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such as back ache or neck ache. Cosmetic surgeries are also undertaken following breast cancer and mastectomy to recreate the natural breast shape which has been lost during the process of removing the cancer. In 2014, nearly 16 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has almost doubled since the start of the century. 92% of cosmetic procedures were performed on women in 2014, up from 88% in 2001. 15.6 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2020, with the five most common surgeries being Nose
Reshaping, Eyelid surgery, Facelift, Liposuction, and breast augmentation. Breast augmentation continues to be one of the top 5 cosmetic surgical procedures and has been since 2006. Silicone implants were used in 84% and saline implants in 16% of all breast augmentations in 2020. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery looks at the statistics for 34 different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen of the procedures are surgical, such as rhinoplasty or facelift. The nonsurgical procedures include
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caused by the weapons during the war
Gillies experimented with this technique so he knew that he had to start by moving back healthy tissue to its normal position and then he will be able to fill with tissue from another place on the body of the soldier. One of the most successful techniques in skin grafting had the aim of not completely severing the connection to the body. It was possible by releasing and lifting a flap of skin from the wound. The flap of skin, still connected to the donor site would then be swung over the site of the wound, this technique allows the maintenance of physical connection and ensures that blood is supplied to the skin and increases the chances of the skin graft being accepted by the body. At this time, we assisted also to improving in treating infections also meant that important injuries had become survivable mostly thanks to the new technique of Gillies. Some soldiers arrived at the hospital of Gillies without noses, chins, cheekbones, or even eyes. But for them, the most important trauma was psychological.
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compared to approx. 14,000 in 1996. In 2018, more than 226,994 patients between the ages of 13 and 19 underwent plastic surgery compared to just over 218,900 patients in the same age group in 2010. Concerns about young people undergoing plastic surgery include the financial burden of additional surgical procedures needed to correct problems after the initial cosmetic surgery, long-term health complications from plastic surgery, and unaddressed mental health issues that may have led to surgery. The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among
African-Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become more popular, and countries such as China and India have become Asia's biggest cosmetic surgery markets. South Korea is also rising in popularity due to their expertise in facial bone surgeries (see
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States, 15% of patients seeing a dermatologist and cosmetic surgeons have the disorder. Half of the patients with the disorder who have cosmetic surgery performed are not pleased with the aesthetic outcome. BDD can lead to suicide in some people with the condition. While many with BDD seek cosmetic surgery, the procedures do not treat BDD, and can ultimately worsen the problem. The psychological root of the problem is usually unidentified; therefore causing the treatment to be even more difficult. Some say that the fixation or obsession with correction of the area could be a sub-disorder such as anorexia or muscle dysmorphia. The increased use of body and facial reshaping applications such as
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to react quickly and intelligently to treat the greatest number. Facial injuries were hard to treat on the front line because of the sanitary conditions many infections could occur. Sometimes, some stitches were made on a jagged wound without thinking about the amount of flesh that had been lost, so scars after were hideous and disfigured soldiers. Some injured had important injuries and the stitches were not sufficient so some became blind, or were left with gaping holes instead of their nose.
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1837:: is the creation of permanent makeup using natural pigments to places such as the eyes to create the effect of eye shadow, lips creating lipstick and cheek bones to create a blush like look. The pigment is inserted beneath the skin using a machine which injects a small needle at a very fast rate carrying pigment into the skin, creating a lasting colouration of the desired area.
1882:, including rupture. In a study of his 4761 augmentation mammaplasty patients, Eisenberg reported that overfilling saline breast implants 10–13% significantly reduced the rupture-deflation rate to 1.83% at 8-years post-implantation. In 2011 FDA stated that one in five patients who received implants for breast augmentation will need them removed within 10 years of implantation.
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surgery deals mostly with reconstructive surgeries after trauma or cancer and revision surgeries along with orthognathic surgery and facial feminization surgery. Craniofacial surgery is an important part of all plastic surgery training programs. Further training and subspecialisation is obtained via a craniofacial fellowship. Craniofacial surgery is also practiced by
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994:, which became the principal army plastic surgery unit; Tommy Kilner (who had worked with Gillies during the First World War, and who now has a surgical instrument named after him, the kilner cheek retractor) went to Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton; and Mowlem went to St Albans. McIndoe, consultant to the RAF, moved to the recently rebuilt
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Rhinoplasty (Nose reshaping) accounting for 15.2% of all cosmetic surgical procedures that year, followed by
Blepharoplasty (Eyelid surgery), which accounted for 14% of all procedures. The third most populous procedure was Rhytidectomy (Facelift) (10% of all procedures), then Liposuction (9.1% of all procedures).
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of the casualties and particularly of social reintegration back into normal life. He disposed of the "convalescent uniforms" and let the patients use their service uniforms instead. With the help of two friends, Neville and Elaine Blond, he also convinced the locals to support the patients and invite
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focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body. A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it
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created trench warfare, which led to a rapid increase in the number of mutilations to the faces and the heads of soldiers because the trenches mainly offered protection to the body. The surgeons, who were not prepared for these injuries, were even less prepared for a large number of injuries and had
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Plastic surgery is increasing slowly, rising 115% from 2000 to 2015. "According to the annual plastic surgery procedural statistics, there were 15.9 million surgical and minimally-invasive cosmetic procedures performed in the United States in 2015, a 2 percent increase over 2014." A study from 2021
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is concerned with acute injuries and chronic diseases of the hand and wrist, correction of congenital malformations of the upper extremities, and peripheral nerve problems (such as brachial plexus injuries or carpal tunnel syndrome). Hand surgery is an important part of training in plastic surgery,
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In 1949, 15,000 Americans underwent cosmetic surgery procedures and by 1969 this number rose to almost half a million people. The
American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) estimates that more than 333,000 cosmetic procedures were performed on patients 18 years of age or younger in the US in 2005
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Cosmetic surgery is a voluntary or elective surgery that is performed on normal parts of the body with the only purpose of improving a person's appearance or removing signs of aging. Some cosmetic surgeries such as breast reduction are also functional and can help to relieve symptoms of discomfort
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is generally concerned with the reconstruction of missing tissues by transferring a piece of tissue to the reconstruction site and reconnecting blood vessels. Popular subspecialty areas are breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, hand surgery/replantation, and brachial plexus surgery.
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is divided into pediatric and adult craniofacial surgery. Pediatric craniofacial surgery mostly revolves around the treatment of congenital anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues, such as cleft lip and palate, microtia, craniosynostosis, and pediatric fractures. Adult craniofacial
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identified the need to advance the specialty of maxillofacial surgery which would be directly dedicated to the management of war wounds at this time. He has developed a new technique using rotational and transposition flaps but also bone grafts from the ribs and tibia to reconstruct facial defects
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BDD is a disorder resulting in the individual becoming "preoccupied with what they regard as defects in their bodies or faces". Alternatively, where there is a slight physical anomaly, then the person's concern is markedly excessive. While 2% of people have body dysmorphic disorder in the United
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Augmentation mastopexy ("breast lift with breast implants"): Lifting breasts to make them less saggy, repositioning the nipple to a higher location, and increasing breast size with saline or silicone gel implants. Recent studies of a newer technique for simultaneous augmentation mastopexy (SAM)
596:
also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia. In mid-15th-century Europe, Heinrich von
Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place.
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Though media and advertising do play a large role in influencing many people's lives, such as by making people believe plastic surgery to be an acceptable course to change our identities to our liking, researchers believe that plastic surgery obsession is linked to psychological disorders like
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In 2015, the most popular surgeries were Botox, liposuction, eyelid surgery, breast implants, nose jobs, and facelifts. According to the 2020 Plastic
Surgery Statistics Report, which is published by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the most surgical procedure performed in the U.S. was
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in 1917. There
Gillies and his colleagues developed many techniques of plastic surgery; more than 11,000 operations were performed on more than 5,000 men (mostly soldiers with facial injuries, usually from gunshot wounds). After the war, Gillies developed a private practice with
1452:
Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and
1250:. Scar tissue formation after surgery can be problematic on the delicate hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if severe enough. There have been cases of surgery on women's hands in order to correct perceived flaws to create the perfect engagement ring photo.
