Cosima Wagner - Knowledge

158:

her daughters were clearly in evidence. Liszt's solution was to remove the girls from Marie and place them with his mother, Anna Liszt, in her Paris home while Daniel remained with nurses in Venice. By this means, both Marie and Liszt could continue their independent lives. Relations between the couple cooled, and by 1841 they were seeing little of each other; it is likely that both engaged in other affairs. By 1845 the breach between them was such that they were communicating only through third parties. Liszt forbade contact between mother and daughters; Marie accused him of attempting to steal "the fruits of a mother's womb", while Liszt insisted on his sole right to decide the children's future. Marie threatened to fight him "like a lioness", but soon gave up the struggle. Though they were living in the same city, she did not see either of her daughters for five years, until 1850.

367:, and a grand house in Munich. At Wagner's instigation, von Bülow accepted a post as Ludwig's "royal pianist"; he and Cosima moved to Munich, and took a house conveniently close to Wagner's, ostensibly so that Cosima could work as the composer's secretary. From 29 June 1864 Cosima spent more than a week alone with Wagner at Lake Starnberg, before von Bülow joined them on 7 July. According to Wagner's housekeeper, Anna Mrazek, "it was easy to tell that something was going on between Frau Cosima and Richard Wagner". Mrazek said that later in the visit von Bülow found his wife in Wagner's bedroom, but nevertheless made no demands for an explanation, either from Wagner or from his wife. Nine months after this visit, on 10 April 1865, Cosima gave birth to a daughter, 845:, who in 1889 mocked Cosima as the "chief remembrancer". Shaw scorned the idea that Wagner's wishes were best represented by the slavish copying in perpetuity of the performances he had witnessed. Ten years later Shaw highlighted as a feature of the "Bayreuth style" the "intolerably old-fashioned tradition of half rhetorical, half historical-pictorial attitudes and gestures", and the characteristic singing, "sometime tolerable, sometimes abominable". The subordination of the music to text, diction and character portrayal was a specific feature of the Bayreuth style; Cosima, according to Spotts, turned the principle of clear enunciation into "a fetish ... The resulting harsh declamatory style came to be derided as ... the infamous Bayreuth bark". 194:, the estranged wife of a German prince who lived in Russia. By the autumn of 1848 she and Liszt had become lovers, and their relationship lasted for the remainder of his life. She quickly assumed responsibility for the management of Liszt's life, including the upbringing of his daughters. Early in 1850 Liszt had been disturbed to learn that Blandine and Cosima were seeing their mother again; his response, guided by the princess, was to remove them from their school and place them into the full-time care of Carolyne's old governess, the 72-year-old Madame Patersi de Fossombroni. Liszt's instructions were clear—Madame Patersi was to control every aspect of the girls' lives: "She alone is to decide what is to be permitted them and what forbidden". 1011:. He had successively courted Blandina and then Isolde, before settling on Eva. Cosima had considerable empathy with his theories; according to Carr "she came to love him as her son—perhaps even more". Chamberlain became the dominant figure within the Wagner circle, and was largely responsible for the increasing alienation of the Beidlers. Cosima may have been unaware of Isolde's attempts at rapprochement, because Eva and Chamberlain withheld Isolde's letters. In 1913 Isolde was effectively disinherited when she sought to confirm her rights as a co-heir to the considerable Wagner fortunes in a court case, which she lost. After this she withdrew, and to the time of her death in 1919 never again saw or communicated directly with Cosima. 425: 764:

into a cushion and placed on Wagner's breast. On 16 February the journey back to Bayreuth began, and on Sunday 18 February the cortège processed to Wahnfried, where, following a brief service, Wagner was buried in the garden. Cosima remained in the house until the ceremonies were over; according to her daughter Daniela she then went to the grave "and for a long time lay down on the coffin until Fidi (Siegfried) went to fetch her". Afterwards she went into seclusion for many months, barely even seeing her children, with whom she communicated mainly through written notes. Among many messages, she received a telegram from Bülow: "Soeur il faut vivre" ("Sister, it is necessary to live").

987:. By May 1907 it was clear that her health was such that she could no longer remain in charge at Bayreuth; this responsibility now passed to Siegfried, her long-designated heir. The succession was accomplished against a background of family disagreement; Beidler thought that he had rights, based partly on his greater conducting experience and also because he and Isolde had produced Wagner's only grandchild, a son born in October 1901, who could establish a dynastic succession. Beidler's claims were dismissed by Cosima and by Siegfried; he never conducted at Bayreuth again, and the rift between the Beidlers and Cosima developed in due course into a major family feud. 687:, he maintained, was a "Christian" opera. Both he and Cosima were vehement anti-Semites; Hilmes conjectures that Cosima inherited this in her youth, from her father, from Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, probably from Madame Patersi and, a little later, from Bülow, "an anti-Semite of the first order". Thus Cosima's anti-Semitism predates her association with Wagner, although Marek observes that he nurtured it in her, to the extent that derogatory references to Jews occur, on average, on every fourth page of her 5,000-page journal. The musicologist Eric Werner argues that Wagner's anti-Semitism derived in part from his initial revolutionary philosophy; as a disciple of 519:

proposed date for the initial festival was deferred. By the spring of 1873 only a third of the required funds had been raised; further pleas to Ludwig were initially ignored, but early in 1874, with the entire project on the verge of collapse, the king relented and provided a loan. The full building programme included a handsome villa, "Wahnfried", into which Wagner, with Cosima and the children, moved from their temporary accommodation on 18 April 1874. The theatre was completed in 1875, and the festival scheduled for the following year. Commenting on the struggle to finish the building Wagner remarked to Cosima: "Each stone is red with my blood and yours".

1015: 801:

creations through the preservation of his interpretations. In her seclusion, Cosima learned of an abortive plan masterminded by Julius Kniese, the festival's chorus-master, by which Liszt was to assume the role of music director and Bülow would be chief conductor. Neither Liszt nor Bülow was interested in this arrangement, and the plan died. With Groß's assistance, Cosima pre-empted any further attempts by outsiders to assume control of the Wagner legacy, by obtaining legal recognition of herself and Siegfried as sole heirs to all Wagner's property, physical and

440:, Cosima wrote to von Bülow in what she called a "final attempt at an understanding". His reply was conciliatory; he wrote: "You have preferred to consecrate the treasures of your heart and mind to a higher being: far from censuring you for this step, I approve of it". Legal processes extended the marriage until 18 July 1870, when the divorce was finally sanctioned by a Berlin court. After the divorce von Bülow distanced himself from both Wagner and Cosima; he never again spoke to Wagner, and 11 years passed before his next meeting with Cosima. 656:, a project that would occupy him for most of the next five years. Cosima's influence was such that Wagner asserted that he would not have written another note, had she not been there. On a practical level, when the festival's creditors began to press for payment, Cosima's personal plea to Ludwig in 1878 persuaded the king to provide a loan to pay off the outstanding debt and open the door to the prospect of a second Bayreuth Festival. For Cosima's birthday on 25 December 1878, Wagner hired an orchestra to play the newly composed prelude to 131:, a Parisian socialite six years his senior. Marie's antecedents were mixed; her German mother, from a prominent Frankfurt banking family, had married a French nobleman, the Comte de Flavigny. Marie had been married since 1827 to Charles, Comte d'Agoult, and had borne him two daughters, but the union had become sterile. Drawn together by their mutual intellectual interests, Marie and Liszt embarked on a passionate relationship. In March 1835 the couple fled Paris for Switzerland; ignoring the scandal they left in their wake, they settled in 822:—shared the musical direction until 1894, when Levi left. Richter and Mottl served throughout Cosima's years, joined by several of the leading conductors of the day, although Bülow resisted all offers to participate. In the course of her long stewardship Cosima overcame the misgivings of the hardline Wagnerites patrons who believed that Wagner's works should not be entrusted to a non-German. Under her watch the festival moved from an uncertain financial basis into a prosperous business undertaking that brought great riches to the 444:

Wagners: on 25 December, the day on which Cosima always celebrated her birthday although she had been born on the 24th, she awoke to the sounds of music. She commemorated the event in her journal: "... music was sounding, and what music! After it had died away, R ... put into my hands the score of his "Symphonic Birthday Greeting. ... R had set up his orchestra on the stairs, and thus consecrated our Tribschen forever!" This was the first performance of the music that became known as the

33: 778: 830: 352: 183: 900: 225: 503: 401: 6395: 5539: 717: 1087: 536: 116: 6405: 5549: 5559: 4610: 1102:, when a new generation took charge of the festival. Hilmes likens Cosima's role to that of the abbess of a religious community: "a cohesive, quasi-religious congregation of Bayreuthians sharing a common philosophical outlook". Anti-Semitism was integral to this philosophy; although in 1869 Cosima had opposed the re-publication of Wagner's anti-Jewish treatise 338:(she was to die in 1866), and was involved in several extramarital relationships. On 28 November 1863 Wagner visited Berlin; while Bülow was rehearsing a concert, Wagner and Cosima took a long cab ride through Berlin and declared their feelings for each other: "with tears and sobs", Wagner later wrote, "we sealed our confession to belong to each other alone". 257:, Berlin, on 18 August 1857. During their honeymoon, along with Liszt they visited Wagner at his home near Zurich. This visit was repeated the following year, when Cosima, on taking her leave, shocked Wagner with an emotional demonstration: "he fell at my feet, covered my hands with tears and kisses ... I pondered the mystery, without being able to solve it". 261: 640: 6443: 996:

the productions. Siegfried made few changes to the production traditions set by Wagner and Cosima; Spotts records that "whatever had been laid down by his parents was preserved unchanged out of a sense of strict filial duty". Only in matters on which they had not spoken was he prepared to exercise his own judgement. As a result, the original

616:

repeat in the near future. Wagner's mood was such that he seriously contemplated giving up the entire Bayreuth project; he was distracted from such thoughts by an invitation to conduct a series of concerts in London. Leaving the children behind, he and Cosima enjoyed a two-month break in England where, among others, Cosima met the novelist

