156:
based on an annual report he wrote and signed stating that he had transferred "all assets" from his sole proprietorship. The jury rejected
Johnson's claim he intended only to transfer the license to sell the software, and further decided that Johnson became a work for hire upon forming the corporation, thereby also forfeiting all rights to his derivative works. This is the first case in which a document, not itself a contract or agreement and containing no reference to the copyrights, was considered a "note or memorandum" of copyright transfer, and the first time a sole owner of a company was designated a work for hire for copyright ownership purposes. This serves as a lesson that a "writing" required by the Copyright Act need not necessarily be "clear", but may contain ambiguous language which can be interpreted by course of dealing by third parties to the alleged transaction.
184:/publication pressure), and the time potentially wasted should the review and publication process have to be started afresh. There are power dynamics at play that do not benefit authors, and instead often compromise certain academic freedoms. This might in part explain why authors in scientific research, in contrast to all other industries where original creators get honoraria or royalties, typically do not receive any payments from publishers at all. It also explains why many authors seem to continue to sign away their rights while simultaneously disagreeing with the rationale behind doing so.
228:" where they require full and exclusive rights transfer from authors to the publisher for OA articles, while the copyright in name stays with the authors. The assumption that this practice is a condition for publication is misleading, since even works that are in the public domain can be repurposed, printed, and disseminated by publishers. Authors can instead grant a simple non-exclusive license to publish that fulfils the same criteria. However, according to a survey from
172:, typically as a precondition for publication. This process transfers control and ownership over dissemination and reproduction from authors as creators to publishers as disseminators, with the latter then able to monetise the process. The transfer and ownership of copyright represents a delicate tension between protecting the rights of authors, and the interests – financial as well as reputational – of publishers and institutes. With
196:, in an increasingly complex licensing and copyright landscape, and for which a steep learning curve for librarians and researchers exists. Thus, in many cases, authors might not even have the legal rights to transfer full rights to publishers, or agreements have been amended to make full texts available on repositories or archives, regardless of the subsequent publishing contract.
241:
in the best interest of the authors. While one argument of publishers in favor of copyright transfer might be that it enables them to defend authors against any copyright infringements, publishers can take on this responsibility even when copyright stays with the author, as is the policy of the Royal
Society.
155:
upheld a copyright transfer involving no written assignment. In that case, the Author, Anthony
Johnson, sold software as a sole proprietor and incorporated his company in 2003 as Storix, Inc. The court upheld a jury decision that Johnson transferred the copyright to the corporation upon its formation
249:
Copyright transfer agreements are one way to govern permissions based on copyright. Since the advent of digital publishing, various commentators have pointed out the benefits of author-retained copyright, and publishers have started to implement it using license agreements, wherein the author of the
240:
requires that authors and their respective institutes retain copyright to articles without transferring them to publishers; something also supported by OA2020. Researchers failed to find proof that copyright transfer is required for publication, or any case where a publisher has exercised copyright
216:
actively monitor and remove copyrighted content they publish on behalf of authors, as this is seen as not being in the best interests of either authors or the reusability of published research and a sign of the system of copyright transfer being counterproductive (because original creators lose all
126:
Copyright transfer agreements also ask that the authors confirm that they actually own the copyright for all the materials pertaining to a given act of publishing, and, in many agreements, that the item for which the copyright is to be transferred has not been previously published and is not under
179:
The timing of the process of rights transfer is in itself problematic for several reasons. Firstly, copyright transfer usually being conditional for publication means that it is rarely freely transferred or acquired without pressure. Secondly, it becomes very difficult for an author to not sign a
122:
Granting publishers the permission to copy, display and distribute the work is necessary for publishers to act as such, and publishing agreements across a wide range of publishers have such provisions. The reach of copyright transfer agreements can go well beyond that, and "ome publishers require
191:
or institutes, public museums or art galleries might have over-ruling policies that state that copyright over research, content, intellectual property, employs or funds is not allowed to be transferred to third parties, commercial or otherwise. Usually a single author is signing on behalf of all
143:
Critics have said that the copyright transfer agreement in commercial scholarly publishing is "as much about ensuring long–term asset management as it is about providing service to the academic community" because the practice seems to grant favor to the publisher in a way that does not obviously
111:
The situation in which authors hold the copyright usually involves considerable effort in the form of correspondence and record keeping and often leads to unnecessary delays. Although this may appear to be trivial for a few requests, a good scholarly journal publishing exciting papers can expect
101:
in the United States and similar legislation in other countries redefined copyright as accruing to the author from the moment of creation (rather than publication) of a work. This required publishers to acquire copyrights from the author in order to sell the works or access to it, and written
61:
In some countries, a transfer of copyright is not legally allowed, and only licensing is possible. In some countries like the United States and the United
Kingdom, copyright transfer agreements generally must be in writing and must be signed by the person transferring the copyright. In many
211:
for illicit file sharing by academics and the wider public. Factually, widespread, unrestricted sharing helps to advance science faster than paywalled articles, thus it can be argued that copyright transfer does a fundamental disservice to the entire research enterprise. It is also highly
1453:
Vanholsbeeck, Marc; Thacker, Paul; Sattler, Susanne; Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Rivera-López, Bárbara S.; Rice, Curt; Nobes, Andy; Masuzzo, Paola; Martin, Ryan; Kramer, Bianca; Havemann, Johanna; Enkhbayar, Asura; Davila, Jacinto; Crick, Tom; Crane, Harry; Tennant, Jonathan P. (2019-03-11).
