143:
355:. Defendants would be granted counsel and have the right to examine any evidence against them. They would be protected from excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishments. Civil authorities would take priority over military authorities. Delegates also agreed to protect "free communication of thoughts and opinions," a phrase that was carefully drafted to imply freedom of speech, of assembly, and of the press. Although it could also be interpreted to imply freedom of religion, delegates were unwilling to grant that right explicitly since they knew that it would cause an uproar in Catholic Mexico.
497:, and retired to the countryside. Farías enacted many federalist reforms, which angered citizens and army leaders. Much of the country was clamoring for a return to centralism, yet Texians wanted to take further steps toward self-rule. When Austin arrived in Mexico City on July 18, several Mexican states had engaged in minor revolts against Farías's reforms. Although Texians had expelled troops within their province before Santa Anna and Farías took office, many officials identified the province with the other rebellious states and were suspicious of Austin's intentions.
296:
483:
217:, immediately dissolved the state legislature, which had centralist leanings. Veramendi called elections to seat a new government in early 1833. The political uncertainty made Austin urge for the federal government to be given several months to address the petition. If no action was eventually taken, he advised that Texas residents would form their own state government and essentially declare independence from Coahuila, if not from Mexico.
127:. Bankrupt and unable to provide much military assistance, the Mexican government legalized immigration from the United States and Europe In 1824 in the hope that an influx of settlers would discourage raiding. As the number of Americans living in Texas increased, Mexican authorities became apprehensive that the United States intended to annex the area, possibly by force. To curb the perceived threat, the Mexican government passed the
203:, traveled to San Antonio de Béxar to garner support for the changes the convention had requested. Austin found that the Tejano leaders largely agreed with the result of the convention but opposed the methods by which the resolutions had been proposed. They urged patience since Bustamante was still president and would not look favorably on a petition from settlers who had recently sided with his rival, Santa Anna.
415:
Texas. The
Constitution of 1824 had already abolished the slave trade, and the constitution of Coahuila y Tejas had forbidden the importation of slaves into the state. Most settlers in Texas ignored the restrictions and instead converted their slaves to servants indentured for 99 years. African slaves were still imported into Texas occasionally, and a ship carrying slaves docked in
341:, containing, according to the historian Howard Miller, an "impressive list" of protected rights, was included. The document aligned closely with contemporary American political ideals, especially the notion that all men had a right to liberty. Much of the language and the concepts were drawn from the first eight amendments to the
534:
was named state
Attorney General, and for the first time, foreigners were granted explicit permission to participate in retail trade. Several American legal concepts, including trial by jury, were introduced to Texas, and English was authorized as a second language. Finally, the state created four new municipalities in Texas:
178:. They adopted a series of resolutions that requested changes in the governance of Texas. The most controversial item was for Texas to become an independent state, which would be separate from Coahuila. After approving the list of resolutions, delegates created a seven-member central committee to convene future meetings.
162:'s centralist government. Under the pretext of supporting Santa Anna, a small group of armed Texians overthrew the commander of the garrison, which was enforcing the new customs duties. Other settlers followed their example, and within weeks, all of the Mexican soldiers in eastern Texas had been forced to leave.