4893: 4881: 4869: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4813: 4798: 4770: 4758: 4746: 499:] in the encyclopaedia". Wagner knew the town from a short visit he had made there in 1835; he was attracted to it by its central location and by its quiet non-fashionability. When he and Cosima visited in April 1871 they decided immediately that they would build their theatre there, and that the town would be their future home. 210:. Carolyne's daughter Marie, who was present, described Cosima's appearance as "in the worst phase of adolescence, tall and angular, sallow ... the image of her father. Only her long golden hair, of unusual sheen, was beautiful". After a family meal, Wagner read to the group from his text for the final act of what was to become 576:. It is unlikely that Cosima knew of the affair at this time, though she may have harboured a degree of suspicion. Cosima's demeanour as the festival's hostess was described by a young American visitor in fulsome terms: "Mme Wagner is exceedingly gracious and affable ... a magnificent-looking woman, a perfect queen ..." 6431: 91:. Although the marriage produced two children, it was largely a loveless union, and in 1863 Cosima began a relationship with Wagner, who was 24 years her senior. They married in 1870; after Wagner's death in 1883 she directed the Bayreuth Festival for more than 20 years, increasing its repertoire to form the 552:

tastelessness". From the beginning of August 1876 distinguished guests began to converge on the town; Ludwig, incognito, attended the final dress rehearsals between 6 and 9 August, but then left the town, reappearing in time to attend the final performances of the festival. Among other royal visitors were

841:, suggests that Cosima was more creative than she affected to be, the primary purpose of all her productions was to follow the instructions and reflect the wishes of the Master: "There is nothing left for us here to create, but only to perfect in detail". This policy incurred criticism, among others from 1065:

By 1927, the year of her 90th birthday, Cosima's health was failing. The birthday was marked in Bayreuth by the naming of a street in her honour, although she was unaware; the family thought that knowledge of the celebrations would overexcite her. In her last years she was virtually bedridden, became

995:

Cosima moved into rooms to the rear of Wahnfried, away from the house's daily bustle, where she passed her days surrounded by Wagner's possessions and numerous family portraits. Although at first Siegfried discussed his festival plans with her, she avoided the Festpielhaus, content to read reports of

201:

likens the regime to that used for breaking in horses, though Marek describes it as exacting but ultimately beneficial to Cosima: "Above all, Patersi taught her how a 'noble lady' must behave, how to alight from a carriage, how to enter a drawing room, how to greet a duchess as against a commoner ...

1082:

she "submitted herself body and soul to the Master". In Wagner's lifetime she fulfilled this purpose primarily by recording in her journal every facet of his life and ideas. After his death the journal was abandoned; she would henceforth serve the master by perpetuating his artistic heritage through

157:

In 1839, while Liszt continued his travels, Marie took the social risk of returning to Paris with her daughters. Her hopes of recovering her status in the city were dented when her influential mother, Madame de Flavigny, refused to acknowledge the children; Marie would not be accepted socially while

443:

Wagner and Cosima were married at Lucerne, on 25 August 1870, in a Protestant church. Cosima's journal for that day records: "May I be worthy of bearing R's name!" Liszt was not informed in advance of the wedding, and learned of it first through the newspapers. The year ended on a high note for the

268:

Cosima, a Parisian by upbringing, found it hard to adjust to life in Berlin, which was then a more provincial city than Paris. Her attempts to mix with local society, according to Marie zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, were handicapped by "er exaggerated self-esteem and innate causticity", which alienated the

252:

in August 1850, and had decided to dedicate his life to music. After a brief spell conducting in small opera houses, Bülow studied with Liszt, who was convinced that he would become a great concert pianist. Bülow was quickly impressed by Cosima's own skill as a pianist, in which he saw the stamp of

1115:

writes that "under the guidance of her repulsive racial-theorist son-in-law ... Cosima tried to turn Bayreuth into a centre for the cult of German purity." Thus, he continues, "By the time she died, Wagner's reputation was ... at the forefront of a terrible political dynamism: antique stagings of

763:

Cosima sat with Wagner's body for more than 24 hours, refusing all refreshment or respite. During the embalming process, which occupied the next two days, Cosima sat with the body as often as possible, to the dismay of her children. She also asked her daughters to cut her hair, which was then sewn

2006:

Cosima's journal indicates that Gautier remained a family friend until Wagner's death. Biographers have pointed to one entry, that for 12 February 1878, that might indicate that Cosima had discovered the secret letters exchanged between Gautier and Wagner, or that Wagner had confessed the affair.

907:

In common with Wagner, Cosima was willing to shelve her anti-Semitic prejudices in the interests of Bayreuth, to the extent of continuing to employ Levi for whom she developed considerable artistic respect. However, she frequently undermined him behind his back in private letters, and allowed her

615:

After the conclusion of the festival and the departure of the guests, Wagner and Cosima left with the children for Venice, where they remained until December. The festival had accumulated a large financial deficit; this, and Wagner's deep artistic dissatisfaction, precluded the possibility of any

412:

while Cosima went back to Tribschen. By now von Bülow understood his wife's relationship with Wagner; he wrote to a friend that "since February 1865 I was in absolutely no doubt about the extremely peculiar nature of the situation". Wagner, anxious to avoid associating Cosima in a public scandal,

384:

Wagner's role at Ludwig's court became controversial; in particular, Ludwig's habit of referring Wagner's policy ideas to his ministers alarmed the court. When Wagner demanded the sacking both of Ludwig's cabinet secretary and of his prime minister, there was a public outcry, and in December 1865

800:

At the conclusion of the festival Cosima received a long, critical memorandum from an unknown observer, which highlighted numerous divergences from Wagner's directions. This, says Marek, proved to be a critical factor in determining her future life's mission: the maintenance of Wagner's heritage

526:

in the Catholic Church, that she intended to convert to Protestantism. Her motive may have been more the desire to maintain solidarity with Wagner than from religious conviction; Hilmes maintains that at heart, "Cosima remained a pietistic Catholic until her dying day". On 31 October 1872 Cosima

691:

he saw Jewry as "the embodiment of possession, of monopoly capitalism". Cosima's had no such basis, and whereas Wagner retained an ability to revise his views on the basis of his experiences, Cosima's anti-Semitism was visceral and remained unchanged. Cosima records Levi's astonishment on being

547:

In March 1876, Cosima and Wagner were in Berlin when they learned that Marie d'Agoult had died in Paris. Unable to attend the funeral, Cosima expressed her feelings in a letter to her daughter Daniela: "There is nothing left for me to do, except to grieve for the woman that brought me into the

518:

cycle would be performed. Aware of the honour that such an event would bring to the town, the local council donated a large plot of land—the "Green Hill"—overlooking the town, as a site for the theatre. Since Ludwig had declined to finance the project, the start of building was delayed and the

759:

cast who may have been rumoured to be having an affair with Wagner. According to Isolde, recalling the occasion much later, the Pringle suspicions led to a furious row between Cosima and Wagner on the morning of 13 February. There is no evidence of an affair between Wagner and Pringle, nor is

98:

During her directorship, Cosima opposed theatrical innovations and adhered closely to Wagner's original productions of his works, an approach continued by her successors long after her retirement in 1907. She shared Wagner's convictions of German cultural and racial superiority, and under her

1969:

Marie falsified the child's birth certificate, recording the mother as "Cathérine-Adelaide Meran", aged 24. A similar deception was employed two years later, when Cosima's mother was entered as "Caterina de Flavigny"; these steps were thought necessary to conceal Marie's adultery or perhaps,

944:

later that year. Cosima was enraged, but her efforts to prevent him were to no avail; the first of 11 performances took place on 24 December 1903. The enterprise was a popular and critical success, though in Cosima's view it was a "rape"; her hostility towards the Metropolitan lasted for the

788:

Wagner had left neither a will, nor instruction on the management of the Bayreuth Festival after his death. He had written of the future: "I ... cannot think of a single person who could say what I believe needs to be said ... there is practically no one on whose judgement I could rely". The

699:

was performed 16 times; at the last performance on 29 August, Wagner himself conducted the final scene. Cosima wrote afterwards of how different the orchestra and singers sounded under Wagner. Overall, she and Wagner were entirely satisfied with the outcome of the festival which, unlike its

551:

From June onwards, Cosima's journal entries consist almost entirely of comments on the forthcoming festival's rehearsals, sometimes warmly approving, often critical and anxious; for example, she found the costumes "reminiscent throughout of Red Indian chiefs ... all the marks of provincial

1007:, a British-born historian who had adopted as his personal creed a fanatical form of German nationalism based on principles of extreme racial and cultural purity. He had known Cosima since 1888, though his affinity with Wagner extended back to 1882, when he had attended the premiere of 421:. This took place on 21 June 1868 under his baton, and was a great success. Shortly afterwards, Cosima rejoined Wagner at Tribschen; Wagner explained to the king that she could not bear the insults to which she was continually subjected in Munich, and wished to escape from the world. 2037:

The queen described Wagner in her journal as "grown old and stout, a clever, but not pleasing countenance". Two years later, in conversation with Cosima, Wagner referred to the queen as "a silly old frump for not abdicating, for she thereby condemns the Prince of Wales to an absurd

179:". Although Liszt's relations with his children were formal and distant, he provided for them liberally, and ensured that they were well educated. Both girls were sent to Madame Bernard's, an exclusive boarding school, while Daniel was prepared for the prestigious Lycée Bonaparte. 919:. After Ludwig's death in 1886 this right was briefly challenged by his successor, an attempt swiftly defeated by Cosima with the help of Groß. A more serious threat arose from the German copyright laws, which only protected works for 30 years following the creator's death; thus 232:

As his daughters approached womanhood, Liszt felt that a change in their lives was called for and in 1855 he arranged (over their mother's bitter protests) for them to move to Berlin. Here they were placed in the care of Baroness Franziska von Bülow, member of the prominent

1138:, Cosima's first biographer, introduced her as "the greatest woman of the century". In time judgements became more measured, and divided. Marek closes his account by emphasising her role not only as Wagner's protector but as his muse: "Without her there would have been no 241:

was Liszt's most outstanding pupil; he would take charge of the girls' musical education while Frau von Bülow supervised their general and moral welfare. Hans von Bülow, born in 1830, had abandoned his legal education after hearing Liszt conduct the premiere of Wagner's

413:

deceived Ludwig into issuing a statement in June 1866 which declared the unbroken sanctity of the von Bülows' marriage, and promised retribution for those daring to suggest otherwise. By this time Cosima was pregnant with her second child by Wagner; a daughter,

174:

describes Anna as "a simple, uneducated, unworldly but warmhearted woman ... for the first time experienced what it was to be touched by love". Of the sisters, Blandine was evidently the prettier; Cosima, with her long nose and wide mouth was described as an

269:

men and women in her circle. At least initially, Cosima took an interest in her husband's career, encouraging him to extend his activities into composition. On one occasion she provided him with a scenario she had written for an opera based on the story of

789:

festival's uncertain outlook was aggravated by Cosima's total withdrawal from all contact except that of her daughters and her friend and adviser Adolf von Groß. Without Cosima's participation the 1883 festival, as planned by Wagner—12 performances of

493:, on 22 September 1869 and 26 June 1870 respectively. The need for a theatre of his own, and full artistic control, was now clear to Wagner. On 5 March 1870 Cosima, according to her journal, advised him to "look up the article on Baireuth [ 334:; Wagner records that, during a rehearsal, "I felt utterly transported by the sight of Cosima ... she appeared to me as if stepping from another world". In these years Wagner's emotional life was in disarray. He was still married to his first wife, 1983:

Wagner's biographer Robert W. Gutman suggests that von Bülow may genuinely have believed, or at least hoped, that the child was his, "until the passing of weeks saw the development of the unmistakeable domelike brow, aquiline nose, and protruding

1045:

curtailed the 1914 festival; the conflict and the political and economic upheavals that followed the war closed the Festpielhaus until 1924. Plans for the festival's resumption coincided with an upsurge in Germany of extreme nationalist politics.

