31:
154:
future. The new policy was also seen as a solution to the massive gender disparity, with China's current population leaning heavily toward males. There are no concrete estimates for the new rate of growth of the
Chinese population, but there are testimonies from the citizens about their new freedom. Some mothers have said that they are excited at the opportunity of having another child, while others still follow the one child tradition.
130:
150:
place in 1979, over 400 million births have been prevented. Because of various exemptions, fertility rate is about 1.7 children per woman, down from 5.9 in the 1960s. A strong preference for boys and free access to fetus sex determination and abortion has resulted in an artificially high proportion of males in both rural and urban areas.
198:
is higher for women living in poor or rural environments; with two-thirds of women live in rural areas. While 96 percent of married women were reported to know about at least one method of contraception, only half of them had ever used it. The most commonly reported reasons for married women electing
220:
has been available since the 1970s, a product was specifically licensed for emergency contraception in 1984, and emergency contraceptives became available over the counter in 2001. Since becoming available over the counter it has not reduced the use of other forms of contraception, as some predicted
73:
As of 2012, 57% of women of child bearing age wanted to avoid pregnancy (867 of 1520 million). About 222 million women however were not able to access birth control, 53 million of whom were in sub-Saharan Africa and 97 million of whom were in Asia. Many countries limit access to birth
61:
were used by about 17% of women of child bearing age in developing countries and 9% in developed countries or more than 180 million women worldwide. Avoiding sex when fertile is used by about 3.6% of women of childbearing age, with usage as high as 20% in areas of South
America. As of 2005, 12%
239:
As of 2008, in the United States, 99% of sexually active women have used birth control at some point in time. In 2015-2017, 64.9% of women aged 15-49 used a form of birth control. The most common forms of birth control were female sterilization (18.6%), oral contraceptive pills (12.6%), long-acting
162:
Awareness of contraception is near-universal among married women in India. However, the vast majority of married
Indians (76% in a 2009 study) reported significant problems in accessing a choice of contraceptive methods. In 2009, 48.3% of married women were estimated to use a contraceptive method,
199:
not to use family planning methods include the belief that fertility should be determined by God (28%); opposition to use by the woman, her husband, others or a perceived religious prohibition (23%); infertility (15%); and concerns about health, side effects or the cost of family planning (12%).
193:
pledged that by 2010 it would provide universal access to family planning. but contraception is shunned under traditional social norms. Most women who say they do not want any more children or would like to wait a period of time before their next pregnancy do not have the contraceptive resources
149:
required couples to have no more than one child. Beginning in 1979, the policy was implemented to control rapid population growth. Chinese women receive free contraception and family planning services. Greater than 70% of those of childbearing age use contraception. Since the policy was put into
153:
Beginning
January 1, 2016, China officially abolished the one-child policy. The Chinese government decided to allow families to have a second child to supposedly grow a bigger work force and allow the aging population to relax more. They predict that another economic boom will occur in the near
240:
reversible contraceptives (10.3%), and male condoms (8.7%). Despite the availability of highly effective contraceptives, in 2011, 45% of pregnancies were unintended. In 2002, contraceptive use saved about $ 19 billion in direct medical costs.
120:
have successful family planning programs, but other central and southern
African countries continue to encounter extreme difficulties in achieving higher contraceptive prevalence and lower fertility for a wide variety of compounding reasons.
215:
has been massively popular. Sterilization is popular in older age groups, among those 45-49, 29% of men and 21% of women have been sterilized. Female sterilization has been declining since 1996, when the intrauterine system was introduced.
163:
i.e. more than half of all married women did not. About three-fourths of these were using female sterilization, which is by far the most prevalent birth-control method in India. Condoms, at a mere 3%, were the next most prevalent method.
221:
it might. In any year only 5% of women of childbearing age use emergency hormonal contraception. Despite widespread availability of contraceptives, almost half of pregnancies were unintended circa 2005.
