556:
vectors ectopically and with small homologous regions can be used, likely with low transformation efficiency. Earlier, REMI (restriction enzyme-mediated integration) could be used to insert exogenous DNA into the chromosome to produce mutant strains. This relies on inserting exogenous DNA and restriction enzymes into the protoplast cell, allowing for the enzymes to cut the chromosome at specific sites which match those sites used to produce linearized plasmid DNA with the gene of interest; subsequently, host enzymes ligate the cut sites and thus produce integrated heterologous, exogenous DNA. Although successful, undesirable mutations are likely. Chemical mutagenesis (also random) can also be done. Phenotype selection of the inability to fruit can indicate that insertion led to disruption of vital genes. All in all, homologous recombination provides more specificity when creating a mutant strain. Depending on the mutant, auxotrophy markers (requires lost gene to be inserted) or prototrophy (when causing essential gene deletion) be used for selection.
618:
produce four haploid daughter nuclei. During meiosis homologous chromosomes pair with each other and undergo a DNA repair process in which DNA damage is removed and genetic information is recombined. Burns et al. studied the expression of genes involved in the 15-hour meiotic process encompassing time points prior to the haploid nuclear fusion that forms the diploid zygote to the final formation of the four haploid products. They compared expression of particular genes in
377:
46:
287:
396:
413:
340:
322:
358:
302:
662:
patients, such as those who have undergone haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or are otherwise undergoing immunosuppression treatment. Most reported cases have been respiratory infections, but cases involving the heart, skin, brain or gut have been reported, and the infections may rapidly
617:
is an ideal model for studying meiosis because meiosis progresses synchronously in about 10 million cells within each mushroom cap. Meiosis is a specialized cell division process, occurring in diploid cells, in which a single round of DNA replication occurs, and is followed by two divisions to
555:
homologue can increase gene targeting via increased homologous recombination. Either protoplasts derived from oidia or vegetative mycelium can be used, however, gene targeting was found to be higher by 2% (based on phenotyping) when using vegetative mycelium. Otherwise, insertion of integrative
33:
579:(in which a substrate for the enzyme is present in a separating gel). Under stressed conditions, temperature and medium, laccase secretion was increased. Although copper is required co-factor for laccase, merely adding copper did not induce laccase secretion. It was recently found that a
1101:
Bojic M, Willinger B, Rath T, Tobudic S, Thalhammer F, Böhm A, Mitterbauer M, Schulenburg A, Wöhrer S, Kalhs P, Rabitsch W. Fatal skin and pulmonary infection caused by H ormographiella aspergillata in a leukaemic patient: case report and literature overview. Mycoses. 2013
1082:
Bojic M, Willinger B, Rath T, Tobudic S, Thalhammer F, Böhm A, Mitterbauer M, Schulenburg A, Wöhrer S, Kalhs P, Rabitsch W. Fatal skin and pulmonary infection caused by H ormographiella aspergillata in a leukaemic patient: case report and literature overview. Mycoses. 2013
591:, which may have important human (or mammalian) implications like cancer. DNA methylation is vital in humans and dysfunction is associated with cancer, thus, studying methylation reactions in non-mammalians may provide better insight into mammalian methylation reactions.
642:
as in the other two species. They also found that genes considered to be specifically involved in the meiotic process were more conserved in their expression pattern than non-meiotic genes. These findings indicate ancient conservation of the meiotic process.
516:
can be grown on complex (e.g. YMG, YMG/T) or minimal media (e.g. mKjalke medium), solid or liquid, with or without agitation, at 25 °C or optimally at 37 °C. It can be grown in dark or with 12-h light/12-h dark cycle.
1111:
Correa-Martinez C, Brentrup A, Hess K, Becker K, Groll AH, Schaumburg F. First description of a local
Coprinopsis cinerea skin and soft tissue infection. New microbes and new infections. 2018 Jan 1;21:102-4.
1092:
Correa-Martinez C, Brentrup A, Hess K, Becker K, Groll AH, Schaumburg F. First description of a local
Coprinopsis cinerea skin and soft tissue infection. New microbes and new infections. 2018 Jan 1;21:102-4.
505:, has similar effects to other non-protein organically derived antibiotics. To date, it has not been determined whether antibiotic medicine for humans and other animals can be developed from this protein.
538:
strain
Okayama 7 (#130) was sequenced with 10x coverage in 2003. A third and most recent revision of the sequence of strain Okayama 7 (#130) was released in 2010. Its haploid genome is ca. 37.5 Mb.
526:
C. cinereus strain PG78 (A6B42, trp1.1;1.6, pab1) is an AmutBmut monokaryon, self-compatible strain, with trp- and pab-auxotrophic markers (requires tryptophan and p-aminobenzoate).
