879:, the law on video games in India has developed more on the basis of business practice. This has led to developers and publishers seeking protection as "cinematograph works". Under Section 2 of the act, a "cinematograph film" means "any work of visual recording on any medium produced through a process from which a moving image may be produced by any means and includes a sound recording accompanying such visual recording and cinematograph shall be construed as including any work produced by any process analogous to cinematography including video films." The phrase "process analogous to cinematography" has a non-exhaustive list attached, meaning that part of the definition is open-ended enough to allow for video games to be covered, but there is no jurisprudence on this issue.) The law in India does clearly state that a "literary work" includes computer programs and hence by extension, the source code of video games can be protected as software or literary work.
301:(WIPO) had recognized the complexity inherent in copyrighting video games, saying: "Although Article 2 of the Berne Convention provides a solid basis for eligibility for protection of video games by copyright, they are in fact complex works of authorship, potentially composed of multiple copyrighted works." WIPO has also stated in one of its reports that "there is no clear classification of video games and their protection will vary depending on each particular game and the elements that are part of it. In this sense, video games can be treated as computer programs and, thus, are classified as works of authorship; in that case, the source code for a video game is classified as a literary work. If pictorial or graphic authorship predominates, a video game may be classified as a visual arts work. Similarly, if motion picture or audiovisual authorship predominates, a video game may be classified as a motion picture/audiovisual work."
903:, having once consented to have their works in a cinematograph work, can no longer restrict or object to the enjoyment of the performer's rights by the producer but the original author/creator shall retain the right to receive royalties on public/commercial use of his/her work, as per Section 38 A (2) of the Indian Copyright Act. "It is unclear whether this new provision will affect video game authors due to the lack of qualification of this kind of work of authorship; this amendment to the Indian Copyright Act must, therefore, be further interpreted in this context...(it) must be interpreted by Indian courts in order to determine if it will apply to video game contributors and whether they shall have the right to receive royalties for the exploitation of their works."
159:. Companies create these engines for the purpose of allowing developers (with or without charge) to create games. However, because of limitations or certain peculiarities of an engine, some designs or passive-background tasks may occur in a particular way for every game made using that engine. This particular feature (regardless of how central it may be to a game) is essentially the same in all games created with that engine, which takes it outside the scope of copyright. This reasoning would also apply to games made with the same engine which share source code—this would not constitute copying because the games' similarity is inherent to the tools. Large video game houses/publishers can sidestep this limitation by developing in-house engines.
1203:
games are expressive works deserving of First
Amendment protection and that Oovee’s use of the K-700 did not infringe on Saber’s trademarks. Applying the Rogers test, the court determined that Oovee’s depiction of the K-700 had no artistic relevance to Saber's and did not explicitly mislead consumers. These cases demonstrate that while realism is a valued aspect of immersive gaming, courts carefully consider the balance between artistic expression and trademark rights, often favoring the former when it serves a genuine creative purpose without misleading the public.
384:, in that copyright cannot be used to protect ideas, but only the expression of those ideas. The United States Copyright Office specifically notes: "Copyright does not protect the idea for a game, its name or title, or the method or methods for playing it. Nor does copyright protect any idea, system, method, device, or trademark material involved in developing, merchandising, or playing a game. Once a game has been made public, nothing in the copyright law prevents others from developing another game based on similar principles." Courts also consider
293:
dramatico-musical works; choreographic works and entertainments in dumb show; musical compositions with or without words; cinematographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving and lithography; photographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; works of applied art; illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three-dimensional works relative to geography, topography, architecture or science.
965:. Video games, and computer code in general, are considered to fall under copyright as they are a "work of authorship" as "a production in which thoughts or emotions are expressed in a creative way and which falls in the literary, scientific, artistic or musical domain." Video games being eligible for copyrights in the same manner as cinematic works were established through three cases related to video game clones from 1982 to 1984, in which Japan's courted ruled, collectively, that the act of storing data into a computer's
928:, but this does not specifically account for video games under any of the works eligible for copyright. Instead, video games are considered protected by copyright in their parts. The computer code or other fixed medium is considered copyrightable, and the game's presentation can be copyrighted as a literary work or dramatic work, while elements like character design, art and sound and music can also be copyrighted. Other facets, like the look and feel or game mechanics, are not considered eligible for copyrightable.
390:(French for "scenes that must be done") for a particular genre as uncopyrightable; games involving vampires, for example, would be expected to have elements of the vampire drinking blood and driving a stake through the vampire's heart to kill him. It is generally recognized in the video game industry that borrowing mechanics from other games is common practice and often a boon for creating new games, and their widespread use would make them ineligible for legal copyright or patent protection.
