable for taxes, nor to execute instruments binding themselves to pay money at a future day for services rendered or money borrowed. Bills issued by state banks are not bills of credit; it is immaterial that the State is the sole stockholder of the bank, that the officers of the bank were elected by the state legislature, or that the capital of the bank was raised by the sale of state bonds.
520:, referencing the Contract Clause, wrote an opinion which found that states had no power under it to honor an extradition request from a foreign government. More recently, the kindred idea that the responsibility for the conduct of foreign relations rests exclusively with the Federal Government prompted the Court to hold that, since the oil under the three mile marginal belt along the California coast might well become the subject of international dispute and since the ocean, including this three mile belt, is of vital consequence to the nation in its desire to engage in commerce and to live in peace with the world, the Federal Government has paramount rights in and power over that belt, including full dominion over the resources of the soil under the water area. In
104:
45:
613:, believed that such a practice would jeopardize the future flow of foreign capital into the fledgling United States. Consequently, the Contract Clause, by ensuring the inviolability of sales and financing contracts, encouraged an inflow of foreign capital by reducing the risk of loss to foreign merchants trading with and investing in the former colonies.
669:. First, the state regulation must not substantially impair a contractual relationship. Second, the State "must have a significant and legitimate purpose behind the regulation, such as the remedying of a broad and general social or economic problem." Third, the law must be reasonable and appropriate for its intended purpose. This test is similar to
574:
ordinance merely provided standards of qualifications and eligibility for employment, and upheld a similar standard for admission to state bar. Later decisions all but overruled the membership standard on First
Amendment grounds, holding that such membership was actionable only when coupled with the specific intent to achieve the end.
649:. The law was enacted to prevent mass foreclosures during the Great Depression, a time of economic hardship in America. The kind of contract modification performed by the law in question was arguably similar to the kind that the Framers intended to prohibit, but the Supreme Court held that this law was a valid exercise of the state's
509:
relied in holding that the
Confederation formed by the seceding States (the States that withdrew from membership in a federal union) could not be recognized as having any legal existence. Today, its practical significance lies in the limitations which it implies upon the power of the States to deal
577:
A law that prohibited any person convicted of a felony and not subsequently pardoned from holding office in a waterfront union was not a bill of attainder because the “distinguishing feature of a bill of attainder is the substitution of a legislative for a judicial determination of guilt” and the
556:
seizes the property (bank notes) of the debtor within (a discharge of) an execution. However courts ruled valid the state laws providing that checks be drawn on local banks, as the
Constitution does not prohibit a bank depositor from consenting when he draws a check that payment may be made by
573:
Other attempts to raise bill-of-attainder claims have been unsuccessful. 5-4 Court majorities denied that a municipal ordinance that required all employees to execute oaths that they had never been affiliated with
Communist or similar organizations, violated the clause, on the grounds that the
689:
and had contractually promised the bondholders that the collateral would not be used to finance money-losing rail operations. Later, New Jersey attempted to modify law to allow financing of railway operations, and the bondholders successfully sued to prevent this from happening.
656:
Further cases have refined this holding, differentiating between governmental interference with private contracts and interference with contracts entered into by the government. There is more scrutiny when the government modifies a contract to alter its own obligations.
530:
declared: “When its action does not conflict with federal legislation, the sovereign authority of the State over the conduct of its citizens upon the high seas is analogous to the sovereign authority of the United States over its citizens in like circumstances.”
565:
Statutes enacted after the Civil War with the intent and result of excluding persons who had aided the
Confederacy from following certain callings, by the device of requiring them to take an oath that they had never given such aid, were held invalid as being
590:—that of granting "private relief." Legislatures would pass bills relieving particular persons (predictably, influential persons) of their obligation to pay their debts. It was this phenomenon that also prompted the framers to make
4106:
3369:
526:, (1941) the Court, on the other hand, ruled that this clause did not disable Florida from regulating the manner in which its own citizens may engage in sponge fishing outside its territorial waters. Speaking for a unanimous Court,
1892:
1924:
3345:
539:
In constitutional context, "bills of credit" mean paper medium of exchange intended to circulate between individuals, and between the
Government and individuals, for the ordinary social purposes. Such papers do not need to be
1354:
3542:
5578:
5396:
5333:
3946:
5434:
3898:
2648:
685:, the Supreme Court held that a higher level of scrutiny was needed for situations where laws modified the government's own contractual obligations. In this case, New Jersey had issued bonds to finance the
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1932:
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The
Framers of the Constitution added this clause in response to the fear that states would continue a practice that had been widespread under the
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2007:
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1812:
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171:
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453:
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280:
118:
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346:
202:
2183:
1034:
957:
5964:
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1948:
1460:
987:
729:
712:
371:
300:
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5303:
5103:
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1748:
578:
prohibition “embodies no further implications of appellant’s guilt than are contained in his 1920 judicial conviction.”
460:. Likewise, though prohibited from creating a state currency, states are not barred from making "gold and silver coin a
66:
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877:
653:, and that the temporary nature of the contract modification and the emergency of the situation justified the law.
