430:, a Nevada lawyer took "affirmative steps" to get his legal writings included in Google's search results so that he could sue Google, and was ruled to have acted in bad faith. More recently, the term has been used to describe entities that bring questionable claims against companies in the fashion industry over purported copyrights in fabric patterns. In 2021, the term was coined by a Belgian judge in reference to Permission Machine, which later changed its name to Visual Rights Group. This company scanned photos on the internet and sent large damage claims without asking for the removal of the material.
31:
53:
534:"Although Plaintiff's business model relies in large part upon reaching settlement agreements with a minimal investment of time and effort, the purpose of the courts is to provide a forum for the orderly, just, and timely resolution of controversies and disputes. Plaintiff's wishes to the contrary, the courts are not merely tools for encouraging and exacting settlements from Defendants cowed by the potential costs of litigation and liability."
1249:
628:
Liebowitz is probably the best known example of a copyright troll, a moniker that one circuit court defined as a someone who brings "strategic infringement claims of dubious merit in the hope of arranging prompt settlements with defendants who would prefer to pay modest or nuisance settlements rather
555:
Two lawyers have provided a framework for a legal defense against copyright trolls. Since most of the lawsuits about online copyright infringement rely on a minimal amount of information that targets non-infringers as well as infringers, there are ways to defend against the lawsuit by defense lawyers
372:
One commentator describes Harry Wall, husband of nineteenth-century
British comic singer Annie Wall, as the world's first copyright troll. Wall set up "the Authors', Composers' and Artists' Copyright Protection Office", to collect fees for unauthorized performances of works by composers (often
542:
doctrine and that
Stephens Media had actually not assigned full ownership of the copyrighted material to Righthaven. Righthaven was also sanctioned by at least one judge for failing to disclose that Stephens Media got a 50 percent cut of any lawsuit proceeds involving the
388:
to obtain royalties in regards to the open source operating system Linux was viewed as copyright trolling by some of the approximately 1,500 companies from whom SCO demanded licensing royalties, based on a copyright that a court eventually ruled belonged instead to
1536:
1123:
1706:
337:, in a manner considered unduly aggressive or opportunistic, sometimes without producing or licensing the works it owns for paid distribution. Critics object to the activity because they believe it does not encourage the production of
1219:
1728:
1462:
522:
magazine described the activity as "borrowing a page from the patent trolls", and noted that the company was demanding $ 75,000 from each infringer, and agreeing to settlements of several thousand dollars per defendant.
1694:
1408:
505:, covered all 107 of the lawsuits as of September 1, 2010, describing it as the first known instance of a copyright troll buying the rights to a news story based on finding that its copyright had been infringed.
1617:
1445:
1629:
360:", which are companies that enforce patent rights to earn money from companies that are selling products, without having products of their own for sale. It is distinguished from organizations such as
1848:
1118:
117:
1080:
2054:
424:
was described as a copyright troll for setting up image links with the intent to sue Google for infringement after Google added them to its image search service. In
312:
547:
Successful defendants demanded court costs and legal fees, which
Righthaven refused to pay. By December 2011, Righthaven was insolvent and on the auction block.
1841:
2370:
102:
642:
2019:
1207:
797:
1834:
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By the second half of 2011, defendants with resources to fight
Righthaven in court were winning cases on grounds that their usage fell within the
220:
1108:
705:
676:
1524:
1073:
2208:
178:
896:
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of suing bloggers and other
Internet authors for statutory damages for having reproduced the articles on their sites without permission.
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in
Arkansas to pursue similar actions, and announced that it was in negotiation with a number of other publishers.
1151:
442:
was called a copyright troll by commentators, after it purchased copyrights to a number of old news articles from
30:
2375:
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393:. Novell, by contrast, had no interest or intention of enforcing its copyright against the alleged infringers.
37:, a New York-based attorney, was called a copyright troll in several lawsuits and was met by various sanctions.
