1384:
process, eliminate errors & defects, and make the process clear and understandable. The second (and more important) thrust of Lean
Accounting is to fundamentally change the accounting, control, and measurement processes so they motivate lean change & improvement, provide information that is suitable for control and decision-making, provide an understanding of customer value, correctly assess the financial impact of lean improvement, and are themselves simple, visual, and low-waste. Lean Accounting does not require the traditional management accounting methods like
732:
300, managers knew they could not sell below that price without losing money on each coach. Any price above $ 300 would make a contribution to the fixed costs of the company. If the fixed costs were, say, $ 1000 per month for rent, insurance and owner's salary, the company could therefore sell 5 coaches per month for a total of $ 3000 (priced at $ 600 each), or 10 coaches for a total of $ 4500 (priced at $ 450 each), and make a profit of $ 500 in each case.
1443:
establishing sales prices, in the product mix selection to sell, in the decision to choose marketing strategies, and in the analysis of the impact on profits by changes in costs. In the current environment of business, a business administration must act and take decisions in a fast and accurate manner. As a result, the importance of cost-volume-profit is still increasing as time passes.
633:
51:
1096:
710:
profit analysis, budgetary control, uniform costing, inter firm comparison, etc. Evaluation of cost accounting is mainly due to the limitations of financial accounting. Moreover, maintenance of cost records has been made compulsory in selected industries as notified by the government from time to time.
1605:
Variable costs as a percentage of sales are equal to 100% minus the contribution margin ratio. Thus, in the above income statement, the variable costs are 60% (100% - 40%) of sales, or $ 648,000 ($ 1,080,000 X 60%). The total contribution margin $ 432,000, can also be computed directly by multiplying
1557:
The contribution margin ratio measures the effect on operating income of an increase or a decrease in sales volume. For example, assume that the management of Fusion, Inc. is studying the effect of adding $ 80,000 in sales orders. Multiplying the contribution margin ratio (40%) by the change in sales
1504:
The contribution margin can also be expressed as a percentage. The contribution margin ratio, which is sometimes called the profit-volume ratio, indicates the percentage of each sales dollar available to cover fixed costs and to provide operating revenue. For the company Fusion, Inc. the contribution
1442:
The cost-volume-profit analysis is the systematic examination of the relationship between selling prices, sales, production volumes, costs, expenses and profits. This analysis provides very useful information for decision-making in the management of a company. For example, the analysis can be used in
1334:
Under ABC, accountants assign 100% of each employee's time to the different activities performed inside a company (many will use surveys to have the workers themselves assign their time to the different activities). The accountant then can determine the total cost spent on each activity by summing up
731:
For example: A company produced railway coaches and had only one product. To make each coach, the company needed to purchase $ 60 of raw materials and components and pay 6 labourers $ 40 each. Therefore, the total variable cost for each coach was $ 300. Knowing that making a coach required spending $
1638:
The process of independently reviewing and evaluating specific elements of each offeror's proposed cost estimate to determine whether the estimated proposed cost elements are realistic for the work to be performed; reflect a clear understanding of the requirements; and are consistent with the unique
709:
when the complexities of running large scale businesses led to the development of systems for recording and tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions. Various techniques used by cost accountants include standard costing and variance analysis, marginal costing and cost volume
1358:
Recently, Mocciaro Li Destri, Picone and MinĂ (2012) proposed a performance and cost measurement system that integrates the
Economic Value Added criteria with Process-Based Costing (PBC). The EVA-PBC methodology allows us to implement the EVA management logic not only at the firm level, but also at
1349:
As it is a tool for a more accurate way of allocating fixed costs into a product, these fixed costs do not vary according to each month's production volume. For example, the elimination of one product would not eliminate the overhead or even direct labour cost assigned to it. Activity-based costing
1330:
Companies may be moved to adopt ABC by a need to improve costing accuracy, that is, understand better the true costs and profitability of individual products, services, or initiatives. ABC gets closer to true costs in these areas by turning many costs that standard cost accounting views as indirect
