Convoy PQ 17 - Knowledge (XXG)

126: 2416:, called the event, "one of the most melancholy naval episodes in the whole of the war". An inquiry assigned no blame to anyone, since orders were issued by the First Sea Lord and blaming the First Sea Lord himself was considered politically unacceptable. The Soviet Union did not believe so many ships could be lost in one convoy and openly accused the Western Allies of lying. Despite the help provided by the material delivered, Convoy PQ 17 worsened Soviet–Allied relations over the short term, with the Soviets never acknowledging the efforts of Allied merchant seaman or sailors in either navy. 254: 243: 232: 1762:(Golden Comb) tactic, first used against Convoy PQ 16, continued. By early June there were 264 aircraft available, a strike force of 103 Ju 88 bombers, 42 He 111 torpedo-bombers and 30 Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers, eight FW 200 Kondor and 22 Ju 88s for long-range reconnaissance, 44 Bv 138 flying boats for shorter-range reconnaissance and fifteen He 115 floatplanes for general use. Many of the torpedo-bombers had been hurriedly transferred from other theatres and retrained from conventional bombing, as part of Hitler's demand for greater action against the Arctic convoys. 114: 166: 220: 209: 198: 187: 1272:, in conjunction with Convoy PQ 17. The former was made up of returning merchant ships from Arkhangelsk, with some ships from Murmansk. It consisted of thirty-five ships and was escorted by five destroyers, three corvettes, an anti-aircraft ship, three minesweepers, two trawlers and to the Bear Island area, a submarine. It was sighted by German aircraft on 30 June and 2 July. Convoy QP 13 was not attacked, since the German tactic was to concentrate on eastbound (laden) convoys, rather than westbound convoys in 45: 1307: 102: 139: 1221: 2444:, the Soviets requested to know when Convoy PQ 18 would sail. Pound said nothing could be done until better Russian air cover was arranged, after which Kharlamov criticised the order to withdraw the cruisers from Convoy PQ 17. Pound was furious and deeply resented the Russian attitude. Pound angrily admitted that Convoy PQ 17 was scattered on his order while Maisky stated that "even British admirals make mistakes". 1771: 152: 1246:

convoy from surface attack westward of Bear Island depended on Allied surface forces, while to the eastward it was to be provided by Allied submarines. The convoy's cruiser covering force was not to go east of Bear Island, unless the convoy was threatened by the presence of a surface force which the cruiser force could fight, nor to go beyond 25° East under any circumstances.

1698:(Operation Knight's Move); the force was the strongest yet assembled for a convoy attack but was hampered by an unwieldy chain of command, with the authority to attack resting with Hitler and a contradictory mission statement; the forces were instructed to attack and destroy the convoy and also to avoid any action that would lead to damage to the capital ships, particularly 2177: 2463:, with twelve fighters and three Swordfish ASW aircraft. After the war there was criticism of this delay in American and Soviet sources. Soviet historians give varying reasons for the suspension and reduction in supply caused by the halt in the Arctic convoys. Some considered it the result of "the fact that in 1942, Anglo-American (ocean) communications were destroyed". 1734:, German attacks faded away during 27 May due to the arrival of Soviet destroyers and the arrival of Soviet bombers overhead; when the convoy came into range on 29 May, Soviet fighters began escort sorties. The rise on the number of opposing aircraft led to Germans claiming 162 aircraft shot down in May, 113 being Hurricanes provided from Britain. On 28 May the 1156:, sailed from the United Kingdom in August 1941, two months after the beginning of Barbarossa. By the spring of 1942, twelve more convoys had made the passage with the loss of only one of the 103 ships. The threat of attacks on the convoys increased, with the Germans making a maximum effort to stop the flow of supplies to the USSR. In 1941, the 2114:. The Allied cruiser squadron was already beyond the standing orders set by the Admiralty and if no new orders had gone out, the cruisers would have had to withdraw some time afterwards in any case. The earlier cruiser movement did not influence the tactical situation but in light of later knowledge, the decision was deemed precipitate. 2011:

was due to U-boat information, a fact not shared with Hamilton. At 21:23, the Admiralty, in a message prefixed "Immediate", ordered the convoy to disperse and proceed to Russian ports independently owing to threat from surface ships. At 21:36, the Admiralty sent another "Most Immediate" message, ordering the convoy to scatter.

2525:, to defend his reputation. Broome won his case and was awarded £40,000 in damages and secured the withdrawal of all copies of the offending book from circulation (it has since been republished, with corrections). The damages (donated by Broome to charity) were the highest paid in English legal history until 1987. 2395:, docked at Murmansk. The deliveries amounted to 70,000 short tons (64,000 t) out of the 200,000 short tons (180,000 t) which had started from Iceland. Matériel losses in the convoy were: 3,350 vehicles, 210 aircraft, 430 tanks and 109,466 short tons (99,316 t) of other cargo such as food and ammunition. 1567:

patrol and the two lines of submarines between North Cape and Bear Island were being adjusted to cover the line of approach to the convoy as it moved eastwards. In view of the uncertainty of the two German ships' positions, Hamilton decided to continue to provide close cover with the cruiser squadron

1267:

for a week, sailing two days after the convoy. German reconnaissance of Scapa during the period of assembly failed to notice the diversion, which was also not sighted on its passage. The operation was repeated on 1 July, again without success. On 26 June the Admiralty took the opportunity to pass the

2691:

This latter signal was intended merely as a correction of technical wording from "disperse" to "scatter", but this was not known at the time. The order to scatter was only used under immediate threat of surface attack. Detailed instructions in each ship's signal book laid down the actions that were

2195:

wavelengths began to be received by the destroyers: "Am being bombed by a large number of planes", "On fire in the ice", "Abandoning ship", "Six U-boats approaching on the surface". With the majority of the escorts ordered to return to Scapa Flow, only the close escort of anti-aircraft auxiliaries,

2010:

would not be met. At 18:58 the Admiralty informed Hamilton that more information was expected shortly, instructing him to remain with the convoy pending further instructions. At 21:11, the Admiralty sent a message prefixed "Most Immediate" ordering Hamilton to withdraw westwards at high speed. This

1849:

flying boats on 1 July. On 2 July, the convoy sighted the reciprocal Convoy QP 13. Convoy PQ 17 was attacked by nine torpedo aircraft, later the same day; one aircraft was shot down. At 13:00 on 3 July, the Convoy PQ 17 destroyer screen was steering east to pass between Bear Island and Spitsbergen.

1527:

and nine destroyers. As the convoy sailed, the covering forces were moving into position. CS1 left Seidisfjord in the night of 30 June/1 July. It arrived in a covering position north of the convoy on 2 July. The cruisers were not sighted by the Germans until late on 3 July. The heavy covering force

1123:

and Arkhangelsk. The agreement stated that the Soviet government was responsible for receiving the supplies in Soviet ships at British or American ports. Since the Soviets did not have enough ships for the quantities of aid, British and American ships began to constitute an increasing proportion of

2190:

When the order to scatter the convoy was received, it had covered more than half of its route and lost three ships. The consequences for the merchantmen were dire, the ships were spread over a wide area, stripped of mutual protection and their trained escort. As the larger escort vessels retreated

1532:

on 1 July, while the cruiser screen was refuelling at Seidisfjord. It was shadowed for a short period early on 3 July, while in a covering position south of the convoy. Later that day, course was altered northwards to cross the convoy's track and to reach a position north-west of Bear Island. This

1245:

The Admiralty issued instructions on 27 June, which allowed the convoy to be turned back, temporarily to shorten the distance to the nearest Allied base. German surface movements took place later than expected, making these instructions unnecessary. The Admiralty also stated that the safety of the

2420:

and Soviet naval experts found it difficult to understand the order to scatter given by the Admiralty, given "that the escorting vessels of the Convoy PQ 17 should return, whereas the cargo boats should disperse and try to reach the Soviet ports one by one without any protection at all". Admiral

2105:

was imminent. The convoy was immediately ordered to scatter, with the escorting destroyers ordered to join the cruiser force and the merchantmen to proceed independently. Winston Churchill later speculated that the Admiralty's decision and orders would not have been so vehement had only British

2005:

