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Products such as nail polish, hair coloring, straightening formulas, and shampoos fall under this definition of cosmetics. In the U.S., the FDA does not mandate premarket approval for cosmetic ingredients or products, with the exception of color. Additionally, the FDA is not legally responsible for cosmetic product or ingredient safety and does not have the authority to require manufactures to submit their safety data to the FDA. Instead, the cosmetic manufacturer is legally responsible for correctly labeling and producing their products with safe ingredients. U.S. cosmetic companies are also not required to register their product or ingredients with the FDA as registration is purely voluntary. The FDA cannot legally order a recall of cosmetic products in the U.S. even if they have been shown to have poor health outcomes. A product recall relies on the cosmetic manufacturer and is therefore completely voluntary.
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dyes, and nail polish removers. The toxic trio consists of formaldehyde, toluene and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). DBP is commonly found in nail polish and is used as a binder to increase the amount of time that the polish stays on the nail. Toluene is an industrial solvent and is usually in nail polish removers. Formaldehyde can be found in a variety of beauty products but is generally found in hair straightening products and hair dyes as well as in some nail polishes. Each chemical member of the toxic trio has independently been found to have adverse reproductive effects in humans, so there concern that the presence of all three chemicals in cosmetologist supplies could pose a detrimental health risk for cosmetologists.
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employees or less. According to the Asian
American Resource Workshop, Vietnamese nail salon workers hold 40% of nail technician licenses in the United States. "It's long hours, low hourly pay, and fierce competition from every corner of the block" and with such fierce competition between businesses, salaries are reduced even further. As a result, a majority of these immigrants are subject to low socioeconomic status; which subsequently reduces opportunity to be educated about the occupational chemicals they are exposed to in the workplace and reduces opportunity to seek health care if adverse health effects are experienced from chemical exposure.
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hours at a community college. Put another way: An Iowa cosmetologist who has a heart attack can have her life saved by a medic with one-sixteenth her training. ... According to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, the median annual wage for a cosmetologist is $ 24,850. Those in the top 10 percent earn more than $ 50,000, or nearly $ 25 an hour. The problem is that most of these professionals flounder for years before getting to that point, if they reach it at all.
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hairdressers were compared to a referent group of teachers and salesclerks where the only occupational difference were exposure to the toxic trio. Hairdressers and cosmetologists have a slightly increased risk of having an infant with small gestational age. Reproductive disorders in relation to low birth weight were examined and found an increased risk of having infant with low birth weight; three of these studies showed a significant increase.
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formulation; reproductive risks are not typically taken into account. It is also known that, "more than 9,000 chemicals are found in cosmetic products". Hairdressers use a wide range of products containing chemicals. "Hair dyes represent the largest segment of chemical products in the hair market today. As such, they are the main source of chemical exposure among hairdressers".
416:, styling, hair cutting and the usage of hazardous chemicals. After completing the minimum hours to obtain a state license, an online examination is required and is submitted via mail with other supported documentation. Bureau of Labor Statistics states that the median salary for a licensed cosmetologist is $ 28,770 as of May 2015. Illinois Metropolitan Division Areas,
153:
exam. A hair color specialist's duties might include, but are not limited to, basic color applications, like covering grey, and lightening or darkening natural hair color. A color specialist is also able to perform corrective color applications and create special effects using foiling techniques or any other advanced color application methods.
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may be absorbed through the skin during the application process of liquid hair straighteners. Solutions of formaldehyde can release formaldehyde gas at room temperature and heating such solutions can speed up this process. Exposure often occurs when heat is applied to the treatment, via blow drying and flat ironing.
