3542:
3525:
3533:
3557:
31:
140:
The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types
113:, and was expensive, sometimes virtually unobtainable. Zinc even commoner at 75 parts per million, but is harder to extract from its ores. Bronze with the ideal percentage of tin was therefore expensive and the proportion of tin was often reduced to save cost. The discovery and exploitation of the
3611:
are alloys of copper and aluminium. The content of aluminium ranges mostly between 5% and 11%. Iron, nickel, manganese and silicon are sometimes added. They have higher strength and corrosion resistance than other bronzes, especially in marine environment, and have low reactivity to sulphur
3571:
A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in colour. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper.
104:
Copper deposits are abundant in most parts of the world (globally 70 parts per million), and it has therefore always been a relatively cheap metal. By contrast, tin is relatively rare (2 parts per million), and in Europe and the
3560:
Binary Cu Zn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for brasses, generated using NIMS Open database https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cu_index.htm Cu-Zn - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and
Computherm Pandat
3536:
Binary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/al-elem/alcu/alcu.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and
Computherm Pandat
3541:
4309:
4441:
4419:
4397:
4375:
4353:
4331:
4287:
4265:
4243:
4221:
4097:
124:
There are as many as 400 different copper and copper alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes,
4074:
110:
4481:
4505:
4521:
4572:
4194:
4069:
4137:
4152:
935:
141:
used in modern industry, along with the name for each type. Historical types, such as those that characterize the
611:
160:
3613:
1394:
47:
4567:
253:
42:, circa 2100 BC, made in the lost-wax cast method, overall: 17.5 x 4.5 x 7.3 cm, probably from modern-day
4463:
1286:
402:
3545:
Binary Cu Sn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases
1062:
4172:
693:
Electrical, valves, pumps, oilfield tools, aerospace landing gears, robotic welding, mold making
3604:
A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin, but also aluminium and silicon.
3576:
1763:
278:
4501:
4477:
4064:
3763:
1768:
885:
Ounce metal Copper alloy C83600 (also known as "Red brass" or "composition metal") (ASTM B62)
118:
114:
3624:
3608:
1579:
665:
619:
192:
4122:
4141:
3629:
2307:
The following table outlines the chemical composition of various grades of copper alloys.
410:
373:
179:
97:
is a further term, mostly used for coins with a very high copper content. Today the term
4079:
4001:
3745:
3727:
3657:
3640:
3546:
1714:
687:
4561:
3634:
741:
341:
266:
223:
129:
106:
30:
4536:
4036:
3948:
3930:
3839:
3820:
3556:
3524:
3532:
4548:
3691:
3587:
813:
587:
219:
125:
121:
made tin far cheaper, although forecasts for future supplies are less positive.
77:. Of the large number of different types, the best known traditional types are
4540:
3966:
3911:
3708:
3645:
3619:
1203:
142:
4476:
Woldman’s
Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals,
4200:
17:
3983:
3875:
981:
74:
51:
3857:
4552:
4134:
3816:
3798:
3579:
corrosion under certain conditions, when zinc is leached from the alloy (
911:
398:
4019:
520:
205:
3528:
Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes
4531:
3893:
3665:
3599:
1120:
366:
94:
78:
70:
4543:
and a commercial software, Computherm Pandat, available for free at
3781:
3566:
3555:
3540:
3531:
3523:
86:
66:
39:
35:
29:
101:
tends to be substituted for all of these, especially by museums.
3661:
90:
73:
as their principal component. They have high resistance against
55:
43:
3549:- DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat
917:
Varies Cu 80-90%, Zn <5%, Sn ~10%, +other elements@ <1%
82:
4522:
Corrosion tests and standards: application and interpretation
4496:
Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L. (1992).
3513:
Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical properties
4500:(24 ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. p. 501.
4110:
Standard
Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering
4535:
Copper Binary Phase
Diagrams generation code (batch file -
4551:. Images of the 34 binary phase diagrams are available at
4544:
3550:
4526:
4539:) using open thermodynamic databases available at NIMS
145:, are vaguer as the mixtures were generally variable.
