679:
95:
1039:
1073:
1003:
1135:
could affect Li/H ratios in stars. Furthermore, more observations on lithium depletion remain important since present lithium levels might not reflect the initial abundance in the star. In summary, accurate measurements of the primordial lithium abundance is the current focus of progress, and it could be possible that the final answer does not lie in astrophysical solutions.
102:) and the BBN D + He concordance range (wider vertical bands, at 95% CL) should overlap with the observed light element abundances (yellow boxes) to be in agreement. This occurs in He and is well constrained in D, but is not the case for Li, where the observed Li observations lie a factor of 3−4 below the BBN+WMAP prediction.
1051:
Older stars seem to have less lithium than they should, and some younger stars have much more. One proposed model is that lithium produced during a star's youth sinks beneath the star's atmosphere (where it is obscured from direct observation) due to effects the authors describe as "turbulent mixing"
2008:... confirm the peculiar behaviour of Li in the effective temperature range 5600–5900 K ... We found that the immense majority of planet host stars have severely depleted lithium ... At higher and lower temperatures planet-host stars do not appear to show any peculiar behaviour in their Li abundance.
1158:
of particle physics and the standard cosmology, the lithium problem implies errors in the BBN light element predictions. Although standard BBN rests on well-determined physics, the weak and strong interactions are complicated for BBN and therefore might be the weak point in standard BBN calculation.
1134:
Considering the possibility that BBN predictions are sound, the measured value of the primordial lithium abundance should be in error and astrophysical solutions offer revision to it. For example, systematic errors, including ionization correction and inaccurate stellar temperatures determination
1117:
Certain metal-poor stars also contain an abnormally high concentration of lithium. These stars tended to orbit massive objects—neutron stars or black holes—whose gravity evidently pulls heavier lithium to the surface of a hydrogen-helium star, causing more lithium to be observed.
1042:
Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, residuals within the paradigm of the Big Bang. Li, Be and B are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars; the main source of these elements is
656:
second at 8%. Other isotopes including H, H, He, Li, Li, and Be are much rarer; the estimated abundance of primordial lithium is 10 relative to hydrogen. The calculated abundance and ratio of H and He is in agreement with data from observations of young stars.
1216:
provide one possibility, in which decaying dark matter scenarios introduce a rich array of novel processes that can alter light elements during and after BBN, and find the well-motivated origin in supersymmetric cosmologies. With the fully operational
119:
Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced both lithium-7 and beryllium-7, and indeed the latter dominates the primordial synthesis of mass 7 nuclides. On the other hand, the Big Bang produced lithium-6 at levels more than 1000 times smaller.
1108:
occurs. The absence of lithium could also be a way to find new planetary systems. However, this claimed relationship has become a point of contention in the planetary astrophysics community, being frequently denied but also supported.
1103:
despite the surface convective zone not being quite hot enough to burn lithium. It is suspected that the gravitational pull of planets might enhance the churning up of the star's surface, driving the lithium to hotter cores where
1221:(LHC), much of minimal supersymmetry lies within reach, which would revolutionize particle physics and cosmology if discovered; however, results from the ATLAS experiment in 2020 have excluded many supersymmetric models.
2646:
Collaboration, Atlas (2021). "Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using 139 fb$ ^{-1}$ of $ \sqrt{s}$ =13 TeV $ pp$ collision data with the ATLAS detector".
1235:
Nonstandard cosmologies indicate variation of the baryon to photon ratio in different regions. One proposal is a result of large-scale inhomogeneities in cosmic density, different from homogeneity defined in the
1068:
at temperatures above 2.4 million degrees
Celsius (most stars easily attain this temperature in their interiors), lithium is more abundant than current computations would predict in later-generation stars.