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Similarly, in India, there are many beauty and wellness training academies that provide a foundation and advanced courses in cosmetology. On graduating, students in India can work as professional cosmetologists in cosmetology schools, spas and wellness centres, beauty parlours, skin clinics, cosmetic
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In the United
Kingdom, Typically there are two routes to training in cosmetology. An NVQ (National Vocational Qualification) is a backbone qualification designed for those starting out in the industry. Short courses are bolt-on courses that specialise into further fields of cosmetology. Both of these
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Case studies on toluene exposures have found increased incidences of urogenital, gastrointestinal, and cardiac anomalies among children of mothers who were exposed to organic solvents, such as toluene. Associations were found between pregnant women who inhaled
Formaldehyd, phthalates, and toluene and
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Cosmetologists are trained and licensed to perform cosmetic treatments to the hair, skin, and nails. This can be expanded into multiple parts including cutting and chemically treating hair, chemical hair removal, fashion trends, wigs, nails and skin care, skin and hair analysis; relaxation techniques
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Formaldehyde may be present in hair smoothing solutions or as a vapor in the air. Stylists and clients may inhale formaldehyde as a gas or a vapor into the lungs and respiratory tract. Formaldehyde vapor can also make contact with mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or throat. Formaldehyde solutions
326:
Growing evidence reveals that various popular hair-smoothing treatments contain formaldehyde and release formaldehyde as a gas. Formaldehyde is a common ingredient in
Brazilian blowouts, Cadiveu, and Keratin Complete Smoothing Therapies. Four laboratories in California, Oregon, and Canada, confirmed
254:
In the United States the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) is responsible for public safety regarding cosmetic products and the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regulates these products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) utilizes an "Expert Panel" to review available data on cosmetic ingredients and
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Community colleges would be cheaper, but when Iowa
Central Community College applied to the state cosmetology board in 2004 to start a program, the Iowa Cosmetology School Association and Laâ James International College sued, arguing that the state code prohibits public entities from competing with
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has one of the highest employment rates with an annual rate of $ 27,750. Being a licensed cosmetologist opens the door to becoming self-employed and working at high-end salons. As a licensed cosmetologist, each has the option to choose which salon fits best to work in but a self-employed salon will
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The
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), is responsible for inspections of worker health and safety. It is estimated 375,000 nail technicians work in nail salons in the United States. Yet in 2005, OSHA inspected only 18 nail salons because businesses are exempt from inspection if they have 10
360:
In the United States, the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) defines cosmetics as âarticles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human bodyâŠfor cleansing, beautifying promoting attractiveness, or altering appearanceâ.
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properties, it is an ideal ingredient in cosmetics and cosmetology products. DBP is mainly used in nail products as a solvent for dyes and as a plasticizer that prevents nail polishes from becoming brittle, but is also used in hair sprays, to help avoid stiffness by allowing them to form a flexible
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is a clear, water insoluble liquid with a distinct and pungent smell, similar to paint thinners. Toluene is found in cosmetic products such as nail polish, nail glue, and hair dyes and is widely used as an industrial solvent and is used to make fingernail polishes, lacquers, adhesives, rubber, and
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Many chemicals in salon products pose potential health risks. Examples of hazardous chemicals found in common treatments (e.g. hair coloring, straightening, perms, relaxers, keratin treatments, Brazilian
Blowouts, and nail treatments) include dibutyl phthalate, formaldehyde, lye (sodium hydroxide),
204:. In the US, estheticians must be licensed in the state in which they are working and are governed by the cosmetology board requirements of that state. Estheticians must complete a minimum 260â1500 hours of training and pass both a written and hands-on exam in order to be licensed in a given state.
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In contrast, the European Union requires cosmetic products to undergo premarket safety testing and requires mandatory cosmetology product and ingredient registration. In general, the European Union approaches cosmetics and their production under the precautionary principle. The EU has banned 1,328
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Stylists and clients have reported acute health problems while using or after using certain hair smoothing treatments containing formaldehyde. Reported problems include nose-bleeds, burning eyes and throat, skin irritation and asthma attacks. Other symptoms related to formaldehyde exposure include
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while using a colorant product from a professional company. In the US, some colorists are qualified through the American Board of Certified Hair Colorists. This designation is used to recognize colorists that have a greater level of competency in the industry through a written exam and a practical
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Each state sets its own standards. Most require 1,500 hours, and some, like New York and Massachusetts, require only 1,000. Iowa requires 2,100 â that's a full year's worth of 40-hour workweeks, plus an extra 20. By comparison, you can become an emergency medical technician in the state after 132