235:
Therefore, critics argue that in scientific research, copyright is largely ineffective in its proposed use, but also wrongfully acquired in many cases, and goes practically against its fundamental intended purpose of helping to protect authors and further scientific research.
81:-based academic publishing, and have been said to facilitate the handling of copyright-based permissions in print-only publishing. In the age of electronic communication, the benefits of copyright transfer agreements have been questioned, and while they remain the norm, open
203:(i.e., to grant full choice to an author/creator over dissemination of works) and the application of it, because authors lose these rights during copyright transfer. Such fundamental conceptual violations are emphasised by the popular use of sites such as
250:
work retains copyright and gives the publisher the permission (exclusive or not) to reproduce and distribute the work. A third model is the so-called "browse-wrap" or "click-wrap" license model that is becoming more and more popular in the form of the
112:
several hundred requests per year; a task of this magnitude can become onerous. On the other hand, if the
Journal holds the copyright, requests, value judgements, and permissions can be handled expeditiously to the satisfaction of all concerned.
62:
countries, if an employee is hired for the purpose of creating a copyrightable work for an employer, that employer is by default the owner of the copyright, so no copyright transfer agreement is necessary. In many countries that recognize the
2365:
2345:
123:
that, to the extent possible, copyright be transferred to them." This means that no one, including the authors, can reuse text, tables, or figures in other publications without first getting permission from the new copyright owner.
638:
Bachrach, S.; Berry, R. S.; Blume, M.; Von
Foerster, T.; Fowler, A.; Ginsparg, P.; Heller, S.; Kestner, N.; Odlyzko, A.; Okerson, A.; Wigington, R.; Moffat, A. (1998). "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:Who Should Own Scientific Papers?".
266:
Copyright transfer agreements are usually prepared by the publisher, and some print journals include a copy of the statement in every issue they published. If authors wish to deviate from the default phrasing –
271:, if they want to retain copyright or would not like to grant the publisher an exclusive right to publish – they can specify desired modifications, either by editing the document directly or by attaching an
284:
1090:
Bachrach, S.; Berry, R. S.; Blume, M.; von
Foerster, T.; Fowler, A.; Ginsparg, P.; Heller, S.; Kestner, N.; Odlyzko, A.; Okerson, A.; Wigington, R.; Moffat, A. (1998). "Who Should Own Scientific Papers?".
275:
to a copy of the default version. Publisher policies on the acceptance of such addenda vary, though. Some institutions offer instructions and assistance for staff in creating such addenda.
2185:
1293:
Fyfe, Aileen; McDougall-Waters, Julie; Moxham, Noah (2018). "Credit, Copyright, and the
Circulation of Scientific Knowledge : The Royal Society in the Long Nineteenth Century".
46:
and authors of books, magazines, movies, television shows, video games, and other commercial artistic works who want to include and use a work of a second creator: for example, a
2508:
2360:
2355:
254:
licenses: it allows anyone (including the publisher) to reproduce and distribute the work, with some possible restrictions. Creative
Commons licenses are used by many
2463:
2350:
2222:
492:
192:
authors, perhaps without their awareness or permission. The full understanding of copyright transfer agreements requires a firm grasp of "legal speak" and
1746:"Open Access in Ethics Research: An Analysis of Open Access Availability and Author Self-Archiving Behaviour in Light of Journal Copyright Restrictions"
334:
176:
publishing, typically authors retain copyright to their work, and articles and other outputs are granted a variety of licenses depending on the type.
