531:,' a term Axelos himself used. However, Axelos identified aspects of modern technological thinking that needed to be criticized within Marx's texts, leading him to read Marx as the culminating figure of Western metaphysics (paralleling Heidegger's assessment of Nietzsche). Open Marxism is therefore an attempt to transcend the political-ideological role of Marxism and to instead "pose fruitful questions and demystify 'existing realizations.'" Axelos stressed that all kinds of action - political or otherwise - cannot be defined
432:, reading them with the help of Heidegger's and Nietzsche's concepts. He explored the consequences of "alienation" in history, such as the effects of the division of labor, private property and capital, in terms of the "externalization" of human beings in an "alien reality." Axelos tried to relate these descriptions of alienation and loss of "play" to Heidegger's concept of technological "
504:(1979). In employing both Marx and Freud, Axelos did not carelessly reject their arguments despite trying to "liberate the vital forces" within them (1964), as his autobiography notes: "it remains to ask again, to extrapolate the Marxian and Freudian intuitions" (1997). The focus of the searches is still the "set-game of sets," especially in the context of the "
572:) which is more open to transformation than classical Marxists theorists often admit. The relational aspect of play is what links human activity with the activity of the world, and the various systems of human life (magic, myth, religion, poetry, politics, philosophy, science) together and to the world. Thus, play is not at all a childish vocation for Axelos.
508:" debates. This is restated as follows: "Since everything has been said and contradicted in a specific language, mainly the metaphysical language of philosophy and the language of anti-philosophy that subverts the metaphysical, is there is still something of meaning to say, and in what language?" (1974).
515:(1984) as an extension of the concepts that he had hitherto employed on "exposures in the world 'with a means of capturing and writing also' the different and enormous 'wanderings' of the open world," i.e., what is not present-at-hand but what is "overwhelming more people and more historical societies."
464:
Axelos continued to engage with contemporary thinking and the emerging global world by seeking to discover the "unseen horizon encircling all things" (1964), further refining his method as a continuous wandering through the splintered "wholeness" that surrounds contemporary human beings. To describe
518:
Axelos' texts were almost all written as meta-philosophical epilogues with the intention not to "passively endure our time: the inquiries that we have launched require us to look and see both near and far" (1997). The ultimate goal was to write "in a speech poetic and thoughtful, a fervent life"
412:, Heidegger, and others in order to gain a new perspective on some of the problems of Marxism during his time. Axelos used Heraclitus' philosophy as the primary basis for assessing the work of Marx and Engels. Axelos contributed to the growing interest of contemporary researchers in the
555:) both as an ontological category (the "system of systems") and as an ethical ideal for an unalienated society. Axelos argues, following Marx, that the opposition between work (necessity) and play (freedom) needs to be abolished, but recognizes that this would be both a concrete
567:
He also argues, following
Heidegger, that play is the meaning of Being which has been forgotten in the modern world (the oblivion of Being). Critiquing overly determinist accounts of globalization, for example, Axelos argues that it is a process of world-forming
396:), where Axelos argues for a pre-ontological status of play. Because of this activity and connection to major European intellectual figures, Axelos played a central role in French and European intellectual life for over 50 years.
419:
Axelos' starting point was the argument in Marx's thesis that "the world's becoming philosophical is at the same time philosophy's becoming worldly, that its realization is at the same time its loss" In his dissertation
450:
to "the game of the world". Using this method to approach the "horizons of the world," Axelos unpacks the "mythological elements" of
Marxism and especially criticizes tendencies toward
1237:
941:
1242:
429:
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272:(1941–1945). He was later expelled from the Communist Party and condemned to death by the right-wing government. He was arrested but managed to escape.
819:). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1966; forthcoming in English translation with Meson Press, translated by Kenneth Mills and edited and introduced by Stuart Elden.
1222:
248:
due to dissatisfaction with the philosophy taught at the School of
Philosophy of the University of Athens, but did not attend. With the onset of
294:
1252:
1247:
997:
1232:
830:
446:
style of philosophy, Axelos often used a continuous flow of aphoristic statements to relate phenomena together, attempting to
1170:
Axelos, Kostas, and Elden, Stuart. "Mondialisation
Without the World." Radical Philosophy. No. 130: March/April 2005, pg. 27.
938:
124:
465:
this state of "being-in-becoming," Axelos uses the term "the game." This is the basis of Axelos' second trilogy entitled
1217:
536:
439:. For Axelos, this expanded understanding of technology became a way of interrogating both modern society and Marxism
416:, and generally for ancient Greek philosophy, through his reading of the role of concepts in interpreting the world.
137:
1027:
532:
361:
269:
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107:
129:
1115:
After the Deluge: New
Perspectives on Postwar French Intellectual and Cultural History of Postwar France.
896:
After the Deluge: New
Perspectives on Postwar French Intellectual and Cultural History of Postwar France.
920:
349:
149:
1113:
Marx cited in Elden, Stuart "Kostas Axelos and the World of the
Arguments Circle." In Bourg, J. (ed.).