At 12:30 on 4 July, the Admiralty gave Hamilton permission to proceed east of 25° east, should the situation demand, unless contrary orders were received from Tovey. This was a reversal of previous orders and as no information in Tovey's possession justified this change, Hamilton was ordered to

1811:) sailed with the convoy. The escort was made up of six destroyers, four corvettes, three minesweepers, four trawlers, two anti-aircraft ships and two submarines. The route was longer than earlier convoys, since the ice allowed for a passage north of Bear Island and an evasive detour in the 2382:

aircraft, which had proceeded to north Russia after their patrols and by minesweepers and corvettes. A fortnight elapsed before the results of the attacks and the fate of the convoy were fully known. Of the 34 ships which had left Iceland, 23 were sunk; two British, four American, one

1294:, in command of the cruiser squadron, later decided that a more northerly route was necessary, ordered the SOE to alter course, to pass 70 nmi (130 km; 81 mi) north of Bear Island and later on to open to 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) from 1082:

and of the 35 ships, only eleven reached their destination, delivering 70,000 long tons (71,000 metric tons) of cargo. The convoy disaster demonstrated the difficulty of passing adequate supplies through the Arctic, especially during the summer, with the

1279:

A fresh ice reconnaissance done on 3 July found the passage north of Bear Island had widened. The Admiralty suggested the convoy should pass at least 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) north of it. The senior officer of the escort (SOE),

1826:

was also damaged and her speed reduced to 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph). Since it was doubtful if she could face heavy weather, it was decided to transfer her to the fuelling position north-east of Jan Mayen in exchange for the

2518:

published a controversial book about Convoy PQ 17. It concentrated on Allied blunders and shortcomings, alleging that Broome's decision to withdraw his destroyers was the primary cause of the disaster to the convoy. Broome litigated in

2153:

had left Altentfjord. Though Denning did not know if it was still there he did explain that his sources would have confirmed if the ship had or was about to put to sea. It was not until several hours after Pound's orders that

2436:, Raeder stated, "...our submarines and aircraft, which totally destroyed the last convoy, have forced the enemy to give up this route temporarily...". At a meeting with the head of the Soviet Military Mission, Admiral 1537:

within air striking range of the convoy on the morning of 4 July. This was calculated to occur at the same time at which a surface attack was expected. While en route to the new covering area, the force was joined by

343: 5141: 2106:

warships been concerned but the idea the first joint Anglo-American operation under British command might involve the destruction of American as well as British units may well have influenced the decisions of

1554:

Air reconnaissance of Norwegian harbours had been hindered by weather but information showed German heavy units were probably moving northwards and an air photograph of Trondheim late on 3 July showed that

1069:

raid never materialised. The convoy was the first large joint Anglo-American naval operation under British command; in Churchill's view this encouraged a more careful approach to fleet movements.

1242:

and Norway. Allied covering forces would be without air support, 1,000 mi (1,600 km) from their base and with the destroyers too short on fuel to escort a damaged ship to harbour.

3660: 1815:. All the convoy was bound for Arkhangelsk, because recent air attacks had destroyed most of Murmansk. One ship suffered mechanical failure just out of port and was forced to turn back. SS 336: 2625:

is also the title of a dance, orchestra, and choir piece based on the events surrounding the sinkings. Choreographer and dancer Bill Coleman's father was a merchant mariner on board the

5136: 1072:

As the close escort and the covering cruiser forces withdrew westwards to intercept the German raiders, the merchant ships were left without escorts. The freighters were attacked by

1238:. German forces would operate close to the Norwegian coast, with support of shore-based air reconnaissance and striking forces, with a screen of U-boats in the channels between 329: 3081: 2432:

In view of the Convoy PQ 17 disaster, the Admiralty proposed to suspend the Arctic convoys at least until the ice receded and perpetual daylight passed. At a conference with

2456:

set out for North Russia. The convoy's defence scheme was revised, with a very strong constant close escort of sixteen destroyers and the first of the new escort carriers,

1208:

were also sent to Arctic waters but fell victim to Allied air attacks and had to turn back for repairs. The Germans had bases along the Norwegian coast, which meant, until

1162:

had begun concentrating its strength in Norway in winter, to prevent a British invasion of Norway and to obstruct Allied convoys to the Soviet Union. The battleship

3720: 3450: 4511: 4138:"A careless word...a needless sinking": A History of the Staggering losses suffered by the U.S. Merchant Marine, both in Ships and Personnel during World War II 2471:

At least sixteen officers and men of the Merchant Navy were honoured for gallantry or distinguished service for the actions in the convoy. A supplement to the

3617: 2544:, a 1943 war movie starring Humphrey Bogart and Raymond Massey, includes a section which is drawn from Lieutenant Gradwell's actions after PQ-17 scattered. 2421:

King, already known to distrust the British, was furious with what he perceived as Admiral Pound's bungling and promptly withdrew TF 39, sending it to the

2363:. They were found there by a flotilla of corvettes, who escorted the four-ship convoy plus two other merchant vessels to Archangel, arriving on 25 July. 1249:

A decoy convoy was also organised to divert enemy forces, consisting of the First Minelaying Squadron and four colliers, escorted by the light cruisers

1754:

and increased losses on raids against Murmansk. No convoys were spotted during June and the weather was too bad for convoy operations. Training in the

1115:

in October 1941, agreeing to a series of munitions deliveries to the Soviet Union. The most direct way to carry these supplies was by sea around the

2490: 2162:

battlegroup sailed on July 5 but the operation by surface ships to attack the convoy was cancelled and the ships returned to Altenfjord that day.

5131: 3652: 353: 36: 3613: 1822:

Part of the convoy ran into drifting ice in thick weather whilst in the Denmark Strait. Two merchant ships were damaged and had to turn back;

4421: 4402: 4375: 4356: 4337: 4299: 4280: 4261: 4221: 4162: 4126: 4032: 3957: 3919: 3900: 3845: 415: 4178:. Washington, DC: United States Army European Command Historical Division, United States Department of the Army Office of Military History. 3138: 2409: 2347:

north. On reaching the Arctic ice, the convoy pushed into it, then stopped engines and banked their fires. The crews used white paint from

2145:

to join the ships there. Prior to issuing the orders, Pound visited Whitehall and consulted an intelligence officer, Lieutenant Commander

3487: 1750:

wireless frequencies and raided Kirkenes with small formations of aircraft or solo attacks. The Soviet raids stretched the resources of

1212:

became available, Allied convoys had to be sailed through these areas without adequate defence against aircraft and submarine attack.

1742:

airfields at Petsamo, Kirkenes and Banak began to receive frequent attacks by Soviet bombers and fighters, often timed to ground the

4454: 4318: 4070: 4051: 3938: 3881: 3690: 3071: 1104: 224: 1229: 1103:, the German war against the USSR, the British and American governments agreed to send unconditional aid to their Soviet ally. The 2171: 1693: 436: 3174: 1327:

The convoy's close escort was the First Escort Group (EG1, SOE Jack Broome) and included the anti-aircraft auxiliary cruisers

540: 4552: 4080:

Langer, John D. (1979). "The Harriman-Beaverbrook Mission and the Debate over Unconditional Aid for the Soviet Union, 1941".