1911:' has appeared to describe people who request surgery to resemble the edited version of themselves as they appear through Snapchat Filters. As a protest to the detrimental trend, Instagram banned all augmented reality (AR) filters that depict or promote cosmetic surgery.
300:
1819:: Dermal fillers are injected below the skin to give a more fuller, youthful appearance of a feature or section of the face. One type of dermal filler is Hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid is naturally found throughout the human body. It plays a vital role in moving
1518:. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of those, 1,622,290 procedures were surgical (p. 5). They also found that a large majority, 81%, of the procedures were done on Caucasian people (p. 12).
1176:
Aesthetic surgery is a central component of plastic surgery and includes facial and body aesthetic surgery. Plastic surgeons use cosmetic surgical principles in all reconstructive surgical procedures as well as isolated operations to improve overall appearance.
812:, scared by the number of new facial injuries and the lack of good surgical techniques decided to dedicate an entire hospital to the reconstruction of facial injuries as fully as possible. He took into account the psychological dimension. Gillies introduced
694:
John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896,
232:. This meaning in English is seen as early as 1598. In the surgical context, the word "plastic" first appeared in 1816 and was established in 1838 by Eduard Zeis, preceding the modern technical usage of the word as "engineering material made from
1608:
indicate that it is a safe surgical procedure with minimal medical complications. The SAM technique involves invaginating and tacking the tissues first, in order to previsualize the result, before making any surgical incisions to the breast.
2663:"Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, The first large-scale productions of parfumes and cosmetics in Russia and the establishment of The Institute of Medical Cosmetics by pharmacist A. M. Ostroumov, Part I"
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of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.
1721:: surgery to the chin. This can involve either enhancing or reducing the size of the chin. Enhancements are achieved with the use of facial implants. Reduction of the chin involved reducing the size of the chin bone.
1795:: the removal of this excess skin and fat from numerous areas of the body, restoring the appearance of skin elasticity of the remaining skin. The surgery is prominent in those who have undergone significant
1472:, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women decreased in 2018 by 4 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men decreased in 2018 by 8 percent. In 2018, there were 57,535 performed.
3214:
1604:("breast lift"): Lifting or reshaping of breasts to make them less saggy, often after weight loss (after a pregnancy, for example). It involves removal of breast skin as opposed to glandular tissue
1006:, and founded a Centre for Plastic and Jaw Surgery. There, he treated very deep burns, and serious facial disfigurement, such as loss of eyelids, typical of those caused to aircrew by burning fuel.
1831:
casing. Development within this field has occurred over time with synthetic forms of hyaluronic acid is being created, playing roles in other forms of cosmetic surgery such as facial augmentation.
1366:
Usually, good results would be expected from plastic surgery that emphasize careful planning of incisions so that they fall within the line of natural skin folds or lines, appropriate choice of
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Eisenberg T (April 2012). "Simultaneous augmentation mastopexy: a technique for maximum en bloc skin resection using the inverted-T pattern regardless of implant size, asymmetry, or ptosis".
1992:
With the growing popularity of plastic surgery, has also come a widespread increase in minimally invasive alternatives involving intradermal and intramusclular injectables, including various
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Burn surgery generally takes place in two phases. Acute burn surgery is the treatment immediately after a burn. Reconstructive burn surgery takes place after the burn wounds have healed.
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discovery drawn from observation of differential healing rates in pilots who had come down on land and in the sea. His radical, experimental treatments led to the formation of the
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1628:: refers to a medical device used to destroy fat cells. Its principle relies on controlled cooling for non-invasive local reduction of fat deposits to reshape body contours.
405:
674:, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. Dieffenbach has been called the "father of plastic surgery".
723:, and perfume and cosmetics manufacturer, founded a unique plastic surgery department in his Moscow Institute of Medical Cosmetics. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published
1895:. There exists a correlation between those with BDD and the predilection toward cosmetic plastic surgery in order to correct a perceived defect in their appearance.
1803:(a condition called elastosis) once it has been stretched past capacity and is unable to recoil back to its standard position against the body and also with age.
1656:: alter the appearance of the lips by increasing their fullness through surgical enlargement with lip implants or nonsurgical enhancement with injectable fillers
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McIndoe is often recognized for not only developing new techniques for treating badly burned faces and hands but also for recognising the importance of the
1562:("penile surgery"): construction (or reconstruction) of a penis or, sometimes, artificial modification of the penis by surgery, often for cosmetic purposes
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Chambers JA, Ray PD (November 2009). "Achieving growth and excellence in medicine: the case history of armed conflict and modern reconstructive surgery".
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823:, dental surgeons, technicians, and specialized nurses, which has made it possible to develop techniques leading to the reconstruction of injured faces.
3968:
Ribeiro RV (August 2017). "Prevalence of Body
Dysmorphic Disorder in Plastic Surgery and Dermatology Patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis".
1294:, Syndactyly (webbing of the fingers and toes), Polydactyly (excess fingers and toes at birth), cleft lip and palate, and congenital hand deformities.
4954:
3856:"Does Overfilling Smooth Inflatable Saline-Filled Breast Implants Decrease the Deflation Rate? Experience with 4761 Augmentation Mammaplasty Patients"
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found that requests for cosmetic procedures had increased significantly since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly due to the increase in
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working in London, he developed many of the techniques of modern facial surgery in caring for soldiers with disfiguring facial injuries during the
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is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories:
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1638:, including temporary wrinkle reduction, temporary pain reduction, treatment of dermatologic conditions, and focal cryo-treatment of tissue
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3567:"One-Stage Augmentation Mastopexy: A Review of 1192 Simultaneous Breast Augmentation and Mastopexy Procedures in 615 Consecutive Patients"
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rate, a practice instituted in the early 20th century that lasted until the mid-1990s. Separate from surgery performed for medical need.
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plastic surgeons specialize in treating these conditions in children. Conditions commonly treated by pediatric plastic surgeons include
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The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, maxillofacial surgery, scar revision, hand surgery and
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Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. In the United States, plastic surgeons are board certified by
319:, using simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears, from around the 1st century BC. For religious reasons, they did not
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2214:"The New York Academy of Medicine: News & Publications: Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art"
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1735:: altering the upper and lower jaw bones (through osteotomy) to correct jaw alignment issues and correct the teeth alignment
622:. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.
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However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not
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as well as microsurgery, which is necessary to replant an amputated extremity. The hand surgery field is also practiced by
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spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods. Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the
1591:("breast reduction"): removal of skin and glandular tissue, which is done to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with
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them to their homes. McIndoe kept referring to them as "his boys" and the staff called him "The Boss" or "The
Maestro".
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Zuckerman D, Abraham A (October 2008). "Teenagers and cosmetic surgery: focus on breast augmentation and liposuction".
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1771:("suction lipectomy"): removal of fat deposits by traditional suction technique or ultrasonic energy to aid fat removal
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1694:: tightening of lax tissues in the neck. This procedure is often combined with a facelift for lower face rejuvenation.
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2211:"Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art". The New York Academy of Medicine. 27 July 2005.
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using silicone implants or fat grafting ("Brazilian butt lift") where fat is transferred from other areas of the body
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905:, is assumed to have received plastic surgery in 1917. The photograph shows him immediately following (right) the
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Stathopoulos P (March 2018). "Maxillofacial surgery: the impact of the Great War on both sides of the trenches".
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Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available.
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are taken from the recipient. If absent or deficient of natural tissue, alternatives can be cultured sheets of
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Several ancient Sanskrit medical treatise mentions some types of plastic surgery in India such as the works of
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by means of fat grafting, saline, or silicone gel prosthetics, which was initially performed for women with
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2731:"Predictors of Oral Function and Facial Aesthetics Post Maxillofacial Reconstruction with Free Fibula Flap"
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1356:, American Plastic Surgeon, is credited for completing the first successful kidney transplantation in 1954.