1050:, a fervent Wagner admirer, first visited Wahnfried in 1923, and although he was not received by Cosima he befriended the family and was thereafter a regular visitor. The Chamberlains, together with Winifred, became enthusiastic members of the 692:

informed of his appointment. Ludwig was insistent that, despite Wagner's objections, the appointment would stand. Levi would subsequently establish himself as the supreme conductor of the work, held by critical opinion to be "beyond praise".

813:

In 1885 Cosima announced that she would direct the 1886 festival. Her tenure as Bayreuth's director lasted for 22 years, until 1907. During that time she oversaw 13 festivals, and by gradually increasing the repertory established the

417:, was born at Tribschen on 17 February 1867. Through all this, von Bülow retained his devotion to Wagner's music. He had been appointed music director of the Munich Hofoper, and threw himself into the preparations for the premiere of 77:

as a showcase for his stage works; after his death she devoted the rest of her life to the promotion of his music and philosophy. Commentators have recognised Cosima as the principal inspiration for Wagner's later works, particularly

371:. Such was von Bülow's devotion to Wagner that he accepted the child as his own, and registered her as "the legitimate daughter" of Hans and Cosima von Bülow. Wagner attended the Catholic baptism on 24 April. On 10 June 1865, at the 2050:, the Wagner family's biographer, suggests that the accepted accounts of the 24 hours following Wagner's death may have been exaggerated or dramatised. He bases this view on "a rather precise letter given to Liszt a week later by 1120:". The close association of the festival with Hitler and the Nazis during the 1930s was much more the work of Winifred—an overt Hitler supporter—than of Cosima, though Hensher asserts that "Cosima was as much to blame as anyone". 923:

would lose its protection in 1913 regardless of any agreement with the Bavarian court. In anticipation, in 1901 Cosima sought to have the period of copyright protection extended by law to 50 years. She lobbied members of the

281:

as a translator and contributor. In December 1859 she was saddened by the death of her brother Daniel, at the age of twenty, after a long wasting illness. Cosima's first child, a daughter born on 12 October 1860, was named

1165:

Cosima Wagner's diaries were published in Germany in 1976 and translated into English in 1978. They run to more than 4,000 pages. In his comment to the publisher appearing on the second volume's dust-jacket, the scholar

891:

in 1901. After the 1894 festival Levi resigned, the years of working in an anti-Semitic ambience having finally had their effect. At the 1896 festival Siegfried made his Bayreuth conducting debut in one of the five

466:

Wagner's deception over his relationship with Cosima had seriously damaged his standing with Ludwig. Matters were worsened by Ludwig's insistence, over Wagner's objections, that the premieres of the two completed

724:

At the conclusion of the festival the Wagner family departed for an extended stay in Venice. To accommodate the large party of children, servants and expected guests they took a spacious apartment in the

908:

children to mimic and mock him. Cosima expressed to Weingartner the view that "between Aryan and Semite blood there could exist no bond whatever". In accordance with this doctrine, she would not invite

138:

In the following two years Liszt and Marie travelled widely in pursuit of his career as a concert pianist. Late in 1837, when Marie was heavily pregnant with their second child, the couple were at

1000:

sets remained in use even when they were visibly crumbling; the view of Cosima and her daughters was that no changes should ever be made to stage sets "on which the eye of the Master had rested".

863:

and died several days later. Cosima supervised her father's funeral service and burial arrangements, but refused a memorial concert or any overt display of remembrance. According to Liszt's pupil

1108:, this was on grounds of commercial prudence rather than sensitivity. In 1881 she encouraged Wagner to write his essay "Know Thyself", and to include in it a tirade against Jewish assimilation. 1054:, and the 1924 festival became an overt rally for the party and its leading supporters. That year Cosima, then 86, ended her long absence from the theatre by attending the dress rehearsals for 543:

and guests, depicted at the first Bayreuth Festival. Cosima, her arm around Siegfried, is in the left foreground. Wagner is in the rear towards the left; Liszt, centre-right, is at the piano.

6116: 700:

predecessor, had made a handsome profit: "ot once did the spirit of toil and dedication on the part of the artists abate ... I believe one may be satisfied". One dissident voice was that of

605:

as "theatrical parasites" and complained that Richter had not got a single tempo correct. Months later, Cosima records, his attitude towards the productions was "Never again, never again!".

286:

in Daniel's memory. A further, unexpected blow for Cosima fell in September 1862, when her sister Blandine, who had shared much of her upbringing, died in childbirth—she had been married to

202:

and how not to betray herself when she was hurt". On 10 October 1853 Liszt arrived at the Patersi apartment, his first visit to his daughters since 1845. With him were two fellow-composers:

6488: 1170:

remarked that mining these texts for important detail contextualizing various significant historical events and phenomena was likely "to be a task that occupies generations of scholars."

733:. The principal concern during the autumn and winter months was Wagner's declining health; his heart spasms had become so frequent that on 16 November 1882 Cosima recorded: "Today he did 408:

Immediately upon signing the lease, Wagner invited the von Bülows and their children to stay with him. They spent the summer there, returning briefly to Munich before von Bülow left for

671:

was hampered by Wagner's recurrent ill-health, but by late 1880 he announced the next festival for 1882, to be devoted entirely to the new work. Wagner secured Ludwig's agreement that

385:

Ludwig reluctantly told Wagner to leave Bavaria. The king did not, however, withdraw his patronage or financial support. After a few months' wandering, in March 1866 Wagner arrived in

6362: 1083:

the Bayreuth Festival. Guided by Groß, but also using her own acumen—Werner calls her a "superb business woman"—she succeeded in making the festival first solvent, then profitable.

5987: 1098:

historian J. K. Holman describes it as one of "stifling conservatism". Her policy of sticking to Wagner's original stage conceptions was not fully abandoned until after the

932:

of his support. These efforts failed to bring about any change in the law. In 1903, taking advantage of the lack of a copyright agreement between the United States and Germany,

6543: 277:. However, nothing came of this project. Bülow's crowded professional schedule left Cosima alone for long periods, during which she worked for the French-language magazine 760:

Isolde's story of a row supported by any other testimony. At around noon on that day, Wagner suffered a fatal heart attack, and he died in the middle of the afternoon.

527:

received her first Protestant sacrament alongside Wagner: "a deeply moving occasion ... what a lovely thing religion is! What other power could produce such feelings!"

2063:

Under German law, Isolde was Bülow's daughter, having been born when Cosima was still married to her first husband. Wagner had never formally acknowledged parentage.

5458: 948:

By the beginning of the new century three of Cosima's daughters had married: Blandina to Count Biagio Gravina in the closing days of the 1882 festival, Daniela to

859:

to the canon. Amid the bustle of the festival Cosima refused to be distracted by the illness of her father, Liszt, who collapsed after attending a performance of

5552: 5448: 4675: 154:(a common practice at the time), while Liszt and Marie continued to travel in Europe. Their third child and only son, Daniel, was born on 9 May 1839 in Venice. 4880: 6518: 6077: 6553: 6533: 6478: 6408: 6357: 1155: 1158:, written in 1896–1905, are preserved in the Hohenlohe Central Archive (Hohenlohe-Zentralarchiv Neuenstein), which is in Neuenstein Castle in the town of 6513: 6473: 107:

which closely followed her death there in 1930. Thus, although she is widely perceived as the saviour of the festival, her legacy remains controversial.

432:

In October 1868 Cosima asked her husband for a divorce, to which he would not initially agree. To sceptical enquirers he explained her absence from the

6548: 5124: 6528: 5926: 5504: 4655: 424: 980: 572:, and Cosima's father, Liszt, who held court at Wahnfried among the notables who gathered there. Also in Bayreuth was Wagner's current mistress, 797:(who sang the role of Gurnemanz in the opera) doubling as artistic director. The cast was largely that of 1882, and Levi remained as conductor. 650:

The English tour raised little money but restored Wagner's spirits. On his return he began work on what would prove to be his final stage work,

436:

home by a supposed visit to her half-sister in Versailles. In June 1869, immediately after the birth of her and Wagner's third and final child,

6380: 4745: 4680: 4161: 6498: 5969: 5686: 5595: 4592: 4580: 4570: 4549: 4518: 4474: 4455: 4433: 4411: 4392: 4370: 4328: 1971: 1070:

and cremated. In 1977, 47 years after her death, Cosima's urn was recovered from Coburg and buried alongside Wagner in the Wahnfried garden.

150:, a patron saint of physicians and apothecaries; it was as "Cosima" that the child became known. With her sister she was left in the care of 6508: 5562: 4628: 2020:

in 1869. Bülow was never seriously considered as a Bayreuth conductor, and pursued his career elsewhere. In 1880 he became director of the

5907: 5613: 4797: 1066:

blind, and was lucid only at intervals. She died, aged 92, on 1 April 1930; after a funeral service at Wahnfried her body was taken to

5946: 5725: 4297: 363:, who paid off the composer's debts and awarded him a generous annual stipend. Ludwig also provided Wagner with a lakeside retreat at 1997:; at the time of the wedding Cosima was still nominally a Catholic. She did not formally convert to Protestantism until October 1872. 1146:". In Hensher's judgement, "Wagner was a genius, but also a fairly appalling human being. Cosima was just an appalling human being." 912:(born Jewish though a convert to Catholicism) to conduct at Bayreuth, although she frequently took his advice over artistic matters. 597:

who called the music "the dream of a lunatic". Wagner himself was far from satisfied; in a letter to Ludwig he denounced the singers

4274: 4875: 4848: 1094:

While acknowledging that Cosima was an effective "keeper of the flame", commentators have criticised the nature of her legacy. The

316: 6483: 1159: 5774: 6166: 5982: 738: 397:. Wagner made immediate arrangements to rent the house, at the king's expense, and by 15 April was installed in his new home. 253:

her father, and the pair developed romantic feelings for each other. Liszt approved the match, and the marriage took place at

186:

Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, seen here with her daughter Marie, exerted a powerful influence on Cosima's upbringing

87:

In 1857, after a childhood largely spent under the care of her grandmother and with governesses, Cosima married the conductor

5519: 5134: 5001: 4868: 4443: 628:(who made a number of sketches of Cosima from which no finished painting emerged). On 17 May both Wagners were received by 5920: 5901: 5637: 5008: 191: 320:. A social relationship developed, and during the summer of 1862 the Bülows stayed with Wagner at the composer's home at 6352: 6109: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5627: 4912: 4648: 560:

and an assortment of princes and grand dukes from the European royal families. Many of Europe's leading composers came:

489:

cycle on some future date at a venue of Wagner's choosing. To Wagner's mortification these premieres took place, under

216:. Cosima seems to have made little impression on him; in his memoirs he merely recorded that both girls were very shy. 6538: 6503: 6084: 5258: 5215: 4624: 1004: 937: 887: 833:

Siegfried Wagner, Cosima's son and eventual successor as festival director, made his Bayreuth conducting debut in 1896

751:

on the piano. However, it has been alleged that an underlying cause of domestic friction may have surfaced concerning

851:

was shown alongside other works at each of Cosima's festivals except for 1896, which was devoted to a revival of the

4260: 6523: 6421: 6181: 6035: 5932: 5015: 4932: 4824: 4740: 1104: 1062:

remembered Siegfried returning from frequent visits to a small gallery above the stage and saying "Mama wants..."