2534: 2355:

on the merchant vessels decks into a defensive formation, with loaded main guns. After a period of waiting and having evaded

2192: 547: 4006: 3978: 3750: 3605: 4498: 1927:

broke up an air attack on the convoy the same day. Later that evening, an attack by 25 torpedo bombers took place, sinking

1191: 1182: 1173: 486: 3712: 3442: 2540: 2521: 1903: 1789: 2600:, a 1976 novel written by Steven C. Lawrence, a World War II U.S. Merchant Marine officer, recounts the story of PQ-17. 3776: 2482: 1690:, ready to carry out a surface attack on the convoy. This was orchestrated as a complex two-stage operation codenamed 1197: 3373: 1652: 1430: 1203: 1061: 2564: 1163: 1036: 481: 144: 4155:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939 – May 1943

2662: 2612:

is dedicated to the fate of the convoy. The book is also interesting since it describes the Soviet belief that

2604: 2574: 2366:

In the voyage to the Russian ports, some of the ships and lifeboat craft took refuge along the frozen coast of

1874: 1730:, which had to contend with the growth of the Soviet Air Force at the terminus of the Arctic sea route. During 1153: 558: 521: 502: 2183:

after the attacks on Convoy PQ 17, flying four victory pennants and the captured flag of the merchant ship SS

464: 2006:

withdraw when the convoy was east of 25° east or earlier at his discretion, unless the Admiralty assured him

1858: 476: 2378:

s cargo was jettisoned in Novaya Zemlya. Many of the ships' locations were unknown, in spite of searches by

1921: 1774: 1592: 1129: 370: 2667: 2325: 2254: 1914: 1865: 1473: 1281: 1143: 1053: 993: 443: 258: 4503: 2613: 1504: 1046: 429: 1928: 3606:"Piece details T 335/47—Merchant Navy Awards (Awards for Convoy PQ 17): London Gazette 6 October 1942" 2253:

had been abandoned by her crew after an aerial attack on 5 July; the ship was boarded by sailors from

44: 4173: 2486: 1757: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1497: 1449: 1235: 1234:(Operation Knight's Move), the German plan to use their big ships to attack the next convoy, east of 1100: 1088: 507: 457: 1287:, preferred to stay in the low visibility on the original route and to make ground to the eastward. 5008: 4890: 4885: 4525: 2548: 2497: 1539: 1511: 1466: 1424: 1352: 1310: 1306: 1108: 1012: 918: 903: 863: 806: 801: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4880: 4875: 4839: 4834: 4807: 4787: 4431: 3631: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 928: 923: 913: 908: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 858: 853: 848: 796: 791: 766: 761: 749: 744: 5146: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4624: 4436: 4105: 3636: 1710:

took part in a joint naval and air exercise simulating an attack on Convoy PQ 17 and its escort.

1479: 1116: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 615: 605: 514: 408: 382: 2429:, USN, serving in Iceland at that time, called Convoy PQ 17 "a shameful page in naval history". 4256:. Authors Publishers' Association, Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland. 1971. 276:

Covering forces: 1 aircraft carrier, 2 battleships, 6 cruisers, 13 destroyers (did not engage):

4480: 4450: 4417: 4398: 4371: 4352: 4333: 4314: 4295: 4276: 4257: 4240: 4217: 4200: 4179: 4158: 4141: 4122: 4097: 4066: 4047: 4028: 3953: 3934: 3915: 3896: 3877: 3860: 3841: 3820: 2557: 2457: 2437: 2413: 1546: 1413: 1370: 1358: 1257: 1004: 389: 377: 1124:

the convoy traffic. Although the defence of the Arctic convoys was the responsibility of the

4089: 3812: 3491: 3076: 2647: 2553: 2360: 1785: 1605: 1518: 1460: 1394: 1387: 1339: 1000: 533: 469: 32: 4520: 4311:

ULTRA at Sea: How Breaking the Nazi code affected Allied naval Strategy during World War II

2641: 2379: 2236: 1838:

and shadowed continuously, except for a few short intervals in fog. This was augmented by

1793: 1453: 1400: 1317: 1250: 1220: 1136: 450: 321: 4025:

The Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1945: The 50th Anniversary International Naval Conference

3682: 2317:

flew over 200 sorties and lost only five aircraft in exchange for the eight merchantmen.

1985:

Owing to threat from surface ships, convoy is to disperse and proceed to Russian ports.

4676: 4671: 4573: 4515: 2609: 2587: 2473: 2263: 2230: 2146: 2111: 1854: 1828: 1601: 1600:(Ice Devil), to intercept the convoy; three U-boats were in a patrol line north of the 1384: 1364: 1346: 1291: 1209: 1042: 1024: 632: 394: 247: 219: 208: 202: 197: 186: 107: 3950:

British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations

1943:

Excerpts of signals between the Admiralty (ADMY) and the First Cruiser Squadron (CS1)

5125: 4932: 4927: 4900: 4895: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4731: 4726: 4233: 4193: 4109: 3834: 3803:

Beesly, Patrick (1990). "Convoy PQ 17: A Study of Intelligence and Decision-Making".

2583: 2500:

was created and on 19 March 2013 the first medals were presented to approximately 40

2417: 2367: 1328: 1295: 1179: 996: 833: 828: 816: 811: 786: 781: 776: 771: 709: 119: 4275:(repr. Public Record Office War Histories ed.). Richmond: Air Ministry. 2001 . 3170: 2305:

on 9 July but the merchant ships suffered no more that day. The last losses were SS

2196:

corvettes, minesweepers and armed trawlers was left to protect the scattered ships.

1920:

sank the ship at 08:08. There was an abortive attack by six bombers in the evening.

4942: 4937: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4782: 4777: 4721: 4716: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4472: 2652: 2644:, retold the story of the convoy with first-hand testimony from the men who served. 2515: 2478: 2453: 2352: 2321: 2302: 2134: 2107: 1862: 1770: 1731: 1725: 1587: 1406: 1380: 1288: 1273: 1269: 1158: 1084: 1032: 1028: 1020: 1016: 843: 838: 702: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 647: 642: 637: 253: 242: 236: 231: 171: 131: 74: 2425:. He hesitated to conduct further joint operations under British command. Admiral 4546: 3996: 3968: 3948:

Hinsley, F. H.; Thomas, Edward Eastaway; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1990).

3742: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4629: 4619: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4533:, a primary source diary and supporting material by Jack Bowman, ERA aboard HMS 2619:

hit the Tirpitz. From 2003–04, a film was released in Russia based on this book.

2579: 2494: 2441: 2426: 2126: 1812: 1564: 1284: 1132: 627: 610: 600: 595: 213: 4093: 1486:

battleships cruised at about 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) distance.

1059:

away from the convoy and told the convoy to scatter. Because of vacillation by

3816: 2142: 2101:

Hamilton, Broome and Dowding took these signals to indicate that an attack by

1493: 1483: 1264: 1188: 1125: 191: 4484: 4145: 4101: 3864: 3824: 1889: 1876: 1263:, five destroyers and several trawlers. This diversionary force assembled at 4539: 4183: 3772: 2213: 2176: 1910: 1871:, around 35 nmi (40 mi; 65 km) north-east of Bear Island, at 1841: 1738:

claimed 22 aircraft for no loss. The German claims were exaggerated but the

1169: 1074: 50: 4214:

Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two

4204: 3912:

Destroyer: An Anthology of First-hand Accounts of the War at Sea, 1939–1945

2359:

reconnaissance aircraft, finding themselves unstuck, they proceeded to the

4244: 4521:

Memoirs of Chief Steward Horace Carswell DSM, MM, BEM during Convoy PQ 17

3365: 2656: 1376: 1239: 1120: 2387:

and two Russian merchant ships reached Arkhangelsk. Two American ships,

2633: 2501: 2422: 1529: 1490: 1008: 3050: 3048: 1784:

The convoy sailed from Hvalfjord on 27 June, under the command of the

4526:

Coxswain Sid Kerslake of armed trawler "Northern Gem" in Convoy PQ 17

4414:

The Ghost Ships of Archangel: The Arctic Voyage that Defied the Nazis

2433: 2384: 1846: 1112: 1079: 714: 157: 4368:

U-boat Operations of the Second World War: Career Histories, U1–U510

3874:

Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-fated Campaign, 1940–1945

2320:

On receiving the third order to scatter on 4 July 1942, Lieutenant

1834:. Shortly after it sailed, Convoy PQ 17 was sighted and tracked by 3014:

ADM 199/427: Home Fleet Destroyer Command – April to December 1942

2175: 2121:

battlegroup was not advancing toward the convoy or anywhere near.