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Illustration of an 18th-century nose reconstruction method from Poona performed by an Indian potter, from
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with an individual's bones or with the use of an implant, usually silicone, by suture of the soft tissue
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surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of
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is plastic surgery performed to change ethnic attributes, often considered used as a way of "passing".
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to the treatments of soldiers, so they would be less horrified by looking at themselves in the mirror.
3485:"Touch-ups, Rejuvenation, Re-dos and Revisions: Remote Communication and Cosmetic Surgery on the Rise"
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either human beings or animals, thus, their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their
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are taken from a donor of the same species. Kidney transplants are an example of allograft transfer.
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196:. This category of surgery focuses on restoring a body part or improving its function. In contrast,
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promoted healing as well as improving survival rates for patients with extensive burns—this was a
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Children often face medical issues very different from the experiences of an adult patient. Many
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Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (2010). "Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics".
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In some cases, people whose physicians refuse to perform any further surgeries, have turned to "
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broke out, plastic surgery provision was largely divided between the different services of the
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have been identified as a potential triggers of BDD. Recently, a phenomenon referred to as '
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1534:; cited estimates include a 10% increase in the United States and a 20% increase in France.
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It is the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of facial lesions, bringing together
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free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German
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involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.
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Atkinson M (2008). "Exploring Male Femininity in the 'Crisis': Men and Cosmetic Surgery".
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Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping of Aesthetic Surgery
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Elliott A (2011). "'I Want to Look Like That!': Cosmetic Surgery and Celebrity Culture".
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is in reference to the concept of "reshaping" and comes from the Greek πλαστική (τέχνη),
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resulting in excess sagging skin being present around areas of the body. The skin loses
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Calf Augmentation: done by silicone implants or fat transfer to add bulk to calf muscles
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1324:) is a very common procedure. Skin grafts can be derived from the recipient or donors:
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17:
3705:(4th ed.). Strawberry Hills, Australia: Health Inform Pty Ltd. pp. 229–311.
2821:
1783:: reduction of the mandible angle to smooth out an angular jaw and creating a slim jaw
1765:: the lessening of depth of facial pores and exfoliation of dead or damaged skin cells
894:
6175:
6080:
6075:
6050:
5975:
5890:
5667:
5386:
5228:
5032:
4821:
4816:
4678:
4618:
4521:
4177:
3954:
3427:
2662:
2457:
2343:"Forgotten Pioneers of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery During the Medieval Period"
2149:
2060:
2028:
1816:
1806:
1780:
1752:
1635:
1625:
1592:
1488:
1367:
1353:
1283:
1046:
663:
574:
436:
5870:
3997:
3635:
3019:"Story of maverick WW2 'Guinea pig' surgeon to be told on big screen for first time"
2512:
6000:
5985:
5925:
5835:
5797:
5496:
5391:
5097:
5037:
5022:
4848:
4573:
4423:
4408:
4354:
2807:
2473:
2316:
2190:
2065:
1915:
1855:
1823:
to the cells of the skin from the blood. It is also commonly used in patients with
1685:
1659:
1596:
1559:
1461:. The goal of reconstructive plastic surgery is to restore both form and function.
1264:
1259:
1238:
1233:
987:
979:
906:
696:
277:
189:
185:
2613:
2920:
2746:
2645:
2358:
1308:
Plastic surgery performed on an incarcerated population in order to affect their
307:
recorded surgical techniques, including plastic surgery, in the first century AD.
6095:
6085:
5865:
5782:
5692:
5687:
5588:
5506:
5458:
5401:
5345:
5263:
5248:
4896:
4841:
4738:
4593:
4568:
4386:
3839:
2674:
2555:
Mukherjee, Nayana Sharma; Majudar, Susmita Basu; Majumdar, Susmita Basu (2011).
2013:
1931:
1796:
1768:
1718:
1708:
1665:
1644:
1583:
1565:
1383:
1111:
1042:
1026:
991:
936:
841:
813:
804:
796:
742:
659:
618:
585:
555:
being performed by Indian methods. Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a
552:
451:
4984:
4091:"A new reality for beauty standards: How selfies and filters affect body image"
3872:
3565:
Stevens WG, Macias LH, Spring M, Stoker DA, Chacón CO, Eberlin SA (July 2014).
3500:
2985:
2885:
6045:
6040:
5960:
5910:
5905:
5850:
5840:
5697:
5527:
5468:
5355:
5208:
4869:
4836:
4608:
4558:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4516:
4506:
3981:
3673:
3619:
2791:
1993:
1697:
1669:
1480:
1321:
1309:
920:
The father of modern plastic surgery is generally considered to have been Sir
898:
720:
424:
332:
320:
261:
Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the
4169:
4116:
3946:
3583:
3566:
3544:
3357:
3064:
3030:
2572:
2557:"A Nose Lost and Honour Regained: The Indian Method of Rhinoplasty Revisited"
2366:
1755:("Arm lift"): reducing excess skin and fat between the underarm and the elbow
6060:
5737:
5350:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5203:
5169:
5057:
4799:
4794:
4658:
4636:
4511:
4475:
4031:
3910:
Center for Devices and Radiological Health U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3185:
1859:
1824:
1675:
1634:: Treatment of superficial and subcutaneous tissue structures using gaseous
1601:
1495:
1359:
1349:
1328:
1287:
959:
439:. He gives detailed descriptions of other basic surgical techniques such as
359:
336:
289:
233:
226:
6005:
4076:
4049:
3989:
3905:
3891:
3703:
Fast Living Slow Ageing: How to age less, look great, live longer, get more
3627:
3592:
3518:
3435:
3003:
2928:
2893:
2799:
2764:
2715:
280:, Edwin Smith. Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in
2465:
1918:" plastic surgery, injecting themselves and running extreme safety risks.
1700:("brow lift" or "forehead lift"): elevates eyebrows, smooths forehead skin
604:
In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed an operative procedure on a
6120:
6105:
6035:
5990:
5900:
5810:
5757:
5742:
5722:
5682:
5652:
5647:
5511:
5501:
5473:
5453:
5299:
5294:
5218:
5213:
5198:
5188:
4563:
4340:
4291:
4250:
2270:"From ancient Egypt to Beverly Hills: A brief history of plastic surgery"
1904:
1900:
1851:
1850:
All surgery has risks. Common complications of cosmetic surgery includes
1820:
1739:
1491:
survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent.
1339:
670:. In 1845, Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, titled
428:
367:
351:
340:
293:
285:
153:
101:
2848:"Innovative Cosmetic Surgery Restored WWI Vets' Ravaged Faces—And Lives"
6030:
5855:
5805:
5717:
5443:
5438:
5421:
5365:
5042:
4502:
4470:
4363:
2556:
2137:
1619:
1545:
1136: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
866: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
767: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
712:
700:
548:
440:
399:
371:
273:
105:
2669:(1). The National Research Institute of Public Health, Moskow: 76–79.
2318:
History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence
986:, and Gillies and his team were split up. Gillies himself was sent to
254:
Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room,
6025:
6015:
5965:
5940:
5920:
5792:
5532:
5463:
5431:
5223:
2217:
1579:
1454:
1448:
Navy doctors perform reconstructive surgery on a 21-year-old patient.
1003:
677:
Another case of plastic surgery for nose reconstruction from 1884 at
560:
556:
391:
383:
157:
1688:("face lift"): removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face
978:, joined the practice and became committed to plastic surgery. When
1682:, most often done by pinning the protruding ear closer to the head.
1672:
sometimes used to correct breathing impaired by structural defects.
6115:
6065:
6055:
5970:
5747:
5662:
5632:
5627:
3053:"War surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe and his 'Guinea Pigs' honoured"
1758:
1511:
1458:
1443:
893:
635:
404:
387:
345:
298:
281:
249:
3906:"FDA Update on the Safety of Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants"
2872:
Zola M (May 2004). "World War I maxillofacial fracture splints".