427:
Despite a vocal minority advocating for the unilateral implementation of the proposals, delegates agreed to present the requests to the
Mexican Congress for approval but agreed to take action if it appeared their demands would be ignored. As their last act, delegates elected Austin, James Miller, and
423:
Delegates ordered for the resolution to be printed in newspapers in the
Mexican interior and in New Orleans. It was not printed in Texas, which clearly indicates that it was intended to influence public opinion in the Mexican interior, rather than in Texas. The resolution was not binding, and slaves
400:
We do hold in utter abhorrence all participation, whether direct or indirect, in the
African Slave Trade; that we do concur in the general indignation which has been manifested throughout the civilized world against that inhuman and unprincipled traffic; and we do therefore earnestly recommend to our
77:
to present the petitions to the government. Austin, frustrated with the lack of progress, in
October wrote a letter to encourage Texans to form their own state government. The letter was forwarded to the Mexican government, and Austin was imprisoned in early 1834. During his imprisonment, the Mexican
391:
In addition to the development of a state constitution, delegates passed a series of resolutions that asked
Mexican authorities for reforms. Several of them echoed resolutions passed at the previous year's convention. Delegates again insisted for the ban on immigration to be repealed and for customs
274:
Austin presented an overview of the events that had occurred in Texas and in the rest of Mexico over the previous year. He enumerated several grievances against the political and judicial systems and concluded that Texas needed to become an independent state. That could be justified, in his opinion,
533:
During Austin's imprisonment, the government addressed several more of the convention's proposals. At Santa Anna's urging, the
Coahuila y Tejas legislature enacted several measures to placate the Texians. In early 1834, Texas gained an additional seat in the state legislature. An American immigrant
414:
One of the resolutions would have been more suited for passage by a state legislature than a group of concerned citizens. Perhaps to atone for some of the more revolutionary items that they had requested, as one of their final acts delegates passed a resolution that condemned the slave trade within
283:
By the second day of the convention, delegates were in agreement to pursue separate statehood. Austin wrote to a friend, "We are now able to sustain A State Govt. and no country ever required one more than this." Houston was named chairman of a committee to draft a new state constitution. Although
500:
The cholera epidemic reached Mexico City within days of Austin's arrival, prompting
Congress to adjourn before Austin could present the convention's resolutions. As he waited for the legislature to reconvene, Austin heard rumors that Texians were planning a third convention to unilaterally declare
453:
The third group of residents believed that the convention, like its predecessor, was illegal. Under their interpretation of the laws, only the state legislature could petition the
Mexican Congress for such a drastic change. Austin argued that the laws meant that no one could petition on behalf of
441:
When the convention adjourned on April 13, Austin went directly to San Antonio de Béxar to meet with Seguin. Seguin called a series of meetings, held from May 3 to 5, for prominent locals to discuss the convention proceedings. He was the only Béxar resident who fully supported separate statehood.
212:
of San Antonio de Béxar drafted a petition containing similar language to the convention's resolutions. After legal norms, they submitted it to Músquiz, who forwarded it to the Mexican Congress in early 1833. At the time, the federal and state governments were in flux. Bustamante had resigned the
529:
of San Antonio de Béxar forwarded the letter to state officials in Coahuila. The new governor, Francisco Vidaurri y Villaseñor, ordered Austin's arrest. Austin was arrested in December on suspicion of treason. He was imprisoned in all of 1834 and remained in Mexico City on bond until July 1835.
478:
Within the Mexican interior, rumors abounded that Texas was on the verge of revolution. Many citizens in Matamoros believed that Texians had already declared independence and were raising an army. Santa Anna was infuriated, especially at the involvement of Houston, a former officer in the United
370:
in 1821. Delegates retained the traditional Spanish prohibition of seizing a debtor's physical property and extended it to forbid imprisonment as a punishment for debt, which was a novel idea. In the United States, nine states had enumerated certain conditions under which a debtor could not be
469:
but was unable to attract any more Tejano support. He chose to go to Mexico City alone; he had visited several times and had established a good reputation among government officials. Although he was warned that his reception would likely be poor, he ignored suggestions to delay his journey.
191:(similar to a city council), which would forward their concerns to the political chief. The political chief could then escalate the concerns to the appropriate governmental authority. Because that process had not been followed, Músquiz annulled the resolutions.
254:
On the first day, several delegates addressed the convention to justify the recent Texian actions. Many argued that the expulsion of most garrisons in the region was not an act of disloyalty to Mexico but instead resistance to a particular form of governance.
432:
to deliver their petitions to Mexico City. Seguin, a prominent citizen of San Antonio de Béxar, had not attended the convention. Delegates hoped that Austin could persuade Seguin to accompany him, which would imply that Tejanos supported the resolutions.
419:
as the convention met. The ship, like most others that were used to import slaves, came from Cuba, which was a possession of Spain. Because Spain did not officially recognize Mexican independence, delegates considered that trade treasonous to Mexico.