1014: 976: 805:. By this means she secured an unassailable advantage over any other claim on direction of the festival's future. 6216: 5854: 5632: 5588: 5230: 4994: 4812: 4757: 2021: 925: 726: 553: 254: 146:, a second daughter was born. They named her Francesca Gaetana Cosima, the unusual third name being derived from 4528:

Spencer, Stewart (2004). ""Er starb, – ein Mensch wie alle": Wagner and Carrie Pringle". In Emmerich, P. (ed.).

664:; Cosima wrote afterwards: "There stands he who has called forth these wonders, and he loves me. He loves me!". 5760: 5732: 5692: 5104: 4614: 1314: 952:, an art historian, on 3 July 1886, and Isolde, Cosima's first child by Wagner, who married a young conductor, 584: 565: 147: 6186: 5976: 5894: 5705: 5514: 1688: 1128: 6301: 6246: 6049: 6021: 6000: 5913: 5716: 5542: 5509: 5469: 5403: 5398: 4792: 4641: 967:, rejected numerous suitors to remain her mother's secretary and companion for the rest of Cosima's tenure. 737:

have a spasm!". Cosima's journal entry for 12 February 1883—the last she was to make—records Wagner reading

469: 6558: 6447: 5993: 5795: 5220: 4316: 2047: 1090:

The Wagner grave in the Wahnfried garden, where in 1977 Cosima's ashes were placed alongside Wagner's body

867:, "Liszt's passing was not of sufficient importance to dim the glory of the Festival, even for a moment". 688: 598: 569: 507: 330:. In October 1862, just after Blandine's death, Wagner and Bülow shared conducting duties at a concert in 4488: 1133: 6291: 5956: 5951: 5481: 5075: 4836: 4769: 4066: 3244: 802: 6056: 5767: 5194: 4843: 4752: 1693: 1022:

A happier family event from Cosima's standpoint was Siegfried's marriage in 1915, at the age of 46, to

875: 212: 304:

Bülow was committed to Wagner's music; in 1858 he had undertaken the preparation of a vocal score for

291: 6493: 6468: 6463: 6398: 6241: 6063: 5962: 5581: 5375: 5367: 4892: 4421: 2007:

Cosima writes: "The grief that I was fearing has not passed me by; it has come upon me from outside."

730: 372: 360: 321: 283: 264:

A portrait of Richard Wagner, around 1860. By 1863 he and Cosima were firmly committed to each other.

171: 6326: 6070: 5413: 5308: 5036: 5029: 4484: 4166: 2329: 2324: 1874: 953: 842: 701: 6311: 4530:

Bayreuther Festspiele 2004. Parsifal. Tannhäuser. Der Ring des Nibelungen. Der fliegende Holländer

1078:

Cosima's life mission was total service to Wagner and his works; in the words of the music critic

829: 6375: 6367: 6014: 5753: 5698: 5493: 5435: 5240: 4987: 4863: 4215: 4083: 3638: 3261: 2051: 915:

Cosima was determined to preserve Bayreuth's exclusive right, acknowledged by Ludwig, to perform

675:

should be staged exclusively at Bayreuth, but in return, Ludwig required that his current Munich

625: 557: 377: 306: 290:, a Parisian lawyer, since October 1857. Cosima's second daughter, born in March 1863, was named 197:

Blandine and Cosima were subjected to the Patersi curriculum for four years. Cosima's biographer

143: 27:

Daughter of Marie d'Agoult and Franz Liszt, wife of Richard Wagner, director of Bayreuth Festival

2016:

Richter had endeared himself to Wagner by his refusal to conduct Ludwig's Munich performance of

777: 896:

cycles; he remained one of Bayreuth's regular conductors for the remainder of Cosima's tenure.

351: 324:. Wagner records that Cosima became "transfigured" by his rendering of "Wotan's Farewell" from 182: 32: 6347: 6286: 6176: 6171: 5876: 5341: 5210: 4952: 4831: 4764: 4588: 4566: 4545: 4514: 4494: 4470: 4451: 4429: 4407: 4388: 4366: 4345: 4324: 4293: 4206: 3621: 2338: 899: 881: 864: 287: 244: 238: 128: 95:

of ten operas and establishing the festival as a major event in the world of musical theatre.

88: 74: 66: 37: 6435: 6296: 6196: 6028: 5836: 5781: 5348: 5288: 5273: 4920: 4711: 4506: 4075: 3630: 3253: 2334: 1588: 1099: 1059: 933: 743: 535: 490: 437: 6276: 6251: 6231: 6201: 5746: 5442: 5408: 5303: 5298: 5253: 5225: 5205: 5043: 4962: 4537: 2025: 1869: 1550: 1042: 1027: 1023: 964: 838: 621: 502: 446: 414: 394: 6091: 5739: 1123:

In the immediate aftermath of Cosima's death, some writers heaped copious praise on her.

433: 296: 234: 4339: 6321: 6316: 6281: 6266: 6256: 6221: 6161: 6042: 5827: 5819: 5788: 5293: 5248: 5200: 4942: 4819: 4664: 4157: 1167: 1127:, Wagner's biographer, called her "the greatest figure that ever came within circle"; 1112: 1031: 815: 752: 716: 633: 629: 573: 561: 481: 368: 364: 359:

In 1864 Wagner's financial position was transformed by his new patron, the 18-year-old

326: 224: 207: 203: 92: 70: 704:, once a devoted friend of Wagner's but latterly a harsh critic. Nietzsche considered 683:, should conduct the festival. Wagner objected on the grounds of Levi's Jewish faith; 400: 6457: 6331: 6261: 6236: 6211: 6206: 6156: 5499: 5475: 5332: 5068: 4807: 4380: 4362: 4201: 1124: 909: 823: 676: 540: 475: 198: 176: 4261:"Briefe und Telegramm an Alexandra von Cosima Wagner - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek" 591:, who thought the entire work "divinely composed", and that of the French newspaper 260: 115: 6271: 6226: 5938: 5487: 5325: 5278: 5263: 5168: 5114: 4971: 4292:(1st ed.). New York: A Helen and Kurt Wolff Book / Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 4061: 1879: 1261: 1086: 1079: 1047: 958: 680: 639: 617: 588: 523: 335: 100: 579:

The festival began on 13 August and lasted until 30th. It consisted of three full

4620: 6306: 6007: 5668: 5644: 5604: 5418: 5283: 5173: 1994: 1633: 1266: 1117: 949: 819: 794: 274: 124: 62: 4560: 587:. At the end, critical reactions ranged between that of the Norwegian composer 6133: 5802: 5661: 5463: 5144: 4079: 1058:, and watching the first act at the opening performance on 23 July. The tenor 1051: 1030:

who had been friends with both Wagner and Liszt. When the couple's first son,

984: 929: 818:" of ten mature Wagner works. Her triumvirate of conductors—Levi, Richter and 602: 311: 167: 49: 1034:, was born on 5 January 1917, Cosima celebrated by playing excerpts from the 975:

On 8 December 1906, having directed that year's festival, Cosima suffered an

5524: 5453: 5082: 3257: 1754: 781: 593: 151: 17: 4498: 784:, where Cosima remained in seclusion in the months following Wagner's death 708:

an abomination for which Cosima was responsible; she had corrupted Wagner.

355:

Ludwig II of Bavaria, Wagner's financial rescuer and sponsor for many years

4609: 4349: 4887: 4704: 903:

A caricature of Wagner, towards the end of her time in charge at Bayreuth

652: 514:

Wagner announced the first Bayreuth Festival for 1873, at which his full

104: 80: 6404: 5548: 4565:. Translated by Gray, Andrew. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. 720:

Palazzo Vendramin Calergi, Venice, where Wagner died on 13 February 1883

135:

where, on 18 December, Marie gave birth to a daughter, Blandine-Rachel.

6191: 5022: 1178:

The symbol † indicates a work's Bayreuth premiere. Under Cosima Wagner

404:

The Villa Tribschen, Wagner's home in Switzerland between 1866 and 1872

390: 331: 4219: 4087: 3642: 4718: 3265: 3242:

Werner, Eric (Summer 1985). "Jews around Richard and Cosima Wagner".

1067: 386: 270: 249: 132: 3634: 119:

Franz Liszt, depicted at the time of his affair with Marie d'Agoult

61:

April 1930) was the daughter of the Hungarian composer and pianist

1085: 1013: 898: 828: 776: 715: 638: 501: 423: 409: 399: 350: 259: 223: 181: 114: 31: 4633: 3619:

De Curzon, Henri (September 1930). "Cosima Wagner and Bayreuth".