1455:
1010:
A TET Homologue
Protein from Coprinopsis cinerea (CcTET) That Biochemically Converts 5‑Methylcytosine to 5‑Hydroxymethylcytosine, 5‑Formylcytosine, and 5‑Carboxylcytosine
1230:
1282:
1356:
1155:
1032:
Burns C, Stajich JE, Rechtsteiner A, Casselton L, Hanlon SE, Wilke SK, Savytskyy OP, Gathman AC, Lilly WW, Lieb JD, Zolan ME, Pukkila PJ (September 2010).
667:
infection is difficult to treat and often fatal in this vulnerable patient group. The infection is caused by the mould-like asexual (non mushroom-forming)
936:
1034:"Analysis of the Basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea reveals conservation of the core meiotic expression program over half a billion years of evolution"
1204:
549:
can be transformed with exogenous DNA by transformation when the fungus is a protoplast. It was found that disrupting (knockout or RNAi silencing)
286:
638:
had diverged in evolution 500 to 900 million years ago. They found that the expression of individual genes turned on or off at the same stage in
757:
668:
606:
is involved in blue light photoreception. Etiolated stipes (elongation without cap maturation) is caused when grown without light.
1445:
1440:
185:
1269:
654:
is harmless to human and animal health under normal conditions. However, the organism can cause opportunistic infections (
688:
45:
988:
1287:
630:
195:
157:
1435:
624:
1460:
257:
1450:
1430:
1123:
1425:
206:
140:
1420:
1397:
1374:
1297:
1196:
236:
1261:
887:
reveals conservation of the core meiotic expression program over half a billion years of evolution"
954:
Efficient gene targeting in ΔCc.ku70 or ΔCc.lig4 mutants of the agaricomycete
Coprinopsis cinerea.
32:
575:
produces a variety of the same laccase, known as isoenzymes. Laccase activity can be measured by
308:
221:
166:
40:
1235:
824:"Insights into evolution of multicellular fungi from the assembled chromosomes of the mushroom
1305:
1178:
1065:
1001:
Lcc1 and Lcc5 are the main laccases secreted in liquid cultures of
Coprinopsis cinerea strains
966:
Lcc1 and Lcc5 are the main laccases secreted in liquid cultures of
Coprinopsis cinerea strains
918:
863:
804:
753:
747:
717:
327:
1320:
476:
sequence was published in 2010. It is considered to be particularly suited organism to study
1310:
1055:
1045:
908:
898:
853:
843:
794:
786:
659:
363:
451:
439:
419:
107:
1369:
1191:
1060:
1033:
913:
882:
858:
823:
461:
87:
1414:
1361:
1160:
799:
774:
77:
790:
403:
247:
1183:
1347:
1050:
903:
775:"Life history and developmental processes in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus"
1274:
1256:
1217:
465:
443:
383:
117:
1146:
1019:
Life
History and Developmental Processes in the Basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus
752:. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 277.
97:
848:
622:
to the expression of the comparable genes (orthologs) in two other species (
57:
1069:
922:
867:
808:
1170:
1382:
1341:
1243:
1140:
576:
481:
435:
345:
313:
292:
1209:
655:
568:
477:
1222:
1387:
1248:
697:
502:
473:
67:
1117:
679:, and may be described under this name in the clinical literature.
469:
468:, mushroom development, and the evolution of multicellularity of
978:
Restriction enzyme-mediated DNA integration in
Coprinus cinereus
551:
1121:
580:
822:
Stajich JE, Wilke SK, Ahren D, et al. (June 29, 2010).
480:, due to its synchronous meiotic development and prolonged
881:
Burns C, Stajich JE, Rechtsteiner A, et al. (2010).
937:"New antibiotic in mushroom that grows on horse dung"
497:
Researchers in 2014 discovered a protein produced by
1331:
1130:
583:(Ten-Eleven translocation dioxygenases) homologue,
410:
393:
373:
355:
337:
319:
299:
280:
602:can sense blue light. It was identified that gene
501:with antibiotic properties. The protein, known as
722:(Schaeff.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001"
1027:
1025:
454:, but must be used promptly after collecting.
8:
974:
972:
962:
960:
950:
948:
946:
663:become systemic. Whilst exceptionally rare,
1118:
779:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
31:
20:
1059:
1049:
912:
902:
857:
847:
798:
749:A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America
160:) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
728:. International Mycological Association
709:
1456:Taxa named by Jacob Christian Schäffer
277:
7:
1398:4d6efb92-4157-42cb-a803-d1cb36ae78da
1298:7f968a30-5ab0-4cbb-b409-55932a27a2f5
989:"Coprinopsis cinerea Genome Project"
267:Guarro, Gené & De Vroey (1992)
14:
746:McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987).