520:
Austin had expected the letter to reach his friend Músquiz, who could be trusted to determine when or if it was appropriate to publicly disclose its contents. The letter arrived while Músquiz was out of town and was read by an unsympathetic
263:, commented, "Santa Anna was only a name used as an excuse for resistance to oppression." Several delegates argued that the recently-concluded civil war had left Mexico in too much turmoil to provide effective rule for Texas. Echoing the
374:
Borrowing from the resolutions of the Convention of 1832, delegates wrote into the constitution a guarantee of free public education. They further banned unsecured paper currency and insisted for the state economy to be based solely on
442:
Other residents suggested that the capital of Coahuila y Tejas should be moved to San Antonio de Béxar, which would give Texas more power. There was precedent for that since under Veramendi, the capital had just been moved from
501:
themselves a separate state. Although Austin was also frustrated at the lack of progress, he disapproved of that drastic proposal. In an attempt to quell the more radical groups in Texas, Austin in October sent a letter to the
271:," one delegate insisted that Texas was not bound by Mexican laws since its settlers had no representation. That delegate overlooked the fact that Texas had been granted two representatives to the Coahuila y Tejas legislature.
66:. The proposed constitution was largely patterned on US political principles but retained several Spanish customs. Delegates also requested customs exemptions and asked for a ban on immigration to Texas to be lifted.
213:
presidency in late December 1832 as part of a treaty to end the civil war. There was no effective state government. The governor of Coahuila y Tejas had died in September 1832, and his replacement, the federalist
165:
Buoyed by their military success, Texians organized a political convention to persuade Mexican authorities to weaken the Laws of April 6, 1830. Although the two municipalities with the largest Tejano populations,
401:
constituents, the good people of Texas, that they will not only abstain from all concern in that abominable traffic, but that they will unite their efforts to prevent the evil from polluting our shores.
454:
the people unless the people had been consulted, and the convention served as that consultation. The meetings ended with no agreement on how to proceed. Austin wrote that "the people here agree in
243:
The Convention of 1833 was called to order on April 1, 1833, in San Felipe de Austin. By coincidence, on that day, Santa Anna was inaugurated as the new President of Mexico. Delegates elected
46:
Although the convention's agenda largely mirrored that of the Convention of 1832, delegates also agreed to pursue independent statehood for the province, which was then part of the state of
131:, which restricted immigration from the United States to Texas and called for the first enforcement of customs duties. The new laws were unpopular with both the native Mexicans in Texas (
587:
Although Mexican law mandated that settlers convert to Catholicism, most Texians continued to practice their former religions with little interference from governmental authorities.
220:
Austin's timeframe was endorsed by Tejano leaders but did not pacify the Texian settlers. Towards the end of December, the central committee called for a new convention to meet in
392:
duties to be lifted. Resolutions also requested additional protection from raids by native tribes and for the government to implement a more efficient mail delivery system.
199:
The previous convention's lack of Tejano representation fostered a perception that only newcomers to Texas were dissatisfied. The president of the Convention of 1832,
227:
Communities in Texas elected 56 delegates for the new convention. In a departure from the previous election, San Antonio de Béxar also sent delegates, including
231:, the son-in-law of Governor Veramendi. Bowie, like many of his fellow delegates, was known as an agitator who wanted immediate change. The majority of the
310:
provided by one of the committee members. The proposed document also drew from the constitutions of other states in the United States, including those of
224:
in April 1833. Elections were scheduled for March. That action disturbed the Tejano leaders, who saw it as a violation of their agreement with Austin.
120:. To facilitate governing the large area, the state was subdivided into several departments. All of Texas was included in the Department of Béxar.
1482:
108:
republic, composed of multiple states. Sparsely-populated provinces were denied independent statehood and instead merged with neighboring areas.
517:" ("God and liberty"). A few days after he had posted the letter, the immigration ban was repealed, assuaging one of the major Texian concerns.
1627:
596:
Although Davis clearly asserts that the resolution was not printed within Texas, Barker (Oct 1902, p. 151) claims that it was published in the
251:
describes Wharton's election as "a public declaration that while Austin was still respected, his moderate course would no longer be followed."
1368:
1346:
1310:
1289:
185:, the political chief of the Department of Béxar, ruled that the convention was illegal. The law directed citizens to protest to their local
124:
550:. In a letter to a friend, Austin wrote, "Every evil complained of has been remedied. This fully compensates me for all I have suffered."