1099:
Sun-like stars without planets have 10 times the lithium as Sun-like stars with planets in a sample of 500 stars. The Sun's surface layers have less than 1% the lithium of the original formation
98:
This "Schramm plot" depicts primordial abundances of He, D, He, and Li as a function of cosmic baryon content from standard BBN predictions. CMB predictions of Li (narrow vertical bands, at 95%
1015:
Despite the low theoretical abundance of lithium, the actual observable amount is less than the calculated amount by a factor of 3–4. This contrasts with the observed abundance of isotopes of
111:
Minutes after the Big Bang, the universe was made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of lithium and beryllium, and negligibly small abundances of all heavier elements.
1056:, a metal-poor globular cluster, are consistent with an inverse relation between lithium abundance and age, but a theoretical mechanism for diffusion has not been formalized. Though it
1232:
regions might behave differently from our own. Additionally, Standard Model couplings and particle masses might vary, and variation in nuclear physics parameters would be needed.
2081:
Ramírez, I.; Fish, J. R.; et al. (2012). "Lithium abundances in nearby FGK dwarf and subgiant stars: internal destruction, galactic chemical evolution, and exoplanets".
1193:
wrote in 2023 that "recent research seems to completely discount" such theories; the magazine held that mainstream lithium nucleosynthesis calculations are probably correct.
2504:
Hammache, F.; Coc, A.; de Séréville, N.; Stefan, I.; Roussel, P.; Ancelin, S.; Assié, M.; Audouin, L.; Beaumel, D.; Franchoo, S.; Fernandez-Dominguez, B. (December 2013).
1185:, resonance reactions, some of which might have evaded experimental detection or whose effects have been underestimated, become possible solutions to the lithium problem.
2380:
Angulo, C.; Casarejos, E.; Couder, M.; Demaret, P.; Leleux, P.; Vanderbist, F.; Coc, A.; Kiener, J.; Tatischeff, V.; Davinson, T.; Murphy, A. S. (September 2005).
1644:
1549:
1441:
1100:
1087:
substellar objects and certain anomalous metal-poor stars. Because lithium is present in cooler, less massive brown dwarfs, but is destroyed in hotter
1162:
Firstly, incorrect or missing reactions could give rise to the lithium problem. For incorrect reactions, major thoughts lie within revision to
1821:
1264:
52:
1091:
stars, its presence in the stars' spectra can be used in the "lithium test" to differentiate the two, as both are smaller than the Sun.
83:) that are consistent with predictions. The discrepancy is highlighted in a so-called "Schramm plot", named in honor of astrophysicist
1423:
32:
1619:
1734:
Korn, A. J.; Grundahl, F.; Richard, O.; Barklem, P. S.; Mashonkina, L.; Collet, R.; Piskunov, N.; Gustafsson, B. (August 2006).
1929:
1841:
1139:
84:
59:. Namely, the most widely accepted models of the Big Bang suggest that three times as much primordial lithium, in particular
1636:
1174:
1052:
and "diffusion," which are suggested to increase or accumulate as the star ages. Spectroscopic observations of stars in
672:
1657:
A mysterious cosmic factory is producing lithium. Scientists are now getting closer at finding out where it comes from
56:
1867:
1351:
Tanabashi, M.; Hagiwara, K.; Hikasa, K.; Nakamura, K.; Sumino, Y.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018-08-17).
2313:
Hou, S. Q.; He, J. J.; Parikh, A.; Kahl, D.; Bertulani, C. A.; Kajino, T.; Mathews, G. J.; Zhao, G. (2017-01-11).
1894:
1202:
1476:
Tanabashi, M.; et al. (2018). "Big-bang nucleosynthesis". In Fields, B. D.; Molaro, P.; Sarkar, S. (eds.).
2792:
88:
48:
1154:
When one considers the possibility that the measured primordial lithium abundance is correct and based on the
1163:
1237:
1952:
Israelian, G.; et al. (2009). "Enhanced lithium depletion in Sun-like stars with orbiting planets".
1477:
1292:
Hou, S. Q.; He, J.J.; Parikh, A.; Kahl, D.; Bertulani, C.A.; Kajino, T.; Mathews, G.J.; Zhao, G. (2017).