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Salon owners and stylists are advised to look closely at the hair smoothing products they use (read product labels and SDS sheets) to see if they contain methylene glycol, formalin, methylene oxide, paraform, formic aldehyde, methanal, oxomethane, oxymethylene, or CAS Number 50-00-0. According to
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An investigation carried out by the Environmental Working Group revealed only 11% of more than 10,000 cosmetic ingredients documented by the FDA were evaluated in a CIR review. Research studies have shown that although "toxicological considerations play an increasingly significant role in product
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In the beauty and cosmetology industries, some of the products used in hair dyes and nail applications contain chemicals that have been shown to have adverse health effects for cosmetologists. A chemical combination known as the toxic trio is often part of the ingredient list in nail polish, hair
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Toluene enters the environment when materials like fingernail polish, paints, paint thinners, and adhesives are used. It rapidly mixes with the air and individuals who work with paint, lacquer, or dyes have greater exposures to toluene via dermal and respiratory routes. Toluene inhalation during
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interviewed over twenty former students. One typical student paid $ 21,000 for tuition and supplies at the Iowa School of Beauty. After getting her license in 2005, she was hired at a local Great Clips, at $ 9 an hour. Thirteen years after graduating, she owes more than $ 8,000 on her loans. In
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As a profession, cosmetology is predominantly female, most of whom are of reproductive age. There are more than one million women registered and licensed as cosmetologists in the United States and roughly several million more work as hair stylists. Among cosmetologists, hairdressers and nail
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The presence of Formaldehyde, phthalates, and toluene (the toxic trio) in the work environment play a role in the risk of reproductive health effects for cosmetologists. Studies shows that there is a significant increase in premature birth and an increased risk of pregnancy disorders when
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including head, neck, scalp, hand and feet basic massage and aroma therapies; plus ability to expertly apply makeup applications to cover up dark spots or promote and can expand into further specialties such as reflexology; theatrical applications; cosmetics and others as listed below.
390:) states that salon owners and other employers' must have a SDS for products containing hazardous chemicals. If salon owners or other employers decide to use products that contain or release formaldehyde they are required to follow the guidelines in OSHA's Formaldehyde standard.
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contrast, an Iowa emergency medical technician certification at a community college requires only 132 hours, according to the Times. Iowa is particularly expensive, but for-profit beauty schools across the U.S. charge an average of $ 17,000 for a cosmetology certificate.
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technicians make up a large part of the working population. Many cosmetologists begin their careers before reproductive age and before family planning, which may put them at higher risk for reproductive health effects from exposure to workplace cosmetology chemicals.
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OSHA requires manufacturers, importers, and distributors to identify formaldehyde on any product that contains more than 0.1% formaldehyde (as a gas or in a solution), or if the product can release formaldehyde at concentrations greater than 0.1 parts per million
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bring more income as long as having the right business plan for it to succeed. Each candidate registering for a salon has to obtain a certificate of registration and present all required paperwork with the FEIN, Federal employer identification number to
382:(SDS) must also accompany the product and kept on premises with the product at all times. The SDS must explain why a chemical in the product is hazardous, how it is harmful, how workers can protect themselves, and what they should do in an emergency.
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Dibutyl phthalate has been linked to reproductive issues in humans if the mother is exposed while pregnant and has been banned for use by the European Union and certain phthalate esters have been shown to cause reproductive toxicity in animal models.
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are the only states at this time to adopt the Master Esthetician License. Additional post graduate training is sometimes required when specializing in areas such as medical esthetics (working in a doctor's office). Estheticians work under a
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watery eyes; runny nose; burning sensation or irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat; dry and sore throat; respiratory tract irritation; coughing; chest pain; shortness of breath; wheezing; loss of sense of smell; headaches; and fatigue.
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For example, the State of Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulations requires each candidate to complete their hours through a licensed cosmetology school program where new skills are taught and learned such as
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determine whether or not chemical ingredients in cosmetic products are safe to use considering how they are currently utilized. However, this protocol is only helpful if applied to all cosmetology workplaces in the United States.
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Henrotin, Jean-Bernard; Picot, Cyndie; Bouslama, Myriam; Collot-Fertey, Dorothée; Radauceanu, Anca; Labro, Marie-ThérÚse; Larroque, Béatrice; Roudot, Alain-Claude; Sater, Nessryne; Elhkim, Mostafa Ould; Lafon, Dominique (2015).
291:(DBP) is a manufactured chemical used as a plasticizer. It is used to make plastics more flexible and can be found in paints, glue, insect repellents, hair spray, nail polish, and rocket fuel. Due to its flexibility and
440:, cosmetology schools are expensive and train students for low-paid jobs that do not allow students to pay back the debt. Iowa has the strictest requirements for a cosmetology degree: 2,100 hours of instruction.