485:, be given at once, in Munich, rather than as part of a complete 139: 5577: 4637: 123:

In January 1833 the 21-year-old Hungarian composer and pianist

103:. This was a defining aspect of Bayreuth for decades, into the 5573: 495: 170:

until 1850, joined eventually by Daniel. Cosima's biographer

522:

During this period Cosima admitted to Liszt, who had taken

99:

influence, Bayreuth became increasingly identified with

6117:

Fantasy on Themes from Mozart's Figaro and Don Giovanni

6363:

Franz Liszt International Piano Competition (Budapest)

643:

Hermann Levi, who conducted the first performances of

389:, where Cosima joined him. They travelled together to 142:

in Italy. Here, on 24 December in a lakeside hotel in

6419: 4404:

Wagner's Ring: A Listener's Companion and Concordance

1974:, to deny Charles d'Agoult any claim to the children. 855:

cycle. In 1886, her first year in charge, she added

69:. She became the second wife of the German composer 6340: 6149: 6126: 6101: 5886: 5846: 5812: 5715: 5678: 5653: 5620: 5427: 5391: 5360: 5317: 5239: 5186: 5161: 5096: 5060: 5053: 4979: 4906: 4790: 4783: 4732: 4696: 4689: 4064:(July 1982). "On Reading Cosima Wagner's Diaries". 979:(a form of heart attack) while visiting her friend 4532:. Bayreuth: Bayreuther Festspiele. pp. 72–85. 6489:Converts to Protestantism from Roman Catholicism 5016:Das Judenthum in der Musik (Jewishness in Music) 5459:List of films using the music of Richard Wagner 4544:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 4387:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 4359:Richard Wagner: The Man, His Mind and His Music 428:Richard and Cosima Wagner, photographed in 1872 375:, von Bülow conducted the premiere of Wagner's 963:, on 20 December 1900. The youngest daughter, 5589: 5449:International Association of Wagner Societies 4649: 4162:"Cosima Wagner: the Lady of Bayreuth: review" 393:where they found a large lakeside house, the 8: 4587:. The Master Musicians. London: J. M. Dent. 4235: 3497: 3495: 2327:(2001). "Bülow, Hans (Guido) Freiherr von". 747:, and playing the Rhinemaidens' lament from 6358:International Franz Liszt Piano Competition 4152: 4150: 4148: 2465: 2024:, and subsequently championed the music of 1156:Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 6544:Militant League for German Culture members 5596: 5582: 5574: 5357: 5158: 5093: 5057: 4787: 4780: 4729: 4693: 4656: 4642: 4634: 4542:Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival 3396: 3394: 3392: 228:Hans von Bülow, photographed in middle age 3383: 3368: 3344: 3293: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3159: 3123: 3079: 3019: 2961: 2937: 2849: 2813: 2789: 2696: 1937:Michael Balling, Franz Beidler, Karl Muck 1116:his works were presented to audiences of 510:, as it appeared in the late 19th century 4044: 4042: 3813: 3811: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3434: 3432: 3379: 3377: 3328: 3326: 1208: 1174:Bayreuth Festival performances under her 534: 6426: 4621:Newspaper clippings about Cosima Wagner 4511:Cosima Wagner's Diaries: an Abridgement 3194: 3192: 3107: 3105: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2773: 2771: 2746: 2744: 2731: 2729: 2339:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04307 2074: 1962: 1003:In December 1908 Eva, then 41, married 6381:University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar 6348:Liszthaus Raiding (Liszt's birthplace) 2884: 2882: 2512: 2510: 2437: 2435: 2307: 2305: 5687:The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral 2184: 2182: 2169: 2167: 1217: 1211: 1026:, the 18-year-old foster-daughter of 111:Family background and early childhood 48: 7: 4275:"Hohenlohe-Zentralarchiv Neuenstein" 2118: 2116: 2114: 1018:Cosima and Siegfried Wagner, c. 1929 292:Blandine Elisabeth Veronica Theresia 6519:German Fatherland Party politicians 5558: 4385:Cosima Wagner: The Lady of Bayreuth 3412: 2837: 2648: 2576: 1111:The critic and one-time librettist 837:Although the festival's historian, 6554:People of Hungarian-German descent 6534:German people of Hungarian descent 6479:19th-century German businesspeople 5970:Harmonies poétiques et religieuses 4338:Du Moulin Eckart, Richard (1930). 4188: 4139: 4115: 4103: 4048: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3961: 3925: 3901: 3889: 3865: 3841: 3829: 3802: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3706: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3582: 3501: 3486: 3474: 3438: 3423: 3356: 3332: 3317: 3305: 3281: 3210: 3183: 3171: 3147: 3096: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3031: 2978: 2949: 2925: 2900: 2888: 2861: 2825: 2801: 2777: 2762: 2750: 2720: 2672: 2636: 2624: 2588: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2501: 2477: 2453: 2441: 2426: 2414: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2311: 2248: 2200: 2173: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2105: 2093: 2081: 166:Cosima and Blandine remained with 65:and Franco-German romantic author 25: 6514:German expatriates in Switzerland 6474:19th-century German businesswomen 4247: 3973: 3913: 3817: 3718: 3694: 3594: 3534: 3513: 3462: 3450: 3222: 3198: 3135: 3111: 3007: 2990: 2912: 2873: 2735: 2708: 2684: 2660: 2612: 2600: 2516: 2489: 2402: 2354: 2296: 2272: 2260: 2236: 2212: 2188: 6549:People from the Province of Como 6441: 6429: 6403: 6394: 6393: 5927:Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli 5557: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5125:Männerlist größer als Frauenlist 4891: 4879: 4867: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4796: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4608: 4127: 3985: 3949: 3937: 3877: 3853: 3790: 3606: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3400: 2284: 2224: 1970:according to Liszt's biographer 695:At the second Bayreuth Festival 660:. The concert also included the 6529:German people of French descent 6167:Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff 5726:Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne 4450:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 4402:Holman, J(ames) K(nox) (2001). 2054:, the Bayreuth stage designer". 928:tirelessly, and was assured by 583:cycles, all under the baton of 45:Francesca Gaetana Cosima Wagner 5520:Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne 4876:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg 4428:. London: Julia MacRae Books. 1940:Siegfried Wagner, Hans Richter 1815:Siegfried Wagner, Hans Richter 1759:Siegfried Wagner, Hans Richter 1663:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg 1638:Hans Richter, Siegfried Wagner 1454:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg 1341:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg 1288:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg 940:announced that he would stage 755:, an English soprano from the 419:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg 317:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg 310:, and by 1862 he was making a 1: 5009:A Communication to My Friends 4448:The Complete Operas of Wagner 4204:(May 1930). "Cosima Wagner". 1160:Neuenstein, Baden-Württemberg 991:Retirement, decline and death 192:Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein 6499:19th-century French nobility 6353:Franz Liszt Academy of Music 1943:Michael Balling, Felix Mottl 554:the German emperor Wilhelm I 6509:German expatriates in Italy 5259:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 5216:Bayreuth Festival Orchestra 4676:List of works for the stage 4625:20th Century Press Archives 4469:. London: Faber and Faber. 4467:Wagner: Race and Revolution 4406:. Portland: Amadeus Press. 4323:. London: Faber and Faber. 1154:Cosima Wagner's letters to 1005:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 938:New York Metropolitan Opera 190:In 1847 Liszt met Princess 73:, and with him founded the 6575: 5908:Morceau de salon, Ab Irato 5902:Grandes études de Paganini 4933:Das Liebesmahl der Apostel 4493:. London: Grant Richards. 4357:Gutman, Robert W. (1971). 220:Marriage to Hans von Bülow 6389: 6110:Réminiscences de Don Juan 5611: 5533: 5231:Richard Wagner Foundation 4995:The Artwork of the Future 4671: 4513:. London: Pimlico Books. 4344:. New York: A. A. Knopf. 2022:Meiningen Court Orchestra 1894: 1825: 1769: 1710: 1645: 1597: 1562: 1503: 1436: 1379: 1323: 1275: 1225: 1220: 1214: 727:Palazzo Vendramin Calergi 361:King Ludwig II of Bavaria 162:Schooling and adolescence 5733:Tasso: lamento e trionfo 5693:Slavimo slavno, Slaveni! 5105:Die Laune des Verliebten 4559:Wagner, Richard (1983). 3757:, pp. 243–244, 248. 1993:Wagner was by baptism a 1182:was performed 97 times, 1129:Richard Du Moulin-Eckart 6484:Antisemitism in Germany 6302:Agnes Street-Klindworth 6050:Grand galop chromatique 6036:Bagatelle sans tonalité 5510:Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis 5470:Nietzsche contra Wagner 5404:Richard Wagner Memorial 5399:Richard Wagner Monument 4793:Der Ring des Nibelungen 4741:Der fliegende Holländer 4290:Cosima Wagner's Diaries 4288:Wagner, Cosima (1980). 4225:(subscription required) 4093:(subscription required) 4080:10.1093/mq/lxviii.3.337 3648:(subscription required) 3271:(subscription required) 2344:(subscription required) 1907:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1838:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1787:Der fliegende Holländer 1782:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1728:Der fliegende Holländer 1723:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1658:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1610:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1567:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1204:Der fliegende Holländer 945:remainder of her life. 888:Der fliegende Holländer 5988:Sarabande and Chaconne 5813:Other orchestral works 5221:Bayreuth Festspielhaus 1142:, no Bayreuth, and no 1091: 1019: 904: 834: 785: 721: 647: 558:Dom Pedro II of Brazil 544: 511: 508:Bayreuth Festspielhaus 429: 405: 356: 265: 255:St. Hedwig's Cathedral 229: 187: 120: 57:; 24 December 1837 – 1 41: 6292:William Hall Sherwood 6187:Élie-Miriam Delaborde 5895:Transcendental Études 5482:The Perfect Wagnerite 5076:Ride of the Valkyries 5002:Autobiographic Sketch 4490:The Perfect Wagnerite 4365:, UK: Penguin Books. 