1563:
1178:
731:
Kravets, David (2007-09-14). "Battered SCO Files for
Bankruptcy to Stay Afloat". Threat Level. Wired Magazine.
1723:
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198:
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352:
Both the term and the concept of a copyright troll began to appear in the mid-2000s. It derives from the
2144:
2049:
2014:
1857:
1479:
1325:
881:
419:
44:
914:
52:
773:"Copyright Trolls Are Never in Fashion: Copyright Infringement Suits and Strategies for Fighting Back"
2089:
2084:
2064:
1772:
1268:
680:
594:
334:
757:
Knutson, Alyssa N. (2009). "Proceed With
Caution: How Digital Archives Have Been Left in the Dark".
2004:
1872:
188:
2322:
2268:
2172:
1017:
Sag, Matthew; Haskell, Jake (2018-01-01). "Defense
Against the Dark Arts of Copyright Trolling".
272:
82:
62:
2203:
1966:
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968:
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650:
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346:
34:
509:'s publisher responded by defending the lawsuits, and criticizing the Sun for covering them.
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1907:
963:
518:
183:
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1971:
1019:
584:
426:
1054:
Fight
Copyright Trolls, an online publication covering mass file-sharing lawsuits in USA
776:
2273:
2238:
2213:
1954:
1927:
1917:
704:
Alexander, Isabella (2010). Deazley, Ronan; Kretschmer, Martin; Bently, Lionel (eds.).
467:
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Party that enforces copyrights for purposes of making money through litigation
972:
1949:
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provisions in copyright laws intended to encourage creation of such works.
2024:
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409:
499:, which offered to assist the defendants. The paper's competitor, the
401:
397:
390:
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364:, which collect royalties and enforce copyrights of their members.
1053:
994:"Dismantling of Righthaven appears under way with loss of website"
361:
29:
897:"Protecting newspaper content -- You either do it, or you don't"
812:"Vegas, Baby! Ruling a Possible Boon to 'Copyright-Troll' Suits"
677:"Copyright Trolls - A Different Embodiment of the Patent Troll?"
1830:
1062:
834:"Attack Dog' Group Buys Newspaper Copyrights, Sues 86 Websites"
618:"Are Courts Finally Getting Fed Up With Copyright Shakedowns?"
396:
The term was also applied to two parties that separately sued
645:. Public Knowledge. Archived from the original on 2017-06-07.
400:
in 2006, after posting content they knew would be indexed by
798:
Vonnis Kort geding Gent inzake Permission Machine vs. Kortom
707:
Privilege and Property. Essays on the History of Copyright
341:
works, but instead makes money through the inequities and
959:"Creditor Moves to Dismantle Copyright Troll Righthaven"
775:. American Bar Association. May 24, 2013. Archived from
512:
In August, 2010, the company entered an agreement with
495:, and other newspapers and news blogs, as well as the
867:"Why we are writing about the R-J copyright lawsuits"
2307:
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1997:
1865:
1790:
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1554:
1547:
1356:
1256:
1139:
915:"Threat Level Privacy, Crime and Security Online"
560:defendants that are described in the framework.
373:deceased) based on the threat of litigation for
744:"Copyright Troll Loses High-Stakes Unix Battle"
1842:
1074:
333:it owns for purposes of making money through
329:is a party (person or company) that enforces
306:
8:
930:"Righthaven v. Hill, No. 1:11-cv-00211-JLK"
849:"Is This the Birth of the Copyright Troll?"
800:. bottom of page 7, term "Auterusrechtrol"
675:Horton Rockafellow, Caroline (2006-11-23).
412:" opt-out tags deliberately omitted. After
103:Integrated circuit layout design protection
2162:
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1835:
1827:
1551:
1081:
1067:
1059:
611:
609:
313:
299:
40:
908:
906:
882:"EFF Seeks to Help Righthaven Defendants"
629:than be tied up in expensive litigation."