1769: 1305: 1219: 697: 692: 687: 657: 652: 4530: 4002: 3998:

Home Fleet Destroyer Command, July to September 1942 ADM 199/427

3974: 2211:

and six more by four U-boats. Among the losses that day were SS

1224:

Track of Convoy PQ 17, showing approximate positions of sinkings

590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 4550: 3952:. History of the Second World War. Vol. II. London: HMSO. 325: 18:

Code name for an Allied World War II convoy in the Arctic Ocean

4292:

Fight for the Sea: Naval Adventures from the Second World War

2331:, did not want to head for Archangelsk and led his convoy of 3970:

Home Fleet Destroyer Command, April to June 1942 ADM 199/427

3653:"Veterans presented with their Arctic Star medals in London" 3575: 3573: 3469: 3467: 3072:"Scattered to the Arctic Winds: The Tragedy of Convoy PQ17" 5142:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

2784: 2782: 2780: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2578:, a 1967 novel based on the experiences of this convoy by 1604:

to give advance warning and another five further north of

3243: 279:

1 battleship, 3 cruisers, 12 destroyers (did not engage);

2477:

published on 6 October 1942 carried notification of two

2259:

on 13 July; after taking the ship's documents and flag,

1614:

also had two battle groups in Norwegian ports, Force I (

3443:"Horror in the Arctic: The Catastrophe of Convoy PQ-17" 3065: 3063: 2351:, covered the decks with white linen and arranged the 2289:. From 7 to 8 July, five more ships were sunk (two by 2013: 1971:

Cruiser Force withdraw to the westward at high speed.

1172:

in January, where she was joined by the heavy cruiser

1135:

assigned Task Force 39 (TF 39) – based on the carrier

4395:

Fight for the Sea: Naval Adventures from World War II

2191:

from the suspected German surface force, messages on

2117:

Unbeknownst to the escort and convoy commanders, the

4499:

U.S. Naval Historical Center account of Convoy PQ 17

4140:. Kings Point, NY: American Merchant Marine Museum. 1746:

during convoys. On 29 May, the Soviets tried to jam

1528:

was shadowed for a short period while north-east of

1489:

A second heavy covering force, under the command of

1452:(CS1, Hamilton), consisting of the British cruisers 5084: 5053: 5046: 4981: 4920: 4913: 4868: 4827: 4820: 4740: 4649: 4642: 4612: 4566: 4559: 2692:to be taken by each ship on receipt of this order. 2249:was abandoned after a fire got out of control.) SS 1998: 1984: 1970: 4440:(Supplement). 17 October 1950. pp. 5139–5145. 4232: 4192: 3833: 3836:Liberty ships: The ugly ducklings of World War II 3640:(Supplement). 2 October 1942. pp. 4349–4350. 1087:. The German success was possible through German 3683:"Convoy veterans given first Arctic Star medals" 3054: 5137:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany 3859:. The Second World War. Vol. IV. Cassell. 3564: 1780:broke up an air attack on the convoy on 4 July. 1644:with the torpedo boats T 7 and T 15. Force II ( 25: 2158:was shown still to be anchored at Altenfjord. 4467:. National Maritime Historical Society. 1992. 4212:Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) . 4157:. Vol. I. University of Illinois Press. 2374:lost her cargo of linseed oil and much of SS 1065:(OKW, German armed forces high command), the 1023:forces on 1 July, shadowed and attacked. The 337: 8: 3876:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 2481:, six appointments to various grades of the 2324:RNVR, commanding the anti-submarine trawler 2125:had left Trondheim on 2 July to the port of 1839: 1755: 1723: 1714: 1691: 1645: 1615: 1609: 1595: 1577: 1228:British naval intelligence in June reported 53:May 1942 before the sailing of Convoy PQ 17. 4119:War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II 1819:, turned back after sustaining ice damage. 1722:These forces were supported by aircraft of 5050: 4917: 4824: 4646: 4563: 4547: 3405: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2920: 2918: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2370:, landing at Matochkin. The Soviet tanker 2301:. The remaining escorts withdrew into the 1799:) for the escort, and three rescue ships ( 344: 330: 322: 43: 22: 4273:The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 3579: 3552: 3473: 3279: 3027: 2836: 2800: 2788: 2759: 2740: 2709: 2199:On 5 July, six merchantmen, including SS 1995: 1992: 1981: 1978: 1967: 1964: 1003:. On 27 June 1942, the ships sailed from 274:11 escort vessels, 2 anti-aircraft ships, 4397:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 3840:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 1941: 1792:. With the 34 merchant ships, an oiler ( 1119:, through Arctic waters to the ports of 1041:, were moving to intercept, ordered the 3711:Everett-Green, Robert (21 March 2009). 3591: 3417: 3393: 3327: 3125: 3101: 2997:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2972:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2943:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2927:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2884:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2863:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2702: 355:Arctic naval operations of World War II 4294:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. 4216:(3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham. 3523: 3486:Denkhaus, Richard A. (February 1997). 3447:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 3429: 3291: 3219: 3195: 3113: 3039: 2909: 2848: 2824: 2721: 1496:, was made up of the aircraft carrier 3753:from the original on 11 November 2013 3511: 3339: 2812: 2491:King's Commendation for Brave Conduct 2440:and the Soviet ambassador in London, 1956: 1323:, part of the cruiser covering force. 7: 3910:Hawkins, Ian; Deighton, Len (2003). 3893:Arctic destroyers: The 17th Flotilla 3805:Intelligence & National Security 3366:"PQ-17 The Greatest Convoy Disaster" 3351: 3315: 3303: 3267: 3231: 3207: 3157: 2897: 2771: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1031:, acting on information that German 3779:from the original on 3 January 2014 3663:from the original on 3 January 2014 3620:from the original on 28 August 2024 3255: 3070:Shelley, James (20 February 2024), 1035:, including German battleship 3811:(2). London: Frank Cass: 292–322. 3743:"Self Pack International Shipping" 3396:, pp. 222, 233, 235, 248–250. 3370:German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net 3084:from the original on 15 April 2024 1478:and four destroyers, two from the 1045:, based on the Allied battleships 14: 3773:"PQ17: An Arctic Convoy Disaster" 3723:from the original on 28 July 2020 3177:from the original on 28 July 2020 1568:and to pass east of Bear Island. 4009:from the original on 17 May 2012 3981:from the original on 17 May 2012 3651:Bannister, Sam (19 March 2013). 2452:It was not until September that 2172:Order of battle for Convoy PQ 17 1429:and the anti-submarine trawlers 252: 241: 230: 218: 207: 196: 185: 164: 150: 137: 124: 112: 100: 4479:. London: Universal Book Club. 4247:– via Archive Foundation. 4207:– via Archive Foundation. 4082:Journal of Contemporary History 4044:The Destruction of Convoy PQ.17 3850:– via Archive Foundation. 3693:from the original on 2024-06-29 3453:from the original on 2024-04-14 3376:from the original on 2009-04-27 2638:PQ17: An Arctic Convoy Disaster 2632:In January 2014, the hour-long 1620:) consisting of the battleship 1111:Anglo-American Mission visited 313:99,316 additional tons of cargo 5132:Arctic convoys of World War II 4553:Arctic convoys of World War II 4121:. Oxford University Press US. 4063:Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters 3855:Churchill, Winston S. (1951). 2686: 2563:on Arctic convoys and against 2535:Convoy battles of World War II 2137:, received permission to move 1448:. Distant cover came from the 49:Escorts and merchant ships at 1: 3775:. bbc.co.uk. 2 January 2014. 2522:Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd 2509:Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd 1913:her but she remained afloat; 4088:(3). London: Sage: 463–482. 3537: 3488:"World War II: Convoy PQ-17" 3246:, pp. 213–214, 216–219. 3055:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005 2541:Action in the North Atlantic 2133:Commander-in-Chief, Admiral 1853:On the morning of 4 July, a 1091:and cryptological analysis. 1019:. The convoy was located by 272:Close escort: 6 destroyers, 4512:The Requiem on Convoy PQ 17 4445:Ransome Wallis, R. (1973). 4393:Frayn Turner, John (2002). 4290:Turner, John Frayn (2013). 4231:Schofield, Bernard (1964). 4153:Morison, Samuel E. (2001). 3565:Hawkins & Deighton 2003 2995: 2970: 2941: 2925: 2882: 2861: 2661:, a 2023 Norwegian film by 2552:(1955), a novel written by 2483:Order of the British Empire 2229:, the Commodore's flagship 2092: 2082: 2067: 2056: 2045: 2034: 2024:Northern Norway, June 1942 1702:. On 16 June, the cruisers 5163: 4477:P.Q. 17: A Story of a Ship 4328:Woodman, Richard (2004) . 4239:. London: B. T. Batsford. 4191:Riesenberg, Felix (1956). 4094:10.1177/002200947901400306 3872:Claasen, A. R. A. (2001). 3713:"Requiem for Convoy PQ-17" 3539:Eight Bells and All's Well 3160:, pp. 29, 37, 39, 41. 2640:, written and narrated by 2169: 1989: 1975: 1961: 1149:– to support the British. 1062:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 301:153 merchant seamen killed 4540:Convoy PQ 17 at Convoyweb 4412:Geroux, William. (2017). 4366:Wynn, Kenneth G. (1997). 4175:German Radio Intelligence 4136:Moore, Arthur R. (1984). 4023:Howarth, Stephen (1994). 4001:. Admiralty War Diaries. 3973:. Admiralty War Diaries. 3914:. Conway Maritime Press. 3817:10.1080/02684529008432054 3144:Sea history, Issues 61-68 3142: 3012: 2663:Henrik Martin Dahlsbakken 2467:Awards and commemorations 1585:Against Convoy PQ 17 the 1510:(flagship), the cruisers 1482:. As further protection, 363: 295: 264: 178: 93: 57: 42: 30: 4330:Arctic Convoys 1941–1945 2672:inspired by Convoy PQ17. 2623:Requiem for Convoy PQ-17 2605:Requiem for Convoy PQ-17 1694:Unternehmen Rösselsprung 1465:, the American cruisers 1231:Unternehmen Rösselsprung 4349:1942, The Turning Point 4332:. London: John Murray. 4117:Miller, Nathan (1997). 3929:Hill, Roger P. (1986). 3891:Connell, G. G. (1982). 2586:, also translated into 2565:German battleship 2493:. In December 2012 the 1859:Küstenfliegergruppe 906 289:Flying over 200 sorties 4313:. london: Leo Cooper. 4285:. Air 41/10 (No. 248). 4199:. New York: Rinehart. 4172:Praun, Albert (1950). 4042:Irving, David (1968). 2187: 1999:Convoy is to scatter. 