4067:The Musical Quarterly 3258:10.1093/mq/lxxi.2.172 3245:The Musical Quarterly 1089: 1017: 902: 832: 780: 719: 642: 538: 505: 427: 403: 354: 263: 227: 185: 118: 35: 6247:José Vianna da Motta 6242:Sebastian Bach Mills 6064:Hungarian Rhapsodies 6001:Dem Andenken Petőfis 5933:Années de pèlerinage 5914:Three Concert Études 5871:Piano Concerto No. 3 5866:Piano Concerto No. 2 5861:Piano Concerto No. 1 5614:List of compositions 4681:List of compositions 4617:at Wikimedia Commons 2325:Fifield, Christopher 1953:Notes and references 1218:No. of performances 1041:The outbreak of the 977:Adams-Stokes seizure 768:Mistress of Bayreuth 712:Venice and widowhood 347:Munich and Tribschen 273:, court magician to 6085:Rhapsodie espagnole 6078:Rondeau fantastique 6071:Glanes de Woronince 5847:Piano and orchestra 5414:Wagner Ice Piedmont 5318:Cultural depictions 5309:Eva Wagner-Pasquier 5135:Wieland der Schmied 5037:Music of the Future 4913:Symphony in C major 4465:Rose, Paul (1996). 4191:, pp. 169–175. 4167:The Daily Telegraph 3988:, pp. 140–142. 3892:, pp. 263–265. 3793:, pp. 123–124. 3769:, pp. 251–252. 3745:, pp. 245–246. 3721:, pp. 246–252. 3709:, pp. 226–231. 3697:, pp. 243–244. 3673:, pp. 178–182. 3371:, pp. 492–495. 3347:, pp. 199–200. 3225:, pp. 104–105. 3138:, pp. 172–173. 2993:, pp. 166–167. 2964:, pp. 261–265. 2840:, pp. 182–183. 2330:Oxford Music Online 2028:. He died in 1894. 1105:Jewishness in Music 1038:on Wagner's piano. 873:was added in 1888, 702:Friedrich Nietzsche 6539:German Protestants 6504:French Protestants 6376:Lisztomania (song) 6015:La lugubre gondola 5921:Two Concert Études 5706:Les quatre élémens 5494:Der Ring in Minden 5436:The Case of Wagner 5195:Bayreuther Blätter 4988:Art and Revolution 4907:Non-operatic music 4864:Tristan und Isolde 4051:, pp. 312–313 3820:, pp. 259–261 3516:, pp. 209–210 3441:, pp. 154–156 3284:, pp. 107–108 3201:, pp. 188–190 3114:, pp. 178–179 3099:, pp. 140–142 3010:, pp. 168–169 2981:, pp. 136–137 2780:, pp. 123–124 2480:, pp. 58, 62. 2052:Paul von Joukowsky 1912:Tristan und Isolde 1449:Tristan und Isolde 1392:Tristan und Isolde 1336:Tristan und Isolde 1238:Tristan und Isolde 1184:Tristan und Isolde 1092: 1020: 905: 857:Tristan und Isolde 835: 793:—went ahead, with 786: 729:, overlooking the 722: 648: 626:Edward Burne-Jones 624:, and the painter 545: 512: 430: 406: 378:Tristan und Isolde 357: 307:Tristan und Isolde 266: 230: 188: 121: 42: 6524:German baronesses 6417: 6416: 6287:Giovanni Sgambati 6102:Opera paraphrases 5983:Sonata in B minor 5855:Hungarian Fantasy 5571: 5570: 5387: 5386: 5211:Bayreuth Festival 5187:Bayreuth Festival 5182: 5181: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5149:(1858; text only) 5140: 5139:(1850; text only) 5130: 5120: 5110: 5097:Unfinished operas 5092: 5091: 4968: 4958: 4953:Wesendonck Lieder 4948: 4947:(1840, rev. 1855) 4938: 4928: 4917: 4902: 4901: 4858: 4857: 4779: 4778: 4728: 4727: 4613:Media related to 4594:978-0-460-03174-5 4572:978-0-521-22929-6 4551:978-0-300-05777-5 4520:978-0-7126-5952-9 4507:Skelton, Geoffrey 4476:978-0-571-17888-9 4457:978-0-575-05380-9 4435:978-0-86203-120-6 4413:978-1-57467-070-7 4394:978-0-300-17090-0 4372:978-0-14-021168-9 4330:978-0-571-20790-9 4277:. 4 October 2023. 4214:(1047): 401–402. 4207:The Musical Times 3629:(1051): 794–796. 3622:The Musical Times 3403:, pp. 48, 54 3058:, pp. 71–72. 3034:, pp. 61–62. 2903:, pp. 45–46. 2627:, pp. 98–99. 2591:, pp. 91–93. 2543:, pp. 73–74. 2429:, pp. 53–55. 2417:, pp. 48–49. 2405:, pp. 30–31. 2357:, pp. 28–29. 2299:, pp. 22–23. 2096:, pp. 32–37. 2084:, pp. 30–31. 1950: 1949: 1188:Die Meistersinger 1024:Winifred Williams 971:Transfer of power 930:Kaiser Wilhelm II 871:Die Meistersinger 865:Felix Weingartner 75:Bayreuth Festival 38:Franz von Lenbach 16:(Redirected from 6566: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6425: 6407: 6397: 6396: 6327:Józef Wieniawski 6297:Alexander Siloti 6197:Arthur Friedheim 6029:Mephisto Waltzes 5947:Feuilles d'album 5837:Mephisto Waltzes 5598: 5591: 5584: 5575: 5561: 5560: 5551: 5541: 5540: 5392:Named for Wagner 5361:Film adaptations 5358: 5289:Siegfried Wagner 5274:Katharina Wagner 5159: 5148: 5138: 5128: 5118: 5108: 5094: 5058: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4936: 4926: 4915: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4800: 4788: 4781: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4730: 4712:Das Liebesverbot 4694: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4612: 4598: 4576: 4555: 4538:Spotts, Frederic 4533: 4524: 4502: 4480: 4461: 4444:Osborne, Charles 4439: 4417: 4398: 4376: 4353: 4334: 4304: 4303: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4236:Du Moulin Eckart 4233: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4154: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3239: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3094: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2739: 2733: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2519:, pp. 55–60 2514: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2444:, pp. 59–61 2439: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2321: 2315: 2314:, pp. 37–43 2309: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2177: 2176:, pp. 11–14 2171: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2045: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2014: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1967: 1887:Siegfried Wagner 1883: 1700:Siegfried Wagner 1697: 1589:Siegfried Wagner 1215:Works performed 1209: 1137: 1100:Second World War 1060:Lauritz Melchior 981:Prince Hohenlohe 962: 934:Heinrich Conried 434:von Bülow family 300: 279:Revue germanique 60: 56: 21: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6448:Classical music 6442: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6385: 6336: 6277:Moriz Rosenthal 6252:Dionys Pruckner 6232:Heinrich Lutter 6217:Frederic Lamond 6202:Karl Klindworth 6182:Arthur De Greef 6145: 6122: 6097: 6022:Valse-Impromptu 5882: 5842: 5808: 5775:Héroïde funèbre 5717:Symphonic poems 5711: 5674: 5649: 5616: 5607: 5602: 5572: 5567: 5529: 5443:Gesamtkunstwerk 5423: 5409:Wagner (crater) 5383: 5356: 5313: 5304:Wolfgang Wagner 5299:Winifred Wagner 5254:Eva Chamberlain 5235: 5226:Jahrhundertring 5206:Bayreuth Circle 5178: 5153: 5088: 5049: 5044:Opera and Drama 4975: 4963:Siegfried Idyll 4898: 4854: 4844:Götterdämmerung 4775: 4733:Romantic operas 4724: 4690:Complete operas 4685: 4667: 4662: 4605: 4595: 4579: 4573: 4558: 4552: 4536: 4527: 4521: 4505: 4483: 4477: 4464: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4422:Marek, George R 4420: 4414: 4401: 4395: 4379: 4373: 4356: 4337: 4331: 4321:The Wagner Clan 4315: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4238:, p. xvii. 4234: 4230: 4224: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4158:Hensher, Philip 4156: 4155: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3241: 3240: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2466:Wagner tr. Gray 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2180: 2172: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2001: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1946: 1931: 1916: 1890: 1877: 1870:Michael Balling 1862: 1847: 1821: 1806: 1791: 1765: 1748: 1733: 1706: 1691: 1682: 1667: 1641: 1626: 1614: 1593: 1558: 1551:Richard Strauss 1541: 1526: 1499: 1481: 1463: 1432: 1417: 1402: 1375: 1360: 1345: 1319: 1305: 1293: 1271: 1255: 1243: 1176: 1152: 1140:Siegfried Idyll 1131: 1076: 1043:First World War 1036:Siegfried Idyll 1028:Karl Klindworth 993: 973: 956: 839:Frederic Spotts 811: 775: 770: 714: 662:Siegfried Idyll 622:Robert Browning 613: 533: 464: 456: 447:Siegfried Idyll 395:Villa Tribschen 349: 344: 294: 222: 213:Götterdämmerung 164: 113: 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6572: 6570: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6438: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6322:Bettina Walker 6319: 6317:Anton Urspruch 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6282:Emil von Sauer 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267:Martha Remmert 6264: 6259: 6257:Laura Rappoldi 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6222:Georg Liebling 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6177:Eugen d'Albert 6174: 6172:Hans von Bülow 6169: 6164: 6162:Arthur H. Bird 6159: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6043:Mephisto Polka 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5994:Weihnachtsbaum 5990: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5936: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5796:Hunnenschlacht 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5638:Transcriptions 5635: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5476:Parsifal bells 5473: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5342:Wagner's Dream 5338: 5330: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5294:Wieland Wagner 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5249:Isolde Beidler 5245: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5201:Bayreuth canon 5198: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5131: 5121: 5111: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5062: 5061:Opera excerpts 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4959: 4949: 4943:Faust Overture 4939: 4929: 4918: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4803: 4801: 4785: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4665:Richard Wagner 4663: 4661: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4618: 4604: 4603:External links 4601: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4577: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4534: 4525: 4519: 4509:, ed. (1994). 