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adverse reproductive outcomes such as intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery. Hairdressers report premature ovarian failure five times more frequently than women in non-cosmetologist occupations.
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paint thinners. It is used in the production of benzene, gasoline, nylon, plastics, and polyurethane. Toluene can be found on cosmetic labels under the names, benzene, toluol, phenylmethane, and methylbenzene.
173:(the outer layer of skin). Estheticians work in many different environments such as salons, medi-spas, day spas, skin care clinics, and private practices. Estheticians may also specialize in treatments such as
229:, and aging skin; therefore, clients with skin disease and disorders are referred to a dermatologist or other medical professional. Estheticians are also referred to as beauticians within North America.
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A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client's hair in preparation for the hair stylist. This is generally an apprentice position and a first step for many just out of cosmetology school.
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Gallicchio, Lisa; Miller, Susan R; Greene, Teresa; Zacur, Howard; Flaws, Jodi A (2010). "Health outcomes of children born to cosmetologists compared to children of women in other occupations".
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Roelofs, Cora; Azaroff, Lenore S; Holcroft, Christina; Nguyen, Huong; Doan, Tam (2007). "Results from a Community-based Occupational Health Survey of Vietnamese-American Nail Salon Workers".
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is required in all states to be a cosmetologist, with the average cost of a certificate from a for-profit school being $ 17,000 and 1,500 required hours (ten times the hours required for an
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Kopelovich, Luda; Perez, Angela L; Jacobs, Neva; Mendelsohn, Emma; Keenan, James J (2015). "Screening-level human health risk assessment of toluene and dibutyl phthalate in nail lacquers".
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In the United States, whether planning to study cosmetology or specialize in a specific area, each state has different requirements that must be fulfilled before obtaining a license.
331:, contained between 4% and 12% formaldehyde. Oregon OSHA demonstrated that other keratin-based hair smoothing products also contain formaldehyde, with concentrations from 1% to 7%.
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An esthetician may undergo special training for treatments such as laser hair removal, permanent makeup application, light chemical peels, eyelash extensions, microblading, and
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is a colorless, strong smelling liquid that is highly volatile, making exposure to both workers and clients potentially unhealthy. Both the Environmental Protection Agency (
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pregnancy has led to neonatal effects, including intrauterine growth retardation, premature delivery, congenital malformations, and postnatal developmental retardation.
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OSHA's Formaldehyde standard, a product containing any of these names should be treated as a product containing formaldehyde. OSHA's Hazard Communication standard (
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Antignac, Eric; Nohynek, Gerhard J; Re, Thomas; Clouzeau, Jacques; Toutain, Hervé (2011). "Safety of botanical ingredients in personal care products/cosmetics".
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221:'s supervision only when employed by the dermatologist's practice. Estheticians treat a wide variety of skin issues that are cosmetic in nature, such as mild
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Estheticians are licensed professionals who are experts in maintaining and improving skin. An esthetician's general scope of practice is limited to the
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Castañeda, Heide; Holmes, Seth M.; Madrigal, Daniel S.; Young, Maria-Elena DeTrinidad; Beyeler, Naomi; Quesada, James (2015-03-18).
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ammonia, and coal tar. Allergies and dermatitis have forced approximately 20% of hairdressers to stop practicing their profession.
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Nohynek, Gerhard J; Fautz, Rolf; Benech-Kieffer, Florence; Toutain, Herve (2004). "Toxicity and human health risk of hair dyes".
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as a human carcinogen. Formaldehyde has been linked to nasal and lung cancer, with possible links to brain cancer and leukemia.
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A hair color specialist, or hair colorist, specializes in the modification of natural hair color utilizing various application
1678:"REGULATION (EC) No 1223/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products (recast)"
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Ronda, Elena; Hollund, Bjorg Eli; Moen, Bente E (2008). "Airborne exposure to chemical substances in hairdresser salons".
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1709:"HAZARD ALERT - Hair Smoothing Products That Could Release Formaldehyde - Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
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private entities. The community college agreed not to give certificate programs. According to
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1436:"Safety and Health Topics - Formaldehyde - Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
886:"Nail Polish sales slow after years of growth: are customers finally tired of the trend?"
