458:
tissue, this begins to grow in size, becoming fissured, with much enlarged woody tissue. The knots are firmly attached to the stem or branch, and may occur in large numbers over considerable lengths of stem which may be girdled. The surface of the knot later may become soft and crumbling, but the centre is hard, where the presence of black streaking indicates the presence of
812:
Baker, Richard; Caffier, David; Choiseul, James
William; De Clercq, Patrick; Dormannsné-Simon, Erzsébet; Gerowitt, BÀrbel; Karadjova, Olia Evtimova; Lövei, Gåbor; Lansink, Alfons Oude; Makowski, David; Manceau, Charles; Manici, Luisa; Perdikis, Dionyssios; Puglia, Angelo Porta; Schans, Jan; Schrader,
470:
to grow nearly vertically and dieback of infected branches eventually occurs. The knots can occur in large numbers and a severe infection can lead to death of the tree or shrub. The disease is related to water stress, causing more dieback and can cause the plant to eventually die. This often occurs
444:
are also hyaline, branched, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. The conidiogenous cells are hyaline, holoblastic (divided into planes), smooth, discrete and cylindrical in form. They measure about 11-20(-24) Ă 2.5 -4 ÎŒm. The conidia are hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, granular, ellipsoid to obovoid
457:
Disease symptoms range from inconspicuous swellings on young twigs to irregular sized galls on older wood. They are usually rounded (1â7 cm (0.4â2.8 in) in diam.) but sometimes elongated. These swellings start covered with normal bark which then mutates into a whitish, rough, cork-like
449:
are hyaline, smooth, branched, or reduced to solitary spermatogenous cells. They occur randomly among the conidiophores in the same conidioma. The spermatogenous cells are ampulliform (flask-shaped) or sub-cylindrical in form. They measure about 8â21 Ă 2.5â4.5 ÎŒm. The
435:
wall is composed of three layers, an outer layer of wall (textura angularis), thick-walled and dark to light brown in shade, the middle layer of cells are thin-walled and light brown. The inner layer of cells are also thin-walled and
819:[Cooke] van der Aa considered by France as harmful in French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and RĂ©union â Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)"
427:, superficial or semi-immersed and measureing 135â400 ÎŒm in diam. They are solitary or confluent, dark brown to black (in colour), complex, effuse, (sub-)globose, densely covered with dark brown
483:, Cuba, Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. Also by 2021, it was also found in Japan, Pakistan, West Indies and in Europe (within Austria and Greece).
259:) in Florida. 'Sphaeropsis gall' also affects holly bushes as well. Many other plant genera in Florida and other places are also known to be affected by this disease, including citrus, lime (
610:
1108:
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454:
are hyaline, smooth, cylindrical (in form), straight or slightly curved. The apex is obtuse and the base is truncate, measuring 3.5â7.5 Ă 1.5â2.5 ÎŒm.
1082:
1002:
1175:
1180:
214:
in 2021. Due to the generic circumscriptions of the macroconidia and spermatia/microconidia of this species matching that of
1185:
946:
1139:
813:
Gritta; Steffek, Robert; Strömberg, Anita; Tiilikkala, Kari; van
Lenteren, Johan Coert; Vloutoglou, Irene (2008).
295:
1190:
779:
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394:
328:
252:
126:
505:
Zhao, Peng; Crous, P.W.; Hou, Lingwei; Duan, Weijun; Cai, Lei; Ma, Z.Y.; Liu, Fang (31 December 2021).
466:
type of growth. Galls can form up to 40 shoots, some over 1 m long. Horizontal branches can also
1074:
994:
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388:
322:
261:
382:
334:
222:
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103:
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31:
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Rodriguez, SD; Rodriguez, R.; Melendez, P.L. (1985). "Suitability of Citrus species as hosts of
1113:
1147:
1043:
591:
570:
van de
Kerckhove, G.A.; Smither-Kopperl, M.L.; Kistler, H.C. (October 2002). "First Report of
412:
78:
1152:
830:
734:
Miller, H.N.; McRitchie, J.J.; Seymour, C.P. (1977). "Sphaeropsis witches' broom of Holly".
651:
583:
518:
364:
307:
638:
RodrĂguez, RocĂo; MelĂ©ndez, P. L. (April 1984). "Occurrence of
Sphaeropsis knot on citron (
924:
De Valle, N.; Grillo, H.; Gonzales, A.; Mas, O.; Rios, A. (1981). "Citrus knots in Cuba".
406:
376:
301:
66:
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989:
446:
216:
189:
900:"ENY-2055/IN1310: Galling Damage to Woody Ornamentals: Diagnosis and Potential Causes"
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228:
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The disease has been reported as being found in the USA (within
Florida), Cameroon,
1048:
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250:(rounded swellings beneath undisturbed bark) on Edison's St. John's-Wort (
1121:
1028:
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459:
432:
352:
316:
1007:
753:
Ridings, W.H.; Marlatt, R.B. (1975). "Sphaeropsis gall of bottlebrush".
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346:
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42:
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611:"Garden Help: Clean pruning tools often to reduce spread of disease"
1061:
538:
247:
267:
955:
695:
Burnet, H.C. (1971). "Sphaeropsis knot of Citrus in
Florida".