1286:
or syndromes present at birth are best treated in childhood, and
1073:
Cosmetic_surgery_in_Australia#Types of cosmetic surgery available
715:, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1910,
382:
Caliphate in 750 AD. The Arabic translations made their way into
5727:
1863:
1712:
420:
193:
5616:
5142:
4313:
1827:
as it acts like a cushion to the bones which have depleted the
1553:("eyelid surgery"): reshaping of upper/lower eyelids including
4287:
Countries with the largest total number of cosmetic procedures
4228:
2970:"Albert Ross Tilley: The legacy of a Canadian plastic surgeon"
1925:
1743:
1679:
1377:
1105:
1056:
910:
835:
736:
445:
3800:"2020 Plastic Surgery Statistics | Cosmetic Procedure Trends"
3462:"New Statistics Reflect the Changing Face of Plastic Surgery"
3131:"Reconstructive Burn Surgery | University of Michigan Health"
1475:
Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include
335:
descriptions, some of which—for instance, his studies on the
5138:
4063:
Miller MC (July 2005). "What is body dysmorphic disorder?".
1813:' (Telangiectasia), which appear on the surface of the skin.
1037:, Sussex. Among the better-known members of his "club" were
584:
In 1465, Sabuncu's book, description, and classification of
4309:
1483:
for the treatment of cancer, cleft lip and palate surgery,
1338:
or synthetic compounds, such as integra, which consists of
2000:, Dysport, Xeomin, and Jeuveau, amongst others, alongside
588:
were more informative and up to date. Localization of the
431:. He describes what is thought to be the first attempt at
3088:. American Board of Plastic Surgery. 2013. Archived from
2444:
Maniglia AJ (August 1989). "Reconstructive rhinoplasty".
1017:
His other important work included the development of the
962:, later upgraded to a new hospital for facial repairs at
1537:
The most popular aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:
950:
on skin grafts, he persuaded the army's chief surgeon,
427:
talks of the use of silk thread suture to achieve good
55:"(On the Surgery of Mutilation by Grafting)" (1597) by
3533:"Covid-19 is fuelling a Zoom-boom in cosmetic surgery"
3156:"Hand Rejuvenation for Better Engagement Ring Selfies"
633:
operation with instruments that he designed himself.
608:
officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of
2822:"The birth of plastic surgery | National Army Museum"
2729:
Alotaibi A, Aljabab A, Althubaiti G (November 2018).
1703:
Midface lift ("cheek lift"): tightening of the cheeks
2690:"Jacques Joseph: Father of modern aesthetic surgery"
5561:
5520:
5484:
5374:
5323:
5287:
5176:
5000:
4938:
4699:
4627:
4582:
4491:
4362:
4347:
476:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
402:) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.
292:who made contributions to the field of plastic and
145:
116:
111:
95:
83:
68:
63:
4227:
3656:Facial bone contouring surgery: a practical guide
2330:National Informatics Centre (Government of India)
1320:In plastic surgery, the transfer of skin tissue (
1168:. Subdisciplines of plastic surgery may include:
2315:Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007).
1678:("ear surgery"/"ear pinning"): reshaping of the
3817:"Plastic surgery – Complications – NHS Choices"
2735:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open
2650:. Munn & Company. 7 June 1884. p. 354.
577:in the year 1815. Instruments described in the
3798:The American Board of Plastic Surgery (2021).
1746:, and other tissue filler injections, such as
1362:are taken from a donor of a different species.
666:surgery established many modern techniques of
180:covers a wide range of specialties, including
5154:
4325:
1544:("tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the
343:—are of special interest to plastic surgery.
8:
3449:India, China Among Plastic Surgery Hot Spots
3198:"Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of the Face"
2590:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine
2532:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine
2421:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine
724:
581:were further modified in the Western world.
39:
4117:"Instagram bans 'cosmetic surgery' filters"
2382:Brief History of Vision and Ocular Medicine
1960:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1412:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
954:, to establish a facial injury ward at the
5613:
5161:
5147:
5139:
4614:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4359:
4332:
4318:
4310:
2584:
2582:
2561:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2526:
2524:
2522:
2379:Wolfgang H. Vogel, Andreas Berke (2009). "
1647:: surgical reduction and reshaping of the
45:
4955:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4230:Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery
4136:"Woman's DIY Plastic Surgery 'Nightmare'"
4039:
4009:
4007:
3936:
3881:
3871:
3582:
3508:
2993:
2874:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2754:
2705:
1980:Learn how and when to remove this message
1432:Learn how and when to remove this message
1152:Learn how and when to remove this message
943:. After working with the renowned French
939:, he worked as a medical minder with the
882:Learn how and when to remove this message
783:Learn how and when to remove this message
726:Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik
536:Learn how and when to remove this message
137:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3379:"2010 Cosmetic Surgery Age Distribution"
3310:"2018 Cosmetic Surgery Age Distribution"
3268:"2020 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report"
2489:"Sh08Al-Zahrawi – the Father of Surgery"
2415:
2413:
2411:
1729:("cheek implant"): implants to the cheek
419:A pioneer in all fields of surgery, the
3757:. American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
3743:. American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
3729:. American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
3690:. American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
2974:The Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery
2110:"Plastic Surgery Specialty Description"
2076:
1070:It has been suggested that portions of
658:and early plastic surgery. His work in
625:The first American plastic surgeon was
374:. These works were translated into the
4097:(Press release). Boston Medical Center
3835:"Cosmetic surgery Risks – Mayo Clinic"
3769:"The Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures"
1578:" or "boob job"): augmentation of the
1021:, and the discovery that immersion in
643:established many modern techniques of
356:Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
276:textbook was named after the American
38:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3304:
3302:
1618:("butt implant"): enhancement of the
551:physicians travelled to India to see
197:
7:
5093:
4854:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
4187:Cosmetic surgery, gender and culture
3386:American Society of Plastic Surgeons
3317:American Society of Plastic Surgeons
3280:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2263:
2261:
2242:Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques
1958:adding citations to reliable sources
1922:Minimally invasive cosmetic medicine
1662:: surgical reconstruction of the lip
1470:American Society of Plastic Surgeons
1410:adding citations to reliable sources
1134:adding citations to reliable sources
864:adding citations to reliable sources
765:adding citations to reliable sources
629:, who, in 1827, performed the first
612:treatments. In 1818, German surgeon
474:adding citations to reliable sources
53:De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem
5103:
3483:Padley RH, Di Pace B (April 2021).
3395:from the original on 9 October 2022
3326:from the original on 9 October 2022
3215:"Plastic Surgery Statistics Report"
1846:Complications, risks, and reversals
795:The development of weapons such as
4990:Medical Scientist Training Program
4234:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
3247:"2001 Cosmetic Surgery Statistics"
2942:Roxburgh, Tracey (11 April 2017).
2505:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x
2177:Handbuch der plastischen Chirurgie
2050:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
616:published his major work entitled
25:
3701:Marie K, Thomas MC (2013). "33".
3112:American Board of Plastic Surgery
2694:Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery
1166:American Board of Plastic Surgery
733:Nascency of maxillofacial surgery
601:that such surgery became common.
599:until the 19th and 20th centuries
268:Egyptian medical text called the
6143:
6142:
5122:
5112:
5102:
5092:
5083:
5082:
4065:The Harvard Mental Health Letter
3428:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.018
3416:The Journal of Adolescent Health
2944:"Pupil speeches honour soldiers"
2458:10.1288/00005537-198908000-00017
2419:Lock, Stephen etc. (200ĞďéĠĊ1).
1930:
1382:
1342:and bovine tendon collagen with
1110:
1061:
840:
832:Development of modern techniques
741:
450:
423:physician, surgeon, and chemist
315:also performed plastic cosmetic
296:surgery in the 6th century BC.
5123:
3110:Description of Plastic Surgery
3017:Furness, Hannah (21 May 2017).
2688:Bhattacharya S (October 2008).
2592:. US: Oxford University Press.
2534:. US: Oxford University Press.
2423:. US: Oxford University Press.
2347:Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
2240:Shiffman M (5 September 2012).