232:
268:
1386:
1266:
247:, a "known hothead," as president of the convention who had lost his bid to be president of the previous convention. The historian
559:
1381:, The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press,
493:
Immediately after Santa Anna had taken office in April, he had handed over all decision-making authority to his vice president,
509:
should jointly form a new state government. In what could be interpreted as an inflammatory gesture, Austin signed his letter "
494:
155:
147:
1298:
248:
1475:
101:
214:
1670:
342:
307:
358:
A few of the rights were drawn from Spanish practices. The proposed constitution forbade the English practices of
330:
legislature and a three-tier judiciary system, with local and district courts ultimately kept in check by a state
1665:
78:
and state legislatures later passed a series of measures to placate the colonists, including the introduction of
1534:
326:
structure, proposed by Austin, called for a governor, who would serve two-year terms. The state would have a
1655:
167:
1660:
1650:
1468:
319:
311:
289:
1601:
1539:
465:
epidemic, and Miller, a physician, felt that it his duty to stay and tend the sick. Austin then visited
315:
35:. Despite the political uncertainty succeeding from a recently-concluded civil war, 56 delegates met in
383:
headed a subcommittee to craft a letter to Mexican authorities to explain the merits of the proposal.
100:
Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821. After the new country's monarchy was overthrown, the
1591:
1565:
1514:
539:
221:
159:
128:
1397:"Stephen F. Austin and the Anglo-Texan Response to the Religious Establishment in Mexico, 1821–1836"
458:
with the rest of Texas, but differ as to the manner, and will express no opinion for, nor against."
142:
1586:
547:
284:
Houston had not lived in Texas for very long, he was well-known since he had served as governor of
264:
1420:
1396:
1321:
1234:
1210:
182:
1570:
1555:
260:
244:
175:
95:
40:
32:
28:
69:
Some residents complained that the convention, like its predecessor, was illegal. Nevertheless,
1596:
1509:
1453:
1382:
1379:
Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans
1364:
1342:
1306:
1285:
1262:
486:
200:
70:
36:
450:. If the legislature rejected the move, those residents vowed to support separate statehood.
1622:
1606:
1206:
535:
429:
323:
150:'s revolt against the Mexican government gave the Texians an excuse for their own rebellion.
117:
63:
47:
380:
349:, a distinct departure from Mexican law, which required that trials be heard by the local
171:
1448:
835:
782:
461:
Seguin declined to accompany Austin. Miller also withdrew. Texas was in the throes of a
1529:
1278:
543:
338:
578:
San Felipe de Austin was the capital of the first colony founded by Stephen F. Austin.
112:, which marked the country's eastern border with the United States, was combined with
1644:
1524:
1491:
1357:
466:
416:
376:
359:
346:
331:
181:
Before the list of concerns could be presented to the state and federal governments,
109:
91:
79:
24:
1519:
208:
187:
1235:"Native Latin American Contribution to the Colonization and Independence of Texas"
367:
299:
256:
228:
74:
51:
482:
1500:
105:
123:
Texas was part of the Mexican frontier, and settlers faced frequent raids by
327:
285:
82:. Austin later acknowledged, "Every evil complained of has been remedied."
59:
447:
443:
371:
imprisoned, but no state had an unqualified prohibition of the practice.
363:
322:. It provided "meticulous detail" for the new system of government. The
113:
55:
462:
351:
295:
136:
132:
1359:
Juan Davis Bradburn: A Reappraisal of the Mexican Commander of Anahuac
600:. Barker does not specify where that newspaper was printed or by whom.
513:" ("God and Texas"), rather than the traditional Mexican closing "
481:
294:
141:
1460:
1464:
302:
chaired the committee that wrote a proposed state constitution.
174:, refused to participate, 55 delegates met in October for the
505:
in San Antonio de Béxar in which he proposed that all of the
62:, a committee drafted a state constitution to submit to the
1259:
The Life of Stephen F. Austin, founder of Texas, 1793–1836
394:
39:
to draft a series of petitions to the Alamo. The volatile
23:(April 1–13, 1833), a political gathering of settlers of
1363:, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press,
1305:, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press,
489:
delivered the convention's resolutions to Mexico City.
306:
The new constitution was based on a copy of the 1780
1615:
1579:
1548:
1498:
1356:
1277:
1316:originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
1059:
1057:
1407:(3), Texas State Historical Association: 283–316
1332:(4), Texas State Historical Association: 457–466
1245:(3), Texas State Historical Association: 317–335
1221:(2), Texas State Historical Association: 145–158
424:continued to be imported to Texas through Cuba.