127:), but when these self-contained companies create large and detailed worlds, most of the assets they create end up being used only once. This limits the public pool of resources/assets. Assets will often have to be recreated in order to create a new game (or sequel by another company or creator), which is a common complaint of game developers, as it usually costs large amounts of money to create commercially viable assets and makes it difficult for smaller developers to produce games.
969:(ROM) constitutes copying and thus unauthorized copies can be violations of copyright, that similarly hardware circuitry can carry software information and is also copyrightable, and that video games can contain artistic expression that is protected by copyright. These cases gave video games stronger protections for copyright than before, as Japan's courts typically put more onus on plaintiffs in copyright infringement cases to demonstrate similarity, and the
437:; while video games present images and sound that are not in a fixed form, the repetitive use of these in a systematic response to player's actions was sufficient for copyright protections as audiovisual works. In the case of the earlier hardware before programmable computer chips, copyright was also recognized by the impression of software based on the circuit board patterns and features that made games work as a form of fixation, as established by both
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involve individuals that have died or moved to different fields and are difficult to track down. A new proposed law in 2021 would create a central repository for copyright management for such works across all media where the copyright owner is unclear and take responsibility for managing future rights issues. This would allow affected games to be republished without having to contact their original creators if they cannot be found.
237:. Though this may not change the intellectual property rights in the base code of the game, some developers/publishers may restrict the rights of players to broadcast their playthrough of the game. The arguments from the other side are that the output of a game is coming in a particular way due to user input and this can reasonably give a player some restricted rights in his/her play through, also known as a
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610:, through court settlement after the judge gave initially rulings in favor of Spry Fox. These rulings suggested that there was copyright protection on the gameplay mechanics despite drastic differences in the games' art assets, though other factors, such as prior agreements between Spry Fox and 6Waves, may have also been involved.
1014:. The court's decision in favor of Tencent fixed two concepts that remained part of case law: access to the original game, and whether there was substantial similarity in the claimed elements that violated copyright. The case also established that in considering copyrights of the individual elements, there must be a
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are frequently used to protect hardware consoles from cloning. Though patents do not cover elements like the form and shape of a console, they can be used to protect the internal hardware and electronic components, as
Magnavox had used at the onset of the arcade game and home console clones. Notably,
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One issue that has affected the rerelease of older games in Japan are harsh copyright laws that would come into play if there was any possible dispute over possible copyright ownership. To republish a work, the publisher must have an agreement with the copyright owner, which for these older games may
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of 1991 provide for copyright protection of video games in their source code and all its constituent parts in its fixed format, such as on an optical disc or printed circuit. The audio, visual and other creative elements of a game themselves are not directly covered by any EU directive, but have been
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The Indian law has an exhaustive definition of the phrase "Artistic Work" under
Chapter 1, Section 2(c) of the Copyrights Act, which states that Artistic Work is "(i) a painting, a sculpture, a drawing, an engraving or a photograph, whether or not any such work possesses artistic quality; (ii) a work
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on a broader idea. The US Copyright Office specifically states that “Copyright does not protect the idea for a game, its name or title, or the method or methods for playing it. Nor does copyright protect any idea, system, method, device, or trademark material involved in developing, merchandising, or
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removed the costly need for the manufacture and distribution of physical game discs. These innovations have allowed the industry to move away from the standard of intellectual property rights resting with the publisher instead of the developers, as "the IP rights that typically vested with publishers
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As technology progresses, creator capabilities and consumer expectations trend toward more realistic demands for video games. More realistic gaming can increase the user experience, enhancing immersion and increasing emotional engagement. A problem can arise when games become too similar to the real
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WIPO has written the following about copyright protection in different countries and jurisdictions: "For some countries, video games are predominantly computer programs, due to the specific nature of the works and their dependency on software. Whereas in other jurisdictions, the complexity of video
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is a relatively modern intellectual property right that safeguards an individual's ability to commercially profit from their name, image, or likeness. Issues of publicity rights in video games can arise in sports titles, where developers use the names and likenesses of hundreds or even thousands of
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series includes realistic models of numerous existing car models which are licensed from the car manufacturers. These licensing terms are limited, requiring publisher
Microsoft to pull the game from sale roughly four years after release; Microsoft has generally established a development model where
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also highlighted the tension between trademark protection and artistic expression in video games. In this instance, Saber
Interactive held exclusive rights to depict the K-700 tractor in its game Mudrunner, yet Oovee used the same vehicle in its competing game, Spintires. The court found that video
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an existing game, replacing the art assets with new ones but otherwise not changing the game's code. China's copyright code also makes it difficult to take action on modification of copyrighted characters as these are not explicitly written into