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552:
Relying on this clause, the
Supreme Court has held that the creditors should be paid in gold or silver, when the
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260:
197:
30:
This article is about a clause in
Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. For other clauses in contracts, see
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4002:
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2898:
2765:
2616:
1609:
1399:
527:
522:
156:
61:
665:
The
Supreme Court laid out a three-part test for whether a law conforms with the Contract Clause in
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5601:
5504:
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1436:
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290:
181:
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2095:
1916:
1668:
1240:
1152:
1116:
1096:
1088:
1002:
725:
719:
486:
482:
452:, it allows the government to create laws barring contracts offending public policy, such as
6131:
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5753:
5681:
5666:
5401:
5346:
5308:
4703:
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2810:
2693:
2516:
2433:
2039:
1999:
1983:
1553:
1493:
1330:
1050:
616:
The clause does not prohibit the federal government from modifying or abrogating contracts.
31:
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2015:
1991:
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2890:
2757:
2590:
2492:
1224:
1062:
310:
176:
5000:
27:
Clause of the U.S. Constitution which prohibits certain actions by state governments
4636:
3425:
541:
505:
At the time of the Civil War, this clause was one of the provisions upon which the
461:
103:
1018:
510:
with matters having a bearing upon international relations. In the early case of
481:; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any
6411:
6291:
2400:
646:
624:
445:
336:
161:
17:
6136:
5920:
3328:
2023:
1030:
422:
361:
4107:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3370:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
6044:
642:
601:
During and after the Revolution, many states enacted laws favoring colonial
3346:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1893:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
1355:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1054:
706:
620:
606:
493:
1925:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
473:
No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant
440:
Among other things, this clause prohibits states from issuing their own
425:. These prohibitions are meant to protect individuals from intrusion by
6079:
5509:
553:
492:, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of
3947:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
3543:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
602:
2248:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
444:
and from enacting legislation relieving particular persons of their
3899:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
2649:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
645:
law that temporarily restricted the ability of mortgage holders to
441:
5004:
4904:
4862:
4655:
4537:
4457:
4383:
4115:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
2431:
2374:
1644:
1527:
1479:
1434:
1381:
1312:
1259:
1206:
1164:
3410:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
3280:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
38:
3907:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
4259:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
4227:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
2064:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
54:
needs attention from an expert in law or United States
3915:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
3511:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
1117:
United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey, 431 U.S. 1 (1977)
4952:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
2344:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1693:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
1626:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
3378:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
2579:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
990:, 381 U.S. 437 (1965), does not qualify this decision.
3631:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
3471:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
2547:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1797:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
1083:
1081:
1079:
448:
obligations. Although the clause recognizes people's
4211:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3797:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
3338:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
2633:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
2272:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
1957:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
1148:
1146:
922:
Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank
6473:
6445:
6425:
6404:
6373:
6347:
6326:
6300:
6264:
6213:
6182:
6166:
6145:
6124:
6103:
6087:
6078:
5957:
5587:
5452:
5332:
5289:
5214:
5186:
5165:
5102:
5089:
5038:
4695:
4672:
4333:
4123:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
3987:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
3831:
3665:
3452:
3327:
3298:
3268:
3135:
3050:
2997:
2792:
2667:
2589:
2527:
2482:
2445:
2388:
1975:
1658:
6454:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
3843:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
3693:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
1853:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
4503:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
4147:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
4083:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
3883:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
3386:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
2168:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
667:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas Power & Light
638:Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell
4519:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
4361:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
4315:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
3394:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
2939:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
1941:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1845:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
1501:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
623:Era, the Supreme Court began to depart from the
4816:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
4283:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
4059:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
3615:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
2088:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
471:
6465:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
4832:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
4291:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
3995:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3781:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
3701:International News Service v. Associated Press
3226:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
3218:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
3085:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2947:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
5016:
4345:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
4187:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
3709:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
3551:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
2216:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1176:
1095:. New York, United States: Aspen Publishers.
1037:The Contract Clause: A Constitutional History
743:Reserved powers doctrine of the United States
429:and to keep the states from intruding on the
391:
8:
3309:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
3154:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
3024:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
4776:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3813:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
3623:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
3495:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
3463:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
3258:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
2136:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
1901:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
908:, 43 U.S. (2 How.) 29, 38 (1844). See also
861:
859:
58:Extremely difficult to read. See Talk page.
6084:
5099:
5095:
5023:
5009:
5001:
4901:
4859:
4669:
4652:
4534:
4454:
4380:
4131:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
2442:
2428:
2385:
2371:
2080:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
1933:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
1655:
1641:
1524:
1476:
1431:
1378:
1309:
1256:
1203:
1183:
1169:
1161:
398:
384:
89:
6557:Clauses of the United States Constitution
3891:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3789:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
3069:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
3032:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
3016:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
3008:Straus v. American Publishers Association
2915:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
851:Houston & Texas Central R.R. v. Texas
6521:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
4203:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
3923:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
3677:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
3599:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2907:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
2120:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1829:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
1570:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
986:, 363 U.S. 144, 160 (1960). Presumably,
4808:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
4219:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
3535:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
3250:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
3210:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2835:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1965:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
1885:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1709:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
1578:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
754:
323:
227:
189:
143:
110:
92:
4171:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
4067:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3821:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
3487:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
2128:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
501:Treaties, alliances, or confederations
421:, imposes certain prohibitions on the
73:may be able to help recruit an expert.
4976:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
4736:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
4307:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
4275:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
4075:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3859:United States v. General Electric Co.
3639:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
3607:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
3442:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
3362:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
2152:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
2048:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
1677:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
1262:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
958:Konigsberg v. State Bar of California
944:, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 234, 239 (1873).
936:, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 277, 323 (1867);
701:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
683:United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey
627:constitutional interpretation of the
582:Impairing the obligation of contracts
7:
4800:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3741:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
3655:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
3354:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
3288:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
3077:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2931:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
2923:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2296:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
2008:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1837:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1789:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
1043:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
956:, 341 U.S. 716, 722–723 (1951). Cf.
896:, 51 U.S. (10 How.) 190, 205 (1851).
884:, 56 U.S. (15 How.) 304, 317 (1854).
820:, 29 U.S. (4 Pet.) 410, 425 (1830);
677:Modification of government contracts
6488:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
6015:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
4353:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
4299:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
3575:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
3402:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
3109:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
3052:International Copyright Act of 1891
1813:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
880:, 54 U.S. (13 How.) 12, 15 (1851);
5579:Drafting and ratification timeline
5324:District of Columbia Voting Rights
4163:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
3527:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
3418:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
2256:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
2240:National League of Cities v. Usery
1805:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1757:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
1347:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1286:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1233:Department of Commerce v. New York
25:
5032:Constitution of the United States
4179:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
4139:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
4011:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3851:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
3202:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
3186:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
3040:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
2144:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
2032:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
1909:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
1007:The Guardian of Every Other Right
940:, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 257 (1872);
661:Modification of private contracts
570:, as well as ex post facto laws.
5435:Convention to propose amendments
4984:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
4091:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3867:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
3717:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1781:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1765:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1741:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
1701:Swift & Co. v. United States
102:
43:
4597:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3725:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
3583:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
2955:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
2184:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1733:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
954:Garner v. Board of Public Works
868:, 36 U.S. (11 Pet.) 257 (1837).
411:Article I, Section 10, Clause 1
6050:Separation of church and state
2774:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1717:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
1586:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
912:, 43 U.S. (2 How.) 244 (1844).
635:, and the Contract Clause. In
475:Letters of Marque and Reprisal
1:
5554:Virginia Ratifying Convention
4784:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
4712:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
3300:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
3093:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2999:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
2571:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
2472:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
1949:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1869:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
1461:United States v. Munoz-Flores
960:, 366 U.S. 36, 47 n.9 (1961).
878:Darrington v. Bank of Alabama
824:, 33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 40 (1834).
776:39 U.S. (14 Pet.) 540 (1840).
713:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
641:, the Supreme Court upheld a
372:Common good constitutionalism
6515:National Constitution Center
6313:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
5612:Assemble and Petition Clause
4886:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
3559:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
2563:Schillinger v. United States
2200:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1749:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
605:to the detriment of foreign
6386:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
5440:State ratifying conventions
5377:Equal Opportunity to Govern
5372:Electoral College abolition
5299:Congressional Apportionment
4386:Necessary and Proper Clause
4155:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
3479:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
2963:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
2104:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1877:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
1509:Clinton v. City of New York
1139:459 U.S. 400, 411-13 (1983)
924:, 262 U.S. 649, 659 (1923).
866:Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky
787:United States v. California
609:. Federalists, especially
266:Right to keep and bear arms
56:. The specific problem is:
6578:
4792:City of El Paso v. Simmons
4439:United States v. Kebodeaux
3931:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
2192:Henderson v. United States
1773:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
1685:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1530:Taxing and Spending Clause
1009:(Oxford Univ. Press 1998).
415:United States Constitution
276:Criminal procedural rights
29:
5839:Privileges and Immunities
5652:Congressional enforcement
5574:Rhode Island ratification
5465:Articles of Confederation
5430:
5407:Parental Rights amendment
5098:
4928:Virginia v. West Virginia
4914:
4900:
4872:
4858:
4668:
4651:
4551:
4540:No Bills of Attainder or
4533:
4473:
4453:
4431:United States v. Comstock
4393:
4379:
3773:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
3178:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
3125:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
2441:
2427:
2384:
2370:
2328:United States v. Morrison
2280:New York v. United States
2176:North American Co. v. SEC
2112:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
1654:
1640:
1562:Springer v. United States
1540:
1523:
1489:
1475:
1447:
1430:
1394:
1377:
1325:
1308:
1272:
1255:
1219:
1202:
1039:by James W. Ely (review)"
971:"Konigsberg v. State Bar"
765:, 96 U.S. 176, 183 (1878)
588:Articles of Confederation
71:WikiProject United States
6562:Contract Clause case law
6070:Unitary executive theory
5844:Privileges or Immunities
5559:New York Circular Letter
5549:Massachusetts Compromise
4720:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4613:Barr v. City of Columbia
4565:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4323:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
3955:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3749:KVOS v. Associated Press
3519:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
3317:Dowling v. United States
3101:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
3061:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
2979:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
1453:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
1408:United States v. Johnson
837:), 114 U.S. 269 (1885);
554:marshal of a state court
347:Political process theory
5990:Dormant Commerce Clause
5834:Presidential succession
5569:Fayetteville Convention
5564:Hillsborough Convention
5500:Three-fifths Compromise
5480:Philadelphia Convention
5470:Mount Vernon Conference
5357:Campaign finance reform
4824:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
4027:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3805:Goldstein v. California
3733:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
3146:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3117:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2352:Taylor v. United States
1660:Dormant Commerce Clause
1594:United States v. Butler
1546:Hylton v. United States
1416:Gravel v. United States
1384:Speech or Debate Clause
833:Virginia Coupon Cases (
450:right to form contracts
435:U.S. federal government
342:Substantive due process
6153:William Samuel Johnson
6025:Nondelegation doctrine
5597:Admission to the Union
5544:Anti-Federalist Papers
5495:Connecticut Compromise
4960:New Jersey v. New York
4415:Sabri v. United States
4243:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
4043:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
3963:United States v. Adams
3242:De Sylva v. Ballentine
3162:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
2987:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2827:Schreiber v. Sharpless
2609:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
2320:Jones v. United States
2312:United States v. Locke
2288:United States v. Lopez
1618:Sabri v. United States
988:United States v. Brown
841:, 116 U.S. 567 (1886).