1915:German submarine 1840: 1781: 1756: 1724: 1715: 1692: 1646: 1616: 1610: 1596: 1578: 1324: 1225: 1202:and the heavy cruiser 303:23 merchant ships sunk 179:Commanders and leaders 65:27 June – 10 July 1942 4449:. London: Ian Allan. 4351:. London: Macdonald. 4309:Winton, John (1988). 3832:Bunker, John (1972). 3614:The National Archives 3364:Helgason, Guðmundur. 3171:"Christopher Newport" 2487:British Empire Medals 2448:Subsequent operations 2179: 1773: 1309: 1223: 296:Casualties and losses 283:33 torpedo aircraft, 4416:. New York: Viking. 4347:Wykes, Alan (1972). 3717:The Globe & Mail 2946:, pp. 5144–5145 2129:; the next day, the 1523:, the US battleship 1450:1st Cruiser Squadron 1178:and in March by the 1101:Operation Barbarossa 1089:signals intelligence 4514:, Russian novel by 4235:The Russian Convoys 4061:Kemp, Paul (1993). 4046:. London: Cassell. 3330:, pp. 211–212. 3282:, pp. 235–236. 3244:Hinsley et al. 1990 3222:, p. 110, 106. 3104:, pp. 205–206. 3057:, pp. 175–176. 2839:, pp. 228–229. 2827:, pp. 463–482. 2724:, pp. 292–322. 2025: 1944: 1886: / 1868:Christopher Newport 1660:and the destroyers 1628:and the destroyers 1412:, the minesweepers 1142:and the battleship 1013:port of Arkhangelsk 259:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 4437:The London Gazette 3747:colemanlemieux.com 3637:The London Gazette 3270:, pp. 45, 50. 2188: 2149:, to confirm that 2014: 1942: 1782: 1551:from Spitzbergen. 1480:United States Navy 1325: 1226: 1152:The first convoy, 270:35 merchant ships 5119: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5042: 5041: 4909: 4908: 4816: 4815: 4638: 4637: 4423:978-0-525-55746-3 4404:978-1-55750-884-3 4377:978-1-55750-860-7 4358:978-0-356-03969-5 4339:978-0-7195-5752-1 4301:978-1-78159-268-7 4282:978-1-903365-30-4 4263:978-0-340-12512-0 4223:978-1-86176-257-3 4164:978-0-252-06963-5 4128:978-0-19-511038-8 4034:978-1-55750-058-8 3959:978-0-11-630934-1 3931:Destroyer Captain 3921:978-0-85177-947-8 3902:978-0-7183-0428-7 3857:The Hinge of Fate 3847:978-0-87021-340-3 3306:, pp. 74–75. 3294:, pp. 75–76. 3234:, pp. 43–44. 2774:, pp. 45–46. 2712:, pp. 77–78. 2614:Soviet submarine 2438:Nikolay Kharlamov 2414:Winston Churchill 2393:Benjamin Harrison 2207:were sunk by the 2099: 2098: 2003: 2002: 1890:75.817°N 22.250°E 1563:were absent. The 1503:, the battleship 1338:, the destroyers 1154:Operation Dervish 984: 983: 320: 319: 89: 88: 5154: 5051: 4918: 4825: 4647: 4564: 4548: 4488: 4468: 4460: 4441: 4427: 4408: 4381: 4362: 4343: 4324: 4305: 4286: 4268: 4267: 4248: 4238: 4227: 4208: 4198: 4187: 4168: 4149: 4132: 4113: 4076: 4057: 4038: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3963: 3944: 3925: 3906: 3887: 3868: 3851: 3839: 3828: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3490:. Archived from 3483: 3477: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3077:The Naval Review 3067: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2992: 2977: 2976: 2967: 2948: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2879: 2868: 2867: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2744: 2738: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2690: 2671: 2660: 2556:, who served on 2554:Alistair MacLean 2361:Matochkin Strait 2313:on 10 July. The 2293:), including SS 2283:John Witherspoon 2277:was sunk by the 2270:with a torpedo. 2026: 1945: 1902:. The submarine 1901: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1845: 1786:convoy commodore 1761: 1729: 1718: 1697: 1649: 1619: 1617:Drontheim-Gruppe 1613: 1606:Jan Mayen Island 1599: 1581: 1001:Second World War 541:Petsamo–Kirkenes 358: 356: 346: 339: 332: 323: 305:Matériel losses: 257: 256: 246: 245: 235: 234: 223: 222: 212: 211: 201: 200: 190: 189: 174: 170: 168: 167: 156: 154: 153: 147: 143: 141: 140: 130: 128: 127: 118: 116: 115: 106: 104: 103: 59: 58: 47: 33:Second World War 23: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5111: 5080: 5038: 4977: 4905: 4864: 4812: 4736: 4634: 4608: 4555: 4504:Description of 4495: 4471: 4463: 4457: 4447:Two Red Stripes 4444: 4430: 4424: 4411: 4405: 4392: 4389: 4387:Further reading 4384: 4378: 4365: 4359: 4346: 4340: 4327: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4283: 4271: 4264: 4252: 4251: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4190: 4171: 4165: 4152: 4135: 4129: 4116: 4079: 4073: 4060: 4054: 4041: 4035: 4022: 4012: 4010: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3947: 3941: 3928: 3922: 3909: 3903: 3890: 3884: 3871: 3854: 3848: 3831: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3406:Riesenberg 1956 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3377: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2994: 2993: 2980: 2969: 2968: 2951: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2747: 2739: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2665: 2650: 2642:Jeremy Clarkson 2598:A Northern Saga 2531: 2512: 2469: 2450: 2406: 2401: 2380:Coastal Command 2261:Kapitänleutnant 2174: 2168: 2079: 2077: 2023: 1940: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1768: 1720: 1583: 1574: 1459:(flagship) and 1304: 1302:Covering forces 1218: 1210:escort carriers 1128:, the American 1097: 987: 986: 985: 980: 550: 359: 354: 352: 350: 312: 310: 308: 306: 304: 302: 286: 284: 282: 280: 275: 273: 271: 251: 250: 240: 239: 229: 217: 216: 206: 205: 195: 194: 184: 165: 163: 162: 151: 149: 148: 138: 136: 135: 134: 125: 123: 122: 113: 111: 110: 101: 99: 77: 48: 37:Arctic Campaign 19: 12: 11: 5: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4537: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4516:Valentin Pikul 4509: 4501: 4494: 4493:External links 4491: 4490: 4489: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4442: 4428: 4422: 4409: 4403: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4363: 4357: 4344: 4338: 4325: 4319: 4306: 4300: 4287: 4281: 4269: 4262: 4254:The Bookseller 4249: 4228: 4222: 4209: 4188: 4169: 4163: 4150: 4133: 4127: 4114: 4077: 4071: 4058: 4052: 4039: 4033: 4020: 3992: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3939: 3926: 3920: 3907: 3901: 3888: 3882: 3869: 3852: 3846: 3829: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3764: 3734: 3703: 3689:. 2013-03-19. 3674: 3643: 3596: 3594:, p. 554. 3584: 3582:, p. 244. 3580:Churchill 1951 3569: 3567:, p. 176. 3557: 3555:, p. 243. 3553:Churchill 1951 3545: 3528: 3526:, p. 312. 3516: 3514:, p. 107. 3504: 3478: 3476:, p. 238. 3474:Churchill 1951 3463: 3449:. 2019-06-25. 3434: 3422: 3420:, p. 187. 3410: 3408:, p. 320. 3398: 3386: 3356: 3354:, p. 178. 3344: 3342:, p. 220. 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3280:Churchill 1951 3272: 3260: 3258:, p. 114. 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3198:, p. 105. 3188: 3162: 3150: 3130: 3118: 3116:, p. 103. 3106: 3094: 3059: 3044: 3032: 3030:, p. 234. 3028:Churchill 1951 3020: 3003: 3000:, p. 5146 2978: 2975:, p. 5145 2949: 2933: 2930:, p. 5143 2914: 2902: 2890: 2887:, p. 5140 2869: 2866:, p. 5139 2853: 2851:, p. 309. 2841: 2837:Churchill 1951 2829: 2817: 2815:, p. 257. 2805: 2803:, p. 240. 2801:Churchill 1951 2793: 2791:, p. 237. 2789:Churchill 1951 2776: 2764: 2762:, p. 236. 2760:Churchill 1951 2745: 2743:, p. 235. 2741:Churchill 1951 2726: 2714: 2710:Schofield 1964 2701: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2645: 2630: 2620: 2610:Valentin Pikul 2601: 2595: 2571: 2545: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2511: 2506: 2474:London Gazette 2468: 2465: 2449: 2446: 2410:Prime Minister 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2376:Winston-Salem' 2273:On 6 July, SS 2264:Reinhart Reche 2201:Fairfield City 2167: 2164: 2147:Norman Denning 2112:First Sea Lord 2097: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2074: 2073:Reconnaissance 2070: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1939: 1936: 1931:William Hooper 1895:75.817; 22.250 1855:Heinkel He 115 1767: 1764: 1719: 1712: 1642:Theodor Riedel 1624:, the cruiser 1602:Denmark Strait 1582: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1433:Lord Middleton 1385:armed trawlers 1303: 1300: 1292:Louis Hamilton 1217: 1214: 1184:Admiral Hipper 1175:Admiral Scheer 1096: 1093: 1043:covering force 1025:First Sea Lord 982: 981: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 932: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 820: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 619: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 555: 554: 544: 543: 538: 525: 524: 519: 512: 505: 494: 493: 492: 491: 479: 474: 467: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 421: 420: 413: 400: 399: 392: 387: 380: 375: 364: 361: 360: 351: 349: 348: 341: 334: 326: 318: 317: 314: 307:3,350 vehicles 298: 297: 293: 292: 277: 267: 266: 262: 261: 227: 203:Louis Hamilton 181: 180: 176: 175: 160: 108:United Kingdom 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 86: 85:German victory 83: 79: 78: 73: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5159: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4456:0-7110-0461-7 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4320:0-85052-883-6 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4072:0-304-35451-1 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4053:0-586-06275-0 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027:. Greenhill. 