1171:
For
Example: if the railway coach company normally produced 40 coaches per month, and the fixed costs were still $ 1000/month, then each coach could be said to incur an Operating Cost/overhead of $ 25 =($ 1000 / 40). Adding this to the variable costs of $ 300 per coach produced a full cost of $ 325
676:
as "a systematic set of procedures for recording and reporting measurements of the cost of manufacturing goods and performing services in the aggregate and in detail. It includes methods for recognizing, allocating, aggregating and reporting such costs and comparing them with standard costs". Often
1383:
There are two main thrusts for Lean
Accounting. The first is the application of lean methods to the company's accounting, control, and measurement processes. This is not different from applying lean methods to any other processes. The objective is to eliminate waste, free up capacity, speed up the
1451:
A relationship between the cost, volume and profit is the contribution margin. The contribution margin is the revenue excess from sales over variable costs. The concept of contribution margin is particularly useful in the planning of business because it gives an insight into the potential profits
1338:
A company can use the resulting activity cost data to determine where to focus its operational improvements. For example, a job-based manufacturer may find that a high percentage of its workers are spending their time trying to figure out a hastily written customer order. Via (ABC) Activity-based
1157:
Standard
Costing is a technique of Cost Accounting to compare the actual costs with standard costs (that are pre-defined) with the help of Variance Analysis. It is used to understand the variations of product costs in manufacturing. Standard costing allocates fixed costs incurred in an accounting
727:
In the early nineteenth century, these costs were of little importance to most businesses. However, with the growth of railroads, steel and large scale manufacturing, by the late nineteenth century these costs were often more important than the variable cost of a product, and allocating them to a
717:" because they varied directly with the amount of production. Money was spent on labour, raw materials, the power to run a factory, etc., in direct proportion to production. Managers could simply total the variable costs for a product and use this as a rough guide for decision-making processes.
1423:
As an organization becomes more mature with lean thinking and methods, they recognize that the combined methods of lean accounting in fact creates a lean management system (LMS) designed to provide the planning, the operational and financial reporting, and the motivation for change required to
724:" have become more important to managers. Examples of fixed costs include the depreciation of plant and equipment, and the cost of departments such as maintenance, tooling, production control, purchasing, quality control, storage and handling, plant supervision and engineering.
1327:(ABC) is a system for assigning costs to products based on the activities they require. In this case, activities are those regular actions performed inside a company. "Talking with the customer regarding invoice questions" is an example of activity inside most companies.
1181:
For
Example: if the railway coach company made 100 coaches one month, then the unit cost would become $ 310 per coach ($ 300 + ($ 1000 / 100)). If the next month the company made 50 coaches, then the unit cost = $ 320 per coach ($ 300 + ($ 1000 / 50)), a relatively minor
1028:
By behavior: fixed, variable, or semi-variable. Fixed costs remain unchanged irrespective of changes in the production volume over a given period of time. Variable costs change according to the volume of production. Semi-variable costs are partly fixed and partly
1162:
of products that were not sold in the period they were produced to be recorded as 'inventory' in the
Balance sheet to be carried forward to the next accounting period, using a variety of complex accounting methods, which was consistent with the principles of
926:
Any wages paid to workers or a group of workers which may directly co-relate to any specific activity of production, maintenance, transportation of material, or product, and directly associate in the conversion of raw material into finished goods are called
1331:
costs essentially into direct costs. By contrast, standard cost accounting typically determines so-called indirect and overhead costs simply as a percentage of certain direct costs, which may or may not reflect actual resource usage for individual items.
1269:
1035:
By normality: normal costs and abnormal costs. Normal costs arise during routine day-to-day business operations. Abnormal costs arise because of any abnormal activity or event not part of routine business operations, such as accidents or natural
1552:
1339:
costing, the accountants now have a currency amount pegged to the activity of "Researching
Customer Work Order Specifications". Senior management can now decide how much focus or money to budget for resolving this process deficiency.