411:
394:
375:
356:
338:
320:
300:
285:
44:
883:"Analysis of the basidiomycete
791:10.1128/MMBR.64.2.316-353.2000
1:
1051:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001135
904:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001135
677:Hormographiella aspergillata
464:for studying fungal sex and
264:Hormographiella aspergillata
571:, a type of phenoloxidase.
293:Mycological characteristics
1477:
675:which used to be known as
631:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
172:
165:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
625:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1446:Fungi described in 1774
849:10.1073/pnas.1003391107
1441:Fungi of North America
587:, was identified in
567:is known to produce
254:Coprinus delicatulus
243:Coprinus macrorhizus
192:Agaricus macrorhizus
1132:Coprinopsis cinerea
885:Coprinopsis cinerea
842:(26): 11889–11894.
826:Coprinopsis cinerea
720:Coprinopsis cinerea
673:Coprinopsis cinerea
665:Coprinopsis cinerea
652:Coprinopsis cinerea
615:Coprinopsis cinerea
600:Coprinopsis cinerea
565:Coprinopsis cinerea
547:Coprinopsis cinerea
536:Coprinopsis cinerea
514:Coprinopsis cinerea
499:Coprinopsis cinerea
458:Coprinopsis cinerea
431:Coprinopsis cinerea
282:Coprinopsis cinerea
228:Coprinus fimetarius
213:Coprinus fimetarius
150:Coprinopsis cinerea
25:Coprinopsis cinerea
939:. 7 November 2014.
1408:
1407:
1333:Agaricus cinereus
1306:Open Tree of Life
1124:Taxon identifiers
830:Coprinus cinereus
759:978-0-395-91090-0
660:immunocompromised
542:Molecular cloning
427:
426:
275:Species of fungus
273:
272:
268:
261:
251:
240:
225:
210:
202:Coprinus cinereus
199:
189:
179:
175:Agaricus cinereus
16:Species of fungus
1468:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1300:
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1290:
1278:
1277:
1275:NHMSYS0020061856
1265:
1264:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:Nov;56(6):687-9.
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1083:Nov;56(6):687-9.
1080:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
985:
979:
976:
967:
964:
955:
952:
941:
940:
933:
927:
926:
916:
906:
878:
872:
871:
861:
851:
819:
813:
812:
802:
773:KĂĽes, U (2000).
770:
764:
763:
743:
737:
736:
734:
733:
714:
460:is an important
434:is a species of
415:
414:
398:
397:
379:
378:
360:
359:
342:
341:
324:
323:
304:
303:
289:
278:
266:
256:
245:
234:
219:
204:
194:
184:
182:Agaricus radians
177:
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1436:Fungi of Europe
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1044:(9): e1001135.
1031:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
987:
986:
982:
977:
970:
965:
958:
953:
944:
935:
934:
930:
897:(9): e1001135.
880:
879:
875:
821:
820:
816:
772:
771:
767:
760:
745:
744:
740:
731:
729:
716:
715:
711:
706:
685:
649:
612:
597:
562:
544:
533:
523:
511:
495:
490:
440:Psathyrellaceae
412:
395:
380:
376:
357:
339:
321:
301:
295:
290:
276:
262:
252:
241:
226:
211:
200:
190:
180:
178:Schaeff. (1774)
161:
154:
148:
135:
132:C. cinerea
108:Psathyrellaceae
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1461:Fungus species
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1302:
1292:
1279:
1266:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1175:
1165:
1152:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1075:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
991:. 15 May 2015.
980:
968:
956:
942:
928:
873:
814:
765:
758:
738:
708:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
695:
684:
681:
648:
645:
611:
608:
596:
593:
561:
558:
543:
540:
532:
529:
528:
527:
522:
519:
510:
507:
494:
491:
489:
486:
462:model organism
438:in the family
425:
424:
416:
408:
407:
399:
391:
390:
381:
374:
371:
370:
361:
353:
352:
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284:
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155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Agaricomycetes
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1473:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Ammonia fungi
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Fungi of Asia
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1339:
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1336:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1316:
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1307:
1303:
1299:
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1276:
1271:
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1263:
1258:
1254:
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1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
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1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1105:
1098:
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1089:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
990:
984:
981:
975:
973:
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963:
961:
957:
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949:
947:
943:
938:
932:
929:
924:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
891:PLOS Genetics
888:
886:
877:
874:
869:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
831:
827:
818:
815:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
785:(2): 316–53.