3547:
https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusn/cusn.htm
128:, copper–nickel–zinc (nickel silver),
27:Metal alloy with copper as its principal component
4537:http://www.gotrawama.eu/copperNIMS/ramefabio.txt
4174:Industrial Investment Castings - Franklin Bronze
109:region, and even in prehistoric times had to be
4098:British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"
238:Mechanical properties of common copper alloys
4549:https://computherm.com/docs/pandat_manual.pdf
4108:Lyons, William C. and Plisga, Gary J. (eds.)
3583:), leaving behind a spongy copper structure.
93:instead. Both of these are imprecise terms.
8:
4464:"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202"
439:Yellow or High brass (ASTM B36, B134, B135)
4541:https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/periodic.htm
434:High fatigue-strength and spring qualities
4167:
4165:
4163:
3670:
4075:Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces
502:Cu 58.5, Zn 39.2, Fe 1.0, Sn 1.0, Mn 0.3
34:Example of a copper alloy object: a Neo-
2309:
1750:
932:
236:
174:C1xxxx–C4xxxx,C66400–C69800
149:Classification of copper and its alloys
147:
4553:http://www.gotrawama.eu/copperNIMS/PNG/
4153:Cast copper alloy C83600 (Ounce Metal)
4090:
302:Electrical equipment, roofing, screens
2311:Chemical composition of copper alloys
808:Easy to machine; ornaments, plumbing
262:Elongation in 2 inches (percent)
1752:Comparison of copper alloy standards
1745:Brinell scale with 3000 kg load
7:
3637:, e.g. nickel silver and cupronickel
3612:compounds. Aluminium forms a thin
819:Cu 88.35, Ni 10.0, Fe 1.25, Mn 0.4
246:Nominal composition (percentages)
25:
790:Cu 76.5, Ni 12.5, Pb 9.0, Sn 2.0
376:(ASTM B14, B19, B36, B134, B135)
888:Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0
880:Heat-exchange equipment, valves
671:Cu 97.75, Be 2.0, Co or Ni 0.25
622:(ASTM B169 alloy A, B124, B150)
4121:National Bronze & Metals |
85:is a significant addition, and
4527:Copper Development Association
936:Copper Development Association
281:B1, B2, B3, B152, B124, R133)
1:
3656:Copper is often alloyed with
914:(known as "red brass" in US)
565:Resistance to salt corrosion
252:Yield strength (0.2% offset,
111:traded considerable distances
4133:Lewis Brass & Company |
4070:Copper alloys in aquaculture
3616:on the surface of the metal.
3575:Brasses can be sensitive to
837:Condensor, salt-water pipes
499:Manganese bronze (ASTM 138)
674:Annealed, solution-treated
547:Cu 60.0, Zn 39.25, Sn 0.75
4589:
3597:
3564:
3512:
1744:
787:Nickel silver (ASTM B149)
747:Cu 65.0, Zn 17.0, Ni 18.0
736:Screws, nuts, gears, keys
460:Good corrosion resistance
416:Cu 89.75, Sn 10.0, P 0.25
157:Principal alloying element
3341:
3100:
2914:
2790:
2697:
2567:
2474:
2353:
2189:
2074:
1998:
1939:
1876:
1839:
1783:
1578:
1393:
1285:
1202:
1118:
1061:
980:
961:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
934:Mechanical properties of
836:
818:
812:
764:
746:
740:
718:Cu 62.0, Zn 35.5, Pb 2.5
692:
670:
664:
642:
624:
618:
564:
546:
543:
519:
501:
498:
459:
441:
438:
301:
283:
276:
3931:Rose, red, and pink gold
668:(ASTM B194, B196, B197)
413:(ASTM B103, B139, B159)
401:, hardware, electrical,
4545:https://computherm.com/
4196:Brass and Bronze Alloys
3561:https://computherm.com/
3551:https://computherm.com/
3537:https://computherm.com/
544:Naval brass (ASTM B21)
397:Good for cold-working;
259:Tensile strength (ksi)
48:Cleveland Museum of Art
3562:
3553:
3538:
3529:
2915:High-leaded tin bronze
2075:High-leaded tin bronze
1395:High-leaded tin bronze
132:, and special alloys.