2034:Dermatologic surgical procedure
1789:: extraction of the buccal pads
1668:("nose job"): reshaping of the
1524:cosmetic surgery in South Korea
1121:needs additional citations for
851:needs additional citations for
752:needs additional citations for
461:needs additional citations for
327:predecessors. Notwithstanding,
198:cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery
4980:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4414:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3051:Kennedy, Maev (4 April 2013).
2780:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2385:". Kugler Publications. p.97.
2268:Holland, Oscar (30 May 2021).
2112:. American Medical Association
945:oral and maxillofacial surgeon
131:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
1:
4304:American Cosmetic Association
2948:Otago Daily Times Online News
2044:List of plastic surgery flaps
2024:Cosmetic surgery in Australia
262:
225:), "the art of modelling" of
30:For the medical journal, see
4960:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4727:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
4262:A History of Plastic Surgery
4252:Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery
4020:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2921:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181bc327a
2747:10.1097/GOX.0000000000001787
2403:A History of Plastic Surgery
2359:10.1097/SCS.0000000000009176
2353:(3): 1144–1146. 4 May 2023.
2179:(in German). Berlin: Reimer.
652:Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach
641:Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach
256:New York Academy of Medicine
5387:Hair coloring and bleaching
4299:Cosmetic Surgery Statistics
2846:Klein C (26 October 2018).
2675:10.25742/NRIPH.2020.01.0013
2588:Lock, Stephen etc. (2001).
2530:Lock, Stephen etc. (2001).
1505:Cosmetic surgery procedures
956:Cambridge Military Hospital
916:, and after healing (left).
6218:
4255:. D. Appleton and Company.
4134:Canning A (20 July 2009).
4016:"Body dysmorphic disorder"
3873:10.1007/s00266-021-02198-3
3854:Eisenberg T (March 2021).
3755:"What are dermal fillers?"
3727:"What is body contouring?"
3501:10.1007/s00266-021-02235-1
2986:10.1177/229255031302100202
2886:10.1016/j.joms.2004.02.005
2085:"What is Cosmetic Surgery"
1301:
1275:
1257:
1231:
1214:
1192:
974:In 1930, Gillies' cousin,
901:, a sailor injured at the
243:
29:
27:Medical surgical specialty
6138:
5623:
5612:
5078:
4211:. Duke University Press.
4014:Veale D (February 2004).
3982:10.1007/s00266-017-0869-0
3970:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
3860:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
3620:10.1007/s00266-011-9796-7
3608:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
3571:Aesthetic Surgery Journal
3489:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
3293:Aesthetic Surgery Journal
2909:Annals of Plastic Surgery
2792:10.1007/s10006-017-0659-5
2302:22 September 2008 at the
2131:Oxford English Dictionary
2089:Royal College of Surgeons
1316:Techniques and procedures
1278:Pediatric plastic surgery
1272:Pediatric plastic surgery
614:Carl Ferdinand von Graefe
592:was described in detail.
571:Joseph Constantine Carpue
44:
32:Plastic Surgery (journal)
4914:Transplantation medicine
4805:Clinical neurophysiology
4722:Obstetric anesthesiology
4642:Interventional radiology
4402:Digestive system surgery
4260:Santoni-Rugiu P (2007).
4170:10.1177/1357034X07087531
3947:10.1177/1749975510391583
3584:10.1177/1090820X14531434
2244:. Springer. p. 20.
1893:body dysmorphic disorder
1019:walking-stalk skin graft
941:Royal Army Medical Corps
412:The Gentleman's Magazine
5861:Laura Mercier Cosmetics
5643:Anastasia Beverly Hills
5569:Cosmetic electrotherapy
5194:Botulinum toxin (Botox)
4785:Intensive care medicine
4759:Mass gathering medicine
4604:Maternal–fetal medicine
4032:10.1136/pmj.2003.015289
3741:"Spider Vein Treatment"
3688:"What is chin surgery?"
3658:. Singapore: Springer.
3117:15 October 2010 at the
2324:10 October 2008 at the
2230:. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
1886:Psychological disorders
1775:Zygoma reduction plasty
1466:breast reduction plasty
1035:Queen Victoria Hospital
996:Queen Victoria Hospital
390:, the Branca family of
386:via intermediaries. In
192:, and the treatment of
18:Cosmetic facial surgery
5826:Jeffree Star Cosmetics
5753:Daigaku Honyaku Center
4377:Cardiothoracic surgery
2661:Stochik, A. A (2020).
2493:ANZ Journal of Surgery
2039:Ethnic plastic surgery
2004:based dermal fillers.
1711:: augmentation of the
1449:
1374:Reconstructive surgery
1304:Prison plastic surgery
1298:Prison plastic surgery
1292:craniofacial anomalies
1222:Ethnic plastic surgery
1217:Ethnic plastic surgery
1211:Ethnic plastic surgery
1205:maxillofacial surgeons
917:
725:
668:reconstructive surgery
648:
645:reconstructive surgery
563:were published in the
435:for the management of
416:
363:
329:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
308:
305:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
258:
178:Reconstructive surgery
170:reconstructive surgery
5768:Elizabeth Arden, Inc.
5673:Bath & Body Works
5618:Major cosmetic brands
5579:Cosmetics advertising
5028:Personalized medicine
4887:Reproductive medicine
4812:Occupational medicine
4766:Evolutionary medicine
3352:. 27 September 1971.
2175:Zeis, Eduard (1838).
1787:Buccal Fat Extraction
1761:Skin Rejuvenation or
1589:Reduction mammoplasty
1477:breast reconstruction
1447:
897:
692:otorhinolaryngologist
639:
443:and wound management.
433:reduction mammaplasty
408:
349:
302:
253:
6202:Surgical specialties
5956:Neal's Yard Remedies
5594:History of cosmetics
5574:Cosmetic ingredients
5048:Traditional medicine
5008:Alternative medicine
4875:Addiction psychiatry
4689:Transfusion medicine
4684:Medical microbiology
4599:Gynecologic oncology
4451:Reproductive surgery
3779:on 10 September 2015
2968:Mowbrey, K. (2013).
2293:MSN Encarta (2008).
2056:Scalp reconstruction
1954:improve this section
1809:: removing visible '
1738:Fillers injections:
1733:Orthognathic Surgery
1616:Buttock augmentation
1572:Breast augmentations
1555:Asian blepharoplasty
1406:improve this section
1200:Craniofacial surgery
1195:Craniofacial surgery
1189:Craniofacial surgery
1130:improve this article
1084:into this article. (
860:improve this article
761:improve this article
656:skin transplantation
566:Gentleman's Magazine
470:improve this article
182:craniofacial surgery
6187:Medical specialties
5733:ColourPop Cosmetics
5336:Circle contact lens
5070:History of medicine
5053:Veterinary medicine
4860:Preventive medicine
4712:Adolescent medicine
4554:Infectious diseases
2647:Scientific American
2220:on 27 November 2010
1909:Snapchat dysmorphia
1829:articular cartilage
1632:Cryoneuromodulation
1468:. According to the
1244:orthopedic surgeons
717:Alexander Ostroumov
684:Scientific American
672:Operative Chirurgie
627:John Peter Mettauer
396:Gaspare Tagliacozzi
331:left some accurate
272:. The early trauma
270:Edwin Smith papyrus
139:(M.B.B.S. or MBChB)
57:Gaspare Tagliacozzi
41:
5584:Cosmetic packaging
5341:Eyelash extensions
5018:Molecular oncology
4975:Doctor of Medicine
4965:Master of Medicine
4882:Radiation oncology
4754:Emergency medicine
4707:Addiction medicine
4674:Clinical chemistry
4669:Clinical pathology
4461:Transplant surgery
4419:Orthopedic surgery
4397:Colorectal surgery
4158:Body & Society
4123:. 23 October 2019.
3925:Cultural Sociology
3823:. 23 October 2017.
3464:. 25 February 2015
3350:The New York Times
3135:www.uofmhealth.org
3092:on 2 February 2014
2487:Ahmad, Z. (2007).
