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that constituted the property of mainly western
European merchants. He immediately returned one third of the plunder and promised to pay 12% interest on the rest after the liberals' victory in the civil war. After their victory Juárez expelled the Spanish minister for allegedly supporting the Miramón
470:
The assembling of expedition and the launch of a joint expedition to take over the important ports of Mexico. The ports were the main target of the intervention as 100% of the customs income on the
Pacific coast and 85% of the Gulf of Mexico were spent redeeming international conventions. Permission
411:
and numerous other instances of robbery, torture or ill-treatment of French subjects in Mexico. Similar claims were added to the
Spanish claims as well, including the killing of five Spanish nationals at Cuernavaca and the reconciliation of the Spanish Minister to Mexico and the recovery of the lost
390:
government) and additionally provided a new fund of 6,600,000 pesos, which was ratified two years later. The interest rate of the first bonds was set at 3% while the latter was issued at 5%. Mexico also had similar negotiations with France in 1851 and 1853. Those claims totaled 1,759,000 pesos. The
385:
on a 3% yearly interest rate and a 5% redeem rate. At the time of the London
Convention, these rates rose to 4 and 6 percent respectively, and the amount of debt had been reduced to 1,800,000 pesos. That same year, the Spanish and Mexican Government settled an old claim of 983,000 pesos (the Juarez
330:
threatened intervention in Mexico unless the incapacity of its government was changed. The parties to the convention also invited the United States to seek a solution to the financial and social chaos in Mexico. The stalemate between the
Mexican political parties, both of whose actions depended on
436:
The United States regarded the claims as unjustifiable or even outrageous, except for those of the
British; however the American government offered to cover the arrearages of the debt. This offer was rejected by the allied powers. The U.S. remained neutral, but reserved its right to mobilize and
340:
of the conservatives chose to apply for a disadvantageous loan lent by creditor firm Jecker and
Company. It was composed of 15,000,000 pesos in internal bonds, 619,000 pesos in cash and 368,000 in military clothing. These loans formed the basis of the long-term French claims, which led to the
457:
of
Britain caused confusion. These incidents had the potential to escalate into a full-on military conflict between the two nations and thus Britain, not wishing to engage in with war with the United States or causing her offence, decided to reduce its naval presence in the expedition.
335:
to secure the
Mexican Pacific coast custom houses. The ongoing civil war from 1858 resulted in both Mexican political parties becoming indebted. Aside from the country's previous loan contracts the opposing sides ran out of funds and tried to cover their expenses in any way possible.
305:
It led the three countries to dispatch an expedition to Mexico to seek a complete repayment of their debt. After the French made aggressive and unreasonable demands towards the
Mexican government, Spain and Britain, realising France's intention to turn Mexico into a
511:
As a main objective of the intervention, the Mexican public treasuries, the custom houses, and administrative revenues should be overseen by an allied tripartite commission, and be sealed and reserved until the arrival of the
416:. Altogether with the Jecker debt, France sought a consolidated 10,000,000 pesos. The justness of the Jecker loan became questionable when United States intelligence intercepted an 1862 letter between the Jecker family and
358:. On 11 June 1861 Mexico passed the recompensation deadline of the Lacuna Seca incident and was still not ready to repay the withheld money. Next month the Mexican Government suspended to transfer payments for two years.
331:
the support of the said European nations and the United States, resulted in a six-year civil war and rendered the country bankrupt. Earlier in May the English navy had disembarked a 400-men strong contingent at
505:
As a preliminary precaution for defending the French in the city, the consul of France and the senior French commander should be informed in advance of any assault, so precautionary steps could be taken.
933:
988:
956:
531:
Commodore Dunlop, commander of the British navy, was given equal rights with his French counterpart, but could refrain from the battle in the event of lack of approval of his government.