835:Poindexter v. Greenhow
498:
464:in payment of debts".
367:Strict constructionism
271:Right to trial by jury
261:Freedom of association
6360:Richard Dobbs Spaight
5829:Presidential Electors
5804:Original Jurisdiction
5744:Full Faith and Credit
5617:Assistance of Counsel
5538:The Federalist Papers
5367:Crittenden Compromise
4936:Virginia v. Tennessee
4399:McCulloch v. Maryland
3454:Copyright Act of 1976
3194:Douglas v. Cunningham
3137:Copyright Act of 1909
2843:Thornton v. Schreiber
2794:Copyright Act of 1870
2669:Copyright Act of 1831
2447:Copyright Act of 1790
2409:Juilliard v. Greenman
2224:Katzenbach v. McClung
2056:Hoke v. United States
1821:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1725:Edwards v. California
853:, 177 U.S. 66 (1900).
790:, 332 U.S. 19 (1947).
6529:A More Perfect Union
6505:Constitution Gardens
6426:Convention Secretary
6088:Convention President
6060:Symmetric federalism
6055:Separation of powers
5789:Necessary and Proper
5784:Natural-born citizen
5729:Freedom of the Press
5667:Copyright and Patent
5657:Contingent Elections
5475:Annapolis Convention
4968:Virginia v. Maryland
4865:Import-Export Clause
4752:Stone v. Mississippi
4407:Lambert v. Yellowley
4267:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
4003:Gottschalk v. Benson
3979:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
3939:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2899:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2766:Bolles v. Outing Co.
1610:South Dakota v. Dole
1400:Kilbourn v. Thompson
1055:10.1162/JINH_r_01179
934:Cummings v. Missouri
894:Woodruff v. Trapnall
594:the province of the
528:Chief Justice Hughes
523:Skiriotes v. Florida
316:Comprehensible rules
286:Freedom from slavery
246:Freedom of the press
190:Government structure
152:Separation of powers
96:of the United States
6536:Worldwide influence
6277:Gunning Bedford Jr.
6005:Executive privilege
5985:Criminal sentencing
5908:Title of Nobility (
5899:Taxing and Spending
5799:Oath or Affirmation
5759:House Apportionment
5622:Case or Controversy
5505:Committee of Detail
5397:"Liberty" amendment
5362:Christian amendment
4685:Hepburn v. Griswold
4629:Kansas v. Hendricks
4605:De Veau v. Braisted
3875:Altvater v. Freeman
2883:Belford v. Scribner
2867:Thompson v. Hubbard
2851:Banks v. Manchester
2702:Stevens v. Gladding
2601:Pennock v. Dialogue
2529:Patent infringement
2208:Boynton v. Virginia
2072:Hammer v. Dagenhart
1278:Powell v. McCormack
1128:459 U.S. 400 (1983)
1019:290 U.S. 398 (1934)
984:De Veau v. Braisted
942:Pierce v. Carskadon
938:Klinger v. Missouri
910:Griffin v. Thompson
799:313 U.S. 69 (1941).
728:, complete text at
518:Chief Justice Taney
477:; coin Money; emit
332:Living Constitution
251:Freedom of assembly
236:Freedom of religion
6190:William Livingston
6174:Alexander Hamilton
5980:Criminal procedure
5975:Constitutional law
5910:Foreign Emoluments
5874:State of the Union
5859:Self-Incrimination
5849:Recess appointment
5642:Compulsory Process
5304:Titles of Nobility
4920:Florida v. Georgia
4675:Legal Tender Cases
4589:Samuels v. McCurdy
4581:Hawker v. New York
4511:Boumediene v. Bush
4099:Dickinson v. Zurko
3567:Eldred v. Ashcroft
3170:Manners v. Morosco
2971:Scribner v. Straus
2875:Higgins v. Keuffel
2859:Callaghan v. Myers
2742:Higgins v. Keuffel
2734:Callaghan v. Myers
2641:Egbert v. Lippmann
2625:Cochrane v. Deener
2484:Patent Act of 1793
2391:Legal Tender Cases
2160:Wickard v. Filburn
1602:Helvering v. Davis
1482:Presentment Clause
1437:Origination Clause
1209:Enumeration Clause
1192:U.S. Supreme Court
1093:Constitutional Law
1089:Chemerinsky, Erwin
882:Curran v. Arkansas
808:313 U.S. at 78–79.