784:
780:
776:
769:
766:
761:
755:
751:
750:
742:
739:
727:
723:
721:
713:
710:
703:
699:
696:
694:
692:
687:
686:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
653:
647:Human disease
646:
644:
641:
637:
634:) from which
633:
632:
627:
626:
621:
616:
609:
607:
605:
601:
594:
592:
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586:
582:
578:
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566:
559:
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554:
553:
548:
541:
539:
537:
530:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
508:
506:
504:
500:
492:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
449:
446:known as the
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
423:
422:
418:Edibility is
417:
409:
406:
405:
400:
392:
389:
385:
382:
372:
369:
365:
362:
354:
351:
347:
344:
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329:
326:
318:
315:
311:
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306:
298:
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288:
283:
279:
269:
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259:
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249:
244:
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208:
203:
197:
193:
187:
183:
176:
171:
168:
164:
159:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Basidiomycota
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1426:Edible fungi
1332:
1131:
1107:
1097:
1088:
1078:
1041:
1037:
1015:
1006:
997:
983:
931:
894:
890:
884:
876:
839:
835:
829:
825:
817:
782:
778:
768:
748:
741:
730:. Retrieved
725:
719:
712:
690:
676:
672:
664:
651:
650:
639:
635:
629:
623:
619:
614:
613:
603:
599:
598:
595:Reproduction
588:
584:
572:
564:
563:
550:
546:
545:
535:
534:
513:
512:
498:
496:
466:mating types
457:
456:
447:
430:
429:
428:
420:
404:saprotrophic
402:
387:
367:
349:
331:
307:
281:
263:
253:
242:
231:
227:
216:
212:
201:
191:
181:
174:
173:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
1421:Coprinopsis
1257:NatureServe
1218:iNaturalist
691:Coprinopsis
493:Antibiotics
401:Ecology is
384:Spore print
232:macrorhizus
220:(Schaeff.)
205:(Schaeff.)
119:Coprinopsis
1415:Categories
1038:PLOS Genet
732:2011-01-16
704:References
640:C. cinerea
636:C. cinerea
620:C. cinerea
589:C. cinerea
573:C. cinerea
98:Agaricales
74:Division:
1348:Q62921459
1262:2.1058774
577:zymograms
509:Culturing
448:gray shag
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1383:MycoBank
1370:Fungorum
1362:60025154
1357:AusFungi
1342:Wikidata
1244:MycoBank
1236:11047852
1192:Fungorum
1168:BioLib:
1161:60025153
1156:AusFungi
1147:Q5168926
1141:Wikidata
1070:20885784
923:20885784
868:20547848
809:10839819
726:MycoBank
689:List of
683:See also
669:anamorph
488:Research
482:prophase
450:, it is
444:Commonly
436:mushroom
346:Hymenium
314:hymenium
246:(Pers.)
235:(Pers.)
217:cinereus
167:Synonyms
158:Schaeff.
104:Family:
54:Domain:
1321:1628897
1210:5242754
1061:2944786
914:2944786
859:2900686
693:species
656:mycoses
610:Meiosis
604:Cc.wc-2
569:laccase
560:Enzymes
521:Strains
478:meiosis
332:conical
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1395:NZOR:
1388:217532
1375:217532
1318:uBio:
1311:737441
1295:NZOR:
1249:474379
1223:179211
1197:474379
1171:125729
1068:
1058:
921:
911:
866:
856:
807:
797:
756:
698:Cospin
531:Genome
503:copsin
474:genome
472:. The
452:edible
421:edible
260:(1965)
258:Apinis
250:(1922)
239:(1887)
224:(1838)
209:(1821)
198:(1796)
188:(1783)
186:Batsch
1231:IRMNG
800:98996
658:) in
585:CcTET
470:fungi
388:black
364:Stipe
309:Gills
237:Sacc.
230:var.
215:var.
196:Pers.
68:Fungi
1288:5346
1283:NCBI
1205:GBIF
1184:Y578
1066:PMID
919:PMID
864:PMID
836:PNAS
805:PMID
754:ISBN
628:and
552:ku70
368:bare
350:free
207:Gray
1270:NBN
1179:CoL
1056:PMC
1046:doi
909:PMC
899:doi
854:PMC
844:doi
840:107
795:PMC
787:doi
671:of
581:TET
386:is
366:is
348:is
330:is
328:Cap
312:on
248:Rea
222:Fr.
1417::
1385::
1372::
1359::
1344::
1308::
1285::
1272::
1259::
1246::
1233::
1220::
1207::
1194::
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1158::
1143::
1064:.
1054:.
1040:.
1036:.
1024:^
971:^
959:^
945:^
917:.
907:.
893:.
889:.
862:.
852:.
838:.
834:.
832:)"
803:.
793:.
783:64
781:.
777:.
724:.
484:.
442:.
1072:.
1048::
1042:6
925:.
901::
895:6
870:.
846::
828:(
811:.
789::
762:.
735:.
718:"
156:(
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