2401:P. Santoni-Rugiu,
1727:Cheek augmentation
1516:laser hair removal
1450:
1344:glycosaminoglycans
948:Hippolyte Morestin
918:
690:In 1891, American
649:
417:
364:
309:
303:The Roman scholar
259:
246:History of surgery
125:Doctor of Medicine
118:Education required
6197:Cosmetic industry
6169:
6168:
6134:
6133:
6111:Victoria's Secret
5821:Helena Rubinstein
5703:Bumble and bumble
5599:Cosmetic industry
5136:
5135:
4970:Master of Surgery
4934:
4933:
4919:Tropical medicine
4865:Prison healthcare
4780:Hospital medicine
4744:Disaster medicine
4734:Aviation medicine
4549:Hospital medicine
4456:Surgical oncology
4441:Pediatric surgery
4435:
4382:Endocrine surgery
4271:978-3-540-46240-8
4249:Kolle FS (1911).
4241:978-0-8018-5763-8
4226:Haiken E (1997).
4218:978-0-8223-2144-6
4196:978-1-4039-1299-2
4185:Fraser S (2003).
3712:978-0-9806339-2-4
3665:978-981-10-2726-0
3539:. 11 April 2021.
3346:"Plastic Surgery"
2614:"Plastic Surgery"
2452:(8 Pt 1): 865–7.
2251:978-3-642-21837-8
2150:"plastic surgery"
2019:Body modification
1990:
1989:
1982:
1835:Micropigmentation
1763:laser resurfacing
1595:and for men with
1532:videoconferencing
1442:
1441:
1434:
1172:Aesthetic surgery
1162:
1161:
1154:
1102:
1101:
976:Archibald McIndoe
903:Battle of Jutland
892:
891:
884:
793:
792:
785:
681:was described in
679:Bellevue Hospital
546:
545:
538:
520:
485:"Plastic surgery"
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
6209:
6192:Cosmetic surgery
6146:
6145:
5931:Morphe Cosmetics
5896:Make Up For Ever
5713:Carol's Daughter
5614:
5492:Artificial nails
5449:Styling products
5254:Permanent makeup
5184:Anti-aging cream
5163:
5156:
5149:
5140:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5096:
5095:
5086:
5085:
4790:Medical genetics
4775:General practice
4652:Nuclear medicine
4527:Gastroenterology
4483:Vascular surgery
4433:
4360:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4275:
4256:
4245:
4233:
4222:
4200:
4181:
4144:
4143:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3940:
3938:10.1.1.1028.8768
3920:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3875:
3866:(5): 1991–1999.
3851:
3845:
3844:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3775:. Archived from
3765:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3651:
3640:
3639:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3495:(6): 3078–3080.
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3314:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3220:. Archived from
3219:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3127:
3121:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2700:(Suppl): S3–S8.
2685:
2679:
2678:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2552:
2546:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2446:The Laryngoscope
2441:
2435:
2417:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2339:
2333:
2313:
2307:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:. Archived from
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2081:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1934:
1926:
1872:end organ damage
1654:Lip augmentation
1437:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1386:
1378:
1333:epithelial cells
1248:general surgeons
1157:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1114:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1065:
1064:
1057:
969:Rainsford Mowlem
926:otolaryngologist
924:. A New Zealand
887:
880:
876:
873:
867:
844:
836:
821:plastic surgeons
801:explosive shells
788:
781:
777:
774:
768:
745:
737:
728:
606:British military
579:Sushruta Samhita
541:
534:
530:
527:
521:
519:
478:
454:
446:
267:
264:
174:cosmetic surgery
97:Activity sectors
49:
42:
21:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6182:Plastic surgery
6172:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6130:
6071:Tarte Cosmetics
5951:Nature Republic
5846:Kylie Cosmetics
5831:Kao Corporation
5619:
5608:
5557:
5553:Sunless tanning
5543:Plastic surgery
5516:
5480:
5370:
5319:
5283:
5279:Venetian ceruse
5244:Moist towelette
5172:
5167:
5137:
5132:
5074:
5063:Chief physician
4996:
4941:
4930:
4924:Travel medicine
4909:Sports medicine
4892:Sexual medicine
4832:Palliative care
4827:Pain management
4771:Family medicine
4749:Diving medicine
4695:
4623:
4585:
4578:
4494:
4487:
4446:Plastic surgery
4392:General surgery
4372:Cardiac surgery
4353:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4282:
4272:
4259:
4248:
4242:
4225:
4219:
4203:
4197:
4184:
4155:
4152:
4150:Further reading
4147:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3666:
3654:Park S (2017).
3653:
3652:
3643:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3227:on 2 April 2016
3224:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3119:Wayback Machine
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2587:
2580:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2529:
2520:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2378:
2374:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:Wayback Machine
2314:
2310:
2304:Wayback Machine
2296:Plastic Surgery
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2010:
2002:hyaluronic acid
1986:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1951:
1935:
1924:
1888:
1876:Breast implants
1868:implant failure
1848:
1793:Body contouring
1748:hyaluronic acid
1507:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1403:
1387:
1376:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1280:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1213:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1174:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1127:
1115:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:Sub-specialties
1039:Richard Hillary
1031:Guinea Pig Club
988:Rooksdown House
930:First World War
888:
877:
871:
868:
857:
845:
834:
789:
778:
772:
769:
758:
746:
735:
654:specialized in
590:urethral meatus
542:
531:
525:
522:
479:
477:
467:
455:
376:Arabic language
265:
248:
242:
236:" by 70 years.
215:plastic surgery
207:
166:Plastic surgery
150:
148:
119:
98:
86:
85:Occupation type
59:
51:Engraving from
40:Plastic surgeon
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6215:
6213:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6174:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6021:Richard Hudnut
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5946:Natural Wonder
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5881:Love Cosmetics
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5604:Male cosmetics
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5548:Skin whitening
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5331:Blepharoplasty
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5120:
5110:
5100:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
5001:Related topics
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4950:Medical school
4946:
4944:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Sleep medicine
4901:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4717:Anesthesiology
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4647:Neuroradiology
4644:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4584:Obstetrics and
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4466:Trauma surgery
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4429:Otolaryngology
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4355:subspecialties
4345:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4295:
4281:
4280:External links
4278:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4257:
4246:
4240:
4223:
4217:
4201:
4195:
4182:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4126:
4108:
4082:
4055:
4026:(940): 67–71.
4003:
3976:(4): 964–970.
3960:
3931:(4): 463–477.
3915:
3897:
3846:
3826:
3808:
3790:
3760:
3746:
3732:
3718:
3711:
3693:
3679:
3664:
3641:
3598:
3577:(5): 723–732.
3557:
3524:
3475:
3453:
3441:
3406:
3370:
3337:
3298:
3283:
3259:
3238:
3206:
3189:
3172:
3147:
3122:
3103:
3086:"Introduction"
3077:
3043:
3009:
2980:(2): 102–106.
2960:
2934:
2899:
2864:
2838:
2813:
2770:
2721:
2680:
2653:
2637:
2619:
2605:
2578:
2547:
2518:
2479:
2436:
2407:
2394:
2372:
2334:
2308:
2286:
2257:
2250:
2232:
2204:
2182:
2167:
2141:
2123:
2101:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1988:
1987:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:do it yourself
1887:
1884:
1878:can have many
1847:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1817:Dermal fillers
1814:
1804:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1750:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1586:
1576:breast implant
1563:
1557:
1551:Blepharoplasty
1548:
1542:Abdominoplasty
1506:
1503:
1440:
1439:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1347:
1317:
1314:
1302:Main article:
1299:
1296:
1276:Main article:
1273:
1270:
1258:Main article:
1255:
1252:
1232:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1215:Main article:
1212:
1209:
1193:Main article:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1160:
1159:
1118:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1011:rehabilitation
1000:East Grinstead
952:Arbuthnot-Lane
922:Harold Gillies
914:Harold Gillies
890:
889:
848:
846:
839:
833:
830:
825:Harold Gillies
810:Harold Gillies
791:
790:
749:
747:
740:
734:
731:
719:, the Russian
544:
543:
458:
456:
449:
266: 1600 BC
241:
238:
206:
203:
161:
160:
151:
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:
134:
128:
120:
117:
114:
113:
109:
108:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6214:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6081:The Face Shop
6079:
6077:
6076:The Body Shop
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6051:Sinful Colors
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:NYX Cosmetics
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:MAC Cosmetics
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:Facial toning
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5129:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5101:
5099:
5091:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:Public health
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Allied health
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Oral medicine
4820:
4818:
4817:Ophthalmology
4815:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Cytopathology
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4619:Urogynecology
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Endocrinology
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:(2): 349–54.