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987:"Occupational Chemical Exposures Among Cosmetologists: Risk of Reproductive Disorders"
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chemicals from use in cosmetics and does not permit animal testing for cosmetics.
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745:"aesthetician - Definition of aesthetician in US English by Oxford Dictionaries"
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options allow a qualified beautician to gain public liability insurance cover.
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Austrian cosmetologist and entrepreneur Elisabeth Sigmund with a client, 1957
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BIUM (BibliothÚque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris)
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Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs - European Commission
1498:"'Keratin-Based' Hair Smoothing Products And the Presence of Formaldehyde"
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1464:"Q&A: Brazilian Blowout & other hair smoothing salon treatments"
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companies, film and fashion industry, or as independent cosmetologists.
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1254:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. January 21, 2015.
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Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (17 February 2019).
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19:"Beauty school" redirects here. For the song "Beauty School", see
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Gallicchio, L; Miller, S; Greene, T; Zacur, H; Flaws, JA (2009).
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1298:"Reproductive and developmental toxicity of toluene: A review"
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Kersemaekers, WM; Roeleveld, Nel; Zielhuis, Gerhard A (1995).
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Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (14 May 2019).
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Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (16 May 2019).
50:
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1406:"A survey of phthalate esters in consumer cosmetic products"
177:, microcurrent (also known as non-surgical "face lifts"),
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Halliday-Bell, J. A; Gissler, M; Jaakkola, J. J. K (2009).
640:"A $ 21,000 Cosmetology School Debt, and a $ 9-an-Hour Job"
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Kolodner, Meredith; Butrymowicz, Sarah (26 December 2018).
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315:) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (
1469:. California Department of Public Health. March 3, 2011.
112:) with cosmetologists making a median wage of $ 25,000.
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Reproductive health and birth defects of the toxic trio
1640:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. January 26, 2015.
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Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
1610:"Is It a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is It Soap?)"
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1296:Donald, J. M; Hooper, K; Hopenhayn-Rich, C (1991).
696:. Clifton Park NY: Cengage Publishing. p. 4.
1354:"ATSDR - Toxic Substances - Di-n-butyl Phthalate"
1848:"Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists"
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1753:"Exposure and health effects of chemicals"
1503:. Oregon OSHA and CROET. October 29, 2010.
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1638:"Prohibited & Restricted Ingredients"
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16:Study and application of beauty treatment
1795:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182419
1110:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
369:OSHA requirements regarding formaldehyde
246:Demographics of the cosmetology industry
193:/ultrasonic (low level), and mechanical
1740:. Immigration Research and Information.
1205:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
857:Californian Journal of Health Promotion
734:Professional Beauty Therapy 3rd Edition
716:Milady Standards Fundamentals Esthetics
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1252:"Public Health Statement for Toluene"
985:Pak, V. M; Powers, M; Liu, J (2013).
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85:, non-permanent hair removal such as
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104:In the United States as of 2018, an
694:Miladys huluadrt Series: Aging Skin
356:Regulation of cosmetics in the U.S.
725:Milady Standard Advanced Esthetics
197:(vacuum and G8 muscle vibrating).
61:) is the study and application of
14:
1738:"Vietnamese American Nail Salons"
1302:Environmental Health Perspectives
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1486:. Oregon OSHA. October 28, 2010.
65:. Branches of specialty include
1878:Historical works on cosmetology
884:Groden, Claire (26 July 2013).
1782:Annual Review of Public Health
1521:Journal of Occupational Health
961:10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.01.011
1:
1751:Canada, Health (2012-10-14).
991:Workplace Health & Safety
749:Oxford Dictionaries - English
669:"Definition of COSMETOLOGIST"
1071:Food and Chemical Toxicology
1036:Food and Chemical Toxicology
1003:10.3928/21650799-20131121-01
815:Food and Chemical Toxicology
431:Illinois Department of Labor
2135:Hair coloring and bleaching
1410:Journal of Cosmetic Science
692:Schmaling, Susanne (2011).
2953:
1404:Hubinger, Jean C. (2010).
468:
401:
132:
51:
41:
25:
18:
2886:
2371:
2360:
1651:Anonymous (5 July 2016).
1217:10.1007/s10661-008-0338-y
1123:10.1007/s10903-007-9084-4
1083:10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.022
1048:10.1016/j.fct.2003.11.003
848:Breskey, John D. (2013).