4026: 4021: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3940:1-904381-25-1 3936: 3933:. Periscope. 3932: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895:. W. Kimber. 3894: 3889: 3885: 3883:0-7006-1050-2 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610:The Catalogue 3607: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3542:, p. 133 3541: 3540: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3494:on 2020-09-09 3493: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3432:, p. 67. 3431: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3318:, p. 48. 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3210:, p. 42. 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3128:, p. 80. 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3042:, p. 62. 3041: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2912:, p. 61. 2911: 2906: 2903: 2900:, p. 26. 2899: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2627:Bolton Castle 2624: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2608:, a novel by 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584:Jan de Hartog 2581: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2504:, in London. 2503: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479:George Medals 2476: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2418:Joseph Stalin 2415: 2411: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:Novaya Zemlya 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:Sherman tanks 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2251:Paulus Potter 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2205:Daniel Morgan 2202: 2197: 2194: 2193:Merchant Navy 2186: 2185:Paulus Potter 2182: 2178: 2173: 2166:Convoy losses 2165: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 1988: 1974: 1960: 1946: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1909:attempted to 1908: 1907: 1899: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758:Goldene Zange 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1648: 1647:Narvik-Gruppe 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Friedrich Ihn 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1580: 1576: 1572:German forces 1571: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1308: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1222: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1180:heavy cruiser 1177: 1176: 1171: 1168:was moved to 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1078:aircraft and 1077: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:Arctic convoy 995: 991: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 937: 936: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 825: 824: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 757: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 705: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 624: 623: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 561: 557: 556: 553: 549: 546: 545: 542: 539: 537: 536: 532: 531: 530: 529: 523: 520: 518: 517: 513: 511: 510: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 498: 490: 489: 485: 484: 483: 480: 478: 477:Motovsky Gulf 475: 473: 472: 468: 466: 465:Cape Pikshuev 463: 461: 460: 456: 454: 453: 449: 447: 446: 442: 440: 439: 435: 433: 432: 428: 427: 426: 425: 419: 418: 414: 412: 411: 407: 406: 405: 404: 398: 397: 393: 391: 388: 386: 385: 381: 379: 376: 374: 373: 369: 368: 367: 362: 357: 347: 342: 340: 335: 333: 328: 327: 324: 315: 300: 299: 294: 290: 278: 269: 268: 263: 260: 255: 249: 244: 238: 233: 228: 226: 221: 215: 210: 204: 199: 193: 188: 183: 182: 177: 173: 161: 159: 146: 133: 121: 120:United States 109: 98: 97: 92: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 61: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 34: 29: 24: 16: 4722:Operation FB 4711: 4534: 4531:Convoy PQ.17 4506:Rösselsprung 4505: 4476: 4464: 4446: 4435: 4413: 4394: 4367: 4348: 4329: 4310: 4291: 4272: 4253: 4234: 4213: 4194: 4174: 4154: 4137: 4118: 4085: 4081: 4062: 4043: 4024: 4011:. Retrieved 3997: 3983:. Retrieved 3969: 3949: 3930: 3911: 3892: 3873: 3856: 3835: 3808: 3804: 3781:. Retrieved 3767: 3755:. Retrieved 3746: 3737: 3725:. Retrieved 3716: 3706: 3695:. Retrieved 3686: 3677: 3665:. Retrieved 3656: 3646: 3635: 3622:, retrieved 3609: 3599: 3592:Howarth 1994 3587: 3560: 3548: 3538: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3496:. Retrieved 3492:the original 3481: 3455:. Retrieved 3446: 3437: 3425: 3418:Morison 2001 3413: 3401: 3394:Woodman 2004 3389: 3378:. Retrieved 3369: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3328:Woodman 2004 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3165: 3153: 3147:, p. 58 3143: 3133: 3126:Connell 1982 3121: 3109: 3102:Claasen 2001 3097: 3086:, retrieved 3075: 3035: 3023: 3013: 3006: 2996: 2971: 2942: 2936: 2926: 2905: 2893: 2883: 2862: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2767: 2717: 2705: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2637: 2636:documentary 2626: 2622: 2615: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2547: 2539: 2520: 2516:David Irving 2513: 2508: 2472: 2470: 2459: 2454:Convoy PQ 18 2451: 2431: 2407: 2392: 2389:Samuel Chase 2388: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2348: 2345:Silver Sword 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322:Leo Gradwell 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2303:Arctic Ocean 2299:Alcoa Ranger 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275:Pan Atlantic 2274: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238:Empire Byron 2237: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2138: 2135:Erich Raeder 2131:Kriegsmarine 2130: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2108:Dudley Pound 2102: 2100: 2093: 2020:Kriegsmarine 2019: 2015: 2007: 2004: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1905: 1867: 1863:Liberty ship 1852: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1790:John Dowding 1783: 1776: 1752:Luftflotte 5 1751: 1748:Luftflotte 5 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732:Convoy PQ 16 1726:Luftflotte 5 1721: 1716:Luftflotte 5 1707: 1703: 1699: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630:Karl Galster 1629: 1625: 1621: 1611:Kriegsmarine 1588:Kriegsmarine 1586: 1584: 1579:Kriegsmarine 1560: 1556: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1534: 1533:would place 1524: 1519: 1513: 1507:Duke of York 1506: 1499: 1488: 1474: 1468: 1461: 1455: 1446:Northern Gem 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1381:minesweepers 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1289:Rear Admiral 1278: 1270:Convoy QP 13 1259: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1230: 1227: 1216:British plan 1204: 1198: 1192: 1183: 1174: 1164: 1159:Kriegsmarine 1157: 1151: 1145: 1138: 1098: 1085:midnight sun 1073: 1071: 1066: 1060: 1055: 1049:Duke of York 1048: 1037: 1029:Dudley Pound 1017:Soviet Union 990:Convoy PQ 17 989: 988: 934: 933: 822: 821: 755: 754: 703: 621: 620: 559: 551: 534: 527: 526: 515: 508: 496: 495: 487: 470: 458: 451: 445:Doppelschlag 444: 438:Rösselsprung 437: 430: 423: 422: 416: 409: 402: 401: 395: 383: 371: 365: 309:210 aircraft 288: 237:Erich Raeder 225:John Dowding 132:Soviet Union 94:Belligerents 75:Arctic Ocean 26:Convoy PQ 17 15: 4535:La Malouine 4465:Sea History 4432:"No. 39041" 4370:. Chatham. 4065:. Cassell. 