1272:originally published 1926 by Lamar & Barton
660:
658:
31:, whose requests had not been addressed by the
1189:
1187:
1476:
958:
956:
954:
944:
942:
639:
637:
8:
1421:"Life of General Don Manuel de Mier y Teran"
1008:
1006:
1004:
899:
897:
895:
829:
827:
825:
751:
749:
1177:
1175:
1156:
1154:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1047:
1045:
1043:
627:
625:
609:Veramendi died during the cholera epidemic.
1483:
1469:
1461:
1339:The Nacogdoches story: an informal history
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
885:
883:
881:
879:
860:
858:
856:
806:
804:
767:
765:
763:
761:
739:
737:
735:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
1261:, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press,
275:by language in the Constitution of 1824.
1284:, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,
1431:(1), Texas State Historical Association
621:
571:
408:—Text of resolution condemning slavery
379:. When the constitution was completed,
1280:Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas
525:member. At that member's request, the
1322:"Origins of the Texas Bill of Rights"
7:
989:quoted in Barker (Oct 1902), p. 151.
971:quoted in Miller (Jan 1988), p. 310.
842:, Texas State Historical Association
789:, Texas State Historical Association
233:delegates to the previous convention
1341:, Westminster, MD: Heritage Books,
1233:Barker, Eugene C. (January 1943),
1211:"The African Slave Trade in Texas"
269:no taxation without representation
14:
1425:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1401:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1326:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1239:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1215:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1257:Barker, Eugene Campbell (1985),
560:Timeline of the Texas Revolution
1395:Miller, Howard (January 1988),
1355:Henson, Margaret Swett (1982),
1072:quoted in Davis (2006), p. 100.
700:Henson (1982), pp. 95–102, 109.
631:quoted in Davis (2006), p. 117.
158:led a revolt against President
873:quoted in Davis (2006), p. 97.
819:Barker (January 1943), p. 330.
643:Manchaca (2001), pp. 164, 187.
366:by following a change made to
1:
962:Ericson (April 1959), p. 459.
135:) and the recent immigrants (
1419:Morton, Ohland (July 1943),
1320:Ericson, J.E. (April 1959),
1148:Cantrell (1999), pp. 272–77.
16:Political meeting of Texians
980:Ericson (Apr 1959), p. 460.
948:Ericson (Apr 1959), p. 458.
156:Antonio López de Santa Anna
148:Antonio López de Santa Anna
54:, a former governor of the
43:presided over the meeting.
1687:
1628:Governors of Mexican Texas
1104:Davis (2006), pp. 107–108.
1063:Barker (Jan 1943), p. 332.
1037:Barker (Jan 1943), p. 331.
1012:Barker (Oct 1902), p. 151.
998:Barker (Oct 1902), p. 150.
912:Miller (Jan 1988), p. 309.
903:Miller (Jan 1988), p. 310.
345:. The document called for
343:United States Constitution
308:Massachusetts Constitution
89:
1377:Manchaca, Martha (2001),
437:Preparations for delivery
407:
27:, was a successor to the
1337:Ericson, Joe E. (2000),
1276:Cantrell, Gregg (1999),
1193:Cantrell (1999), p. 291.
1169:Cantrell (1999), p. 278.
1139:Cantrell (1999), p. 271.
1095:Cantrell (1999), p. 268.
664:Henson (1982), pp. 47–8.
235:had been more cautious.
215:Juan Martín de Veramendi
50:. Under the guidance of
288:and as a member of the
1623:Coahuila y Tejas state
755:Barker (1985), p. 351.
652:Ericson (2000), p. 33.
490:
303:
290:United States Congress
151:
116:to form the new state
1602:Battle of Nacogdoches
1549:Political conventions
1540:Sterling C. Robertson
1181:Davis (2006), p. 117.
1160:Davis (2006), p. 111.
1130:Davis (2006), p. 110.
1118:Davis (2006), p. 109.
1086:Davis (2006), p. 101.
1051:Davis (2006), p. 100.
673:Morton (1943), p. 33.
495:Valentín Gómez Farías
485:
298:
206:As a compromise, the
145:
90:Further information:
1592:Anahuac Disturbances
1028:Davis (2006), p. 99.
936:Davis (2006), p. 98.
889:Davis (2006), p. 97.
864:Davis (2006), p. 96.
836:"Convention of 1833"
810:Davis (2006), p. 95.