4503: 4481: 4475: 4462: 4456: 4440: 4434: 4418: 4412: 4399: 4393: 4381:Hilmes, Oliver 4377: 4371: 4354: 4335: 4329: 4317:Carr, Jonathan 4311: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4299:978-0151226368 4298: 4280: 4266: 4252: 4250:, p. 278. 4240: 4228: 4202:Newman, Ernest 4193: 4181: 4160:(1 May 2010). 4144: 4142:, p. 111. 4132: 4130:, p. 118. 4120: 4118:, p. 158. 4108: 4106:, p. 373. 4096: 4074:(3): 337–352. 4053: 4038: 4036:, p. 310. 4026: 4014: 4012:, p. 142. 4002: 4000:, p. 308. 3990: 3978: 3976:, p. 264. 3966: 3964:, p. 294. 3954: 3952:, p. 135. 3942: 3940:, p. 128. 3930: 3928:, p. 159. 3918: 3916:, p. 237. 3906: 3904:, p. 267. 3894: 3882: 3870: 3868:, p. 255. 3858: 3856:, p. 161. 3846: 3844:, p. 126. 3834: 3832:, p. 123. 3822: 3807: 3805:, p. 122. 3795: 3783: 3781:, p. 254. 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3733:, p. 176. 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3685:, p. 115. 3675: 3663: 3651: 3635:10.2307/917303 3611: 3609:, p. 135. 3599: 3597:, p. 226. 3587: 3575: 3573:, p. 111. 3563: 3551: 3539: 3518: 3506: 3491: 3489:, p. 162. 3479: 3477:, p. 160. 3467: 3465:, p. 204. 3455: 3453:, p. 207. 3443: 3428: 3426:, p. 151. 3416: 3405: 3388: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3296:, p. 413. 3286: 3274: 3252:(2): 172–199. 3227: 3215: 3213:, p. 109. 3203: 3188: 3176: 3174:, p. 145. 3164: 3162:, p. 340. 3152: 3150:, p. 143. 3140: 3128: 3126:, p. 377. 3116: 3101: 3084: 3082:, p. 270. 3072: 3060: 3048: 3046:, p. 114. 3036: 3024: 3022:, p. 299. 3012: 2995: 2983: 2966: 2954: 2952:, p. 133. 2942: 2940:, p. 154. 2930: 2917: 2915:, p. 156. 2905: 2893: 2878: 2876:, p. 142. 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2804:, p. 146. 2794: 2782: 2767: 2755: 2740: 2725: 2723:, p. 118. 2713: 2711:, p. 111. 2701: 2689: 2687:, p. 102. 2677: 2675:, p. 102. 2665: 2653: 2651:, p. 153. 2641: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2579:, p. 131. 2569: 2567:, p. 336. 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2468:, p. 697. 2458: 2446: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2316: 2301: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2178: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2125:, pp. 4–7 2110: 2098: 2086: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2056: 2040: 2030: 2009: 1999: 1986: 1976: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884:, Hans Richter 1872: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1175: 1172: 1168:George Steiner 1151: 1148: 1113:Philip Hensher 1075: 1072: 992: 989: 972: 969: 816:Bayreuth canon 810: 807: 774: 771: 769: 766: 753:Carrie Pringle 736: 713: 710: 634:Windsor Castle 630:Queen Victoria 612: 607: 599:Albert Niemann 574:Judith Gautier 532: 531:First festival 529: 463: 457: 455: 452: 373:Munich Hofoper 365:Lake Starnberg 348: 345: 343: 340: 288:Émile Ollivier 221: 218: 208:Richard Wagner 204:Hector Berlioz 163: 160: 129:Marie d'Agoult 112: 109: 93:Bayreuth canon 89:Hans von Bülow 71:Richard Wagner 67:Marie d'Agoult 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6571: 6560: 6559:Wagner family 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6427: 6423: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6312:István Thomán 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6262:Carl Reinecke 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6237:Sophie Menter 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212:Carl Lachmund 6210: 6208: 6207:Martin Krause 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6157:Carl Baermann 6155: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6140:Cosima Wagner 6138: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5977:Deux légendes 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5957:Ballade No. 2 5955: 5953: 5952:Ballade No. 1 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5628:Musical works 5626: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5564: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5505:Controversies 5503: 5501: 5500:Tristan chord 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269:Cosima Wagner 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5241:Wagner family 5238: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069:Bridal Chorus 5066: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4808:Das Rheingold 4805: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615:Cosima Wagner 4611: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581:Watson, Derek 4578: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4485:Shaw, Bernard 4482: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4426:Cosima Wagner 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4363:Harmondsworth 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4341:Cosima Wagner 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4062:Salzman, Eric 4057: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4024:, p. 306 4023: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3880:, p. 89. 3879: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3664: 3661:, p. 99. 3660: 3655: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3588: 3585:, p. 97. 3584: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3561:, p. 55. 3560: 3555: 3552: 3549:, p. 62. 3548: 3543: 3540: 3537:, p. 279 3536: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3386:, p. 516 3385: 3384:Skelton (ed.) 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369:Skelton (ed.) 3365: 3362: 3359:, p. 150 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3345:Skelton (ed.) 3341: 3338: 3335:, p. 149 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3320:, p. 83. 3319: 3314: 3311: 3308:, p. 87. 3307: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294:Skelton (ed.) 3290: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3186:, p. 79. 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3160:Skelton (ed.) 3156: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3124:Skelton (ed.) 3120: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080:Skelton (ed.) 3076: 3073: 3070:, p. 70. 3069: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3020:Skelton (ed.) 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962:Skelton (ed.) 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2938:Skelton (ed.) 2934: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864:, p. 89. 2863: 2858: 2855: 2852:, p. 52. 2851: 2850:Skelton (ed.) 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2828:, p. 39. 2827: 2822: 2819: 2816:, p. 84. 2815: 2814:Skelton (ed.) 2810: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2792:, p. 71. 2791: 2790:Skelton (ed.) 2786: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2765:, p. 26. 2764: 2759: 2756: 2753:, p. 119 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2738:, p. 113 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2699:, p. 27. 2698: 2697:Skelton (ed.) 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2663:, p. 98. 2662: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2639:, p. 97. 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2615:, p. 82. 2614: 2609: 2606: 2603:, p. 81. 2602: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2555:, p. 81. 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2531:, p. 72. 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2504:, p. 71. 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2456:, p. 57. 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2393:, p. 50. 2392: 2387: 2384: 2381:, p. 47. 2380: 2375: 2372: 2369:, p. 46. 2368: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2287:, p. 30. 2286: 2281: 2278: 2275:, p. 15. 2274: 2269: 2266: 2263:, p. 13. 2262: 2257: 2254: 2251:, p. 19. 2250: 2245: 2242: 2239:, p. 12. 2238: 2233: 2230: 2227:, p. 28. 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2161:, p. 70. 2160: 2155: 2152: 2149:, p. 69. 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2108:, p. 38. 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:Jonathan Carr 2044: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018:Das Rheingold 2013: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1875:Franz Beidler 1873: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1689:Franz Fischer 1687: 1686: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1635: 1632:Felix Mottl, 1631: 1630: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202:cycle 18 and 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1125:Ernest Newman 1121: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 990: 988: 986: 982: 978: 970: 968: 966: 960: 955: 954:Franz Beidler 951: 946: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 918: 913: 911: 910:Gustav Mahler 901: 897: 895: 890: 889: 884: 883: 878: 877: 872: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 844: 840: 831: 827: 825: 824:Wagner family 821: 817: 808: 806: 804: 798: 796: 792: 783: 779: 772: 767: 765: 761: 758: 754: 750: 749:Das Rheingold 746: 745: 740: 734: 732: 728: 718: 711: 709: 707: 703: 698: 693: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Kapellmeister 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 654: 646: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 611: 608: 606: 604: 600: 596: 595: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 549: 542: 541:Wagner family 537: 530: 528: 525: 520: 517: 509: 504: 500: 498: 497: 492: 491:Franz Wüllner 488: 484: 483: 478: 477: 476:Das Rheingold 472: 471: 462: 461:Festspielhaus 459:Building the 458: 453: 451: 449: 448: 441: 439: 435: 426: 422: 420: 416: 411: 402: 398: 396: 392: 388: 382: 380: 379: 374: 370: 366: 362: 353: 346: 341: 339: 337: 333: 329: 328: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 308: 302: 298: 293: 289: 285: 280: 276: 272: 262: 258: 256: 251: 247: 246: 240: 236: 226: 219: 217: 215: 214: 209: 205: 200: 199:Oliver Hilmes 195: 193: 184: 180: 178: 177:ugly duckling 173: 169: 161: 159: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 134: 130: 126: 117: 110: 108: 106: 102: 96: 94: 90: 85: 83: 82: 76: 72: 68: 64: 55: 51: 46: 39: 34: 30: 19: 6368: 6272:Eduard Reuss 6227:Max Liebling 6139: 6115: 6108: 6092:Liebesträume 