3757:11 November 3632:"No. 35732" 3524:Miller 1997 3430:Bunker 1972 3292:Irving 1968 3220:Turner 2013 3196:Turner 2013 3181:17 February 3114:Turner 2013 3040:Winton 1988 3011:Admiralty, 2910:Winton 1988 2849:Miller 1997 2825:Langer 1979 2722:Beesly 1990 2666: [ 2651: [ 2592:De kapitein 2575:The Captain 2549:HMS Ulysses 2495:Arctic Star 2442:Ivan Maisky 2427:Dan Gallery 2232:River Afton 2062:Dive bomber 1893: / 1824:Grey Ranger 1813:Barents Sea 1796:Grey Ranger 1565:flying boat 1438:Lord Austin 1402:La Malouine 1285:Jack Broome 1236:Bear Island 1205:Prinz Eugen 1193:Scharnhorst 1189:battleships 1133:Ernest King 1105:Beaverbrook 1005:Hvalfjörður 999:during the 482:Barents Sea 431:Sportpalast 281:11 U-boats: 248:Karl Dönitz 214:Jack Broome 145:Netherlands 5126:Categories 3796:References 3697:2024-07-12 3512:Wykes 1972 3498:2009-04-16 3457:2024-09-12 3380:2009-04-16 3340:Moore 1984 2813:Praun 1950 2385:Panamanian 2372:Azerbaijan 2311:El Capitan 2243:Peter Kerr 2219:Washington 2170:See also: 2143:Altenfjord 2051:Floatplane 1924:Wainwright 1861:, hit the 1831:Aldersdale 1777:Wainwright 1542:Manchester 1535:Victorious 1525:Washington 1514:Cumberland 1500:Victorious 1494:John Tovey 1484:Home Fleet 1475:Tuscaloosa 1421:Salamander 1354:Leamington 1268:westbound 1265:Scapa Flow 1146:Washington 1126:Royal Navy 1117:North Cape 1095:Background 1056:Washington 1027:, Admiral 1011:, for the 522:North Cape 509:Zitronella 488:Regenbogen 459:Wunderland 372:Weserübung 316:5 aircraft 285:6 bombers 192:John Tovey 5147:White Sea 5085:Homebound 4982:Homebound 4869:Homebound 4741:Homebound 4613:Homebound 4485:560650526 4146:475918989 4110:159474803 4102:0022-0094 3865:153203701 3825:1743-9019 3783:2 January 3536:Gallery, 3352:Wynn 1997 3316:Hill 1986 3304:Kemp 1993 3268:Hill 1986 3232:Hill 1986 3208:Hill 1986 3158:Hill 1986 2898:Hill 1986 2772:Hill 1986 2697:Footnotes 2558:HMS 2514:In 1968, 2458:HMS 2399:Aftermath 2357:Luftwaffe 2349:Troubador 2337:Troubador 2326:HMS 2315:Luftwaffe 2279:Luftwaffe 2214:Pan Kraft 2209:Luftwaffe 2160:Tirpitz's 2127:Vestfjord 2016:Luftwaffe 1938:Dispersal 1922:USS 1842:Luftwaffe 1829:RFA 1794:RFA 1775:USS 1744:Luftwaffe 1740:Luftwaffe 1736:Luftwaffe 1638:Hans Lody 1597:Eisteufel 1591:prepared 1540:HMS 1512:HMS 1505:HMS 1498:HMS 1467:USS 1454:HMS 1431:HMT 1426:Britomart 1414:HMS 1407:HMS 1388:HMS 1377:corvettes 1340:HMS 1331:Palomares 1329:HMS 1318:HMS 1311:USS 1282:Commander 1258:HMS 1251:HMS 1199:Gneisenau 1170:Trondheim 1144:USS 1137:USS 1075:Luftwaffe 1054:USS 1047:HMS 311:430 tanks 51:Hvalfjord 5054:Outbound 4921:Outbound 4828:Outbound 4650:Outbound 4567:Outbound 4475:(1948). 4473:Winn, G. 4184:37001114 4007:Archived 3979:Archived 3777:Archived 3751:Archived 3721:Archived 3691:Archived 3687:BBC News 3667:19 March 3661:Archived 3657:The News 3624:16 April 3618:archived 3451:Archived 3374:Archived 3256:PRO 2001 3175:Archived 3088:16 April 3082:archived 2560:Royalist 2529:See also 2502:veterans 2489:and two 2404:Analysis 2341:Ironclad 2333:Ayrshire 2328:Ayrshire 2022:aircraft 1957:Message 1929:SS 1866:SS 1809:Zaafaran 1593:wolfpack 1442:Ayrshire 1409:Dianella 1336:Pozarica 1334:and HMS 1240:Svalbard 1121:Murmansk 1109:Harriman 516:Ostfront 503:Kara Sea 417:Polyarny 410:Claymore 384:Alphabet 265:Strength 70:Location 31:Part of 4574:Dervish 4205:1263591 4195:Sea War 4013:31 July 3985:31 July 3727:26 June 2634:BBC Two 2582:writer 2567:Tirpitz 2460:Avenger 2423:Pacific 2309:and SS 2307:Hoosier 2297:and SS 2295:Olapana 2281:and SS 2223:Carlton 2203:and SS 2156:Tirpitz 2151:Tirpitz 2139:Tirpitz 2123:Tirpitz 2119:Tirpitz 2103:Tirpitz 2008:Tirpitz 1911:scuttle 1881:22°15′E 1878:75°49′N 1857:, from 1805:Zamalek 1801:Rathlin 1700:Tirpitz 1622:Tirpitz 1557:Tirpitz 1548:Eclipse 1530:Iceland 1520:Nigeria 1491:Admiral 1469:Wichita 1462:Norfolk 1416:Halcyon 1360:Ledbury 1313:Wichita 1274:ballast 1260:Curacoa 1165:Tirpitz 1130:Admiral 1099:During 1080:U-boats 1067:Tirpitz 1038:Tirpitz 1015:in the 1009:Iceland 992:was an 633:PQ 9/10 560:Dervish 548:Convoys 390:Wilfred 172:Germany 5024:RA 61A 5009:RA 59A 4963:JW 61A 4933:JW 56B 4928:JW 56A 4901:RA 55B 4896:RA 55A 4891:RA 54B 4886:RA 54A 4860:JW 55B 4855:JW 55A 4850:JW 54B 4845:JW 54A 4732:JW 51B 4727:JW 51A 4483: 4453: 4420: 4401: 4374: 4355: 4336: 4317: 4298: 4279: 4260: 4245:862623 4243: 4220: 4203: 4182: 4161: 4144: 4125: 4108: 4100: 4069: 4050: 4031: 3956: 3937: 3918: 3899: 3880: 3863: 3844: 3823: 3017:, HMSO 2648:Konvoi 2485:, six 2434:Hitler 2268:Potter 2227:Honomu 2110:, the 2080:BV 138 2078:FW 200 2054:He 115 2043:He 111 2040:Bomber 2029:Bomber 1990:21:36 1976:21:23 1962:21:11 1847:BV 138 1817:Exford 1807:, and 1766:Voyage 1708:Scheer 1704:Lützow 1658:Scheer 1653:Lützow 1626:Hipper 1608:. The 1561:Hipper 1456:London 1375:, the 1372:Wilton 1342:Keppel 1320:London 1253:Sirius 1187:. The 1113:Moscow 1021:German 994:Allied 919:RA 61A 904:RA 59A 864:JW 61A 834:JW 56B 829:JW 56A 817:RA 55B 812:RA 55A 807:RA 54B 802:RA 54A 787:JW 55B 782:JW 55A 777:JW 54B 772:JW 54A 715:JW 51B 710:JW 51A 535:Mascot 471:Orator 378:Narvik 169: 158:Panama 155: 142: 129: 117: 105: 82:Result 5107:RA 67 5102:RA 66 5097:RA 65 5092:RA 64 5076:JW 67 5071:JW 66 5066:JW 65 5061:JW 64 5034:RA 63 5029:RA 62 5019:RA 61 5014:RA 60 5004:RA 59 4999:RA 58 4994:RA 57 4989:RA 56 4973:JW 63 4968:JW 62 4958:JW 61 4953:JW 60 4948:JW 59 4943:JW 58 4938:JW 57 4881:RA 53 4876:RA 52 4840:JW 53 4835:JW 52 4808:RA 51 4803:QP 15 4798:QP 14 4793:QP 13 4788:QP 12 4783:QP 11 4778:QP 10 4717:PQ 18 4712:PQ 17 4707:PQ 16 4702:PQ 15 4697:PQ 14 4692:PQ 13 4687:PQ 12 4682:PQ 11 4677:PQ 10 4662:PQ 7b 4657:PQ 7a 4106:S2CID 2677:Notes 2670:] 2659:] 2588:Dutch 2580:Dutch 2498:medal 2291:U-255 2287:U-255 2266:sank 2256:U-255 2181:U-255 2088:Total 2076:Ju 88 2065:Ju 87 2032:Ju 88 1951:From 1948:Time 1917:U-457 1906:P-614 1836:U-456 1396:Poppy 1390:Lotus 1296:Banak 1033:ships 976:RA 67 971:RA 66 966:RA 65 961:RA 64 956:JW 67 951:JW 66 946:JW 65 941:JW 64 929:RA 63 924:RA 62 914:RA 61 909:RA 60 899:RA 59 894:RA 58 889:RA 57 884:RA 56 879:JW 64 874:JW 63 869:JW 62 859:JW 61 854:JW 60 849:JW 59 844:JW 58 839:JW 57 797:RA 53 792:RA 52 767:JW 53 762:JW 52 750:RA 51 745:QP 12 698:PQ 18 693:PQ 17 688:PQ 16 683:QP 11 678:QP 15 673:PQ 15 668:QP 14 663:PQ 14 658:QP 13 653:PQ 13 648:PQ 12 643:PQ 11 638:QP 10 452:Zarin 5047:1945 4914:1944 4821:1943 4773:QP 9 4768:QP 8 4763:QP 7 4758:QP 6 4753:QP 5 4748:QP 4 4672:PQ 9 4667:PQ 8 4643:1942 4630:QP 3 4625:QP 2 4620:QP 1 4604:PQ 6 4599:PQ 5 4594:PQ 4 4589:PQ 3 4584:PQ 2 4579:PQ 1 4560:1941 4481:OCLC 4451:ISBN 4418:ISBN 4399:ISBN 4372:ISBN 4353:ISBN 4334:ISBN 4315:ISBN 4296:ISBN 4277:ISBN 4258:ISBN 4241:OCLC 4218:ISBN 4201:OCLC 4180:OCLC 4159:ISBN 4142:OCLC 4123:ISBN 4098:ISSN 4067:ISBN 4048:ISBN 4029:ISBN 4015:2015 4003:HMSO 3987:2015 3975:HMSO 3954:ISBN 3935:ISBN 3916:ISBN 3897:ISBN 3878:ISBN 3861:OCLC 3842:ISBN 3821:ISSN 3785:2014 3759:2013 3729:2017 3669:2013 3629:and 3626:2010 3603:See 3183:2020 3139:NMHS 3090:2024 2616:K-21 2408:The 2391:and 2343:and 2335:and 2247:Kerr 2241:and 2035:103 2018:and 1993:ADMY 1979:ADMY 1965:ADMY 1904:HMS 1706:and 1684:and 1559:and 1545:and 1517:and 1472:and 1444:and 1423:and 1405:and 1369:and 1366:Offa 1348:Fury 1316:and 1256:and 1139:Wasp 1052:and 935:1945 823:1944 756:1943 740:QP 9 735:QP 8 730:QP 7 725:QP 6 720:QP 5 628:PQ 8 622:1942 616:QP 4 611:QP 3 606:QP 2 601:QP 1 596:PQ 7 591:PQ 6 586:PQ 5 581:PQ 4 576:PQ 3 571:PQ 2 566:PQ 1 552:1941 528:1944 497:1943 424:1942 403:1941 396:Juno 366:1940 62:Date 4090:doi 3813:doi 2590:as 2285:by 2245:. ( 2141:to 2094:264 2083:74 2068:30 2057:15 2046:42 1996:CS1 1982:CS1 1968:CS1 1954:To 1687:Z30 1681:Z29 1675:Z28 1669:Z27 1663:Z24 1383:or 5128:: 4434:. 4104:. 4096:. 4086:14 4084:. 4005:. 3977:. 3819:. 3807:. 3749:. 3745:. 3719:. 3715:. 3685:. 3659:. 3655:. 3634:. 3616:, 3612:, 3608:, 3572:^ 3466:^ 3445:. 3372:. 3368:. 3173:. 3141:, 3080:, 3074:, 3062:^ 3047:^ 2981:^ 2952:^ 2917:^ 2872:^ 2779:^ 2748:^ 2729:^ 2683:a. 2668:no 2657:sv 2655:; 2653:no 2412:, 2339:, 2235:, 2225:, 2221:, 2217:, 1934:. 1803:, 1788:, 1678:, 1672:, 1666:, 1656:, 1650:) 1640:, 1636:, 1632:, 1440:, 1436:, 1419:, 1399:, 1393:, 1379:, 1363:, 1357:, 1351:, 1345:, 1298:. 1276:. 1196:, 1007:, 704:FB 35:, 4487:. 4459:. 4426:. 4407:. 4380:. 4361:. 4342:. 4323:. 4304:. 4266:. 4226:. 4186:. 4167:. 4148:. 4131:. 4112:. 4092:: 4075:. 4056:. 4037:. 4017:. 3989:. 3962:. 3943:. 3924:. 3905:. 3886:. 3867:. 3827:. 3815:: 3809:5 3787:. 3761:. 3731:. 3700:. 3671:. 3501:. 3460:. 3383:. 3185:. 2629:. 2594:. 2570:. 1107:– 345:e 338:t 331:v 291:) 287:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index