783:"Convention of 1832"
771:Davis (2006), p. 94.
743:Davis (2006), p. 91.
729:Davis (2006), p. 92.
709:Davis (2006), p. 86.
691:Davis (2006), p. 85.
682:Davis (2006), p. 77.
222:San Felipe de Austin
168:San Antonio de Béxar
160:Anastasio Bustamante
129:Law of April 6, 1830
102:Constitution of 1824
37:San Felipe de Austin
1587:Fredonian Rebellion
1566:Consultation (1835)
265:American Revolution
1571:Convention of 1836
1561:Convention of 1833
1556:Convention of 1832
1449:Convention of 1833
491:
304:
279:State constitution
259:, who represented
245:William H. Wharton
176:Convention of 1832
152:
96:Convention of 1832
41:William H. Wharton
33:Mexican government
29:Convention of 1832
21:Convention of 1833
1671:April 1833 events
1636:
1635:
1597:Battle of Velasco
1510:Stephen F. Austin
1454:Handbook of Texas
1370:978-0-89096-135-3
1348:978-0-7884-1657-6
1312:978-1-58544-532-5
1299:Davis, William C.
1291:978-0-300-09093-2
1207:Barker, Eugene C.
840:Handbook of Texas
834:Steen, Ralph W.,
787:Handbook of Texas
781:Steen, Ralph W.,
487:Stephen F. Austin
479:States military.
412:
411:
201:Stephen F. Austin
154:In 1832, General
71:Stephen F. Austin
1678:
1666:1833 in politics
1607:Texas Revolution
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1391:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1333:
1315:
1303:Lone Star Rising
1294:
1283:
1271:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1209:(October 1902),
1194:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1013:
1010:
999:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
972:
969:
963:
960:
949:
946:
937:
934:
913:
910:
904:
901:
890:
887:
874:
871:
865:
862:
851:
850:
849:
847:
831:
820:
817:
811:
808:
799:
797:
796:
794:
778:
772:
769:
756:
753:
744:
741:
730:
727:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
674:
671:
665:
662:
653:
650:
644:
641:
632:
629:
610:
607:
601:
594:
588:
585:
579:
576:
395:
324:executive branch
249:William C. Davis
118:Coahuila y Tejas
64:Mexican Congress
48:Coahuila y Tejas
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1611:
1580:Armed conflicts
1575:
1544:
1494:
1489:
1445:
1434:
1432:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1394:
1389:
1376:
1371:
1354:
1349:
1336:
1319:
1313:
1297:
1292:
1275:
1269:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1002:
997:
993:
988:
984:
979:
975:
970:
966:
961:
952:
947:
940:
935:
916:
911:
907:
902:
893:
888:
877:
872:
868:
863:
854:
845:
843:
833:
832:
823:
818:
814:
809:
802:
792:
790:
780:
779:
775:
770:
759:
754:
747:
742:
733:
728:
713:
708:
704:
699:
695:
690:
686:
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
656:
651:
647:
642:
635:
630:
623:
619:
614:
613:
608:
604:
595:
591:
586:
582:
577:
573:
568:
556:
515:dios y libertad
476:
439:
389:
381:David G. Burnet
281:
241:
197:
98:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:1833 in Mexico
1653:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:James Hewetson
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Martín De León
1512:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1444:
1443:External links
1441:
1440:
1439:
1416:
1392:
1387:
1374:
1369:
1352:
1347:
1334:
1317:
1311:
1295:
1290:
1273:
1267:
1254:
1230:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1162:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1120:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1074:
1065:
1053:
1039:
1030:
1014:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
950:
938:
914:
905:
891:
875:
866:
852:
821:
812:
800:
773:
757:
745:
731:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
654:
645:
633:
620:
618:
615:
612:
611:
602:
598:Texas Advocate
589:
580:
570:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
555:
552:
475:
472:
438:
435:
410:
409:
405:
404:
402:
398:
388:
385:
339:bill of rights
280:
277:
240:
237:
196:
193:
104:established a
87:
84:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1683:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:1833 in Texas
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Mexican Texas