1225:
1218:
1044:
1228:
can be one possible solution, and it implies that first, atomic transitions in metals residing in high-
2740:
2693:
2586:
2527:
2462:
2403:
2336:
2277:
2100:
2045:
1973:
1757:
1692:
1607:
1568:
1486:
1450:
1364:
1315:
1182:
2506:"Search for new resonant states in 10C and 11C and their impact on the cosmological lithium problem"
1259:
678:
2621:
2730:
2674:
2656:
2574:
2551:
2517:
2505:
2486:
2452:
2440:
2393:
2362:
2326:
2295:
2267:
2216:
2165:
2134:
2090:
2035:
1997:
1963:
1789:
1747:
1716:
1682:
1558:
1506:
1333:
1305:
1076:
87:, which depicts these primordial abundances as a function of cosmic baryon content from standard
40:
2254:
Li, H.; Aoki, W.; Matsuno, T.; Kumar, Y. Bharat; Shi, J.; Suda, T.; Zhao, G.; Zhao, G. (2018).
1439:
Boesgaard, A. M.; Steigman, G. (1985). "Big bang nucleosynthesis – Theories and observations".
94:
2787:
2758:
2602:
2543:
2478:
2421:
2354:
2236:
2185:
2126:
2063:
1989:
1817:
1781:
1773:
1708:
1615:
1419:
1392:
1189:
873:
2782:
2748:
2666:
2594:
2535:
2470:
2411:
2344:
2285:
2256:"Enormous Li Enhancement Preceding Red Giant Phases in Low-mass Stars in the Milky Way Halo"
2226:
2175:
2116:
2108:
2053:
2049:
1981:
1954:
1765:
1700:
1597:
1576:
1494:
1458:
1454:
1382:
1372:
1323:
142:
99:
1518:
1269:
1105:
1057:
666:
2575:"Search for a resonant enhancement of the 7Be + d reaction and primordial 7Li abundances"
2439:
Boyd, Richard N.; Brune, Carl R.; Fuller, George M.; Smith, Christel J. (November 2010).
1142:. They test the framework of Tsallis non-extensive statistics. Their result suggest that
2744:
2590:
2531:
2466:
2407:
2340:
2281:
2104:
1977:
1761:
1696:
1611:
1572:
1490:
1462:
1368:
1319:
2573:; Graves, S.; Howard, M. E.; Jones, K. L.; Kozub, R. L.; Lindhardt, L. (October 2011).
2570:
1581:
1544:
1206:
1155:
1072:
1002:
2753:
2718:
2349:
2314:
1328:
1293:
1038:
2776:
2678:
2555:
2490:
2138:
2112:
1213:
2382:"The 7Be(d,p)2α Cross Section at Big Bang Energies and the Primordial 7Li Abundance"
2299:
1720:
1793:
1254:
44:
2366:
2231:
2204:
2180:
2153:
2058:
2023:
2001:
1845:
1416:
How to Build a
Habitable Planet: The Story of Earth from the Big Bang to Humankind
1337:
170:, so that the observable primordial lithium abundance essentially sums primordial
2670:
1671:"Implications of WMAP Observations on Li Abundance and Stellar Evolution Models"
1240:. However, this possibility requires a large amount of observations to test it.
1084:
795:
744:
441:
381:
197:
122:
2598:
2539:
2474:
2290:
2255:
1498:
1377:
1352:
1925:
1735:
1170:
942:
645:
228:
192:
2762:
2717:
Holder, Gilbert P.; Nollett, Kenneth M.; van
Engelen, Alexander (June 2010).