59:
4055:†amount unspecified
3652:Precious metal alloys
3559:
3544:
3535:
3527:
403:drawn cartridge cases
38:"Foundation Nail" of
33:
4498:Machinery's Handbook
3925:Fe†, Sn†, Pb†, Zn†,
938:(CDA) copper alloys
214:C64700–C66100
200:C60600–C64200
168:Copper alloys, brass
4573:Sculpture materials
3811:C (type I diamond)
3722:Fe†, Hg†, Sn†, Znâ€
2312:
1753:
939:
715:Free-cutting brass
249:Form and condition
239:
150:
4140:2021-05-12 at the
3758:17.5 Zn, 11.5 Ni,
3577:selective leaching
3563:
3554:
3539:
3530:
2310:
1751:
955:Elongation (typ.)
933:
816:(ASTM B111, B171)
237:
148:
60:
4482:978-0-87170-691-1
4135:Copper Alloy Data
4065:Copper-clad steel
4053:
4052:
3764:Corinthian bronze
3614:passivation layer
3609:Aluminium bronzes
3517:
3516:
2791:Leaded tin bronze
2305:
2304:
1999:Leaded tin bronze
1749:
1748:
1287:Leaded tin bronze
949:Tensile strength
931:
930:
862:Cu 70.0, Ni 30.0
593:Cu 60.0, Zn 40.0
482:Cold-rolled (HT)
442:Cu 65.0, Zn 35.0
379:Cu 70.0, Zn 30.0
235:
234:
193:Aluminium bronzes
115:Bolivian tin belt
16:(Redirected from
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4123:Beryllium Copper
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4112:, Elsevier, 2006
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3101:Aluminium bronze
2568:Manganese bronze
2313:
2190:Aluminium bronze
1877:Manganese bronze
1754:
1580:Aluminium bronze
940:
842:Cold-drawn tube
666:Beryllium copper
625:Cu 92.0, Al 8.0
620:Aluminium bronze
347:Cu 95.0, Zn 5.0
240:
151:
119:the 19th century
21:
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3658:precious metals
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3581:dezincification
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962:Machinability
959:
952:Yield strength
733:B80 (Rockwell)
710:B81 (Rockwell)
411:Phosphor bronze
374:Cartridge brass
180:Phosphor bronze
138:
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3635:Nickel bronzes
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3342:Silicon bronze
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2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:Semi-red brass
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:Silicon bronze
2283:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:QQ-C-390 (E10)
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:Semi-red brass
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:SAE superseded
1771:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:Silicon bronze
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:Semi-red brass
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
963:
960:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
929:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
915:
908:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
882:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
616:
615:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
567:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
524:
523:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
419:Spring temper
417:
414:
407:
406:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
370:
369:
367:bullet jackets
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
304:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
274:
273:
270:
263:
260:
257:
250:
247:
244:
233:
232:
229:
226:
224:nickel silvers
216:
215:
212:
209:
202:
201:
198:
197:Aluminium (Al)
195:
189:
188:
185:
182:
176:
175:
172:
169:
165:
164:
158:
155:
137:
134:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4585:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:Copper alloys
4566:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4507:0-8311-2492-X