6090: 6083: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6027: 5992: 5975: 5968: 5963:Consolations 5961: 5939: 5931: 5919: 5912: 5900: 5893: 5875: 5853: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5740:Les préludes 5738: 5731: 5724: 5704: 5697: 5685: 5679:Choral works 5667: 5660: 5515:Museo Wagner 5492: 5488:Rhinemaidens 5480: 5468: 5441: 5434: 5376: 5368: 5349: 5340: 5333: 5326:Wagner Dream 5324: 5279:Minna Wagner 5268: 5264:Ludwig Geyer 5193: 5169:Holztrompete 5143: 5133: 5123: 5115:Die Hochzeit 5113: 5103: 5042: 5028: 5021: 4972:Kaisermarsch 4961: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4921: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4791: 4784:Music dramas 4763: 4751: 4739: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4584: 4561: 4541: 4529: 4510: 4489: 4466: 4447: 4425: 4403: 4384: 4358: 4340: 4320: 4310:Bibliography 4289: 4283: 4269: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4184: 4172:. Retrieved 4165: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4071: 4065: 4056: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3509: 3504:, p. 91 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3419: 3408: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3249: 3243: 3218: 3206: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 2986: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2928:, p. 54 2920: 2908: 2896: 2891:, p. 40 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2758: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2497: 2492:, p. 45 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2328: 2319: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2215:, p. 6. 2208: 2203:, p. 6. 2196: 2154: 2142: 2137:, p. 2. 2130: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2059: 2043: 2033: 2017: 2012: 2002: 1989: 1979: 1972:Derek Watson 1965: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1703:Hans Richter 1662: 1657: 1652: 1609: 1604: 1585:Hans Richter 1570: 1566: 1547:Hermann Levi 1520: 1515: 1510: 1487:Hermann Levi 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1423:Hermann Levi 1396: 1391: 1386: 1372:Hans Richter 1366:Hermann Levi 1340: 1335: 1330: 1315:Hans Richter 1287: 1282: 1262:Hermann Levi 1237: 1232: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1164: 1153: 1143: 1139: 1122: 1110: 1103: 1095: 1093: 1080:Eric Salzman 1077: 1064: 1055: 1048:Adolf Hitler 1040: 1035: 1021: 1008: 1002: 997: 994: 974: 947: 941: 920: 916: 914: 906: 893: 886: 885:in 1894 and 880: 874: 870: 869: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847: 843:Bernard Shaw 836: 812: 803:intellectual 799: 790: 787: 762: 756: 748: 742: 723: 705: 696: 694: 684: 681:Hermann Levi 672: 668: 667:Progress on 666: 661: 657: 651: 649: 644: 618:George Eliot 614: 609: 592: 589:Edvard Grieg 585:Hans Richter 580: 578: 550: 546: 524:minor orders 521: 515: 513: 494: 486: 480: 474: 468: 465: 460: 445: 442: 431: 418: 407: 383: 376: 358: 336:Minna Planer 325: 315: 305: 303: 278: 267: 243: 237:, whose son 235:Bülow family 231: 211: 196: 189: 172:George Marek 165: 156: 137: 122: 101:antisemitism 97: 86: 79: 53: 44: 43: 36:Portrait by 29: 18:Cosima Liszt 6494:Franz Liszt 6469:1930 deaths 6464:1837 births 6371:(1975 film) 6369:Lisztomania 6307:Karl Tausig 6008:Nuages gris 5669:Sardanapalo 5645:Lisztomania 5605:Franz Liszt 5563:WikiProject 5419:3992 Wagner 5379:(1982 film) 5371:(1904 film) 5352:(1986 film) 5345:(2012 film) 5337:(1983 film) 5284:Nike Wagner 5174:Wagner tuba 5054:Other opera 4820:Die Walküre 4697:Early works 2191:, p. 7 1878: [ 1868:Karl Muck, 1818:Felix Mottl 1762:Felix Mottl 1692: [ 1634:Anton Seidl 1582:Felix Mottl 1555:Felix Mottl 1496:Felix Mottl 1493:Felix Mottl 1490:Felix Mottl 1429:Felix Mottl 1426:Felix Mottl 1369:Felix Mottl 1311:Felix Mottl 1267:Felix Mottl 1162:, Germany. 1132: [ 1118:Brownshirts 957: [ 950:Henry Thode 820:Felix Mottl 795:Emil Scaria 773:Interregnum 731:Grand Canal 620:, the poet 570:Saint-Saëns 566:Tchaikovsky 482:Die Walküre 342:With Wagner 327:Die Walküre 295: [ 275:King Arthur 125:Franz Liszt 63:Franz Liszt 6458:Categories 6332:Géza Zichy 6142:(daughter) 6134:Adam Liszt 5887:Solo piano 5803:Die Ideale 5768:Festklänge 5754:Prometheus 5699:Via crucis 5662:Don Sanche 5633:Late works 5464:Musikdrama 5162:Inventions 5145:Die Sieger 5030:Mein Leben 4753:Tannhäuser 2924:Quoted in 1843:Tannhäuser 1516:Tannhäuser 1459:Tannhäuser 1397:Tannhäuser 1221:Conductor 1192:Tannhäuser 1052:Nazi Party 985:Langenburg 876:Tannhäuser 809:In control 603:Franz Betz 168:Anna Liszt 152:wet nurses 6436:Biography 5877:Totentanz 5525:Wahnfried 5454:Leitmotif 5350:Wahnfried 5083:Liebestod 4832:Siegfried 4765:Lohengrin 2070:Citations 1812:Karl Muck 1755:Karl Muck 1521:Lohengrin 1196:Lohengrin 926:Reichstag 882:Lohengrin 879:in 1891, 782:Wahnfried 594:Le Figaro 438:Siegfried 312:fair copy 245:Lohengrin 148:St Cosmas 6399:Category 6136:(father) 5831:Symphony 5823:Symphony 5782:Hungaria 5543:Category 5377:Parsifal 5369:Parsifal 4980:Writings 4924:Overture 4888:Parsifal 4705:Die Feen 4583:(1989). 4540:(1994). 4487:(1898). 4446:(1992). 4424:(1981). 4383:(2011). 4319:(2008). 4170:. London 1995:Lutheran 1902:Parsifal 1833:Parsifal 1777:Parsifal 1718:Parsifal 1653:Parsifal 1605:Parsifal 1511:Parsifal 1444:Parsifal 1387:Parsifal 1331:Parsifal 1283:Parsifal 1233:Parsifal 1180:Parsifal 1150:Archives 1144:Parsifal 1056:Parsifal 1009:Parsifal 998:Parsifal 942:Parsifal 921:Parsifal 917:Parsifal 849:Parsifal 791:Parsifal 757:Parsifal 739:Fouqué's 706:Parsifal 697:Parsifal 689:Proudhon 685:Parsifal 673:Parsifal 669:Parsifal 658:Parsifal 653:Parsifal 645:Parsifal 610:Parsifal 562:Bruckner 548:world". 473:operas, 454:Bayreuth 322:Biebrich 144:Bellagio 105:Nazi era 81:Parsifal 6422:Portals 6341:Related 6192:Amy Fay 6057:Csárdás 5761:Mazeppa 5747:Orpheus 5428:Related 5329:(opera) 5023:Leubald 4922:Polonia 4627:of the 4623:in the 4562:My Life 4499:4815545 4174:14 June 3413:Spencer 2838:Osborne 2649:Osborne 2577:Osborne 1573:cycle) 1198:6, the 1032:Wieland 936:of the 861:Tristan 391:Lucerne 332:Leipzig 284:Daniela 6150:Pupils 6127:Family 5942:Sonata 5789:Hamlet 5654:Operas 5334:Wagner 5129:(1838) 5119:(1832) 5109:(1830) 4967:(1870) 4957:(1858) 4937:(1843) 4927:(1836) 4916:(1832) 4719:Rienzi 4591: 4569: 4548: 4517: 4497: 4473: 4454: 4432: 4410: 4391: 4369: 4350:410838 4348: 4327: 4296: 4220:916763 4218: 4189:Spotts 4140:Hilmes 4116:Hilmes 4104:Holman 4088:742005 4086: 4049:Hilmes 4034:Hilmes 4022:Hilmes 4010:Spotts 3998:Hilmes 3962:Hilmes 3926:Hilmes 3902:Hilmes 3890:Hilmes 3866:Hilmes 3842:Spotts 3830:Spotts 3803:Spotts 3779:Hilmes 3767:Hilmes 3755:Hilmes 3743:Hilmes 3731:Hilmes 3707:Hilmes 3683:Spotts 3671:Hilmes 3659:Spotts 3643:917303 3641: 3583:Spotts 3502:Spotts 3487:Hilmes 3475:Hilmes 3439:Hilmes 3424:Hilmes 3357:Hilmes 3333:Hilmes 3318:Spotts 3306:Spotts 3282:Hilmes 3264: 3211:Hilmes 3184:Spotts 3172:Hilmes 3148:Hilmes 3097:Hilmes 3068:Spotts 3056:Spotts 3044:Hilmes 3032:Spotts 2979:Hilmes 2950:Hilmes 2926:Spotts 2901:Spotts 2889:Spotts 2862:Gutman 2826:Spotts 2802:Watson 2778:Hilmes 2763:Gutman 2751:Hilmes 2721:Hilmes 2673:Hilmes 2637:Hilmes 2625:Hilmes 2589:Hilmes 2565:Gutman 2553:Hilmes 2541:Hilmes 2529:Hilmes 2502:Hilmes 2478:Hilmes 2454:Hilmes 2442:Hilmes 2427:Hilmes 2415:Hilmes 2391:Hilmes 2379:Hilmes 2367:Hilmes 2312:Hilmes 2249:Hilmes 2201:Watson 2174:Hilmes 2159:Watson 2147:Watson 2135:Hilmes 2123:Hilmes 2106:Watson 2094:Watson 2082:Watson 2038:life". 2026:Brahms 1074:Legacy 1068:Coburg 744:Undine 741:novel 387:Geneva 369:Isolde 271:Merlin 250:Weimar 133:Geneva 59: 52: 40:, 1879 6409:Audio 5940:Dante 5829:Dante 5821:Faust 5621:Music 5553:Audio 4585:Liszt 4248:Marek 4216:JSTOR 4084:JSTOR 3974:Marek 3914:Marek 3818:Marek 3719:Marek 3695:Marek 3639:JSTOR 3595:Marek 3535:Marek 3514:Marek 3463:Marek 3451:Marek 3266:48134 3262:JSTOR 3223:Marek 3199:Marek 3136:Marek 3112:Marek 3008:Marek 2991:Marek 2913:Marek 2874:Marek 2736:Marek 2709:Marek 2685:Marek 2661:Marek 2613:Marek 2601:Marek 2517:Marek 2490:Marek 2403:Marek 2355:Marek 2297:Marek 2273:Marek 2261:Marek 2237:Marek 2213:Marek 2189:Marek 1984:jaw". 1958:Notes 1895:1906 1882:] 1826:1904 1770:1902 1711:1901 1696:] 1646:1899 1598:1897 1563:1896 1504:1894 1437:1892 1380:1891 1324:1889 1276:1888 1226:1886 1212:Year 1136:] 961:] 410:Basel 299:] 54:Liszt 4589:ISBN 4567:ISBN 4546:ISBN 4515:ISBN 4495:OCLC 4471:ISBN 4452:ISBN 4430:ISBN 4408:ISBN 4389:ISBN 4367:ISBN 4346:OCLC 4325:ISBN 4294:ISBN 4176:2010 4128:Rose 3986:Carr 3950:Carr 3938:Carr 3878:Carr 3854:Carr 3791:Carr 3607:Shaw 3571:Carr 3559:Carr 3547:Carr 3401:Carr 2285:Carr 2225:Carr 1571:Ring 1206:10. 1200:Ring 1194:21, 1190:22, 1186:24, 1096:Ring 894:Ring 853:Ring 601:and 581:Ring 539:The 516:Ring 506:The 487:Ring 479:and 470:Ring 239:Hans 206:and 140:Como 127:met 4629:ZBW 4076:doi 3631:doi 3254:doi 2335:doi 983:at 965:Eva 735:not 636:. 632:at 496:sic 415:Eva 314:of 248:at 50:née 6460:: 4361:. 4212:71 4210:. 4164:. 4147:^ 4082:. 4072:68 4070:. 4041:^ 3810:^ 3637:. 3627:70 3625:. 3521:^ 3494:^ 3431:^ 3391:^ 3376:^ 3325:^ 3260:. 3250:71 3248:. 3230:^ 3191:^ 3104:^ 3087:^ 2998:^ 2969:^ 2881:^ 2770:^ 2743:^ 2728:^ 2509:^ 2434:^ 2333:. 2304:^ 2181:^ 2166:^ 2113:^ 1880:de 1694:de 1576:5 1408:10 1134:de 959:de 826:. 679:, 568:, 564:, 556:, 450:. 381:. 301:. 297:de 84:. 6424:: 6080:" 6076:" 6052:" 6048:" 6045:" 6041:" 6038:" 6034:" 6024:" 6020:" 6017:" 6013:" 6010:" 6006:" 6003:" 5999:" 5597:e 5590:t 5583:v 5085:" 5081:" 5078:" 5074:" 5071:" 5067:" 5039:" 5035:" 5018:" 5014:" 5011:" 5007:" 5004:" 5000:" 4997:" 4993:" 4990:" 4986:" 4657:e 4650:t 4643:v 4597:. 4575:. 4554:. 4523:. 4501:. 4479:. 4460:. 4438:. 4416:. 4397:. 4375:. 4352:. 4333:. 4302:. 4263:. 4222:. 4178:. 4090:. 4078:: 3645:. 3633:: 3268:. 3256:: 2341:. 2337:: 1928:5 1925:2 1922:7 1859:5 1856:2 1853:7 1803:5 1800:2 1797:7 1745:5 1742:2 1739:7 1730:† 1679:5 1676:2 1673:7 1623:3 1620:8 1569:( 1538:6 1535:5 1532:9 1523:† 1478:4 1475:4 1472:4 1469:8 1414:7 1411:3 1399:† 1357:5 1354:4 1351:9 1302:8 1299:9 1290:† 1252:8 1249:9 1240:† 814:" 175:" 47:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index