2606:
2547:
2482:
2425:
2358:
2240:
2189:
2130:
2067:
1898:
1777:
1712:
1396:
1603:
1178:
1088:
1020:
916:
846:
771:
541:
492:
407:
306:
280:
172:
151:
146:
68:
60:
20:
1993:
1785:
1387:
1871:
63:, should exist. This contrasts with the observed abundance of isotopes of
2398:
1752:
1687:
1249:
1229:
1138:
Some astronomers suggest that the velocities of nucleons do not follow a
1053:
1032:
1028:
1016:
969:
821:
718:
692:
653:
618:
592:
355:
329:
254:
80:
76:
64:
2569:
O'Malley, P. D.; Bardayan, D. W.; Adekola, A. S.; Ahn, S.; Chae, K. Y.;
1985:
1769:
649:
467:
36:
2121:
1736:"A probable stellar solution to the cosmological lithium discrepancy"
1166:
errors and standard thermonuclear rates according to recent studies.
1065:
1061:
1024:
567:
518:
72:
47:
in our galaxy and the amount that should theoretically exist due to
2661:
2416:
2381:
2331:
2272:
1704:
1310:
644:
The amount of lithium generated in the Big Bang can be calculated.
2735:
2694:"From squarks to gluinos: It's not looking good for supersymmetry"
2522:
2457:
2221:
2170:
2095:
2040:
1968:
1563:
1071:
1037:
1001:
677:
1670:
1146:
is a possible new solution to the cosmological lithium problem.
2315:"Non-Extensive Statistics to the Cosmological Lithium Problem"
1294:"Non-extensive statistics to the cosmological lithium problem"
2024:"Lithium depletion in solar-like stars: no planet connection"
1201:
Under the assumptions of all correct calculation, solutions
652:, comprising roughly 92% of the atoms in the Universe, with
2719:"On Possible Variation in the Cosmological Baryon Fraction"
2622:"The lithium problem: Why the element keeps disappearing"
1599:
1079:
is the first in which evidence of lithium has been found.
995:
The P-P II branch is dominant at temperatures of 14 to
2203:
Delgado Mena, E.; Israelian, G.; et al. (2014).
1868:"First Detection of Lithium from an Exploding Star"
1669:Richard, O.; Michaud, G.; Richer, J. (2005-01-20).
2441:"New nuclear physics for big bang nucleosynthesis"
1126:Possible solutions fall into three broad classes.
2205:"Li depletion in solar analogues with exoplanets"
31:refers to the discrepancy between the primordial
2152:Figueira, P.; Faria, J. P.; et al. (2014).
1930:"Want a planet? You might want to avoid lithium"
1113:Higher than expected lithium in metal-poor stars
2022:Baumann, P.; Ramírez, I.; et al. (2010).
1637:"The Cosmic Explosions That Made the Universe"
1363:(3). American Physical Society (APS): 030001.
1550:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
219:These isotopes are produced by the reactions
39:as inferred from observations of metal-poor (
8:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1442:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1409:
1407:
1095:Less lithium in Sun-like stars with planets
2154:"Exoplanet hosts reveal lithium depletion"
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1287:
1285:
2752:
2734:
2660:
2521:
2456:
2415:
2397:
2348:
2330:
2289:
2271:
2230:
2220:
2179:
2169:
2120:
2094:
2057:
2039:
1967:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1751:
1686:
1580:
1562:
1414:Langmuir, C. H.; Broecker, W. S. (2012).
1386:
1376:
1327:
1309:
1006:Stable nuclides of the first few elements
55:cosmic baryon density predictions of the
1035:) that are consistent with predictions.
93:
1835:
1833:
1281:
1209:or standard cosmology might be needed.
1514:
1504:
1647:from the original on 21 February 2017
7:
1265:List of unsolved problems in physics
1816:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1463:10.1146/annurev.aa.23.090185.001535
1197:Solutions beyond the Standard Model
1582:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445
1485:. Vol. 98. pp. 377–382.
14:
671:In stars, lithium-7 is made in a
115:Lithium synthesis in the Big Bang
1844:. Universe Today. Archived from
1545:"The primordial lithium problem"
682:Proton–proton II chain reaction
2620:Alastair Gunn (16 June 2023).
1418:. Princeton University Press.
1140:Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
1:
2386:Astrophysical Journal Letters
1181:, an important factor in the
1011:Observed abundance of lithium
2209:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2158:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1635:Woo, M. (21 February 2017).