1649:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Haden Edwards
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1492:Mexican Texas
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:0-292-75253-9
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1268:0-292-78421-X
1264:
1260:
1255:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
959:
957:
955:
951:
945:
943:
939:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
915:
909:
906:
900:
898:
896:
892:
886:
884:
882:
880:
876:
870:
867:
861:
859:
857:
853:
841:
837:
830:
828:
826:
822:
816:
813:
807:
805:
801:
788:
784:
777:
774:
768:
766:
764:
762:
758:
752:
750:
746:
740:
738:
736:
732:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
712:
706:
703:
697:
694:
688:
685:
679:
676:
670:
667:
661:
659:
655:
649:
646:
640:
638:
634:
628:
626:
622:
616:
606:
603:
599:
593:
590:
584:
581:
575:
572:
565:
561:
558:
557:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:San Augustine
537:
531:
528:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:ayuntamientos
504:
498:
496:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
468:
464:
459:
457:
451:
449:
445:
436:
434:
431:
430:Erasmo Seguín
425:
421:
418:
417:Galveston Bay
406:
403:
399:
397:
396:
393:
386:
384:
382:
378:
377:hard currency
372:
369:
365:
361:
360:primogeniture
356:
354:
353:
348:
347:trial by jury
344:
340:
337:A 27-article
335:
333:
332:supreme court
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
278:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
250:
246:
238:
236:
234:
230:
225:
223:
218:
216:
211:
210:
204:
202:
194:
192:
190:
189:
184:
183:Ramón Músquiz
179:
177:
173:
169:
163:
161:
157:
149:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:native tribes
121:
119:
115:
111:
110:Mexican Texas
107:
103:
97:
93:
92:Mexican Texas
85:
83:
81:
80:trial by jury
76:
73:journeyed to
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
25:Mexican Texas
22:
1638:
1560:
1520:Green DeWitt
1499:
1452:
1433:, retrieved
1428:
1424:
1411:December 17,
1409:, retrieved
1404:
1400:
1378:
1358:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1302:
1279:
1258:
1249:December 17,
1247:, retrieved
1242:
1238:
1225:December 17,
1223:, retrieved
1218:
1214:
1165:
1144:
1135:
1100:
1091:
1068:
1033:
994:
985:
976:
967:
908:
869:
846:December 17,
844:, retrieved
839:
815:
791:, retrieved
786:
776:
705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
648:
605:
597:
592:
583:
574:
548:San Patricio
532:
527:ayuntamiento
526:
523:ayuntamiento
522:
519:
514:
511:dios y Tejas
510:
506:
503:ayuntamiento
502:
499:
492:
477:
460:
455:
452:
440:
426:
422:
413:
390:
373:
357:
350:
336:
305:
282:
273:
253:
242:
226:
219:
209:ayuntamiento
207:
205:
198:
188:ayuntamiento
186:
180:
164:
153:
122:
99:
68:
45:
20:
18:
1535:James Power
1501:Empresarios
793:February 3,
387:Resolutions
368:Spanish law
300:Sam Houston
261:Nacogdoches
257:Sam Houston
239:Proceedings
229:James Bowie
195:Preparation
75:Mexico City
52:Sam Houston
1645:Categories
1435:2009-01-29
617:References
364:entailment
106:federalist
86:Background
1451:from the
536:Matagorda
474:Reception
456:substance
328:bicameral
320:Tennessee
312:Louisiana
286:Tennessee
60:Tennessee
1616:See also
1301:(2006),
554:See also
448:Monclova
444:Saltillo
316:Missouri
267:slogan "
172:Victoria
146:General
114:Coahuila
56:US state
1200:Sources
544:Bastrop
463:cholera
352:alcalde
137:Texians
133:Tejanos
1456:Online
1385:
1367:
1345:
1309:
1288:
1265:
546:, and
467:Goliad
318:, and
566:Notes
1413:2009
1383:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1251:2009
1227:2009
848:2009
795:2009
362:and
170:and
94:and
19:The
446:to
139:).
58:of
1647::
1429:47
1427:,
1423:,
1405:91
1403:,
1399:,
1330:62
1328:,
1324:,
1243:46
1241:,
1237:,
1217:,
1213:,
1186:^
1174:^
1153:^
1123:^
1109:^
1077:^
1056:^
1042:^
1017:^
1003:^
953:^
941:^
917:^
894:^
878:^
855:^
838:,
824:^
803:^
785:,
760:^
748:^
734:^
714:^
657:^
636:^
624:^
542:,
538:,
334:.
314:,
292:.
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
1219:6
798:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