349:
1376:
2177:
1278:"Untangling Academic Publishing. A History of the Relationship between Commercial Interests, Academic Prestige and the Circulation of Research".
2579:
2503:
2247:
1024:
409:
213:
2453:
2444:
987:
Coleman, A. (2007). "Self-archiving and the
Copyright Transfer Agreements of ISI-ranked library and information science journals".
2215:
2120:
232:
in 2013, almost half of researchers surveyed answered that they would still be content with copyright transfer for OA articles.
2340:
289:
2589:
2439:
2708:
2458:
2660:
2650:
2619:
2411:
2274:
2208:
78:
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2406:
102:
statements signed by the rights owner became necessary in order for the copyright transfer to be considered valid.
66:
of creators, those rights cannot be transferred, and copyright transfer agreements only transfer economic rights.
2493:
2478:
2319:
1778:
364:
2734:
2529:
2498:
2483:
2473:
2370:
1654:
Jamali, Hamid R. (2017). "Copyright Compliance and Infringement in ResearchGate Full-Text Journal Articles".
2609:
2304:
2195:
2749:
2634:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2401:
2242:
1631:
Chawla, Dalmeet (2017). "Publishers Take ResearchGate to Court, Alleging Massive Copyright Infringement".
924:
2121:"Author rights: using the SPARC Author Addendum to secure your rights as the author of a journal article"
2061:
2744:
2629:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2429:
1799:
1717:
1571:
314:
309:
128:
98:
1489:"Copyright Literacy in the UK: A Survey of Librarians and Other Cultural Heritage Sector Professionals"
225:
1864:
1563:
2693:
2624:
2584:
2574:
2324:
648:
47:
2739:
2729:
2396:
2263:
255:
70:
51:
842:
Berquist, T. H. (2009). "The Copyright Transfer Agreement: We Sign It, but Do We Understand It?".
258:. NFTs can allow the transfer of copyright in the asset by way of the metadata on the blockchain.
2375:
2299:
2181:
2102:
1671:
1544:
1522:"Institutional Repositories, Open Access and Copyright: What Are the Practices and Implications?"
1399:
1320:
1209:
1168:
1116:
672:
553:
229:
188:
169:
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1958:
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442:
181:
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copyright transfer agreement, due to the association of publication with career progression (
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1989:
1948:
1907:
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17:
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2010:
1912:
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895:
878:
816:
799:
718:
691:
145:
73:, copyright transfer agreements do not normally involve the payment of remuneration or
2128:
1343:"RoMEO Studies 1: The Impact of Copyright Ownership on Academic Author Self-archiving"
955:"RoMEO studies 1: The impact of copyright ownership on academic author self-archiving"
2723:
2445:
2106:
1994:
1977:
1883:
1866:
Open Access Survey: Exploring the Views of Taylor & Francis and Routledge Authors
1403:
1324:
379:
193:
1779:"Effects of Copyrights on Science - Evidence from the US Book Republication Program"
1675:
1548:
1213:
1172:
1120:
676:
557:
394:
42:
for a work from the copyright owner to another party. This is one legal option for
2703:
2673:
204:
63:
1826:
Morrison, Heather (2017). "From the Field: Elsevier as an Open Access Publisher".
1540:
1104:
660:
2027:
1903:
1245:
773:
708:
97:
Copyright transfer agreements became common in the publishing business after the
2231:
2191:
1472:
1455:
173:
86:
1154:
576:
Friedman, B. A. (1982). "Copyright from a permissions person's point of view".
539:
350:"Guest Post — Academics and Copyright Ownership: Ignorant, Confused or Misled?"
58:
the right to include and use the work, rather than transferring the copyright.
1762:
1745:
1667:
1395:
1361:
1025:"Johnson v. STORIX, INC., Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit 2017 - Google Scholar"
973:
758:
741:
132:
467:
2678:
2314:
2150:
1640:
1067:
1050:
200:
74:
43:
39:
2046:
1962:
1921:
1264:
1076:
904:
863:
825:
727:
164:
Traditional methods of scholarly publishing require complete and exclusive
1839:
1306:
1204:
1187:
1136:"RoMEO Studies 4: An Analysis of Journal Publishers" Copyright Agreements"
1112:
938:
919:
668:
524:"RoMEO studies 4: An analysis of journal publishers' copyright agreements"
2468:
2309:
299:
272:
221:
1163:
1009:
855:
619:
589:
548:
187:
It remains unclear if such copyright transfer is generally permissible.