827:10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.011
870:10.32398/cjhp.v11i1.1512
185:, high frequency), LED (
26:Not to be confused with
2609:Laura Mercier Cosmetics
2391:Anastasia Beverly Hills
2317:Cosmetic electrotherapy
1942:Botulinum toxin (Botox)
997:(12): 522â8, quiz 529.
949:Reproductive Toxicology
179:cosmetic electrotherapy
124:Cosmetology specialties
2574:Jeffree Star Cosmetics
2501:Daigaku Honyaku Center
1533:10.1539/joh.15-0068-RA
465:Notable cosmetologists
436:However, according to
120:
2516:Elizabeth Arden, Inc.
2421:Bath & Body Works
2366:Major cosmetic brands
2327:Cosmetics advertising
1586:10.1093/humrep/dep252
925:10.1093/occmed/kqp017
912:Occupational Medicine
755:on September 13, 2017
144:Hair color specialist
118:
49:, "beautifying"; and
2704:Neal's Yard Remedies
2342:History of cosmetics
2322:Cosmetic ingredients
1267:"Nail Care Products"
233:Occupational hazards
187:light-emitting diode
106:occupational license
99:intense pulsed light
2481:ColourPop Cosmetics
2084:Circle contact lens
1736:Hoang, Diu (2006).
673:Merriam-webster.com
613:Merriam-webster.com
503:Ruth Johns Ferguson
478:Alexander Ostroumov
398:Cosmetology careers
2332:Cosmetic packaging
2089:Eyelash extensions
1573:Human Reproduction
644:The New York Times
573:Madam C. J. Walker
438:The New York Times
380:Safety data sheets
296:film on the hair.
263:Chemical exposures
157:Shampoo technician
121:
2917:
2916:
2882:
2881:
2859:Victoria's Secret
2569:Helena Rubinstein
2451:Bumble and bumble
2347:Cosmetic industry
1880:digitized by the
1685:Eur-lex.europa.eu
1358:www.atsdr.cdc.gov
703:978-1-4354-9614-9
588:Jonathan Van Ness
426:Arlington Heights
329:Brazilian Blowout
289:Dibutyl phthalate
284:Dibutyl phthalate
227:hyperpigmentation
175:microdermabrasion
2942:
2894:
2893:
2679:Morphe Cosmetics
2644:Make Up For Ever
2461:Carol's Daughter
2362:
2240:Artificial nails
2197:Styling products
2002:Permanent makeup
1932:Anti-aging cream
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1844:
1835:
1834:
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1494:
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1471:
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1468:
1460:
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1173:
1171:10.5271/sjweh.46
1149:
1143:
1142:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1014:
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944:
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881:
875:
874:
872:
854:
845:
839:
838:
810:
804:
803:
797:
789:
787:
786:
777:. Archived from
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
751:. Archived from
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
707:
689:
683:
682:
680:
679:
665:
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623:
621:
619:
605:
578:Florence E. Wall
183:galvanic current
63:beauty treatment
54:
53:
44:
43:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2878:
2819:Tarte Cosmetics
2699:Nature Republic
2594:Kylie Cosmetics
2579:Kao Corporation
2367:
2356:
2305:
2301:Sunless tanning
2291:Plastic surgery
2264:
2228:
2118:
2067:
2031:
2027:Venetian ceruse
1992:Moist towelette
1920:
1915:
1874:
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1636:
1635:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1579:(10): 2636â41.
1566:
1565:
1558:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
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1483:
1479:
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1398:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1352:
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1347:
1314:10.2307/3431317
1295:
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897:
883:
882:
878:
852:
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846:
842:
812:
811:
807:
790:
784:
782:
775:"Archived copy"
773:
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729:
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592:
568:Christine Valmy
528:Anthony Mascolo
513:Marjorie Joyner
488:Lino Carbosiero
473:
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2769:Richard Hudnut
2766:
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2746:
2741:
2736:
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2696:
2694:Natural Wonder
2691:
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2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:Love Cosmetics
2626:
2621:
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2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
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2352:Male cosmetics
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
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2296:Skin whitening
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2079:Blepharoplasty
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2019:
2014:
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1999:
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1872:External links
1870:
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1788:(1): 375â392.