462:. Multiple shoots can appear from the galled areas, causing a
644:
The
Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico
507:"Fungi of quarantine concern for China I: Dothideomycetes"
678:
Journal of
Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico
511:
Persoonia - Molecular
Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi
1018:
964:
471:when warm, wet weather follows periods of drought.
871:
869:
780:"Palmer's Garden: Holly & Witches Broom Gall"
543:(SPHOTU)[Overview]| EPPO Global Database"
192:infecting citruses, and other shrubs and trees.
667:
665:
633:
631:
574:on an Endangered St. John's-Wort in Florida".
880:. U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA
8:
565:
563:
952:
774:
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171:N.D. Sharma, Curr. Sci. 43(12): 382 (1974)
138:(Hedges) F. Liu, Crous & L. Cai, 2021
20:
834:
522:
850:Fucikovsky, L. (1994). "Tumor caused by
815:"Pest risk assessment made by France on
719:Holliday, P.; Punithalingam, E. (1970).
807:
805:
803:
801:
492:
500:
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210:in Jamaica. But it was transferred to
7:
445:(in form), 18-31.5 Ă 7.5-10 ÎŒm. The
161:Hedges, Phytopathology 1: 64 (1911)
876:Farr, D.F.; Rossman, A.Y. (2021).
721:Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria
14:
293:and the Brazilian Peppertree (
1:
856:Revista Mexicana de MicologĂa
588:10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1177B
332:, Eucalyptus sp., (including
314:). Other host plantsinclude;
200:It was published in 1911, as
926:Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture
524:10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.02
204:with the holotype found on
1207:
257:(Small) Adams & Robson
232:genera, rather than genus
656:10.46429/jaupr.v68i2.7276
155:
148:
132:
125:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
947:USDA ARS Fungal Database
755:Plant Pathology Circular
736:Plant Pathology Circular
697:Plant Pathology Circular
299:). as well as rose bay (
296:Schinus terebinthifolius
1176:Fungi described in 1911
1020:Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
966:Cophinforma tumefaciens
852:Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
836:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.683
674:Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
615:The Florida Times-Union
572:Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
541:Cophinforma tumefaciens
475:Geographic distribution
212:Cophinforma tumefaciens
202:Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
181:Cophinforma tumefaciens
164:Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
158:Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
136:Cophinforma tumefaciens
25:Cophinforma tumefaciens
1181:Fungal citrus diseases
395:Portlandia grandiflora
642:L.) in Puerto Rico".
329:Citrofortunella mitis
253:Hypericum edisonianum
817:Phyllosticta musarum
359:Lagerstroemia indica
341:Eucalyptus urophylla
271:spp.), bottlebrush (
265:), oleander, holly (
401:Pyracantha coccinea
389:Poncirus trifoliate
323:Cinnamomum camphora
262:Citrus aurantifolia
118:C. tumefaciens
1186:Botryosphaeriaceae
878:"Fungal databases"
440:(glass-like). The
419:The mycelium have
383:Pittosporum tobira
335:Eucalyptus cinerea
91:Botryosphaeriaceae
1163:
1162:
1148:Open Tree of Life
958:Taxon identifiers
904:edis.ifas.ufl.edu
413:Wisteria sinensis
188:fungus that is a
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79:Botryosphaeriales
16:Species of fungus
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377:Myrica cerifera
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305:) and avocado (
302:Nerium oleander
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67:Dothideomycetes
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786:. 19 May 2009
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907:. Retrieved
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582:(10): 1177.
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1096:iNaturalist
909:3 September
790:3 September
620:3 September
552:3 September
547:gd.eppo.int
421:conidiomata
274:Callistemon
242:Description
235:Sphaeropsis
223:Cophinforma
104:Cophinforma
1170:Categories
981:Q122197215
932:: 362â366.
862:: 181â185.
487:References
423:which are
371:Morus alba
186:ascomycete
55:Ascomycota
676:Hedges".
452:spermatia
425:pycnidial
290:Ligustrum
112:Species:
38:Kingdom:
1122:MycoBank
1114:10391606
1070:Fungorum
1035:Q7576564
1029:Wikidata
1008:12216513
990:Fungorum
975:Wikidata
829:: 1â16.
684:: 57â61.
596:30818521
460:mycelium
353:Jatropha
317:Bauhinia
150:Synonyms
86:Family:
50:Phylum:
1140:1235556
1101:1027462
1088:2591869
884:21 June
438:hyaline
347:Eugenia
280:Carissa
196:History
98:Genus:
74:Order:
62:Class:
1153:873644
1127:200180
1075:200180
1062:SPHOTU
995:840270
594:
481:Ceylon
468:tip up
433:condia
431:. The
429:hyphae
350:sp.,
320:spp.,
277:spp),
184:is an
1109:IRMNG
1049:4YRTP
650:(2).
356:sp.,
248:galls
226:, or
168:citri
166:var.
43:Fungi
1135:NCBI
1083:GBIF
1057:EPPO
1003:GBIF
911:2023
886:2021
792:2023
759:150.
622:2023
592:PMID
554:2023
410:and
338:and
312:Mill
268:Ilex
1044:CoL
831:doi
827:683
740:176
701:106
652:doi
584:doi
519:doi
344:),
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