1353:"Review of Particle Physics"
673:proton-proton chain reaction
2754:10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/907
2692:Sutter, Paul (2021-01-07).
2350:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/165
2232:10.1051/0004-6361/201321493
2181:10.1051/0004-6361/201424218
2059:10.1051/0004-6361/201015137
1329:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/165
687:
436:
223:
2809:
2626:BBC Science Focus Magazine
2599:10.1103/PhysRevC.84.042801
2540:10.1103/PhysRevC.88.062802
2475:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.105005
2113:10.1088/0004-637X/756/1/46
2028:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1893:Reid, N. (10 March 2002).
1499:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001
1449:. Palo Alto, CA: 319–378.
1378:10.1103/physrevd.98.030001
664:
195:lithium from the decay of
2319:The Astrophysical Journal
2260:The Astrophysical Journal
2083:The Astrophysical Journal
1675:The Astrophysical Journal
1298:The Astrophysical Journal
1150:Nuclear physics solutions
1083:Lithium is also found in
2291:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa438
1895:"L Dwarf Classification"
1814:Nature's Building Blocks
1064:due to collision with a
49:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
2671:10.1007/JHEP02(2021)143
2050:2010A&A...519A..87B
1455:1985ARA&A..23..319B
1144:1.069 < q < 1.082
1130:Astrophysical solutions
1596:Stiavelli, M. (2009).
1543:Fields, B. D. (2011).
1238:cosmological principle
1212:Dark matter decay and
1169:Second, starting from
1080:
1048:
1007:
683:
103:
2723:Astrophysical Journal
1602:. Weinheim, Germany:
1226:fundamental constants
1219:Large Hadron Collider
1101:protosolar gas clouds
1075:
1045:cosmic ray spallation
1041:
1005:
681:
648:is the most abundant
97:
1928:(11 November 2009).
1183:triple-alpha process
16:Problem in astronomy
2745:2010ApJ...716..907H
2591:2011PhRvC..84d2801O
2532:2013PhRvC..88f2802H
2467:2010PhRvD..82j5005B
2408:2005ApJ...630L.105A
2341:2017ApJ...834..165H
2282:2018ApJ...852L..31L
2105:2012ApJ...756...46R
1986:10.1038/nature08483
1978:2009Natur.462..189I
1848:on 25 February 2011
1812:Emsley, J. (2001).
1770:10.1038/nature05011
1762:2006Natur.442..657K
1697:2005ApJ...619..538R
1612:2009fflr.book.....S
1573:2011ARNPS..61...47F
1491:2018PhRvD..98c0001T
1369:2018PhRvD..98c0001T
1320:2017ApJ...834..165H
1260:Isotopes of lithium
29:lithium discrepancy
1465:. A86-14507 04–90.
1173:'s discovery of a
1122:Proposed solutions
1081:
1077:Nova Centauri 2013
1060:into two atoms of
1049:
1008:
684:
141:later decayed via
104:
2579:Physical Review C
2510:Physical Review C
2445:Physical Review D
2009:
1962:(7270): 189–191.
1823:978-0-19-850341-5
1746:(7103): 657–659.
1357:Physical Review D
1190:BBC Science Focus
991:
990:
661:The P-P II branch
640:
639:
432:and destroyed by
428:
427:
149:53.22 days) into
107:Origin of lithium
2800:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2664:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2525:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2460:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2401:
2399:astro-ph/0508454
2392:(2): L105–L108.
2377:
2371:
2370:
2352:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2275:
2251:
2245:
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2234:
2224:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2124:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
1971:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1897:. Archived from
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1874:on 1 August 2015
1870:. Archived from
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1755:
1753:astro-ph/0608201
1731:
1725:
1724:
1690:
1688:astro-ph/0409672
1666:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1566:
1540:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1402:
1401:and 2019 update.