911:. For example, paper in books, wood in furniture, plastic in a water tank, and leather in shoes are direct materials. Other, usually lower cost items or supporting material used in the production of in a finished product are called
1208:
As business became more complex and began producing a greater variety of products, the use of cost accounting to make decisions to maximize profitability came into question. Management circles became increasingly aware of the
685:
on how to optimize business practices and processes based on cost efficiency and capability. Cost accounting provides the detailed cost information that management needs to control current operations and plan for the future.
1558:
volume ($ 80,000) indicates that operating income will increase $ 32,000 if additional orders are obtained. To validate this analysis the table below shows the income statement of the company including additional orders:
1308:
1213:
in the 1980s and began to understand that "every production process has a limiting factor" somewhere in the chain of production. As business management learned to identify the constraints, they increasingly adopted
1629:
contract prices to verify that suppliers' cost submissions are in accordance with the government's contract cost principles and procedures and, in certain cases, the requirements and procedures of the federal
1841:
Mocciaro Li Destri A., Picone P. M. & MinĂ A. (2012), Bringing
Strategy Back into Financial Systems of Performance Measurement: Integrating EVA and PBC, Business System Review, Vol 1., Issue 1. pp.85-102.
1032:
By controllability: Controllable costs are those which can be controlled or influenced by conscious management action. Uncontrollable costs cannot be controlled or influenced by conscious management action.
1167:(Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). It also essentially enabled managers to ignore the fixed costs, and look at the results of each period in relation to the "standard cost" for any given product.
1073:
Capacity cost: The cost incurred by a company for providing production, administration and selling and distribution capabilities in order to perform various functions. These costs are normally fixed costs.
1176:
This method tended to slightly distort the resulting unit cost, but in mass-production industries that made one product line, and where the fixed costs were relatively low, the distortion was very minor.
1634:. Relevant cost data or pricing data may be required from the supplier, in order to undertake a "cost realism analysis", also known as a "price realism analysis". FAR defines a cost realism analysis as
701:
All types of businesses, whether manufacturing, trading or producing services, require cost accounting to track their activities. Cost accounting has long been used to help managers understand the
1190:, which breaks down the variation between actual cost and standard costs into various components (volume variation, material cost variation, labor cost variation, etc.) so managers can understand
1346:
While (ABC) Activity-based costing may be able to pinpoint the cost of each activity and resources into the ultimate product, the process could be tedious, costly and subject to errors.
918:
Furthermore, these can be categorized into three different types of inventories that must be accounted for in different ways; raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods.
1643:
Similarly, where a government agency requests a fixed price submission, provision may be made for a cost or price realism analysis to take place during the evaluation process.
1388:, activity-based costing, variance reporting, cost-plus pricing, complex transactional control systems, and untimely and confusing financial reports. These are replaced by:
1239:
1511:
1043:
and predetermined costs. Historical costs are costs incurred in the past. Predetermined costs are computed in advance on basis of factors affecting cost elements.
1986:
1615:
796:
315:
776:
Cost classifications based on functions, activities, products, processes and on the information needs of the organization in its planning and control.
1452:
that a business can generate. The following chart shows the income statement of a company X, which has been prepared to show its contribution margin:
1164:
300:
953:
Sales overhead including production and maintenance of catalogues, advertising (development and purchases), exhibitions, sales staff, cost of money
1275:
728:
broad range of products led to bad decision making. Managers must understand fixed costs in order to make decisions about products and pricing.
1359:
lower levels of the organization. EVA-PBC methodology plays an interesting role in bringing strategy back into financial performance measures.
720:
Some costs tend to remain the same even during busy periods, unlike variable costs, which rise and fall with volume of work. Over time, these "
1228:"Throughput", in this context, refers to the amount of money obtained from sales minus the cost of materials that have gone into making them.