404:
Kostas Axelos tried to reconcile the ancient thinking of
Heraclitus with the modern thinking of Marx,
1212:
1207:
237:
856:
Axelos, Kostas. "Marx, Freud and the
Undertakings of Thought in the Future." Trans. Sally Bradshaw.
623:
Marx, the Man Who Thinks
Through Technique: From the Alienation of Man to the Conquest of the World,
289:
and lived most of his life. From 1950 to 1957 he worked as a researcher in the philosophy branch of
405:
286:
92:
117:
320:) tried to provide an understanding of modern technology based on the thought of Heidegger and
1038:
Memos, Christos, and Axelos, Kostas. "For Marx and Marxism: An Interview with Kostas Axelos."
161:
984:
After the Deluge: New Perspectives on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Postwar France
586:
306:
261:
153:
454:
that he considers nihilistic and anthropocentric. Axelos' two doctoral theses and his book
376:
in Germany, and pursued a non-sectarian Marxist approach. He has published texts mostly in
285:
voyage, with around 200 other persecuted intellectuals, where he studied philosophy at the
1004:
945:
894:
Elden, Stuart. "Kostas Axelos and the World of the Arguments Circle." In Bourg, J. (ed.).
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Vers la pensée planétaire: Le devenir-pensée du monde et le devenir-monde de la pensée
343:
Axelos was a collaborator on, columnist with, and subsequently editor of the magazine
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915:
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Héraclite et la philosophie: La première saisie de l'être en devenir de la totalité
528:
372:
334:
Héraclite et la philosophie: La première saisie de l'être en devenir de la totalité
249:
206:
173:
633:
Heraclitus and Philosophy: The First Grasp of the Being-in-Becoming of Totality,
619:
Marx, penseur de la technique: De l'aliénation de l'homme à la conquête du monde
293:, where he was writing his dissertations, and subsequently proceeded to work in
281:
213:
721:
The Unfolding of an Investigation Part 3), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1979.
701:
The Unfolding of an Investigation Part 2), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1974.
671:
The Unfolding of an Investigation Part 1), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1969.
338:
Heraclitus and Philosophy: The First Grasp of the Being-in-Becoming of Totality
224:
Axelos was born in Athens in 1924 to a doctor and a woman from an old Athenian
329:
233:
535:. Axelos' thought attempts to question all forms of closure and is a form of
17:
433:
321:
245:
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157:
901:
Memos, Christos. "For Marx and Marxism: An Interview with Kostas Axelos."
649:
Toward Planetary Thinking: Thought Becoming World, World Becoming Thought,
625:
The Unfolding of Errance Part 1), Paris, UGE/Les Éditions de Minuit, 1961.
253:
1152:
Trans. Ronald Bruzina. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1976: pg. 246.
615:). Trans. (with Preface) from German with Jacqueline Bois, Minuit, 1960.
870:
Axelos, Kostas, and Elden, Stuart. "Mondialisation Without the World."
711:
The Unfolding of the Game Part 3), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1977.
681:
The Unfolding of the Game Part 2), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1972.
661:
The Unfolding of the Game Part 1), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1969.
443:
347:(1956–1962). He founded and, since 1960, has run the book series
297:. From 1962 to 1973, Axelos taught philosophy at the Sorbonne, and met
651:
The Unfolding of Errance Part 3), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1964.
61:
817:
Introduction to the Thought of the Future: About Marx and Heidegger
324:
and was very influential in the 1960s, alongside the philosophy of
276:
80:
1054:
Elden, Stuart. "Introducing Kostas Axelos and 'The World,'" from
884:
Elden, Stuart. "Introducing Kostas Axelos and 'The World,'" from
228:
family, and attended high school at the French Institute and the
842:
Trans. Ronald Bruzina. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1976.
527:
Axelos' approach to thinking and philosophizing can be called '
442:
Following the example of his teacher Heidegger, who employed a
998:"INTERVIEW: Kostas Axelos; "Mondialisation without the world""
364:. The journal had links to other European publications, e.g.,
241:
1150:
Alienation, Praxis, & Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx.
840:
Alienation, Praxis, & Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx.
813:
Einführung in ein künftiges Denken: Uber Marx Und Heidegger
543:). Elsewhere, he called this "planetary thinking" (1964).
426:
Alienation, Techne, and Praxis in the Thought of Karl Marx
801:), Paris, Les Belles-Lettres, coll. "Encre marine", 2009.
511:
After completion of the third trilogy, Axelos published
1139:, Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1964. Trans 1989, 242.
939:
Fonds Kostas Axelos - École normale supérieure - Paris
877:
Axelos, Kostas. "The World: Being Becoming Totality."
1135:
Axelos, Kostas. "Is there a Marxist Philosophy?," in
268:, as an organiser and journalist affiliated with the
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32:
828:Full English bibliography with links available at
1188:Axelos, Kostas. "Play as the System of Systems."
1104:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975, 212.
863:Axelos, Kostas. "Play as the System of Systems."