2513:
2284:
2098:
1848:
1708:
1315:
294:
208:
144:
benefit the authors. Copyright transfer agreements often conflict with
82:
55:
1953:
1937:"Non-profit publishing: Open access and the end of copyright transfer"
1936:
1616:
1599:
1435:
1418:
1000:
989:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
335:"Seven Things Every Scholarly Publisher Should Know about Researchers"
2488:
1698:
1689:
1505:
1488:
606:
Lagowski, J. (1982). "Journal Copyright Problems: An Editor's View".
237:
1790:
127:
consideration to be published elsewhere, to limit the frequency of
304:
285:
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
365:"Monitoring of Unauthorized Internet Posting of Journal Articles"
2204:
2011:"The Open Knowledge Foundation: Open Data Means Better Science"
2200:
339:, Alice Meadows and Karin Wulf, The Scholarly Kitchen. (2016)
199:
This amounts to a fundamental discord between the purpose of
1341:
Gadd, Elizabeth; Oppenheim, Charles; Probets, Steve (2003).
1134:
Gadd, Elizabeth; Oppenheim, Charles; Probets, Steve (2003).
1419:"The Changing Copyright Landscape in Academic Publishing"
148:
practices or appear to do so due to ambiguous language.
1055:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
2509:
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
212:
counter-intuitive when learned societies such as the
89:
publishing have been established as an alternative.
2643:
2522:
2420:
2384:
2333:
2256:
1978:"Intellectual Property in the Context of e-Science"
1051:"Take Another Look at the Instructions for Authors"
1188:"Copyright Contradictions in Scholarly Publishing"
920:"Copyright Contradictions in Scholarly Publishing"
879:"Coping with copying and conflicts (of interest)"
774:"Chapter 2 - Circular 92 - U.S. Copyright Office"
27:Contract to become rightholder of a creative work
160:Prevalence of copyright assignment to publishers
1888:"Another reason for opening access to research"
395:"Elsevier, Copyright: Protecting author rights"
354:, Elizabeth Gadd, The Scholarly Kitchen. (2017)
217:control over, and rights to, their own works).
109:
633:
631:
629:
601:
599:
571:
569:
567:
2216:
1520:Dawson, Patricia H.; Yang, Sharon Q. (2016).
1336:
1334:
953:Gadd, E.; Oppenheim, C.; Probets, S. (2003).
837:
835:
522:Gadd, E.; Oppenheim, C.; Probets, S. (2003).
151:In 2017, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in
8:
2464:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
1456:"Ten Hot Topics around Scholarly Publishing"
608:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
578:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
517:
515:
513:
443:"Understanding Copyright and Related Rights"
54:to include in a game. Another option is to
1448:
1446:
493:"Copyright Notice: Assignment of copyright"
2223:
2209:
2201:
1982:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
1744:Laakso, Mikael; Polonioli, Andrea (2018).
1377:"Academic Freedom: A Lawyer's Perspective"
2036:
2026:
1993:
1952:
1911:
1847:
1789:
1761:
1707:
1697:
1615:
1564:"Will open access undermine peer review?"
1504:
1471:
1434:
1314:
1254:
1244:
1203:
1162:
1066:
1008:
937:
894:
815:
757:
717:
707:
547:
1863:W. Frass; J. Cross; V. Gardner (2013).
429:
326:
77:. Such agreements are a key element of
2087:Applied Physics A: Solids and Surfaces
1808:
1797:
1726:
1715:
1580:
1569:
1487:Morrison, Chris; Secker, Jane (2015).
1777:Biasi, Barbara; Moser, Petra (2018).
384:, Berlin 14th Open Access conference.
369:, American Psychological Association.
50:who wants to pay an artist to draw a
7:
2504:Registry of Open Access Repositories
1600:"Gold, Green, and Black Open Access"
437:
435:
433:
220:Some commercial publishers, such as
918:Willinsky, John (4 November 2002).
38:is an agreement that transfers the
1529:Science & Technology Libraries
817:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00393.x
746:Journal of Applied Crystallography
410:"Royal Society License to Publish"
214:American Psychological Association
25:
2454:Directory of Open Access Journals
2062:"NFT Metadata - What's All This?"