1082:
370:
310:, pulled their troops from Mexico and quickly signed treaties with Mexico allowing them an indefinite hold on the repayment of debt. The resulting struggle is known as the
1087:
757:"Very late from Mexico.; Highly important intelligence. The Failure of Jecker and Company Statement of their Affairs Political and Military News Miscellaneous"
756:
515:
All forts, fortification or public buildings should be left untouched, their destruction should be only in last resort, to serve the purpose of self-defense
395:, who had been stabbed in front of his house; a bootmaker who had been robbed and seriously wounded; the relatives' of a Frenchman who was assassinated at
283:
252:
189:
65:
836:
1061:
391:
French also addressed unfulfillable individual claims on the behalf of French nationals living in Mexico. Such French nationals included a tailor in
1112:
673:
127:
345:. In 1860 MiramĂłn took a step further and seized a British deposit of 660,000 pesos reserved for the British bondholders by the Liberal cabinet of
1122:
1092:
1006:
974:
474:
None of the participating nations could gain territorial, political or financial advantage nor could attempt to get involved in internal affairs,
445:
to secure the trade routes and key ports. This led to an accidental near-collision between an American merchant vessel and the British steamboat
484:
A formal invitation was forwarded to the United States to join the cause, provided that not in any case would it mean the delay of operations
342:
311:
525:
After taking the city, the Spanish high command should consult Napoleon III before advancing into inner Mexico or engaging in peace talks.
501:
The following arrangements were agreed upon before the Allied landing to Mexico. (Note that these terms were not part of the treaty.)
437:
intrude upon Mexican soil on behalf of the safety of its citizens and commercial sphere of interest, if necessary. An American naval
901:
808:
712:
636:
287:
420:, which clearly revealed the ambiguous motivation of the French financial aid and the personal interests of the duke and emperor
115:
417:
792:
State Insolvency and Foreign Bondholders: Selected Case Histories of Governmental Foreign Bond Defaults and Debt Readjustments
279:
175:
139:
387:
286:, on 31 October 1861. The purpose of the treaty was to agree on a course of action towards obtaining loan repayments from
471:
to act freely to achieve the common goal and to protect European nationals was granted to the commanders of the operation
1117:
326:
The Convention of London was preceded by a quadrilateral convention in 1860, by which France, Spain, Great Britain and
425:
993:
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allegedly by the Mexican police; a hotel-keeper who had been robbed twice at Palmar; a farmer who was killed in
728:
1132:
1107:
1097:
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Prelude to tragedy: the negotiation and breakdown of the Tripartite Convention of London, October 31, 1861
796:
350:
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883:
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A Commission of three was empowered to enforce the claims and oversee the distribution of reparations
315:
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162:
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Document No. 100. pp. 134–137, Vol. VIII. House Executive Documents, 2nd session, 37th Congress.
897:
804:
708:
632:
585:
475:
337:
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346:
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Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present
543:
519:
291:
663:
887:
366:
662:
Clyde Augustus Duniway (1903). "Reasons for the withdrawal of the French from Mexico".
466:
The treaty consisted of a preamble and five articles and had the following key points:
442:
235:
1076:
893:
628:
349:. The same year Juárez also crossed the line by illegally seizing 1,100,000 pesos at
295:
1054:
571:
421:
211:
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The French experience in Mexico, 1821-1861: a history of constant misunderstanding
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or violation of the rights of Mexican people during the course of the intervention
790:
698:
392:
373:, expelled Spanish Minister to Mexico, one of the provisos of the Spanish claims
622:
408:
404:
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was not in a position to offer much opposition as it was engulfed in its own
837:"The European Expedition Against Mexico; The Position and Motives of Spain"
438:
424:
behind it. The same concerns were brought up in the case of Mexico where
403:; a coach-driver who was kidnapped and held for ransom several times; a
1035:
589:
400:
327:
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Maximilian in Mexico. The story of the French intervention (1861–1867)
497:
Contemporary view of Veracruz, the meeting point of the Allied forces
396:
248:
61:
1030:
Blumberg, Arnold. "The diplomacy of the Mexican empire, 1863-1867."
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British financial claims dated back to the end of 1851 when, at the
581:
492:
365:
318:, also known as the Maximilian Affair and The Franco-Mexican War.
578:
Mexican Expedition, 1861–1867, military & political narrative
573:
Expédition du Mexique, 1861–1867; récit politique & militaire
886:; William Nemos; Thomas Savage; Joseph Joshua Peatfield (1888).
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party still hadn't recognized the 2 million dollars owed by the
382:
508:
The occupying forces should be half Spanish and half French.