763:
Analyses transitions in the current accounting period into financial statements (Statement of
Cashflows, Profit or Loss, Balance Sheet etc.).
305:
1433:
1067:
Replacement cost: This cost is the cost at which existing items of material or fixed assets can be replaced at present or at a future date.
820:
614:
465:
169:
66:
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and other applications of lean thinking such as healthcare, construction, insurance, banking, education, government and other industries.
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980:
673:
320:
310:
76:
649:
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372:
1927:
1138:
500:
377:
1120:
325:
268:
771:
Reports the results and financial position of the business to the government, creditors, investors, and other external parties.
1979:
845:
409:
2152:
2070:
1619:
1187:
362:
1784:
2157:
1111:
1225:
Throughput accounting aims to make the best use of scarce resources (bottleneck) in a JIT (Just in time) environment.
1055:
Differential costs: This cost is the difference in total cost resulting from selecting one alternative over another.
2162:
1972:
1350:(ABC) better identifies product costing in the long run, but may not be too helpful in day-to-day decision-making.
1631:
1340:
1070:
Shutdown cost: Costs incurred if operations are shut down, and which would not occur if operations are continued.
907:
The materials directly contributed to a product and those easily identifiable in the finished product are called
1152:
850:
825:
607:
414:
2034:
1413:
eliminating traditional budgeting through monthly sales, operations, and financial planning processes (SOFP)
248:
124:
540:
475:
50:
1324:
1319:
1052:: The marginal cost is the change in the total cost caused by increasing or decreasing output by one unit.
1002:
These categories are flexible, sometimes overlapping as different cost accounting principles are applied.
815:
199:
1959:
1407:
radical simplification and elimination of transactional control systems by eliminating the need for them.
2019:
1932:
1667:
1215:
1210:
1203:
860:
713:
In the early industrial age most of the costs incurred by a business were what modern accountants call "
706:
678:
525:
263:
129:
71:
1937:
1730:
1264:{\displaystyle {\text{throughput cost accounting ratio}}={\frac {\text{return}}{\text{factory hours}}}}
1885:
1022:, while indirect costs (not being directly attributable) are allocated or apportioned to cost objects.
2009:
1672:
1662:
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has developed in recent years to provide the accounting, control, and measurement methods supporting
1373:
1368:
865:
741:
690:
575:
114:
1106:
2111:
2075:
2024:
1623:
1547:{\displaystyle {\text{Contribution Margin Ratio}}=({\text{Sales - Variable Costs}})/{\text{Sales}}}
600:
565:
560:
535:
530:
470:
399:
357:
339:
292:
273:
204:
109:
34:
2101:
2091:
1377:
972:
840:
404:
239:
194:
1404:
financial reports that are timely and presented in "plain English" that everyone can understand.
1064:
Relevant cost: The relevant cost is a cost which is relevant in various decisions of management.
1025:
By function: production, administration, selling and distribution, or research and development.
2106:
2039:
1923:
1736:
585:
580:
159:
134:
2060:
1385:
1343:
includes (but is not restricted to) the use of activity-based costing to manage a business.
1058:
1040:
367:
253:
1888:, file B-411853.2; B-411853.3; B-411853.4, published 8 January 2016, accessed 30 March 2023
2029:
870:
835:
455:
419:
209:
189:
174:
119:
61:
784:
Combines objective and subjective assessment of costs contributing to a standard result.
2147:
2044:
1677:
1049:
1015:
932:
896:
855:
693:, but its primary function is for use by managers to facilitate their decision-making.
460:
428:
139:
1410:
driving lean changes from a deep understanding of the value created for the customers.
760:
Computes costs in a rigorous manner that facilitates cost control and cost reduction.
2141:
2065:
1960:
Accounting Systems, introduction to Cost Accounting, ethics and relationship to GAAP.
1437:
935:
does not come under the category of direct labour as they have no significant value.