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1211:(1â4): 83â93.
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1144:
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863:(1): viâviii.
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2829:The Face Shop
2827:
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2824:The Body Shop
2822:
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2799:Sinful Colors
2797:
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2724:NYX Cosmetics
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2639:MAC Cosmetics
2637:
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2010:
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1977:Facial toning
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1757:www.canada.ca
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1527:(6): 485â96.
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1437:
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1416:(6): 457â65.
1415:
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1164:(5): 325â34.
1163:
1159:
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1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:(4): 353â61.
1116:
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1097:
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1084:
1080:
1077:(2): 324â41.
1076:
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1042:(4): 517â43.
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2729:O BoticĂĄrio
2614:Lise Watier
2531:Etude House
2456:Burt's Bees
2441:Bobbi Brown
2436:Bite Beauty
2337:Cosmetology
2255:Nail polish
2130:Conditioner
2094:Eyelid glue
1997:Moisturizer
1987:Highlighter
1653:"Cosmetics"
548:Leo Passage
508:John Frieda
471:Hairdresser
404:Hairdresser
319:) classify
202:electrology
165:Esthetician
135:Hairdresser
95:electrology
67:hairstyling
34:Cosmetology
2924:Categories
2895:Categories
2794:SimplySiti
2789:Shu Uemura
2709:Neutrogena
2659:Maybelline
2654:Max Factor
2624:L'Occitane
2564:Hard Candy
2446:Bonne Bell
2276:Cold cream
2104:Eye shadow
1982:Foundation
1957:Cotton pad
1857:2016-08-01
1830:2016-07-27
1762:2023-05-29
1308:: 237â44.
1181:2066/21039
785:2011-05-15
678:2018-04-27
609:"Cosmetic"
595:References
543:Karen Paba
538:Brad Mondo
498:Ellis Faas
469:See also:
422:Naperville
214:Washington
191:ultrasound
133:See also:
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42:ÎșÎżÏΌηÏÎčÎșÏÏ
2930:Cosmetics
2899:Companies
2839:Ultima II
2809:Skin Food
2759:Red Earth
2486:CoverGirl
2175:threading
2099:Eye liner
1952:Concealer
1918:Cosmetics
1825:Idfpr.com
1804:0163-7525
821:: 46â53.
451:The Times
442:The Times
171:epidermis
83:pedicures
79:manicures
75:cosmetics
71:skin care
28:Cosmology
2869:Younique
2854:Vaseline
2784:Shiseido
2739:Oriflame
2649:Mary Kay
2559:Guerlain
2506:Dermacol
2491:Creme 21
2471:Clinique
2431:Biotherm
2406:Artistry
2401:Aqua Net
2396:Anna Sui
2260:Pedicure
2250:Manicure
2165:plucking
2150:electric
2145:chemical
2043:Lipstick
1967:DD cream
1962:Cleanser
1947:CC cream
1937:BB cream
1713:Osha.gov
1595:19608567
1551:26269279
1440:Osha.gov
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1233:39796088
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1021:24328919
969:20132878
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835:25865937
794:cite web
210:Virginia
91:sugaring
2909:History
2779:Sephora
2744:Origins
2619:L'Oréal
2604:Laneige
2599:LancĂŽme
2589:Kiehl's
2554:Garnier
2536:Fabergé
2511:Douglas
2466:Clarins
2426:Benefit
2310:Related
2286:Peeling
2245:Buffing
2192:Sindoor
2187:Shampoo
2170:shaving
2140:Removal
2114:Mascara
1852:Bls.gov
1542:6706229
1340:1954933
1331:1567945
1322:3431317
1190:8571088
1012:4260452
618:30 June
418:Chicago
273:Toluene
268:Toluene
195:massage
150:methods
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2764:Revlon
2754:Pond's
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2212:pomade
2207:mousse
2180:waxing
2012:Powder
2007:Primer
1972:Facial
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2550:Fresh
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2217:spray
2155:laser
2063:Stain
2058:Liner
2053:Gloss
2022:Toner
2017:Rouge
1681:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1318:JSTOR
1229:S2CID
1135:S2CID
853:(PDF)
38:Greek
2684:NARS
2634:Lush
2476:Coty
2416:Avon
2269:Body
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2036:Lips
1925:Face
1800:ISSN
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