665:
Annual report of the American Historical Association (1890)
522:
should not in any case affect the French maritime commerce
449:. On another occasion, a near-collision between steamers
428:
seemed to be a possible pretender to the Mexican throne.
16:
1861 treaty between France, Spain, and the United Kingdom
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faction and his navy seized the Spanish steam frigate
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All French possessions in Mexico must remain intact.
290:. Although this went against the main tenet of the
260:
244:
198:
147:
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87:
79:
71:
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42:
34:
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1032:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
934:"The history of foreign intervention in Mexico I"
294:(European non-intervention in the Americas), the
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997:. Vol. 14, no. 1862. 13 March 1862
965:. Vol. 22, no. 3420. 15 March 1862
21:
1083:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
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876:
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489:Allied arrangements before taking Veracruz
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1044:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966).
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674:United States Government Printing Office
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1007:California Digital Newspaper Collection
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1062:"Official US answer to the invitation"
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889:History of Mexico Vol VI. (1861–1887)
631:, United States: C. Scribner's sons.
7:
1088:Treaties of the Second French Empire
989:"The Allied Intervention in Mexico"
38:23 September 1861 – 11 October 1861
14:
381:, Mexico agreed to pay 5,000,000
729:"Foreign Intervention in Mexico"
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1113:1861 in international relations
418:Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny
1123:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
1093:Treaties of the Spanish Empire
518:The Spanish naval blockade of
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343:French Intervention in Mexico
312:French intervention in Mexico
621:Percy Falcke Martin (1914).
432:Stance of the United States
128:Francisco Javier de IstĂşriz
1154:
1055:French text of the treaty
994:The Daily Alta California
789:William H. Wynne (1951).
705:Santa Barbara, California
453:of the United States and
46:31 October 1861
1057:; Niox: pp. 729–730
1027:(UNC Press Books, 2018).
274:was a treaty, signed by
83:Forces meet at Vera-Cruz
896:: The History Company.
91:18 April 1862
962:Sacramento Daily Union
797:New Haven, Connecticut
584:, France: J. Dumaine.
498:
374:
801:Yale University Press
697:David Marley (1998).
570:Gustave Niox (1874).
496:
369:
1034:61.8 (1971): 1–152.
957:"Late Atlantic news"
884:Hubert Howe Bancroft
512:Commanders-in-Chief.
407:who was murdered at
316:Second French Empire
272:Convention of London
22:Convention of London
1118:October 1861 events
1068:. 17 February 1862.
580:] (in French).
314:by the army of the
23:
1066:The New York Times
942:The New York Times
842:The New York Times
762:The New York Times
734:The New York Times
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441:was set up in the
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1023:Barker, Nancy N.
845:. 1 December 1861
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795:. Vol. II.
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737:. 27 August 1860
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264:French, English
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238:(37th Congress)
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765:. 11 June 1860
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1128:Napoleon III
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1005:– via
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973:– via
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814:. Retrieved
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707:: ABC-CLIO.
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140:John Russell
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1138:Isabella II
476:coup d'Ă©tat
451:San Jacinto
393:Mexico City
351:Laguna Seca
224:Isabella II
103:Signatories
1077:Categories
590:B004IL4IB4
550:References
462:The treaty
414:ConcepciĂłn
409:Cuernavaca
405:colporteur
388:Santa Anna
282:, and the
245:Depositary
95:1862-04-18
88:Expiration
50:1861-10-31
300:civil war
261:Languages
199:Ratifiers
80:Condition
72:Effective
629:New York
538:See also
520:Veracruz
447:Valorous
439:blockade
333:San Blas
58:Location
1001:26 June
969:26 June
909:11 June
849:26 June
816:11 June
769:11 June
741:11 June
679:22 June
644:11 June
595:12 June
401:Durango
328:Prussia
322:Premise
148:Parties
93: (
48: (
35:Drafted
1036:online
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397:Puebla
288:Mexico
276:France
249:London
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163:France
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62:London
43:Signed
937:(PDF)
582:Paris
576:[
455:Trent
412:ship
383:pesos
280:Spain
176:Spain
1003:2012
971:2012
911:2012
898:ISBN
851:2012
818:2012
805:ISBN
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586:ASIN
270:The
27:Type
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