194:
available to them in order to do so. In the 1990s, women increasingly reported wanting fewer children, and 24 percent of recent births were reported to be unwanted or mistimed. The rate of
898:
Hardee, Karen and Leahy, Elizabeth. "Population, Fertility and Family
Planning in Pakistan: A Program in Stagnation." Population Action International. Volume 4, Number 1, 1-12. 2007.
365:
326:
285:
863:
425:
Darroch, JE; Singh, S (May 18, 2013). "Trends in contraceptive need and use in developing countries in 2003, 2008, and 2012: an analysis of national surveys".
828:
479:
349:
269:
234:
310:
222:
146:
134:
184:
791:
772:
217:
208:
83:
835:
1138:
195:
101:
474:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 232.
212:
58:
926:
649:
614:
575:
450:
404:
359:
320:
279:
211:
since 1974, and 74% of reproductive age women use some form of contraception. The levonorgestrel
89:
30:
1114:
1106:
1067:
1049:
956:
753:
706:
657:
606:
567:
526:
475:
469:
442:
396:
345:
306:
300:
265:
1098:
1057:
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946:
938:
745:
696:
688:
641:
598:
557:
516:
508:
434:
388:
142:
593:
Huezo, CM (August 1998). "Current reversible contraceptive methods: a global perspective".
189:
In 2011 just one in five
Pakistani women aged 15 to 49 used modern birth control. In 1994,
105:
1003:
632:
Lucas, D (May–Jun 1992). "Fertility and family planning in southern and central Africa".
1102:
305:(5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 242–243.
17:
1062:
1029:
951:
701:
676:
521:
496:
137:
is used to indicate family planning products and services in many developing countries.
834:. Department of Family and Community Health, World Health Organization. Archived from
602:
438:
225:
was legalized in 1967, however still remained illegal in
Northern Ireland until 2020.
1132:
562:
545:
172:
54:
579:
408:
175:
had the lowest usage of contraception among all Indian states with rates below 30%.
618:
454:
344:(5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 315.
109:
982:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention — National Center for Health Statistics
264:(5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 10.
53:
Globally approximately 45% of those who are married and able to have children use
974:
392:
1004:"Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15–49: United States, 2015–2017"
942:
92:
has risen from about 5% in 1991 to about 30% in 2006. However, due to extreme
1110:
1053:
730:
692:
1086:
164:
67:
1118:
1071:
960:
757:
710:
571:
530:
446:
400:
1045:
749:
661:
610:
512:
129:
190:
117:
113:
97:
653:
93:
975:"Contraceptive Methods Women Have Ever Used: United States, 1982–2010"
799:
National Family Health Survey
Subject Reports, Number 2, October 1996
63:
645:
100:
laws, many women still resort to clandestine abortion providers for
864:"As Pakistan's population soars, contraceptives remain a hard sell"
1030:"Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008-2011"
168:
128:
497:"Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: progress or stagnation?"
379:
Naz, RK; Rowan, S (June 2009). "Update on male contraception".
731:"The effect of China's one-child family policy after 25 years"
773:"China Ends One-Child Policy, Allowing Families Two Children"
36:
62:
of couples are using a male form of contraception (either
34:
Percentage of women using modern contraception as of 2010
1087:"The cost of unintended pregnancy in the United States"
546:"Unsafe abortion and postabortion care - an overview"
471:
The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics
207:
Contraception has been available for free under the
595:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
96:, lack of access to birth control, and restrictive
70:) with rates of up to 30% in the developed world.
801:. International Institute for Population Sciences
729:Hesketh, T.; Lu, L.; Xing, Z. W. (Sep 15, 2005).
495:Cleland, JG; Ndugwa, RP; Zulu, EM (Feb 1, 2011).
468:Hurt, K. Joseph; et al., eds. (2012-03-28).
1028:Finer, Lawrence B.; Zolna, Mia R. (2016-03-03).
74:control due to religious and political reasons.
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
550:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
8:
857:
855:
381:Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology
364:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
284:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
255:
253:
920:
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904:
790:B.M. Ramesh; S.C. Gulati; R.D. Retherford.