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:The Economist
3534:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:(4): 318–24.
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:The Telegraph
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2827:
2826:www.nam.ac.uk
2823:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:(11): e1787.
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2598:0-19-262950-6
2595:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:0-19-262950-6
2537:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:0-19-262950-6
2426:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:90-6299-220-X
2388:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Serdev suture
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Dental trauma
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1970:February 2024
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1939:This section
1937:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1880:complications
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:Sclerotherapy
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:Jaw reduction
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:Brachioplasty
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:nitrous oxide
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:Cryolipolysis
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:gigantomastia
1590:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1433:
1425:
1422:February 2024
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:This section
1389:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1368:wound closure
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:Joseph Murray
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:skin grafting
1315:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:birth defects
1279:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1142:February 2024
1135:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1119:This section
1117:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1047:Jimmy Edwards
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:serendipitous
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
886:
883:
875:
872:February 2024
865:
861:
855:
854:
849:This section
847:
843:
838:
837:
831:
829:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
787:
784:
776:
766:
762:
756:
755:
750:This section
748:
744:
739:
738:
732:
730:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:heterogeneous
702:
698:
693:
688:
686:
685:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
664:maxillofacial
661:
657:
653:
646:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
623:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
575:Western world
572:
568:
567:
562:
558:
554:
553:rhinoplasties
550:
540:
537:
529:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487: –
486:
482:
481:Find sources:
475:
471:
465:
464:
459:This article
457:
453:
448:
447:
444:
442:
438:
437:gynaecomastia
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
413:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
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314:
306:
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100:
94:
91:
88:
82:
76:
73:
72:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6001:Paula Begoun
5926:Molton Brown
5916:Merle Norman
5836:Kevyn Aucoin
5798:Fenty Beauty
5773:Estée Lauder
5638:Amorepacific
5542:
5038:Rural health
5023:Nanomedicine
4574:Rheumatology
4505: /
4445:
4424:Hand surgery
4409:Neurosurgery
4297:
4285:
4264:. Springer.
4261:
4251:
4229:
4208:
4189:. Palgrave.
4186:
4161:
4157:
4139:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4099:. Retrieved
4094:
4085:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4023:
4019:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3912:. June 2011.
3909:
3900:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3838:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3793:
3783:12 September
3781:. Retrieved
3777:the original
3772:
3763:
3749:
3735:
3721:
3702:
3696:
3682:
3655:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3536:
3527:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3456:
3444:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3385:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3349:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3316:
3292:
3286:
3262:
3252:12 September
3250:. Retrieved
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3222:the original
3209:
3192:
3179:
3175:
3165:12 September
3163:. Retrieved
3159:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:the original
3080:
3070:14 September
3068:. Retrieved
3057:The Guardian
3056:
3046:
3036:14 September
3034:. Retrieved
3022:
3012:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2953:14 September
2951:. Retrieved
2947:
2937:
2915:(5): 473–8.
2912:
2908:
2902:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2786:(1): 21–24.
2783:
2779:
2773:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2608:
2601:
2589:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2543:
2531:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2420:
2402:
2397:
2380:
2375:
2350:
2346:
2337:
2317:
2311:
2295:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2273:
2241:
2235:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2193:. Etymonline
2185:
2176:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2156:. Britannica
2153:
2144:
2134:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2079:
2066:Rejuvenation
2048:
1991:
1976:
1967:
1952:Please help
1940:
1913:
1897:
1889:
1856:nerve injury
1849:
1840:
1811:spider veins
1686:Rhytidectomy
1660:Cheiloplasty
1597:gynecomastia
1560:Phalloplasty
1536:
1528:
1520:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1487:surgery for
1474:
1463:
1451:
1428:
1419:
1404:Please help
1392:
1365:
1335:
1319:
1307:
1281:
1265:Microsurgery
1263:
1260:Microsurgery
1254:Microsurgery
1239:Hand surgery
1237:
1234:Hand surgery
1228:Hand surgery
1220:
1198:
1184:
1181:Burn surgery
1175:
1163:
1148:
1139:
1128:Please help
1123:verification
1120:
1103:
1090:
1080:from it and
1071:
1016:
1008:
984:armed forces
980:World War II
973:
934:
919:
907:flap surgery
878:
869:
858:Please help
853:verification
850:
818:
797:machine guns
794:
779:
770:
759:Please help
754:verification
751:
697:James Israel
689:
682:
676:
671:
660:rhinoplastic
650:
631:cleft palate
624:
619:Rhinoplastik
617:
603:
583:
578:
564:
547:
532:
523:
513:
506:
499:
492:
480:
468:Please help
463:verification
460:
418:
410:
365:
350:A statue of
310:
278:Egyptologist
260:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
190:microsurgery
186:hand surgery
173:
169:
165:
164:
52:
36:
6126:Yves Rocher
6101:Urban Decay
6096:Uoma Beauty
6086:Ulta Beauty
5981:O Boticário
5866:Lise Watier
5783:Etude House
5708:Burt's Bees
5693:Bobbi Brown
5688:Bite Beauty
5589:Cosmetology
5507:Nail polish
5382:Conditioner
5346:Eyelid glue
5249:Moisturizer
5239:Highlighter
5108:Wikiproject
4897:Venereology
4842:Neonatology
4739:Dermatology
4594:Gynaecology
4586:gynaecology
4569:Pulmonology
4387:Eye surgery
4349:Specialties
4095:EurekAlert!
3840:Mayo Clinic
3468:15 November
2857:15 December
2831:15 December
2567:: 968–977.
2160:12 February
2014:Biomaterial
1994:neurotoxins
1797:weight loss
1769:Liposuction
1719:Mentoplasty
1709:Genioplasty
1666:Rhinoplasty
1645:Labiaplasty
1584:micromastia
1566:Mammoplasty
1485:contracture
1043:Bill Foxley
992:Basingstoke
937:World War I
814:skin grafts
805:World War I
709:orthopaedic
594:Sabuncuoglu
586:hypospadias
378:during the
362:, Australia
284:by 800 BC.
112:Description
6176:Categories
6147:Categories
6046:SimplySiti
6041:Shu Uemura
5961:Neutrogena
5911:Maybelline
5906:Max Factor
5876:L'Occitane
5816:Hard Candy
5698:Bonne Bell
5528:Cold cream
5356:Eye shadow
5234:Foundation
5209:Cotton pad
4870:Psychiatry
4856:(PM&R)
4849:Phlebology
4837:Pediatrics
4664:Anatomical
4629:Diagnostic
4609:Obstetrics
4559:Nephrology
4544:Hematology
4539:Geriatrics
4532:Hepatology
4517:Cardiology
4507:Immunology
4101:4 February
3821:www.nhs.uk
3674:1004601615
3181:Syndactyly
2880:(5): 643.
2602:(page 652)
2544:(page 651)
2433:(page 607)
2154:OED Online
2094:15 January
2072:References
1801:elasticity
1698:Browplasty
1496:Free flaps
1481:mastectomy
1360:Xenografts
1350:Allografts
1329:Autografts
1310:recidivism
1093:April 2020
899:Walter Yeo
721:pharmacist
701:urological
496:newspapers
425:Al-Zahrawi
333:anatomical
244:See also:
149:employment
64:Occupation
6151:Companies
6091:Ultima II
6061:Skin Food
6011:Red Earth
5738:CoverGirl
5427:threading
5351:Eye liner
5204:Concealer
5170:Cosmetics
5058:Physician
4942:education
4800:Neurology
4795:Narcology
4659:Pathology
4637:Radiology
4512:Angiology
4476:Andrology
4178:143604536
4164:: 67–87.
