45:, occasional patients seemed "better than well," and he discussed the ethical dilemmas that might result if similar medications were offered to individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders. Following these case reports, much controversy arose over the veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of actual
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for the enhancement of beauty in conventional terms). In general, cosmetic psychopharmacology refers to the use of psychoactive medications by normal, healthy individuals for the purpose of enhancement rather than the treatment of a formal pathology. Kramer reported that with the antidepressant
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Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology believe that such drug usage is unethical and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive consumerism. Proponents, such as philosopher
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Bjorklund P (April 2005). "Can there be a 'cosmetic' psychopharmacology? Prozac unplugged: the search for an ontologically distinct cosmetic psychopharmacology".
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The comparison is with surgery, in which the same intervention can be therapeutic (as in reparative work on burn victims) or cosmetic (as in
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Chatterjee, Anjan (September 2004). "Cosmetic neurology: the controversy over enhancing movement, mentation, and mood".
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ethicist, has raised concerns about the possibility of employers mandating such enhancements for their workers.
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Caplan, Arthur (September 2003). "Is Better Best? A Noted
Ethicist Argues in Favor of Brain Enhancement".
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191:"When the boss turns pusher: a proposal for employee protections in the age of cosmetic neurology"
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Giannini AJ (2004). "The case for cosmetic psychiatry: Treatment without diagnosis".
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towards assertiveness and confidence or from slower to quicker cognition.
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168:10.1212/01.WNL.0000138438.88589.7C
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230:Kirby, Jason (October 1, 2008).
255:Scientific articles via PubMed
232:"Going to Work on Smart Drugs"
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234:. Maclean's. Archived from
81:Performance-enhancing drugs
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61:University of Pennsylvania
189:Appel JM (August 2008).
208:10.1136/jme.2007.022723
238:on February 22, 2012
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