526:In April 2011, a Colorado court ruled in
2020:Business models for open-source software
895:Frederick, Sherman (September 1, 2010).
832:Cassens Weiss, Debra (August 4, 2010).
605:
221:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
165:
43:
860:
858:
827:
825:
699:
697:
648:
2209:Organization for Transformative Works
710:. Open Book Publishers. p. 339.
670:
668:
666:
179:Artificial intelligence and copyright
7:
408:spider, with the industry standard "
138:Supplementary protection certificate
643:"What a copyright troll looks like"
446:, at the time the publisher of the
438:In 2010, copyright holding company
2371:Criticism of intellectual property
913:Kravets, David (August 30, 2010).
865:Green, Steve (September 1, 2010).
810:Jones, Ashby (September 3, 2010).
25:
1816:Category:Copyright law by country
880:Galperin, Eva (August 25, 2010).
742:Kravets, David (March 31, 2010).
2030:Commercial use of copyleft works
1247:
1114:International copyright treaties
268:Outline of intellectual property
93:Indigenous intellectual property
51:
2010:Alternative compensation system
847:Mullin, Joe (August 16, 2010).
759:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
641:Rangnath, Rashmi (2008-01-29).
415:Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google Inc.
2194:Electronic Frontier Foundation
497:Electronic Frontier Foundation
459:The matter was covered by the
379:Dramatic Copyright Act of 1842
1:
2035:Commons-based peer production
1903:Legal aspects of file sharing
1104:Copyright case law by country
957:Kravets, David (2011-10-29).
2130:Access to Knowledge movement
1109:Copyright lengths by country
992:Green, Steve (2011-12-22).
899:. Las Vegas Review-Journal.
836:. American Bar Association.
216:Idea–expression distinction
2392:
2244:Students for Free Culture
2140:Cultural environmentalism
2097:Prizes instead of patents
1893:Digital rights management
1811:
1245:
1099:Copyright acts by country
1094:
655:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
616:Aaron Moss (2021-08-23).
2199:Free Software Foundation
1131:Rule of the shorter term
1089:Copyright law by country
449:Las Vegas Review-Journal
2330:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
2040:Electronic sell-through
1935:Monopolies of knowledge
1878:Censorship by copyright
816:The Wall Street Journal
486:The Wall Street Journal
343:unintended consequences
128:Plant genetic resources
98:Industrial design right
88:Geographical indication
2344:The Internet's Own Boy
2150:Free software movement
1977:software patent debate
1883:Copyright infringement
1049:EFF: Copyright Trolls
199:Criticism of copyright
123:Plant breeders' rights
38:
2145:Free-culture movement
2055:Libertarian positions
2050:Free-software license
2015:Anti-copyright notice
1858:Intellectual property
45:Intellectual property
33:
2065:Open-design movement
1520:United Arab Emirates
1027:(2). Rochester, NY.
851:. Corporate Counsel.
595:Vexatious litigation
335:strategic litigation
2005:All rights reversed
1873:Artificial scarcity
779:on November 9, 2013
189:Copyright abolition
2323:Good Copy Bad Copy
2269:Alexandra Elbakyan
2173:Copyright Alliance
1751:Russian Federation
1294:Dominican Republic
928:Kane, Judge John.
528:Righthaven v. Hill
507:The Review-Journal
386:SCO Group's effort
384:In the 2000s, the
281:Higher categories:
273:Outline of patents
39:
2353:
2352:
2252:
2251:
2204:Open Rights Group
1824:
1823:
1786:
1785:
917:. Wired Magazine.
746:. Wired Magazine.
462:Los Angeles Times
418:, adult magazine
375:statutory damages
347:statutory damages
323:
322:
35:Richard Liebowitz
16:(Redirected from
2383:
2376:Pejorative terms
2284:Richard Stallman
2229:Public Knowledge
2189:Creative Commons
2163:
2070:Open music model
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869:. Las Vegas Sun.