4503:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4434:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4390:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4368:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4346:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4236:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4203:on 2009-08-25
4202:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:Pb sulfidesâ€
3905:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:QQ-C-390 (G8)
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:QQ-C-390 (G3)
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:C-15345 Gr13
2245:
2243:QQ-C-390 (G5)
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:QQ-C-390 (G7)
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:QQ-C-390 (G6)
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:QQ-C-390 (E1)
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:QQ-C-390 (E6)
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2127:QQ-C-390 (E9)
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:QQ-C-390 (E8)
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:C-15345 Gr12
2092:
2090:QQ-C-390 (E7)
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:C-15345 Gr10
2036:
2034:QQ-C-390 (D3)
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:QQ-C-390 (D4)
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:QQ-C-390 (D6)
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:QQ-C-390 (D5)
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:QQ-C-390 (C3)
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:QQ-C-390 (C7)
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:QQ-C-390 (C4)
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:QQ-C-390 (B1)
1869:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:QQ-C-390 (B2)
1852:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:QQ-C-390 (B4)
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:QQ-C-390 (B5)
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
965:
941:
937:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
815:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
743:
742:Nickel silver
739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
667:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
621:
617:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
568:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
542:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
522:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
497:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
437:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:Gilding metal
340:
339:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
280:
275:
271:
268:
267:Brinell scale
264:
261:
258:
255:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
230:
227:
225:
221:
218:
217:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
146:
144:
135:
133:
131:
130:leaded copper
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:Mediterranean
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:Copper alloys
57:
53:
49:
46:, now in the
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
18:Copper alloys
4497:
4490:Bibliography
4472:
4458:
4447:, retrieved
4442:
4436:
4425:, retrieved
4420:
4414:
4403:, retrieved
4398:
4392:
4381:, retrieved
4376:
4370:
4359:, retrieved
4354:
4348:
4337:, retrieved
4332:
4326:
4315:, retrieved
4310:
4304:
4293:, retrieved
4288:
4282:
4271:, retrieved
4266:
4260:
4249:, retrieved
4244:
4238:
4227:, retrieved
4222:
4216:
4205:, retrieved
4201:the original
4195:
4189:
4178:, retrieved
4173:
4156:substech.com
4155:
4148:
4129:
4117:
4109:
4104:
4093:
4054:
3655:
3603:
3580:
3574:
3570:
2306:
2265:C-22229 Gr8
2208:C-22229 Gr5
2110:C-22229 Gr3
859:Cupronickel
770:Cold-rolled
744:(ASTM B122)