1872:. Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
844:American Journal of Roentgenology
1995:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00340.x
1493:Library and Information Research
877:Lee, I. S.; Spector, M. (2012).
2341:Budapest Open Access Initiative
1935:Watt, F. M.; Sever, R. (2004).
290:Committee on Publication Ethics
2440:Directory of Open Access Books
2151:"Amend a Publishing Agreement"
1229:"Why Full Open Access Matters"
692:"Why Full Open Access Matters"
36:copyright assignment agreement
1:
2459:Initiative for Open Citations
2178:Copyright Transfer Agreements
1541:10.1080/0194262X.2016.1224994
1105:10.1126/science.281.5382.1459
800:"Authorship: "Law" and Order"
661:10.1126/science.281.5382.1459
2661:List of open-access journals
2651:Access to Knowledge movement
2290:Copyright transfer agreement
2028:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001195
1904:10.1136/sbmj.39063.730660.F7
1295:Victorian Periodicals Review
1246:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001210
1227:Carroll, Michael W. (2011).
896:10.1088/1748-6041/7/1/010201
709:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001210
380:"Final conference statement"
32:copyright transfer agreement
18:Copyright Transfer Agreement
2412:Delayed open-access journal
2275:Subscription business model
1598:Björk, Bo-Christer (2017).
1473:10.3390/publications7020034
804:Academic Emergency Medicine
2766:
2407:Hybrid open-access journal
2155:Harvard University Library
1562:Peter Suber (2007-09-02).
1155:10.1087/095315103322422053
1049:Matushek, Kurt J. (2017).
540:10.1087/095315103322422053
2669:
2494:Public Library of Science
2479:Open Knowledge Foundation
2320:Article processing charge
2238:
1763:10.1007/s11192-018-2751-5
1668:10.1007/s11192-017-2291-4
1396:10.1007/s10734-015-9884-8
1362:10.1108/00220410310698239
974:10.1108/00220410310698239
759:10.1107/S0021889878012753
2499:Public Knowledge Project
2484:Open Society Foundations
2474:Open Archives Initiative
2371:NIH Public Access Policy
1350:Journal of Documentation
1186:Willinsky, John (2002).
962:Journal of Documentation
2060:Mintable (2021-08-09).
1941:Journal of Cell Science
1641:10.1126/science.aaq1560
1417:Dodds, Francis (2018).
1068:10.2460/javma.250.3.258
742:"Transfer of Copyright"
690:Carroll, M. W. (2011).
2402:Open-access repository
2085:"Forthcoming papers".
2009:Molloy, J. C. (2011).
1828:The Charleston Advisor
1807:Cite journal requires
1725:Cite journal requires
1579:Cite journal requires
448:. 2016. p. 14, 20
120:
2430:The Cost of Knowledge
2196:Open Access Directory
1976:Burk, Dan L. (2007).
1840:10.5260/chara.18.3.53
1375:Davies, Mark (2015).
1307:10.1353/vpr.2018.0045
1205:10.5210/fm.v7i11.1006
939:10.5210/fm.v7i11.1006
798:Gaeta, T. J. (1999).
315:Scientific misconduct
310:Intellectual property
129:duplicate publication
99:Copyright Act of 1976
2325:Predatory publishing
883:Biomedical Materials
256:open access journals
168:from authors to the
48:video game developer
2580:Republic of Ireland
2397:Open-access mandate
1898:(7582): 1306–1308.
1690:"Access and Piracy"
856:10.2214/AJR.09.2655
653:1998Sci...281.1459B
647:(5382): 1459–1460.
620:10.1021/ci00034a600
590:10.1021/ci00034a001
71:academic publishing
2376:Research Works Act
2366:Geneva Declaration
2351:Bethesda Statement
2346:Berlin Declaration
2300:Scientific journal
2182:Pacific University
2131:on 30 October 2013
2099:10.1007/BF00348410
2066:Mintable Editorial
1604:Learned Publishing
1423:Learned Publishing
1143:Learned Publishing
1029:Scholar.google.com
528:Learned Publishing
468:"Copyright Basics"
230:Taylor and Francis
166:copyright transfer
117:J. Lagowski (1982)
2717:
2716:
2280:Subscribe to Open
1954:10.1242/jcs.00873
1617:10.1002/leap.1096
1436:10.1002/leap.1157
1099:(5382): 1459–60.