1400:
1390:
1380:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1313:
1289:
1145:
998:
987:
985:
984:
977:
976:
960:
958:
957:
950:
949:
934:
932:
931:
924:
923:
910:
901:
892:
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889:
888:
880:
879:
864:
862:
861:
854:
853:
838:
836:
835:
828:
827:
813:
811:
810:
803:
802:
789:
788:
786:
785:
778:
777:
762:
760:
759:
752:
751:
736:
734:
733:
726:
725:
710:
708:
707:
700:
699:
688:
636:
634:
633:
626:
625:
610:
608:
607:
600:
599:
584:
582:
581:
574:
573:
559:
557:
556:
549:
548:
535:
533:
532:
525:
524:
510:
508:
507:
500:
499:
484:
482:
481:
474:
473:
459:
457:
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449:
448:
437:
424:
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169:
167:
166:
159:
158:
143:electron capture
140:
138:
137:
130:
129:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2793:Nucleosynthesis
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2571:Cizewski, J. A.
2568:
2567:
2563:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1650:
1648:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1542:
1541:
1526:
1513:
1503:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1270:Lithium burning
1246:
1199:
1152:
1143:
1132:
1124:
1115:
1106:lithium burning
1097:
1013:
996:
983:
981:
980:
979:
975:
972:
971:
970:
968:
956:
954:
953:
952:
948:
945:
944:
943:
941:
930:
928:
927:
926:
922:
919:
918:
917:
915:
908:
899:
887:
884:
883:
882:
878:
876:
875:
874:
872:
871:
860:
858:
857:
856:
852:
849:
848:
847:
845:
834:
832:
831:
830:
826:
824:
823:
822:
820:
809:
807:
806:
805:
801:
798:
797:
796:
794:
784:
782:
781:
780:
776:
774:
773:
772:
770:
769:
758:
756:
755:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
743:
732:
730:
729:
728:
724:
721:
720:
719:
717:
706:
704:
703:
702:
698:
695:
694:
693:
691:
669:
667:Lithium burning
663:
632:
630:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
617:
606:
604:
603:
602:
598:
595:
594:
593:
591:
580:
578:
577:
576:
572:
570:
569:
568:
566:
555:
553:
552:
551:
547:
544:
543:
542:
540:
531:
529:
528:
527:
523:
521:
520:
519:
517:
506:
504:
503:
502:
498:
495:
494:
493:
491:
480:
478:
477:
476:
472:
470:
469:
468:
466:
455:
453:
452:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
440:
420:
418:
417:
416:
412:
410:
409:
408:
406:
395:
393:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
382:
380:
369:
367:
366:
365:
361:
358:
357:
356:
354:
343:
341:
340:
339:
335:
332:
331:
330:
328:
319:
317:
316:
315:
311:
309:
308:
307:
305:
294:
292:
291:
290:
286:
283:
282:
281:
279:
268:
266:
265:
264:
260:
257:
256:
255:
253:
242:
240:
239:
238:
234:
231:
230:
229:
227:
211:
209:
208:
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
196:
186:
184:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
171:
165:
163:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
152:
150:
136:
134:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
123:
121:
117:
109:
25:lithium problem
17:
12:
11:
5:
2806:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2729:(2): 907–913.
2709:
2684:
2638:
2612:
2561:
2496:
2451:(10): 105005.
2431:
2417:10.1086/491732
2372:
2305:
2246:
2195:
2144:
2073:
2014:
1939:
1912:
1901:on 21 May 2013
1885:
1859:
1840:Cain, Fraser.
1829:
1822:
1799:
1726:
1705:10.1086/426470
1681:(1): 538–548.