714:
570:
433:
352:
347:
184:
768:
Reports only to the organizations internal management to aid their decision-making.
2121:
2116:
1682:
1657:
1639:
methods of performance and materials described in the offeror’s technical proposal.
992:
505:
244:
1061:: The value of a benefit sacrificed in favour of an alternative course of action.
1652:
1626:
1019:
391:
1869:
1808:
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By decision-making costs: These costs are used for managerial decision making:
2126:
1995:
830:
721:
682:
495:
179:
42:
986:
17:
1901:
Cost Accounting, 3rd edition - Md. Omar Faruk, Sohel Ahmed, Sharif Hossain.
971:
Salaries/payroll including wages, pensions, and paycheck deductions (e.g.,
1303:{\displaystyle {\text{throughput}}={\text{sales}}-{\text{material costs}}}
965:
Utilities including gas, electric, water, sewer, and municipal assessments
892:
2096:
959:
Maintenance and repair including office equipment and factory machinery
278:
258:
164:
424:
99:
1851:
Brian H. Maskell; Bruce Baggaley; Larry Grasso (December 19, 2003),
810:
The following are some of the different cost accounting approaches:
705:
of running a business. Modern cost accounting originated during the
1732:
Principles of Cost Accounting - Edward J. Vanderbeck - Google Books
1158:
period to the goods produced during that period. This allowed the
447:
229:
94:
1606:
the sales by the contribution margin ratio ($ 1,080,000 X 40%).
976:
702:
234:
1968:
1335:
the percentage of each worker's salary spent on that activity.
1222:" (or other currency) from each unit of constrained resource.
1089:
1076:
Sunk cost: A cost already incurred, which cannot be recovered.
626:
1964:
1823:
Performance management, Paper f5. Kaplan Publishing UK. Pg 17
1703:"Cost Accounting vs. Managerial Accounting - AccountingVerse"
1832:
Performance management, Paper f5. Kaplan Publishing UK. Pg 6
1773:
Performance management, Paper f5. Kaplan Publishing UK. Pg 3
1419:
correct understanding of the financial impact of lean change
779:
Cost classifications based on the types of transactions.
995:(durable goods including machinery and office equipment)
787:
Aims to present a 'true and fair' view of transactions.
915:. For example, the length of thread used in a garment.
27:
Procedures to optimize practices in cost efficient ways
1194:
and take appropriate action to correct the situation.
1018:. Direct costs are directly attributable/traceable to
1514:
1278:
1242:
792:
Information can be presented as accountants see fit.
689:
Cost accounting information is also commonly used in
1920:
Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective
1424:
prosper the company's on-going lean transformation.
947:
Production or works overhead including factory staff
2084:
2053:
2002:
1505:margin ratio is 40%, which is computed as follows:
1186:An important part of standard cost accounting is a
1546:
1395:simple summary direct costing of the value streams
1302:
1263:
747:Differences between cost and financial accounting
795:Must adhere to accounting standards such as the
1813:. India: Icfai Business School. pp. 15–16.
1636:
1192:why costs were different from what was planned
950:Administration overhead including office staff
1980:
608:
8:
1886:Decision: Matter of DKW Communications, Inc.
1014:By nature or traceability: Direct costs and
1010:Important classifications of costs include:
642:needs attention from an expert in Accounting
316:International Financial Reporting Standards
1987:
1973:
1965:
1864:
1862:
1763:Cost accounting : theory and practice
615:
601:
29:
1724:
1722:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1515:
1513:
1354:Integrating EVA and process-based costing
1295:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1139:Learn how and when to remove this message
1913:Cost Accounting - A Managerial Emphasis,
1560:
1454:
1198:The development of throughput accounting
745:
1947:Cost Management - A Strategic Emphasis,
1729:Vanderbeck, Edward J. (February 2012).