698:Cold-rolled
590:(ASTM B111)
382:Cold-rolled
350:Cold-rolled
324:Cold-rolled
211:Silicon (Si)
139:
123:
103:
99:copper alloy
98:
62:
61:
3692:Auricupride
3588:Nordic Gold
1958:C-2229 Gr1
1935:C-2229 Gr7
1915:C-2229 Gr8
1895:C-2229 Gr9
1817:C-2229 Gr2
814:Cupronickel
721:Cold-drawn
588:Muntz metal
570:Cold-drawn
527:Cold-drawn
465:Cold-drawn
344:(ASTM B36)
307:Cold-drawn
228:Nickel (Ni)
220:Cupronickel
136:Composition
126:cupronickel
4562:Categories
4449:2009-09-08
4443:UNS C87900
4427:2009-09-08
4421:UNS C87800
4405:2009-09-08
4399:UNS C87600
4383:2009-09-08
4377:UNS C87500
4361:2009-09-08
4355:UNS C87400
4339:2009-09-08
4333:UNS C87200
4317:2009-09-08
4311:UNS C95700
4295:2009-09-08
4289:UNS C95600
4273:2009-09-08
4267:UNS C95410
4251:2009-09-08
4245:UNS C86100
4229:2009-09-08
4223:UNS C83400
4207:2009-09-08
4180:2009-09-07
4086:References
4037:White gold
3912:Panchaloha
3821:Green gold
3709:Ashtadhatu
3646:UNS C69100
3620:Bell metal
2698:Tin bronze
1940:Tin bronze
1204:Tin bronze
1119:Manganese
265:Hardness (
143:Bronze Age
69:that have
65:are metal
4049:Ni†, Znâ€
4014:Ni†, Snâ€
3984:Shibuichi
3876:Hepatizon
3840:Grey gold
3664:(Au) and
2354:Red brass
1784:Red brass
1779:Military
982:Red brass
822:Annealed
765:Hardware
750:Annealed
628:Annealed
612:Condensor
596:Annealed
550:Annealed
505:Annealed
445:Annealed
399:radiators
287:Annealed
272:Comments
171:Zinc (Zn)
75:corrosion
52:Cleveland
4138:Archived
4059:See also
3949:Spangold
3817:Electrum
3799:Dymalloy
3059:0.75 max
2693:Mn 0.25
2254:B148-955
2235:B148-954
2216:B148-953
2196:B148-952
2175:B144-943
2156:B144-938
2137:B144-937
2118:B144-935
2081:B144-932
2025:B143-923
2017:B-16541
2005:B143-922
1966:B143-905
1946:B143-903
1923:B147-865
1903:B147-863
1883:B147-862
1863:B145-848
1846:B145-844
1825:B145-838
1805:B145-836
958:Hardness
912:Gunmetal
865:Wrought
688:Rockwell
521:Forgings
284:Cu 99.9
277:Copper (
184:Tin (Sn)
163:numbers
89:, using
81:, where
36:Sumerian
4020:Tumbaga
3967:ShakudĹŤ
3961:5-6 Al
3834:0-4 Cd
3686:Other
3625:Brastil
3594:Bronzes
3520:Brasses
3451:Si 4.5
3090:0.7 max
3029:0.7 max
2998:0.5 max
2965:0.7 max
2902:0.7 max
2778:0.5 max
2775:0.5 max
2745:0.3 max
2349:Other
1776:Federal
1706:150-170
1680:180–200
1654:140–170
1602:110–140
1143:170–195
365:Coins,
231:C7xxxx
208:bronzes
206:Silicon
187:C5xxxx
4504:
4480:
3894:Niello
3858:GuanĂn
3728:Billon
3668:(Ag).
3666:silver
3600:Bronze
3489:C87900
3461:C87800
3432:C87600
3404:C87500
3376:C87400
3349:C87200
3316:C95800
3306:Mn 12
3285:C95700
3257:C95600
3228:C95500
3198:C95410
3170:C95400
3138:C95200
3109:C95200
3076:C94300
3045:C93800
3015:C93700
2983:C93500
2953:C93400
2923:C93200
2890:C92700
2860:C92600
2829:C92300
2799:C92200
2766:C90700
2736:C90500
2706:C90300
2671:C86500
2639:C86300
2607:C86200
2575:C86100
2543:C84800
2513:C84500
2483:C84400
2450:C83800
2420:C83600
2391:C83400
2362:C83300
2316:Family
1757:Family
1121:bronze
943:Family
614:tubes
154:Family
95:Latten
79:bronze
71:copper
67:alloys
58:, USA)
3994:23-60
3988:40-77
3971:90-96
3953:18-19
3938:50-75
3935:20-50
3886:trace
3883:trace
3828:75-80
3782:CuSil
3660:like
3567:Brass
3508:Si 1
3480:Si 4
3423:Si 4
3395:Si 3
3367:Si 4
3337:Mn 1
3276:Si 2
3218:Ni 2
3167:4872B
3165:4870B
3073:4840A
3012:4842A
2857:4846A
2838:1 max
2733:4845D
2668:4860A
2660:Mn 3
2636:4862B
2628:Mn 3
2597:Mn 4
2417:4855B
1571:42–55
1546:50–60
1520:55–70
1494:79-83
1468:55–65
1442:55–65
1417:60–70
1361:65–80
1335:60–75
1309:60–72
1226:60–75
1111:50–60
1085:50–60
1054:50–60
1028:50–65
976:Typ.
891:Cast
793:Cast
686:B60 (
648:Hard
243:Name
87:brass
40:Gudea
4502:ISBN
4478:ISBN
4027:3-97
4024:3-97
3974:4-10
3852:Mnâ€
3831:0-15
3825:6-23
3740:Hgâ€
3674:Name
3662:gold
2682:39.5
1909:430B
1889:430A
1764:ASTM
973:Min.
970:Typ.
967:Min.