763:Williams v. Bruffy
687:World Trade Center
611:Alexander Hamilton
596:federal government
568:bills of attainder
561:Bills of attainder
513:Holmes v. Jennison
352:Judicial restraint
311:Right to candidacy
198:Legislative branch
94:Constitutional law
6544:
6543:
6510:Constitution Week
6495:Independence Mall
6483:National Archives
6441:
6440:
6256:Gouverneur Morris
6241:Thomas Fitzsimons
6221:Benjamin Franklin
6095:George Washington
5995:Enumerated powers
5970:Concurrent powers
5965:Balance of powers
5794:No Religious Test
5734:Freedom of Speech
5525:Independence Hall
5448:
5447:
5352:Bricker amendment
5285:
5284:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4896:
4895:
4878:Brown v. Maryland
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4744:Bronson v. Kinzie
4728:Ogden v. Saunders
4647:
4646:
4529:
4528:
4487:Ex parte Merryman
4463:Suspension Clause
4449:
4448:
4423:Gonzales v. Raich
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
3971:Brenner v. Manson
3765:Buck v. Gallagher
3685:Ferris v. Frohman
3434:Iancu v. Brunetti
2803:Perris v. Hexamer
2782:Mifflin v. Dutton
2678:Wheaton v. Peters
2617:O'Reilly v. Morse
2555:Rowell v. Lindsay
2456:Wheaton v. Peters
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2336:Gonzales v. Raich
2232:Maryland v. Wirtz
2096:Gold Clause Cases
1917:Granholm v. Heald
1669:Brown v. Maryland
1636:
1635:
1519:
1518:
1471:
1470:
1426:
1425:
1373:
1372:
1304:
1303:
1251:
1250:
1241:Trump v. New York
1153:431 U.S. 1 (1977)
1003:James W. Ely, Jr.
906:Gwin v. Breedlove
839:Chaffin v. Taylor
822:Byrne v. Missouri
818:Craig v. Missouri
726:Federalist No. 10
720:Ogden v. Saunders
483:Bill of Attainder
454:contracts for sex
431:enumerated powers
427:state governments
408:
407:
256:Right to petition
241:Freedom of speech
228:Individual rights
182:Tiers of scrutiny
157:Individual rights
88:
87:
16:(Redirected from
6569:
6500:Constitution Day
6391:Charles Pinckney
6200:William Paterson
6132:Nathaniel Gorham
6085:
5864:Speech or Debate
5692:Equal Protection
5402:Ludlow amendment
5387:Flag Desecration
5382:Federal Marriage
5347:Blaine amendment
5309:Corwin Amendment
5100:
5096:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5002:
4902:
4860:
4704:Fletcher v. Peck
4670:
4653:
4573:Ex parte Garland
4535:
4479:Ex parte Bollman
4455:
4381:
4195:Bilski v. Kappos
4051:Diamond v. Diehr
4019:Dann v. Johnston
3503:Stewart v. Abend
2811:Trade-Mark Cases
2694:Stephens v. Cady
2517:Evans v. Hettich
2443:
2434:Copyright Clause
2429:
2386:
2372:
2040:Champion v. Ames
2000:Paul v. Virginia
1984:Gibbons v. Ogden
1656:
1642:
1554:Collector v. Day
1525:
1494:Pocket Veto Case
1477:
1432:
1379:
1331:Ex parte Siebold
1315:Elections Clause
1310:
1257:
1204:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1010:
997:
991:
981:
975:
974:
967:
961:
951:
945:
931:
925:
919:
913:
903:
897:
891:
885:
875:
869:
863:
854:
848:
842:
831:
825:
815:
809:
806:
800:
797:
791:
783:
777:
774:
768:
759:
737:Fletcher v. Peck
400:
393:
386:
296:Equal protection
281:Right to privacy
220:Local government
215:State government
203:Executive branch
106:
90:
83:
80:
74:
47:
46:
39:
32:Contractual term
21:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6475:
6469:
6437:
6433:William Jackson
6421:
6417:Abraham Baldwin
6400:
6369:
6365:Hugh Williamson
6343:
6322:
6296:
6287:Richard Bassett
6260:
6246:Jared Ingersoll
6209:
6205:Jonathan Dayton
6178:
6162:
6141:
6120:
6116:Nicholas Gilman
6099:
6074:
6040:Reserved powers
6020:Judicial review
5953:
5749:General Welfare
5672:Double Jeopardy
5583:
5510:List of Framers
5490:New Jersey Plan
5444:
5426:
5422:Victims' Rights
5342:Balanced budget
5328:
5281:
5210:
5182:
5161:
5085:
5034:
5029:
4999:
4990:
4944:Wharton v. Wise
4910:
4892:
4868:
4846:
4691:
4664:
4658:Contract Clause
4643:
4547:
4525:
4469:
4445:
4389:
4388:of Section VIII
4367:
4336:trademark cases
4329:
4235:Kappos v. Hyatt
4035:Parker v. Flook
3827:
3668:copyright cases
3661:
3647:Allen v. Cooper
3591:Golan v. Holder
3448:
3323:
3294:
3264:
3131:
3046:
2993:
2819:Merrell v. Tice
2788:
2750:Holmes v. Hurst
2726:Baker v. Selden
2686:Backus v. Gould
2663:
2585:
2539:Evans v. Jordan
2523:
2478:
2437:
2436:of Section VIII
2415:
2380:
2379:of Section VIII
2358:
2264:EEOC v. Wyoming
2016:Kidd v. Pearson
1992:Passenger Cases
1971:
1861:Maine v. Taylor
1650:
1649:of Section VIII
1647:Commerce Clause
1632:
1536:
1515:
1485:
1467:
1443:
1422:
1390:
1369:
1363:Moore v. Harper
1321:
1300:
1294:Cook v. Gralike
1268:
1247:
1215:
1198:
1189:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1033:(Winter 2017).