853:No. 41: Game, Play, Literature: 1968, pg. 6–18.
889:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space.
879:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space.
205:; 26 June 1924 – 4 February 2010) was a
1059:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
176:, the game of the world, planetary thinking,
8:
845:Axelos, Kostas. "Planetary Interlude," from
898:Lanham: Lexington Books; 2004: pg. 125-148.
488:Finally, Axelos' third trilogy is entitled
37:
1238:People convicted of treason against Greece
422:Marx, the Man Who Thinks Through Technique
318:Marx, the Man Who Thinks Through Technique
29:
795:Ce qui advient. Fragments d'une approche
332:and was eventually published in 1962 as
1117:Lanham: Lexington Books; 2004: pg. 132.
931:
791:), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 2005.
761:), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1996.
731:), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1984.
635:The Unfolding of Errance Part 2), 1962.
1243:Prisoners sentenced to death by Greece
1102:Existential Marxism in Postwar France.
867:Vol. 8 (4), Issue 25: 1979, pg. 20–24.
799:What Happens. Fragments of an Approach
781:), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 2001
691:), Paris, Scholies/Fata Morgana, 1973.
641:, Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1963.
430:Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts
874:No. 130: March/April 2005, pg. 25–28.
264:, and later on in the prelude of the
7:
1003:. Radical Philosophy. Archived from
473: »), which includes the books:
905:No. 98: 2009 (August), pg. 129–139.
551:Axelos uses the concept of "play" (
275:At the end of 1945 Axelos moved to
860:Vol. 18, No. 72: 1970, pg. 96–111.
458:(1964) were arranged as a trilogy—
328:. Axelos' secondary thesis was on
25:
1192:, Vol. 8 (4), Issue 25, 1979, 21.
490:The Unfolding of an Investigation
479:Towards an Ethics of Problematics
986:, Lexington Books, 2004, p. 113.
960:, JHU Press, 1998, p. 326 n. 14.
609:Histoire et conscience de classe
295:École Pratique des Hautes Études
1223:20th-century Greek philosophers
613:History and Class Consciousness
166:
679:For an Ethics of Problematics,
675:Pour une éthique problématique
669:Arguments of an Investigation,
428:, Axelos draws heavily on the
240:in order to pursue studies in
1:
1179:Axelos and Elden 2005: pg. 27
591:Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?
494:Arguments of an Investigation
492:, and consists of the books:
388:. His most important book is
314:Marx, penseur de la technique
258:German and Italian occupation
1161:Memos and Axelos, 2009, 133.
1091:Memos and Axelos, 2009, 131.
971:Understanding Henri Lefebvre
891:Vol. 24: 2006, pg. 639–642.
881:Vol. 24: 2006, pg. 643–651.
597:). Trans. from German with
1274:
1253:University of Paris alumni
847:Vers la pensée planétaire.
759:Letters to a Young Thinker
755:Lettres à un jeune penseur
559:ontological "world-play" (
456:Towards Planetary Thinking
1248:Greek emigrants to France
1137:Toward Planetary Thinking
1042:No. 98, August 2009, 130.
973:, Continuum, 2004, p. 82.
831:"Progressive Geographies"
765:Notices autobiographiques
705:Contribution à la logique
665:Arguments d'une recherche
639:Arguments d'une recherche
467:The Unfolding of the Game
460:The Unfolding of Errance.
202:
184:
99:
38:
1233:Greek Resistance members
27:Greek-French philosopher
260:he participated in the
252:Axelos got involved in
108:20th-century philosophy
996:Elden, Stuart (2005).
709:Contribution to Logic,
699:Horizons of the World,
659:The Play of the World,
362:Les Éditions de Minuit
130:Continental philosophy
1061:, Vol. 24, 2006, 639.
1056:Systématique ouverte.
921:Becoming (philosophy)
886:Systématique ouverte.
785:Réponses énigmatiques
547:The concept of "play"
541:closed systems theory
498:Horizons of the World
483:Contribution to Logic
475:The Game of the World
471:Le deploiement de jeu
394:The Play of the World
232:. He enrolled in the
230:Varvakeio High School
150:History of philosophy
1126:Elden 2004: pg. 135.
1074:. Éditions de Minuit
982:Julian Bourg (ed.),
851:Yale French Studies.
824:English bibliography
725:Systématique ouverte
715:Problèmes de l'enjeu
436:as standing-reserve
238:University of Athens
1218:Writers from Athens
872:Radical Philosophy.
849:Trans. Sally Hess.
806:German bibliography
601:, Gallimards, 1957.
595:What is Philosophy?
581:French bibliography
537:open systems theory
309:. His 1959 primary
93:University of Paris
944:2016-03-11 at the
745:L'errance érotique
400:Philosophical work
370:in Yugoslavia and
256:. Then during the
118:Western philosophy
956:Jacques Derrida,
789:Enigmatic Answers
775:Ce questionnement
695:Horizons du monde
587:Heidegger, Martin
279:, France, on the
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