782:170
704:110
701:104
660:210
654:105
582:150
539:180
494:180
477:115
431:241
425:122
394:155
362:114
336:100
279:ASTM
91:zinc
56:Ohio
44:Iraq
3991:0-1
3941:0-5
3683:Ag
3680:Au
3677:Cu
3456:878
3442:5.5
3311:958
3223:955
3162:954
3133:953
3104:952
3070:943
3040:938
3009:937
2978:935
2948:934
2918:932
2885:927
2854:926
2824:923
2811:4.5
2808:1.5
2794:922
2761:907
2730:905
2701:903
2677:0.5
2665:865
2633:863
2602:862
2581:0.5
2538:848
2508:845
2478:844
2445:838
2414:836
2371:1.5
2368:1.5
2357:833
2346:Al
2343:Fe
2340:Ni
2337:Zn
2334:Pb
2331:Sn
2328:Cu
2325:UNS
2322:AMS
2319:CDA
2295:878
2292:B30
2289:878
2270:958
2257:955
2251:955
2238:954
2232:954
2222:68B
2219:953
2213:953
2202:68A
2199:952
2193:952
2178:943
2172:943
2159:938
2153:938
2140:937
2134:937
2121:935
2115:935
2098:934
2087:660
2084:932
2078:932
2063:927
2058:927
2047:926
2042:926
2031:621
2028:923
2022:923
2011:622
2008:922
2002:922
1987:907
1982:907
1969:905
1963:905
1952:620
1949:903
1943:903
1926:865
1920:865
1906:863
1900:863
1886:862
1880:862
1860:848
1843:844
1828:838
1822:838
1808:836
1802:836
1787:833
1769:SAE
1760:CDA
1740:40
1737:115
1719:878
1709:50
1688:958
1683:50
1668:100
1662:955
1657:60
1636:954
1631:55
1628:140
1610:953
1605:50
1584:952
1574:80
1554:943
1549:80
1528:938
1523:80
1502:937
1497:80
1476:936
1471:70
1450:935
1445:70
1425:934
1420:70
1399:932
1389:45
1369:927
1364:40
1343:926
1338:42
1317:923
1312:42
1291:922
1281:20
1260:907
1255:30
1234:905
1229:30
1208:903
1198:26
1195:130
1177:865
1169:225
1157:119
1154:110
1151:863
1146:30
1125:862
1114:90
1093:848
1088:90
1067:844
1057:90
1036:838
1031:84
1010:836
1005:35
986:833
946:CDA
903:60
900:25
897:37
894:17
851:15
848:60
845:57
831:45
828:44
825:22
805:55
802:15
799:35
796:18
776:85
773:70
762:70
759:40
756:58
753:25
730:18
727:70
724:44
683:45
680:70
677:32
651:65
640:80
637:60
634:70
631:25
608:80
605:45
602:54
599:20
579:35
576:65
573:40
562:90
559:40
556:56
553:22
536:20
533:80
530:50
517:95
514:30
511:60
508:30
491:10
488:74
485:60
474:15
471:70
468:55
457:55
454:60
451:48
448:18
388:76
385:63
356:56
353:50
330:46
327:40
319:90
316:15
313:45
310:40
299:42
296:45
293:32
290:10
254:ksi
161:UNS
117:in
83:tin
4564::
4162:^
3956:76
3868:18
3865:56
3862:25
3819:,
3808:80
3803:20
3791:72
3786:28
3750:58
3499:34
3492:65
3471:14
3464:80
3435:90
3414:14
3407:82
3386:14
3379:83
3352:89
3319:81
3288:75
3260:91
3246:11
3231:81
3215:11
3201:85
3187:11
3173:85
3155:10
3141:89
3112:88
3085:25
3079:70
3054:15
3048:78
3024:10
3021:10
3018:80
2986:85
2956:84
2926:83
2896:10
2893:88
2866:10
2863:87
2832:87
2802:88
2772:11
2769:89
2742:10
2739:88
2709:88
2674:58
2649:25
2642:63
2617:26
2610:64
2586:21
2578:67
2555:15
2546:76
2525:12
2516:78
2486:81
2453:83
2423:85
2401:10
2394:90
2365:93
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