1001:10.1002/asi.20494
226:nominal copyright
182:publish or perish
153:Johnson v. Storix
16:(Redirected from
2757:
2450:
2447:
2435:Creative Commons
2361:Durham Statement
2295:Academic journal
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2127:. Archived from
2117:
2111:
2110:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2021:(12): e1001195.
2006:
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1701:
1699:10.1629/uksg.333
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1506:10.29173/lirg675
1484:
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1414:
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1384:Higher Education
1381:
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1329:
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1318:
1290:
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1283:
1275:
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1248:
1239:(11): e1001210.
1224:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
984:
978:
977:
959:
950:
944:
943:
941:
915:
909:
908:
898:
874:
868:
867:
839:
830:
829:
819:
795:
789:
788:
786:
784:
770:
764:
763:
761:
738:
732:
731:
721:
711:
702:(11): e1001210.
687:
681:
680:
635:
624:
623:
603:
594:
593:
573:
562:
561:
551:
519:
508:
507:
505:
503:
497:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
472:
464:
458:
457:
455:
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447:
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418:
416:
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406:
400:
398:
391:
385:
383:
376:
370:
368:
361:
355:
353:
346:
340:
338:
331:
252:Creative Commons
189:Research funders
118:
21:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2735:Legal documents
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2689:Open government
2665:
2656:Access2Research
2639:
2518:
2442:
2422:
2416:
2380:
2329:
2252:
2234:
2229:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1806:
1796:
1781:
1776:
1775:
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1743:
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1738:
1724:
1714:
1688:
1687:
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1653:
1652:
1648:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1597:
1596:
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1561:
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1518:
1514:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1390:(6): 987–1002.
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1048:
1047:
1043:
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1023:
1022:
1018:
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952:
951:
947:
917:
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912:
876:
875:
871:
841:
840:
833:
797:
796:
792:
782:
780:
772:
771:
767:
752:: 63–64. 1978.
740:
739:
735:
689:
688:
684:
637:
636:
627:
605:
604:
597:
575:
574:
565:
521:
520:
511:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
465:
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451:
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445:
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431:
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422:
421:
412:
408:
407:
403:
393:
392:
388:
378:
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373:
363:
362:
358:
348:
347:
343:
333:
332:
328:
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264:
247:
162:
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119:
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95:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
2763:
2761:
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2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Open knowledge
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Open education
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
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2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
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2392:Self-archiving
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
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2378:
2373:
2368:
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2239:
2236:
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2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2192:Author addenda
2189:
2173:
2172:External links
2170:
2168:
2167:
2142:
2112:
2077:
2052:
2001:
1988:(2): 600–617.
1968:
1927:
1875:
1855:
1818:
1809:|journal=
1791:10.3386/w24255
1769:
1750:Scientometrics
1736:
1727:|journal=
1681:
1656:Scientometrics
1646:
1623:
1610:(2): 173–175.
1590:
1581:|journal=
1554:
1535:(4): 279–294.
1512:
1499:(121): 75–97.
1479:
1442:
1429:(3): 270–275.
1409:
1367:
1356:(3): 243–277.
1330:
1301:(4): 597–615.
1285:
1270:
1219:
1178:
1149:(4): 293–308.
1126:
1082:
1061:(3): 258–259.
1041:
1016:
995:(2): 286–296.
979:
945:
910:
869:
850:(4): 849–851.
831:
810:(4): 297–301.
790:
765:
733:
682:
625:
595:
563:
509:
484:
459:
428:
426:
423:
420:
419:
401:
386:
371:
356:
341:
325:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
280:
277:
263:
262:Author addenda
260:
246:
243:
161:
158:
146:self-archiving
140:
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107:
104:
94:
91:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2762:
2751:
2750:Copyright law
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2707:
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2695:
2694:Open hardware
2692:
2690:
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2680:
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2423:organizations
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2067:
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2048:
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2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
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1889:
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1879:
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1122:
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940:
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927:
926:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
897:
892:
889:(1): 010201.
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
836:
832:
827:
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818:
813:
809:
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794:
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779:
778:Copyright.gov
775:
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583:
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529:
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518:
516:
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488:
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436:
434:
430:
424:
411:
405:
402:
396:
390:
387:
381:
375:
372:
366:
360:
357:
352:. 2017-10-31.
351:
345:
342:
337:. 2016-08-30.