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1013:
998:
994:
982:
978:
969:
968:
964:
952:
948:
932:
928:
920:
916:
904:
900:
892:
888:
876:
872:
864:
857:
849:
845:
832:
828:
816:
812:
807:
803:
798:
794:
784:
780:
775:
771:
760:
756:
751:
696:
679:
663:
629:Commerce Clause
584:
563:
550:
537:
535:Bills of credit
503:
479:Bills of Credit
470:
419:Contract Clause
417:, known as the
404:
210:Judicial branch
136:Judicial review
95:
84:
78:
75:
67:WikiProject Law
65:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Contract clause
15:
12:
11:
5:
6575:
6573:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6549:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6525:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6479:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6377:
6375:
6374:South Carolina
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6355:William Blount
6351:
6349:
6348:North Carolina
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6318:Daniel Carroll
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:John Dickinson
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6226:Thomas Mifflin
6223:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6195:David Brearley
6192:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6065:Taxation power
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Implied powers
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5958:Interpretation
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5854:Recommendation
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5739:Fugitive Slave
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5707:Excessive Bail
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5607:Appropriations
5604:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5417:Single subject
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5188:Reconstruction
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5104:Bill of Rights
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4907:Compact Clause
4905:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4882:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4840:Sveen v. Melin
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4768:Block v. Hirsh
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4680:
4678:
4666:
4665:
4656:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4621:Teague v. Lane
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4557:Calder v. Bull
4552:
4549:
4548:
4538:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4458:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4251:Gunn v. Minton
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3672:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3234:Mazer v. Stein
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2718:Paige v. Banks
2714:
2710:Little v. Hall
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:Voss v. Fisher
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2509:Evans v. Eaton
2505:
2501:Evans v. Eaton
2497:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2464:Paige v. Banks
2460:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2377:Coinage Clause
2375:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2304:Reno v. Condon
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:of Section VII
1480:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1339:Smiley v. Holm
1335:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1131:
1120:
1108:
1101:
1075:
1022:
1011:
992:
976:
962:
946:
926:
914:
898:
886:
870:
855:
843:
826:
810:
801:
792:
778:
769:
753:
752:
750:
747:
746:
745:
740:
733:
723:
716:
709:
704:
695:
692:
678:
675:
671:rational basis
662:
659:
592:bankruptcy law
583:
580:
562:
559:
549:
546:
536:
533:
502:
499:
469:
466:
406:
405:
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
326:
325:
321:
320:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
230:
229:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
206:
205:
200:
192:
191:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
146:
145:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
113:
112:
108:
107:
99:
98:
86:
85:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6574:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:Jacob Shallus
6458:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6396:Pierce Butler
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:John Rutledge
6379:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6339:James Madison
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6308:James McHenry
6306:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6236:George Clymer
6234:
6232:
6231:Robert Morris
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6158:Roger Sherman
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:Massachusetts
6123:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:New Hampshire
6102:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Plenary power
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
6000:Equal footing
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5921:Trial by Jury
5919:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5774:Ineligibility
5772:
5770:
5769:Import-Export
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5724:Free Exercise
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5713:Ex Post Facto
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Establishment
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:Confrontation
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5530:Syng inkstand
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:Virginia Plan
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:School Prayer
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:Smyth v. Ames
4757:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4546:of Section IX
4545:
4543:
4542:Ex post facto
4536:
4532:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:Ex parte Endo
4492:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:Habeas corpus
4456:
4452:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:Gibbs v. Buck
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:Patent misuse
3267:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:Brady v. Daly
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:Brady v. Daly
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:Patentability
2588:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:Tyler v. Tuel
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:Utah v. Evans
1222:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1102:0-7355-2428-9
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:See generally
996:
993:
989:
985:
980:
977:
972:
966:
963:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
907:
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
879:
874:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
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507:Supreme Court
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488:ex post facto
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55:
52:This article
50:
41:
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37:
33:
19:
6527:
6519:
6452:
6251:James Wilson
6214:Pennsylvania
6111:John Langdon
5869:Speedy Trial
5711:
5661:
5602:Appointments
5536:
5319:Equal Rights
5215:20th century
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4909:of Section X
4884:
4876:
4867:of Section X
4838:
4830:
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4814:
4806:
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4774:
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4758:
4750:
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4710:
4702:
4683:
4673:
4657:
4637:Smith v. Doe
4635:
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4603:
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3921:
3913:
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3897:
3889:
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3857:
3849:
3841:
3834:patent cases
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
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3755:
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3731:
3723:
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3461:
3440:
3432:
3426:Matal v. Tam
3424:
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3408:
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2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
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2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2407:
2399:
2389:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
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1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1534:Section VIII
1507:
1499:
1459:
1451:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1134:
1123:
1111:
1092:
1066:. Retrieved
1046:
1042:
1036:
1025:
1014:
1006:
999:
995:
979:
965:
949:
929:
917:
901:
889:
873:
846:
829:
813:
804:
795:
785:
781:
772:
762:
757:
735:
718:
711:
707:Contract law
699:
682:
680:
666:
664:
655:
651:police power
636:
618:
615:
600:
585:
576:
572:
564:
551:
548:Legal tender
542:legal tender
538:
521:
511:
504:
487:
472:
439:
418:
409:
76:
64:for details.