1694:
736:Cost accounting vs financial accounting
41:
1922:(Harvard Business School Press, 1987)
1880:
1878:
1398:decision-making and reporting using a
652:may be able to help recruit an expert.
1392:lean-focused performance measurements
306:Generally-accepted auditing standards
7:
1783:Australian Government (2018-07-23).
1935:, and John Francis Deems Rohrbach.
1810:Management Accounting & Control
674:Institute of Management Accountants
646:potentially inaccurate information.
321:International Standards on Auditing
1915:11th edition (Prentice Hall 2003).
1884:Government Accountability Office,
1855:, Productivity Press, New York, NY
25:
1945:Blocher, Stout, Juras and Cokins,
1218:to manage them and "maximize the
378:Notes to the financial statements
1918:Kaplan, Robert S. and Bruns, W.
1906:Fundamentals of Cost Accounting,
1868:Federal Acquisition Regulation,
1245:throughput cost accounting ratio
1094:
989:(rent, mortgage, property taxes)
681:, its end goal is to advise the
631:
326:Management Accounting Principles
49:
1949:7th Edition (McGraw-Hill 2016).
1908:1st Edition (McGraw-Hill 2005).
1870:Subpart 15.4 - Contract Pricing
846:Resource consumption accounting
2071:Statement of changes in equity
1620:Federal Acquisition Regulation
1531:
1523:
1:
1942:New York: Ronald Press, 1919.
301:Generally-accepted principles
1911:Horngren, Datar and Foster,
1583:$ 432,000 (1,080,000 x 40%)
1575:$ 648,000 (1,080,000 x 60%)
931:. Wages paid to trainees or
1434:Cost–volume–profit analysis
1114:. The specific problem is:
878:Elements of cost accounting
821:Cost–volume–profit analysis
644:. The specific problem is:
2179:
1622:, FAR) require government
1431:
1366:
1317:
1201:
1150:
1110:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
739:
697:Origins of cost accounting
1853:Practical Lean Accounting
1632:Cost Accounting Standards
1517:Contribution Margin Ratio
1500:CONTRIBUTION MARGIN RATIO
1341:Activity-based management
882:Basic cost elements are:
170:Constant purchasing power
67:Constant purchasing power
1904:Maher, Lanen and Rahan,
1872:, accessed 30 March 2023
1153:Standard cost accounting
1086:Standard cost accounting
851:Standard cost accounting
826:Environmental accounting
501:Accounting organizations
489:People and organizations
2035:Governmental accounting
1006:Classification of costs
968:Other variable expenses
806:Cost accounting methods
677:considered a subset of
249:Amortization (business)
1641:
1610:Government procurement
1596:Income from Operations
1548:
1528:Sales - Variable Costs
1490:Income from Operations
1325:Activity-based costing
1320:Activity-based costing
1314:Activity-based costing
1304:
1265:
816:Activity-based costing
650:WikiProject Accounting
2153:Management accounting
2020:Management accounting
1933:Nicholson, Jerome Lee
1668:Management accounting
1549:
1305:
1266:
1232:Mathematical formulae
1216:throughput accounting
1211:Theory of Constraints
1204:Throughput accounting
956:Distribution overhead
861:Throughput accounting
755:Financial accounting
707:Industrial Revolution
679:managerial accounting
373:Management discussion
2010:Financial accounting
1785:"Types of inventory"
1761:Bhabatosh Banerjee,
1735:. Cengage Learning.