1008:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
724:
722:
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1061:
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894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
700:
561:
520:
501:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
420:
418:
829:"India and Family Planning: An Overview"
340:Darney, Leon Speroff, Philip D. (2010).
299:Darney, Leon Speroff, Philip D. (2010).
260:Darney, Leon Speroff, Philip D. (2010).
29:
249:
357:
318:
277:
862:Brulliard, Karin (15 December 2011).
792:"Contraceptive use in India, 1992–93"
675:Kane, P.; Choi, C. Y. (Oct 9, 1999).
7:
1103:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.11.009
1034:The New England Journal of Medicine
738:The New England Journal of Medicine
771:Buckley, Chris (29 October 2015).
342:A clinical guide for contraception
302:A clinical guide for contraception
262:A clinical guide for contraception
235:Birth control in the United States
104:, resulting in about 3% obtaining
25:
677:"China's one child family policy"
88:Contraceptive use among women in
563:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01165.x
1085:Trussell, James (March 2007).
1:
603:10.1016/s0020-7292(98)00084-8
439:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60597-8
927:"Contraception and abortion"
393:10.1097/gco.0b013e328329247d
925:Rowlands S (October 2007).
681:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
185:Family planning in Pakistan
1155:
943:10.1177/014107680710001015
634:Studies in Family Planning
232:
182:
147:People's Republic of China
81:
693:10.1136/bmj.319.7215.992
18:Contraceptive prevalence
218:Emergency contraception
209:National Health Service
84:Birth control in Africa
544:Rasch, V (July 2011).
138:
50:
1046:10.1056/NEJMsa1506575
750:10.1056/NEJMhpr051833
597:. 62 Suppl 1: S3–15.
513:10.2471/BLT.10.077925
132:
33:
196:unwanted pregnancies
102:unintended pregnancy
984:. February 14, 2013
868:The Washington Post
433:(9879): 1756–1762.
213:intrauterine system
777:The New York Times
139:
90:Sub-Saharan Africa
51:
481:978-1-60547-433-5
351:978-1-60831-610-6
271:978-1-60831-610-6
48:
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16:(Redirected from
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143:one-child policy
106:unsafe abortions
37:
27:Overview article
21:
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802:
794:
789:
788:
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770:
769:
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733:
728:
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718:
687:(7215): 992–4.
674:
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669:
646:10.2307/1966724
631:
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592:
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587:
543:
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1152:
1150:
1142:
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1125:
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1097:(3): 168–170.
1077:
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1020:
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966:
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744:(11): 1171–6.
716:
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624:
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536:
487:
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460:
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371:
350:
332:
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203:United Kingdom
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183:Main article:
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57:. As of 2007,
46:
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937:(10): 465–8.
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905:
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841:on 2009-12-21
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640:(3): 145–58.
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581:
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507:(2): 137–43.
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173:Uttar Pradesh
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55:contraception
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1012:. Retrieved
1010:. 2022-10-31
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988:December 28,
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981:
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871:. Retrieved
867:
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135:Red Triangle
110:South Africa
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931:J R Soc Med
108:each year.
1014:2022-12-29
845:2009-11-25
805:2009-11-25
244:References
1111:0010-7824
1054:1533-4406
360:cite book
321:cite book
280:cite book
165:Meghalaya
68:vasectomy
1133:Category
1119:17303484
1072:26962904
961:17911129
873:19 April
758:16162890
711:10514169
580:27737728
572:21542813
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447:23683642
409:40507937
401:19469045
223:Abortion
191:Pakistan
179:Pakistan
118:Zimbabwe
114:Botswana
98:abortion
1063:4861155
952:1997258
702:1116810
662:1523695
654:1966724
619:9929780
611:9806233
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145:of the
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78:Africa
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451:S2CID
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158:India
125:China
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990:2022
957:PMID
875:2012
754:PMID
707:PMID
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568:PMID
527:PMID
476:ISBN
443:PMID
397:PMID
366:link
346:ISBN
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