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679:. Archived from
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434:Righthaven cases
368:Notable examples
315:
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184:Brand protection
118:Peasants' rights
55:
41:
21:
18:Copyright trolls
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2316:Steal This Film
2303:
2279:Lawrence Lessig
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2114:Video on demand
1993:
1888:Copyright troll
1861:
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1020:Iowa Law Review
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585:Trademark troll
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545:Review-Journal.
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427:Field v. Google
370:
327:copyright troll
319:
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194:Copyright troll
83:Farmers' rights
63:Authors' rights
28:
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2135:Anti-copyright
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468:Bloomberg News
454:business model
444:Stephens Media
440:Righthaven LLC
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241:Right to quote
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166:Related topics
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133:Related rights
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78:Database right
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2366:Copyright law
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2224:Pirate Party
2182:Pro-copyleft
2060:Open content
2045:Free content
1945:Orphan works
1940:Music piracy
1887:
1495:Saudi Arabia
1239:South Africa
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236:Paraphrasing
226:Fair dealing
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148:Trade secret
108:Moral rights
2294:Peter Sunde
2289:Peter Suber
2109:Share-alike
2080:Open source
2075:Open patent
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1311:El Salvador
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1179:Ivory Coast
1150: [
942:28 November
514:WEHCO Media
248:Orphan work
174:Abandonware
143:Trade dress
2360:Categories
2219:Piratbyrån
1967:biological
1898:Gripe site
1724:Kyrgyzstan
1719:Kazakhstan
1637:Luxembourg
1532:Uzbekistan
1510:Tajikistan
1426:Kazakhstan
1374:Bangladesh
1369:Azerbaijan
1215:Mozambique
1191:Madagascar
1119:by country
1003:2020-02-19
978:2020-02-19
687:2010-09-03
623:2021-09-15
601:References
590:SAD Scheme
580:Prenda Law
474:Wired News
421:Perfect 10
377:under the
354:pejorative
331:copyrights
2123:Movements
1950:Biopiracy
1798:Australia
1625:Lithuania
1500:Sri Lanka
1394:Indonesia
1384:Hong Kong
1348:Venezuela
1264:Argentina
998:VEGAS INC
973:1059-1028
570:Copyfraud
406:Googlebot
209:Biopiracy
153:Trademark
73:Copyright
2102:contests
2090:software
2085:hardware
2025:Copyleft
1998:Concepts
1982:trolling
1972:software
1860:activism
1515:Thailand
1485:Pakistan
1458:Mongolia
1453:Malaysia
1316:Honduras
1257:Americas
1164:Cameroon
651:cite web
564:See also
540:fair use
345:of high
339:creative
285:Property
231:Fair use
68:Copyleft
2337:TPB AFK
2234:Sci-Hub
1962:Patents
1913:digital
1791:Oceania
1773:Ukraine
1736:Moldova
1714:Georgia
1702:Belarus
1690:Armenia
1685:Albania
1659:Romania
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1441:Lebanon
1336:Uruguay
1299:Ecuador
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1269:Bermuda
1227:Senegal
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1159:Burundi
1033:2933200
783:May 26,
410:noindex
2257:People
1928:videos
1908:Mashup
1866:Issues
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1758:Serbia
1741:Russia
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1654:Poland
1613:Latvia
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1588:France
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1404:Israel
1321:Panama
1284:Canada
1279:Brazil
1140:Africa
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761:: 437.
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558:pro se
530:that:
489:, the
402:Google
398:Google
391:Novell
113:Patent
1923:novel
1918:music
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1174:Egypt
1169:Ghana
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1147:Benin
964:Wired
933:(PDF)
519:Wired
362:ASCAP
1746:USSR
1480:Oman
1399:Iran
1357:Asia
1326:Peru
1029:SSRN
969:ISSN
944:2023
785:2013
712:ISBN
657:link
556:and
287:and
1025:103
404:'s
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1729:ru
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1695:ru
1642:de
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