1673:IT cost transparency
1663:Fixed asset turnover
1624:Contracting Officers
1512:
1276:
1240:
1121:improve this section
998:Other fixed expenses
903:Material (inventory)
866:True cost accounting
742:Financial accounting
691:financial accounting
340:Financial statements
293:Accounting standards
2158:Types of accounting
2112:Capital expenditure
2076:Cash flow statement
2025:Forensic accounting
1789:www.business.gov.au
1707:accountingverse.com
1616:federal procurement
1614:The United States'
1580:Contribution Margin
1474:Contribution Margin
1447:CONTRIBUTION MARGIN
1416:value-based pricing
943:Overheads include:
748:
566:Earnings management
536:Positive accounting
410:Double-entry system
400:Bank reconciliation
205:Revenue recognition
2102:Cost of goods sold
2092:Debits and credits
1572:(-) Variable Costs
1544:
1466:(-) Variable Costs
1378:lean manufacturing
1300:
1261:
1220:throughput dollars
973:National Insurance
913:indirect materials
871:Life-cycle costing
841:Project accounting
746:
672:is defined by the
541:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
476:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
405:Debits and credits
240:Cost of goods sold
195:Matching principle
2163:Management theory
2135:
2134:
2107:Operating expense
2040:Social accounting
1603:
1602:
1542:
1529:
1518:
1497:
1496:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1188:variance analysis
1149:
1148:
1141:
1112:quality standards
1103:This section may
1059:Opportunity costs
803:
802:
667:
666:
625:
624:
586:Two sets of books
581:Off-balance-sheet
223:Selected accounts
160:Accounting period
16:(Redirected from
2170:
2061:Income statement
1989:
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1428:Marginal costing
1386:standard costing
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1041:Historical costs
909:direct materials
752:Cost accounting
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53:
30:
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2168:
2167:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2080:
2049:
2030:Fund accounting
2015:Cost accounting
1998:
1993:
1956:
1938:Cost accounting
1898:
1896:Further reading
1893:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
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1807:
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1793:
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1777:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1649:
1612:
1588:(-) Fixed Costs
1510:
1509:
1482:(-) Fixed Costs
1440:
1430:
1374:Lean accounting
1371:
1369:Lean accounting
1365:
1363:Lean accounting
1356:
1322:
1316:
1274:
1273:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1206:
1200:
1155:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1008:
941:
924:
905:
880:
875:
836:Process costing
808:
744:
738:
699:
670:Cost accounting
663:
657:
654:
648:
636:
632:
621:
592:
591:
590:
555:
547:
546:
545:
520:
512:
511:
510:
490:
482:
481:
480:
450:
440:
439:
438:
394:
384:
383:
382:
342:
332:
331:
330:
295:
285:
284:
283:
224:
216:
215:
214:
210:Unit of account
190:Historical cost
175:Economic entity
154:
146:
145:
144:
89:
81:
62:Historical cost
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2045:Tax accounting
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:External links
1952:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1930:
1916:
1909:
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1742:978-1133187868
1741:
1718:
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1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1678:Kaizen costing
1675:
1670:
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1645:
1611:
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1597:
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1396:
1393:
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1318:Main article:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1297:material costs
1294:
1286:
1271:
1250:
1233:
1230:
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1184:
1183:
1174:
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1151:Main article:
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1100:
1093:
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1080:
1077:
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1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1050:Marginal costs
1044:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1016:indirect costs
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
990:
984:
969:
966:
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904:
901:
900:
899:
890:
887:
879:
876:
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873:
868:
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858:
856:Target costing
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
807:
804:
801:
800:
793:
789:
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781:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
737:
734:
715:variable costs
698:
695:
665:
664:
639:
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623:
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619:
612:
605:
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429:General ledger
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256:
251:
242:
237:
232:
226:
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222:
221:
218:
217:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
80:
79:
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69:
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58:
55:
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46:
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39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2175:
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2125:
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2110:
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2100:
2098:
2095:
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2083:
2077:
2074:
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2069:
2067:
2066:Balance sheet
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2052:
2046:
2043:
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2038:
2036:
2033:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1948:
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1939:
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1928:0-87584-186-4
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1508:
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1492:
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1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1438:Marginal cost
1435:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
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1379:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1353:
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1347:
1344:
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1332:
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1292:
1284:
1272:
1257:factory hours
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1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1180:
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1178:
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1154:
1143:
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1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1003:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
944:
938:
936:
934:
930:
929:direct labour
921:
919:
916:
914:
910:
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
885:
884:
883:
877:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
805:
798:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
782:
778:
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767:
766:
762:
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758:
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735:
733:
729:
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723:
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708:
704:
696:
694:
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687:
684:
680:
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671:
661:
651:
647:
643:
640:This article
638:
629:
628:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
598:
596:
595:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:Error account
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
551:
550:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
516:
515:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
486:
485:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
444:
443:
435:
434:Trial balance
432:
430:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:FIFO and LIFO
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
388:
387:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Balance sheet
351:
349:
348:Annual report
346:
345:
341:
336:
335:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
294:
289:
288:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
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250:
246:
243:
241:
238:
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233:
231:
228:
227:
220:
219:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
185:Going concern
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
150:
149:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
85:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2122:Gross income
2117:Depreciation
2014:
1946:
1936:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1852:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1778:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1731:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1683:Profit model
1658:Cost overrun
1642:
1637:
1613:
1604:
1567:$ 1,080,000
1556:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1461:$ 1,000,000
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1422:
1399:
1382:
1372:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1207:
1191:
1185:
1175:
1159:
1156:
1135:
1126:
1119:Please help
1115:
1104:
1020:cost objects
1009:
1001:
993:Depreciation
942:
928:
925:
917:
912:
908:
906:
881:
809:
730:
726:
719:
712:
700:
688:
669:
668:
655:
645:
641:
506:Luca Pacioli
427: /
247: /
245:Depreciation
153:Key concepts
125:Governmental
104:
18:Cost control
1653:Accountancy
1627:negotiating
1618:rules (the
1182:difference.
1123:if you can.
1079:Other costs
979:in the UK,
933:apprentices
722:fixed costs
519:Development
496:Accountants
392:Bookkeeping
311:Convergence
269:Liabilities
200:Materiality
88:Major types
2142:Categories
2127:Net income
2054:Statements
1996:Accounting
1794:2023-03-30
1748:2013-03-01
1712:2019-07-16
1689:References
1599:$ 132,000
1591:$ 300,000
1493:$ 100,000
1485:$ 300,000
1477:$ 400,000
1469:$ 600,000
1432:See also:
1281:throughput
1172:per coach.
1036:disasters.
983:in the US)
895:and other
831:Joint cost
799:and GAAP.
740:See also:
683:management
554:Misconduct
180:Fair value
130:Management
72:Management
43:Accounting
1400:box score
1293:−
1160:full cost
1129:July 2018
1039:By time:
1029:variable.
987:Occupancy
939:Overheads
897:overheads
658:July 2019
576:Hollywood
456:Financial
358:Cash-flow
115:Financial
1647:See also
1116:quality.
1105:require
962:Supplies
893:Expenses
886:Material
561:Creative
531:Research
461:Internal
448:Auditing
264:Goodwill
259:Expenses
110:Forensic
35:a series
33:Part of
2097:Revenue
1107:cleanup
526:History
420:Journal
279:Revenue
165:Accrual
1926:
1739:
1254:return
922:Labour
889:Labour
471:Report
425:Ledger
368:Income
363:Equity
274:Profit
254:Equity
230:Assets
135:Social
100:Budget
2148:Costs
2085:Terms
1564:Sales
1541:Sales
1458:Sales
1289:sales
703:costs
466:Firms
95:Audit
2003:Type
1924:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1436:and
1165:GAAP
981:FICA
977:PAYE
975:and
797:IFRS
235:Cash
120:Fund
105:Cost
140:Tax
77:Tax
2144::
1877:^
1861:^
1787:.
1721:^
1705:.
37:on
1988:e
1981:t
1974:v
1940:.
1797:.
1751:.
1715:.
1536:/
1532:)
1524:(
1521:=
1285:=
1249:=
1142:)
1136:(
1131:)
1127:(
660:)
656:(
616:e
609:t
602:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