1661:
1627:
1620:
1588:
1524:
1515:|journal=
1468:
1431:
1425:978-0691140063
1424:
1403:
1343:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1207:Standard Model
1198:
1195:
1156:Standard Model
1151:
1148:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1096:
1093:
1012:
1009:
993:
992:
989:
988:
982:
973:
965:
962:
955:
946:
939:
936:
929:
920:
912:
911:
909:0.383 MeV
906:
903:
900:0.861 MeV
897:
894:
885:
877:
869:
866:
859:
850:
843:
840:
833:
825:
818:
815:
808:
799:
791:
790:
783:
775:
767:
764:
757:
748:
741:
738:
731:
722:
715:
712:
705:
696:
662:
659:
642:
641:
638:
637:
631:
622:
615:
612:
605:
596:
589:
586:
579:
571:
564:
561:
554:
545:
537:
536:
530:
522:
515:
512:
505:
496:
489:
486:
479:
471:
464:
461:
454:
445:
430:
429:
426:
425:
419:
411:
404:
401:
394:
385:
378:
375:
368:
359:
352:
349:
342:
333:
325:
324:
318:
310:
303:
300:
293:
284:
277:
274:
267:
258:
251:
248:
241:
232:
210:
201:
185:
176:
164:
155:
135:
126:
116:
113:
108:
105:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2805:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:(4): 042801.
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2516:(6): 062802.
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1847:
1843:
1842:"Brown Dwarf"
1836:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1621:9783527627370
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:. p. 8.
1605:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1388:10044/1/68623
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1214:supersymmetry
1210:
1208:
1205:the existing
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1164:cross section
1160:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1000:
986:
966:
963:
959:
940:
937:
933:
914:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
890:
870:
867:
863:
844:
841:
837:
819:
816:
812:
793:
792:
787:
768:
765:
761:
742:
739:
735:
716:
713:
709:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
676:
674:
668:
660:
658:
655:
651:
647:
635:
616:
613:
609:
590:
587:
583:
565:
562:
558:
539:
538:
534:
516:
513:
509:
490:
487:
483:
465:
462:
458:
439:
438:
435:
434:
433:
423:
405:
402:
398:
379:
376:
372:
353:
350:
346:
327:
326:
322:
304:
301:
297:
278:
275:
271:
252:
249:
245:
226:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
214:
194:
189:
168:
148:
144:
139:
114:
112:
106:
101:
96:
92:
91:predictions.
90:
86:
85:David Schramm
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:Population II
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:
2687:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2615:
2582:
2578:
2564:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2005:
1959:
1953:
1933:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1813:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1656:
1649:. Retrieved
1640:
1630:
1598:
1591:
1557:(1): 47–68.
1554:
1548:
1478:
1471:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1415:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1301:
1297:
1255:Halo nucleus
1234:
1223:
1211:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1116:
1098:
1082:
1050:
1014:
994:
670:
643:
431:
218:
118:
110:
28:
24:
18:
1852:17 November
1651:21 February
1085:brown dwarf
2777:Categories
2703:2021-10-29
2662:2010.14293
2332:1701.04149
2325:(2): 165.
2273:1801.00090
2266:(2): L31.
2122:2152/34872
1479:The Review
1311:1701.04149
1304:(2): 165.
1276:References
1171:Fred Hoyle
1058:transmutes
997:23 MK
665:See also:
646:Hydrogen-1
193:radiogenic
45:halo stars
2763:0004-637X
2736:0907.3919
2698:Space.com
2679:256039464
2607:0556-2813
2556:119110688
2548:0556-2813
2523:1312.0894
2491:119265813
2483:1550-7998
2458:1008.0848
2426:0004-637X
2359:1538-4357
2241:0004-6361
2222:1311.6414
2190:0004-6361
2171:1409.0890
2139:119199829
2131:0004-637X
2096:1207.0499
2089:(1): 46.
2068:0004-6361
2041:1008.0575
1969:0911.4198
1926:Plait, P.
1778:1476-4687
1713:0004-637X
1604:Wiley-VCH
1564:1203.3551
1517:ignored (
1507:cite book
1397:2470-0010
1224:Changing
1179:carbon-12
1175:resonance
1089:red dwarf
147:half-life
61:lithium-7
33:abundance
21:astronomy
2788:Big Bang
2300:54205417
1994:19907489
1934:Discover
1786:16900193
1721:14299934
1645:Archived
1250:Big Bang
1244:See also
1230:redshift
1054:NGC 6397
1017:hydrogen
654:helium-4
65:hydrogen
2783:Lithium
2741:Bibcode
2655:: 143.