336:
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278:
276:
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270:
261:
259:
257:
253:
244:
242:
239:
233:
231:
227:
224:, engage in "
223:
218:
215:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
194:copyright law
190:
185:
183:
177:
175:
171:
167:
159:
157:
154:
149:
147:
138:
136:
134:
130:
124:
113:
105:
103:
100:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2745:Business law
2704:Open science
2674:Open content
2620:South Africa
2421:Projects and
2289:
2268:
2264:
2186:WebCite copy
2158:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2124:
2115:
2093:: A5. 1994.
2090:
2086:
2080:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:
2055:
2018:
2015:PLOS Biology
2014:
2004:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1895:
1891:
1884:Wilbanks, J.
1878:
1865:
1858:
1834:(3): 53–59.
1831:
1827:
1821:
1800:cite journal
1772:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1718:cite journal
1684:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1632:
1626:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1572:cite journal
1557:
1532:
1528:
1515:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1463:
1460:Publications
1459:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1370:
1353:
1349:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1236:
1233:PLOS Biology
1232:
1222:
1195:
1192:First Monday
1191:
1181:
1164:10150/105141
1146:
1142:
1129:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1010:10150/105292
992:
988:
982:
965:
961:
948:
929:
925:First Monday
923:
913:
886:
882:
872:
847:
843:
807:
803:
793:
781:. Retrieved
777:
768:
749:
745:
736:
699:
696:PLOS Biology
695:
685:
644:
640:
614:(2): 72–73.
611:
607:
584:(2): 70–72.
581:
577:
549:10150/105141
531:
527:
500:. Retrieved
487:
475:. Retrieved
462:
450:. Retrieved
404:
389:
374:
359:
344:
329:
268:
265:
248:
245:Other models
234:
219:
205:ResearchGate
198:
186:
178:
163:
152:
150:
142:
125:
121:
110:
96:
79:subscription
68:
64:moral rights
60:
35:
31:
29:
2709:Open source
2595:New Zealand
2590:Netherlands
2443: [
2232:Open access
2160:20 November
2135:20 November
1947:(Pt 1): 1.
1849:10393/35779
1756:: 291–317.
1709:10023/16938
1662:: 241–254.
1316:10023/16928
498:. p. 3
473:. p. 3
87:open access
85:as used in
2740:Publishing
2730:Agreements
2724:Categories
2523:By country
2385:Strategies
2334:Statements
2305:Manuscript
2071:2022-08-10
968:(3): 243.
534:(4): 293.
425:References
139:Criticisms
133:plagiarism
44:publishers
2679:Open data
2530:Australia
2315:Postprint
2107:198207309
1466:(2): 34.
1404:144222460
1325:166171714
201:copyright
170:publisher
75:royalties
40:copyright
2610:Portugal
2469:OpenAIRE
2446:Wikidata
2310:Preprint
2257:Concepts
2248:Timeline
2047:22162946
1963:14657267
1922:17185718
1886:(2006).
1676:27138477
1549:63819187
1265:22140361
1214:39334346
1173:40861778
1121:36290551
1077:28117640
1034:23 March
905:22287538
864:19320070
826:10230981
783:23 March
728:22140361
677:36290551
558:40861778
300:Fair use
279:See also
273:addendum
222:Elsevier
115:—
83:licenses
2635:Ukraine
2570:Hungary
2560:Germany
2550:Denmark
2540:Belgium
2535:Austria
2514:Sci-Hub
2285:Paywall
2267:versus
2243:History
2194:at the
2038:3232214
1913:1761190
1633:Science
1256:3226455
1113:9750115
1093:Science
719:3226455
669:9750115
649:Bibcode
641:Science
295:ETBLAST
209:Sci-Hub
106:Purpose
93:History
56:license
2630:Sweden
2615:Russia
2605:Poland
2600:Norway
2565:Greece
2555:France
2545:Canada
2489:Plan S
2265:Gratis
2105:
2045:
2035:
1961:
1920:
1910:
1674:
1547:
1402:
1323:
1263:
1253:
1212:
1198:(11).
1171:
1119:
1111:
1075:
932:(11).
903:
862:
824:
726:
716:
675:
667:
556:
502:16 May
477:16 May
452:16 May
238:Plan S
2644:Other
2625:Spain
2585:Italy
2575:India
2449:]
2269:libre
2125:SPARC
2103:S2CID
1870:(PDF)
1782:(PDF)
1672:S2CID
1545:S2CID
1525:(PDF)
1400:S2CID
1380:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1321:S2CID
1210:S2CID
1169:S2CID
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