3955:145370171
3933:CiteSeerX
3545:0013-0613
3399:29 August
3363:25 August
3358:0362-4331
3330:29 August
3186:eMedicine
3065:0261-3077
3031:0307-1235
2667:№1 (2020)
2573:2249-1937
2367:1049-2275
2279:3 October
2224:12 August
2191:"Plastic"
2138:'plastic'
1941:does not
1860:infection
1825:Arthritis
1821:nutrients
1692:Neck lift
1676:Otoplasty
1602:Mastopexy
1393:does not
1288:pediatric
960:Aldershot
711:-trained
569:by 1794.
559:(potter)
526:July 2024
360:Melbourne
354:, at the
337:genitalia
290:physician
234:petroleum
227:malleable
209:The word
205:Etymology
154:Hospitals
147:Fields of
90:Specialty
74:Physician
6121:Younique
6106:Vaseline
6036:Shiseido
5991:Oriflame
5901:Mary Kay
5811:Guerlain
5758:Dermacol
5743:Creme 21
5723:Clinique
5683:Biotherm
5658:Artistry
5653:Aqua Net
5648:Anna Sui
5512:Pedicure
5502:Manicure
5417:plucking
5402:electric
5397:chemical
5295:Lipstick
5219:DD cream
5214:Cleanser
5199:CC cream
5189:BB cream
5088:Category
4564:Oncology
4495:medicine
4493:Internal
4341:Medicine
4292:Statista
4207:(2005).
4205:Gilman S
4140:ABC News
4121:BBC News
4077:16193565
4071:(1): 8.
4050:14970291
3998:29619456
3990:28411353
3892:33712871
3636:19402937
3628:21853404
3593:24792479
3519:33797578
3436:18809128
3390:Archived
3321:Archived
3275:Archived
3231:31 March
3160:ABC News
3115:Archived
3004:24431953
2929:20431512
2894:15141677
2800:29067543
2765:30881773
2716:20174541
2628:"MedWay"
2513:57308997
2322:Archived
2300:Archived
2008:See also
1996:such as
1905:Facetune
1901:Snapchat
1864:scarring
1852:hematoma
1740:collagen
1620:buttocks
1479:after a
1340:silicone
1336:in vitro
773:May 2023
429:cosmesis
368:Sushruta
352:Sushruta
341:skeleton
339:and the
294:cataract
286:Sushruta
219:plastikē
102:Medicine
6161:History
6031:Sephora
5996:Origins
5871:L'Oréal
5856:Laneige
5851:Lancôme
5841:Kiehl's
5806:Garnier
5788:Fabergé
5763:Douglas
5718:Clarins
5678:Benefit
5562:Related
5538:Peeling
5497:Buffing
5444:Sindoor
5439:Shampoo
5422:shaving
5392:Removal
5366:Mascara
5128:Outline
5098:Commons
5043:Therapy
4940:Medical
4503:Allergy
4471:Urology
4364:Surgery
4041:1742928
3883:8481168
3550:18 June
3510:8018227
3451:– WebMD
3295:: 1–18.
3140:3 March
3096:4 April
2995:3891087
2852:HISTORY
2808:3418182
2756:6414127
2707:2825133
2474:5730172
2466:2666806
2197:2 March
2116:13 July
1962:removed
1947:sources
1580:breasts
1546:abdomen
1414:removed
1399:sources
1086:Discuss
935:During
803:during
713:surgeon
610:mercury
549:British
510:scholar
441:cautery
400:Bologna
380:Abbasid
372:Charaka
321:dissect
317:surgery
274:surgery
240:History
211:plastic
158:clinics
106:surgery
77:Surgeon
6156:People
6026:Rimmel
6016:Revlon
6006:Pond's
5966:Nexxus
5941:Natura
5921:Missha
5793:Farmec
5533:Lotion
5464:pomade
5459:mousse
5432:waxing
5264:Powder
5259:Primer
5224:Facial
5118:Portal
4985:MD–PhD
4306:, 2023
4294:, 2019
4268:
4238:
4215:
4193:
4176:
4075:
4048:
4038:
3996:
3988:
3953:
3935:
3890:
3880:
3709:
3672:
3662:
3634:
3626:
3591:
3543:
3517:
3507:
3434:
3356:
3063:
3029:
3002:
2992:
2927:
2892:
2806:
2798:
2763:
2753:
2714:
2704:
2632:MedWay
2596:
2571:
2538:
2511:
2472:
2464:
2427:
2405:(2007)
2389:
2365:
2248:
1459:tumors
1455:cancer
1082:merged
1023:saline
1004:Sussex
964:Sidcup
561:vaidya
557:Kumhar
512:
505:
498:
491:
483:
415:, 1794
392:Sicily
384:Europe
313:Romans
288:was a
223:tekhnē
133:(D.O.)
127:(M.D.)
6116:Wella
6066:Stila
6056:SK-II
5971:Nivea
5802:Fresh
5748:Cutex
5663:Aveda
5633:Almay
5628:Ahava
5485:Nails
5469:spray
5407:laser
5315:Stain
5310:Liner
5305:Gloss
5274:Toner
5269:Rouge
4700:Other
4174:S2CID
3994:S2CID
3951:S2CID
3803:(PDF)
3773:WebMD
3632:S2CID
3393:(PDF)
3382:(PDF)
3324:(PDF)
3313:(PDF)
3278:(PDF)
3271:(PDF)
3225:(PDF)
3218:(PDF)
3201:(PDF)
2804:S2CID
2509:S2CID
2470:S2CID
1998:Botox
1759:Laser
1649:labia
1512:Botox
1078:split
990:near
517:JSTOR
503:books
388:Italy
325:Greek
282:India
230:flesh
194:burns
69:Names
5936:NARS
5886:Lush
5728:Coty
5668:Avon
5521:Body
5375:Hair
5361:Kohl
5324:Eyes
5300:Balm
5288:Lips
5177:Face
4266:ISBN
4236:ISBN
4213:ISBN
4191:ISBN
4103:2019
4073:PMID
4046:PMID
3986:PMID
3888:PMID
3785:2015
3707:ISBN
3670:OCLC
3660:ISBN
3624:PMID
3589:PMID
3552:2021
3541:ISSN
3515:PMID
3470:2017
3432:PMID
3401:2022
3365:2020
3354:ISSN
3332:2022
3254:2015
3233:2016
3167:2015
3142:2024
3098:2013
3072:2024
3061:ISSN
3038:2024
3027:ISSN
3000:PMID
2955:2024
2925:PMID
2890:PMID
2859:2022
2833:2022
2796:PMID
2761:PMID
2712:PMID
2594:ISBN
2569:ISSN
2536:ISBN
2462:PMID
2425:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2363:ISSN
2281:2021
2246:ISBN
2226:2008
2199:2014
2162:2015
2135:s.v.
2118:2020
2096:2013
1945:any
1943:cite
1903:and
1870:and
1713:chin
1670:nose
1514:and
1489:burn
1397:any
1395:cite
1246:and
1045:and
799:and
699:, a
662:and
489:news
421:Arab
394:and
370:and
311:The
172:and
5986:OPI
5778:elf
5474:wax
5454:gel
5412:IPL
4434:ENT
4352:and
4166:doi
4036:PMC
4028:doi
3978:doi
3943:doi
3878:PMC
3868:doi
3616:doi
3579:doi
3505:PMC
3497:doi
3424:doi
3184:at
2990:PMC
2982:doi
2917:doi
2882:doi
2788:doi
2751:PMC
2743:doi
2702:PMC
2671:doi
2501:doi
2454:doi
2355:doi
2274:CNN
1956:by
1744:fat
1680:ear
1526:).
1457:or
1408:by
1132:by
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1076:be
1033:at
998:in
911:Sir
909:by
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