57:
53:
36:
6412:William Few
6292:Jacob Broom
6272:George Read
6146:Connecticut
6080:Signatories
5930:Legislative
5904:Territorial
5824:Presentment
5809:Origination
5764:Impeachment
5719:Extradition
5687:Engagements
5677:Due Process
5627:Citizenship
5314:Child Labor
4544:Laws Clause
2401:Knox v. Lee
1441:Section VII
1031:Wexler, Jay
633:Due Process
625:Lochner era
619:During the
458:child labor
446:contractual
357:Purposivism
337:Originalism
301:Citizenship
291:Due process
162:Rule of law
6551:Categories
6524:(painting)
6476:and legacy
6334:John Blair
6183:New Jersey
6137:Rufus King
6035:Preemption
5949:War Powers
5884:Suspension
5702:Exceptions
5392:Human Life
5291:Unratified
5091:Amendments
4467:Section IX
3329:Lanham Act
2024:In re Debs
1388:Section VI
1319:Section IV
1213:Section II
1049:(3): 416.
749:References
730:Wikisource
362:Textualism
167:Federalism
144:Principles
124:Amendments
79:March 2022
6045:Saxbe fix
5934:Executive
5889:Take Care
5879:Supremacy
5754:Guarantee
5682:Elections
5453:Formation
5166:1795–1804
4662:Section X
1195:Article I
1063:148964517
647:foreclose
643:Minnesota
607:creditors
69: or
62:talk page
6327:Virginia
6301:Maryland
6265:Delaware
6167:New York
5944:Vicinage
5938:Judicial
5662:Contract
5632:Commerce
5520:Printing
5334:Proposed
5046:Preamble
5039:Articles
3272:case law
2593:case law
2531:case law
1197:case law
1091:(2002).
694:See also
673:review.
621:New Deal
494:Nobility
119:Articles
111:Overview
60:See the
6474:Display
6446:Related
6405:Georgia
5926:Vesting
5894:Takings
5779:Militia
5637:Compact
5589:Clauses
5515:Signing
5460:History
1068:May 31,
603:debtors
557:draft.
456:or for
433:of the
413:of the
131:History
6532:(film)
5916:Treaty
5819:Postal
5814:Pardon
4987:(2018)
4979:(2009)
4971:(2003)
4963:(1998)
4955:(1985)
4947:(1894)
4939:(1893)
4931:(1871)
4923:(1855)
4889:(1951)
4881:(1827)
4843:(2018)
4835:(1987)
4827:(1983)
4819:(1983)
4811:(1978)
4803:(1977)
4795:(1965)
4787:(1935)
4779:(1934)
4771:(1921)
4763:(1898)
4755:(1880)
4747:(1843)
4739:(1837)
4731:(1827)
4723:(1819)
4715:(1819)
4707:(1810)
4696:Others
4688:(1870)
4640:(2003)
4632:(1997)
4624:(1989)
4616:(1964)
4608:(1960)
4600:(1951)
4592:(1925)
4584:(1898)
4576:(1866)
4568:(1819)
4560:(1798)
4522:(2020)
4514:(2008)
4506:(2001)
4498:(1944)
4490:(1861)
4482:(1807)
4442:(2013)
4434:(2010)
4426:(2005)
4418:(2004)
4410:(1926)
4402:(1819)
4364:(2020)
4356:(1938)
4348:(1915)
4334:Other
4326:(2019)
4318:(2017)
4310:(2016)
4302:(2015)
4294:(2015)
4286:(2014)
4278:(2014)
4270:(2013)
4262:(2013)
4254:(2013)
4246:(2013)
4238:(2012)
4230:(2012)
4222:(2011)
4214:(2011)
4206:(2011)
4198:(2010)
4190:(2008)
4182:(2007)
4174:(2007)
4166:(2007)
4158:(2006)
4150:(2006)
4142:(2006)
4134:(2005)
4126:(2002)
4118:(2001)
4110:(1999)
4102:(1999)
4094:(1998)
4086:(1997)
4078:(1996)
4070:(1990)
4062:(1989)
4054:(1981)
4046:(1980)
4038:(1978)
4030:(1976)
4022:(1976)
4014:(1973)
4006:(1972)
3998:(1971)
3990:(1969)
3982:(1969)
3974:(1966)
3966:(1966)
3958:(1966)
3950:(1965)
3942:(1964)
3934:(1964)
3926:(1964)
3918:(1961)
3910:(1950)
3902:(1950)
3894:(1948)
3886:(1945)
3878:(1943)
3870:(1942)
3862:(1926)
3854:(1916)
3846:(1908)
3832:Other
3824:(1975)
3816:(1974)
3808:(1973)
3800:(1968)
3792:(1962)
3784:(1960)
3776:(1949)
3768:(1939)
3760:(1939)
3752:(1936)
3744:(1934)
3736:(1932)
3728:(1931)
3720:(1923)
3712:(1919)
3704:(1918)
3696:(1914)
3688:(1912)
3680:(1911)
3666:Other
3658:(2020)
3650:(2020)
3642:(2019)
3634:(2019)
3626:(2017)
3618:(2014)
3610:(2014)
3602:(2013)
3594:(2012)
3586:(2010)
3578:(2005)
3570:(2003)
3562:(2001)
3554:(1998)
3546:(1998)