2631:17 June
2587:Bibcode
2528:Bibcode
2463:Bibcode
2404:Bibcode
2337:Bibcode
2278:Bibcode
2215:: A92.
2164:: A21.
2101:Bibcode
2046:Bibcode
2034:: A87.
1974:Bibcode
1905:6 March
1878:29 July
1794:3943644
1758:Bibcode
1693:Bibcode
1643:. BBC.
1608:Bibcode
1569:Bibcode
1487:Bibcode
1451:Bibcode
1365:Bibcode
1316:Bibcode
1019:(H and
967:2
964:→
938:+
905:/
896:+
868:+
842:→
817:+
766:+
740:→
714:+
650:nuclide
614:+
588:→
563:+
514:+
488:→
463:+
403:+
377:→
351:+
302:+
276:→
250:+
67:(H and
37:lithium
2761:
2677:
2605:
2554:
2546:
2489:
2481:
2424:
2367:568182
2365:
2357:
2298:
2239:
2188:
2137:
2129:
2066:
2002:388656
2000:
1992:
1955:Nature
1820:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1740:Nature
1719:
1711:
1618:
1422:
1395:
1338:568182
1336:
1203:beyond
1066:proton
1062:helium
1025:helium
1023:) and
961:
935:
902:
893:
881:ν
865:
839:
814:
779:γ
763:
737:
711:
611:
585:
560:
511:
485:
460:
415:γ
400:
374:
348:
314:γ
299:
273:
247:
73:helium
71:) and
23:, the
2731:arXiv
2675:S2CID
2657:arXiv
2552:S2CID
2518:arXiv
2487:S2CID
2453:arXiv
2394:arXiv
2363:S2CID
2327:arXiv
2296:S2CID
2268:arXiv
2217:arXiv
2166:arXiv
2135:S2CID
2091:arXiv
2036:arXiv
1998:S2CID
1964:arXiv
1790:S2CID
1748:arXiv
1717:S2CID
1683:arXiv
1641:earth
1559:arXiv
1483:(PDF)
1334:S2CID
1306:arXiv
2759:ISSN
2649:Jhep
2633:2023
2603:ISSN
2544:ISSN
2479:ISSN
2422:ISSN
2355:ISSN
2237:ISSN
2186:ISSN
2127:ISSN
2064:ISSN
1990:PMID
1907:2013
1880:2015
1854:2009
1818:ISBN
1782:PMID
1774:ISSN
1709:ISSN
1653:2017
1616:ISBN
1519:help
1420:ISBN
1393:ISSN
1031:and
191:and
79:and
53:WMAP
2749:doi
2727:716
2667:doi
2595:doi
2536:doi
2471:doi
2412:doi
2390:630
2345:doi
2323:834
2286:doi
2264:852
2227:doi
2213:562
2176:doi
2162:570
2117:hdl
2109:doi
2087:756
2054:doi
2032:519
1982:doi
1960:462
1766:doi
1744:442
1701:doi
1679:619
1577:doi
1495:doi
1459:doi
1383:hdl
1373:doi
1324:doi
1302:834
1177:in
89:BBN
57:CMB
35:of
27:or
19:In
2779::
2757:.
2747:.
2739:.
2725:.
2721:.
2696:.
2673:.
2665:.
2653:02
2651:.
2624:.
2601:.
2593:.
2583:84
2581:.
2577:.
2550:.
2542:.
2534:.
2526:.
2514:88
2512:.
2508:.
2485:.
2477:.
2469:.
2461:.
2449:82
2447:.
2443:.
2420:.
2410:.
2402:.
2388:.
2384:.
2361:.
2353:.
2343:.
2335:.
2321:.
2317:.
2294:.
2284:.
2276:.
2262:.
2258:.
2235:.
2225:.
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