3538:(1996)
3530:(1994)
3522:(1994)
3514:(1991)
3506:(1990)
3498:(1989)
3490:(1985)
3482:(1985)
3474:(1984)
3466:(1977)
3445:(2020)
3437:(2019)
3429:(2017)
3421:(2014)
3413:(2014)
3405:(2003)
3397:(2003)
3389:(2001)
3381:(2001)
3373:(1999)
3365:(1995)
3357:(1992)
3349:(1987)
3341:(1982)
3320:(1985)
3312:(1941)
3291:(1942)
3283:(1917)
3261:(1973)
3253:(1964)
3245:(1956)
3237:(1954)
3229:(1952)
3221:(1943)
3213:(1940)
3205:(1939)
3197:(1935)
3189:(1931)
3181:(1923)
3173:(1920)
3165:(1917)
3157:(1914)
3149:(1911)
3128:(1911)
3120:(1911)
3112:(1909)
3104:(1909)
3096:(1908)
3088:(1908)
3080:(1907)
3072:(1903)
3064:(1896)
3043:(1979)
3035:(1948)
3027:(1941)
3019:(1939)
3011:(1913)
2990:(1912)
2982:(1909)
2974:(1908)
2966:(1908)
2958:(1908)
2950:(1908)
2942:(1907)
2934:(1907)
2926:(1907)
2918:(1903)
2910:(1903)
2902:(1899)
2894:(1899)
2886:(1892)
2878:(1891)
2870:(1889)
2862:(1888)
2854:(1888)
2846:(1888)
2838:(1884)
2830:(1884)
2822:(1881)
2814:(1879)
2806:(1879)
2785:(1903)
2777:(1903)
2769:(1899)
2761:(1899)
2753:(1899)
2745:(1891)
2737:(1888)
2729:(1879)
2721:(1872)
2713:(1856)
2705:(1854)
2697:(1853)
2689:(1849)
2681:(1834)
2660:(1885)
2652:(1885)
2644:(1881)
2636:(1878)
2628:(1876)
2620:(1853)
2612:(1851)
2604:(1829)
2582:(1938)
2574:(1913)
2566:(1894)
2558:(1885)
2550:(1885)
2542:(1815)
2520:(1822)
2512:(1822)
2504:(1818)
2496:(1810)
2475:(1908)
2467:(1872)
2459:(1834)
2412:(1884)
2404:(1871)
2355:(2016)
2347:(2012)
2339:(2005)
2331:(2000)
2323:(2000)
2315:(2000)
2307:(2000)
2299:(1996)
2291:(1995)
2283:(1992)
2275:(1985)
2267:(1983)
2259:(1981)
2251:(1981)
2243:(1976)
2235:(1968)
2227:(1964)
2219:(1964)
2211:(1960)
2203:(1951)
2195:(1950)
2187:(1949)
2179:(1946)
2171:(1944)
2163:(1942)
2155:(1942)
2147:(1941)
2139:(1940)
2131:(1938)
2123:(1937)
2115:(1936)
2107:(1935)
2099:(1935)
2091:(1935)
2083:(1923)
2075:(1918)
2067:(1914)
2059:(1913)
2051:(1911)
2043:(1903)
2035:(1895)
2027:(1895)
2019:(1888)
2011:(1885)
2003:(1869)
1995:(1849)
1987:(1824)
1976:Others
1968:(2023)
1960:(2019)
1952:(2018)
1944:(2015)
1936:(2008)
1928:(2007)
1920:(2005)
1912:(1994)
1904:(1994)
1896:(1994)
1888:(1992)
1880:(1992)
1872:(1989)
1864:(1986)
1856:(1984)
1848:(1983)
1840:(1982)
1832:(1981)
1824:(1980)
1816:(1978)
1808:(1978)
1800:(1977)
1792:(1977)
1784:(1976)
1776:(1970)
1768:(1967)
1760:(1959)
1752:(1954)
1744:(1951)
1736:(1945)
1728:(1941)
1720:(1935)
1712:(1925)
1704:(1905)
1696:(1886)
1688:(1852)
1680:(1829)
1672:(1827)
1629:(2012)
1621:(2004)
1613:(1987)
1605:(1937)
1597:(1936)
1589:(1922)
1581:(1916)
1573:(1895)
1565:(1881)
1557:(1871)
1549:(1796)
1512:(1998)
1504:(1983)
1496:(1929)
1464:(1990)
1456:(1911)
1419:(1972)
1411:(1966)
1403:(1881)
1366:(2023)
1358:(2015)
1350:(1995)
1342:(1932)
1334:(1879)
1297:(2001)
1289:(1995)
1281:(1969)
1244:(2020)
1236:(2019)
1228:(2002)
1099:
1061:
462:tender
423:states
324:Theory
1059:S2CID
442:money
1264:and
1115:See
1097:ISBN
1070:2019
468:Text
5081:VII
5061:III
4660:of
4465:of
1532:of
1439:of
1386:of
1317:of
1266:III
1211:of
1051:doi
681:In
490:Law
6553::
5936:/
5932:/
5277:27
5272:26
5267:25
5262:24
5257:23
5252:22
5247:21
5242:20
5237:19
5232:18
5227:17
5222:16
5206:15
5201:14
5196:13
5178:12
5173:11
5157:10
5076:VI
5066:IV
5056:II
1145:^
1078:^
1057:.
1047:48
1045:.
1041:.
1005:,
858:^
631:,
598:.
516:,
485:,
437:.
5940:)
5928:(
5912:)
5152:9
5147:8
5142:7
5137:6
5132:5
5127:4
5122:3
5117:2
5112:1
5071:V
5051:I
5024:e
5017:t
5010:v
1184:e
1177:t
1170:v
1105:.
1072:.
1053::
1035:"
973:.
767:.
732:.
496:.
399:e
392:t
385:v
81:)
77:(
34:.
20:)
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