Chinese law, which has allowed widespread unlicensed
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In the U.S, corporations can be the author of an audiovisual work, which tends to be the most commonly used classification for a video game. In this case, the hiring corporation, rather than employees or other contributors, would be considered the author. Unlike
European law, which has very strong
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The expression "literary and artistic works" shall include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression, such as books, pamphlets and other writings; lectures, addresses, sermons and other works of the same nature; dramatic or
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Contributions that do not add directly to the code of the game would not be protected by copyrights for literary works, but these components could be covered if an audiovisual copyright is taken out. As for authorship rights, most contributors are employees and hence their work would be considered
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Classically, publishers had the role of securing (or providing) funding for a game, as well as bearing the losses and in many cases, marketing the game. These expenses were generally large and could run as high as tens of millions of dollars for AAA titles. But, with the advent of the
Internet and
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China's legal framework to copyright does recognize individual elements video games as an eligible work for copyrightability with individual creative assets as being copyrightable, but does not have similar provisions as most other nations to recognize the fixed form of publication as also having
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Unlike the US, in India, different aspects of a game, like the art, code, gameplay mechanics etc. are copyrightable independently. This understanding is furthered by
Section 17 of the Indian Copyright Act which states that the person arranging for all components of a work to come together into a
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The
European Union (EU) as a body of member nations sets policies for copyright and other intellectual property protections that are then to be supported by laws passed at the national levels, allowing individual nations to include additional restrictions within the EU directives. Multiple EU
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wrote that "no plagiarist can excuse the wrong by showing how much of his work he did not pirate." This was said in the context of the fact that, "while a game is not protectable by copyright as such, this kind of work of authorship is protectable at least to a limited extent as long as the
500:, said that during this period, courts opted to take a more lax view to balance innovation in the industry and prevent overzealous copyright protection that could have one company claim copyright on an entire genre of games. At best, copyright holders could challenge clones by threatening
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tools, such as reading an encrypted optical disc. For both video game hardware manufacturers and for software developers and publishers, this helps to protect their work from being copied, disassembled, and reincorporated into a clone. However, the DMCA has been problematic for those in
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particular form in which it is expressed provides something new or additional over the idea" and that while two works may not be the same in many regards, if parts/components of the second work are wholly or substantially copied or like the first work, it is copyright infringement.
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has stated that "a single registration may be made for a computer program and its screen displays...(and) when answering the 'Type of work being registered' question on the application form, the copyright holder shall choose the type most appropriate to the predominant authorship."
1030:. While Tianxiang attempted to argue that the overall game could not be copyrighted, the court established precedence that a video game fell into the category of cinematographic works, and that the expression of gameplay can be copyrighted, establishing this principle in case law.
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copyright nor the work as a whole having copyright like a cinematographic work. These last elements have in part enabled widespread copyright theft within the country, not just of video games but other works. The relatively lax copyright rules enables clones based on
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that "a game is both a creative and a technical product and IP protects both aspects. There's a lot of IP involved in the games we develop, from the technical mechanisms that enable and enrich the user's experience to the storyline and the heroes we create."
916:, which laid out the following test: if "the viewer after having read or seen both the works is clearly of the opinion and gets an unmistakable impression that the subsequent work appears to be a copy of the original" then the copyright has been infringed.
288:(The Berne Convention of 1886) is the international treaty which provides the scope for copyright protection of video games. This protection can be drawn from the wide definition of "Literary and Artistic Work" in Article 2 of the Convention, which reads:
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enshrined in national laws as a result of the Berne Convention of which the EU and its member states are part of, with video games either expressly called out as cinematographic works or more broadly under audiovisual works. At least one case at the
1290:. Otherwise, with limited-time licenses, publishers are generally required to remove the game from sale at the end of that term, though existing owners of the game often still have rights to redownload and use the game as necessary. For example, the
645:, where an idea can only be expressed in one way. The courts will not recognize Copyright protection in any expression that is inseparable from a larger idea, since it would effectively grant a monopoly over that idea. Another related concept is
2891:, Ando, Takeshi; Tsukamoto, Kazunari & Yamaguchi, Toshiya Yamaguchi et al., "Game display method, moving direction indicating method, game apparatus and drive simulating apparatus", published 2001-03-13, assigned to
802:– Identify factors at each level that are not deserving of protection (ideas, processes, those dictated by efficiency or required for external compatibility, those taken from the public domain, etc.) and subtract them from consideration.
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that includes multimedia elements, which would allow a developer or publisher to trademark a specific gameplay element that is novel from past games, providing a different route for them to protect their work from cloning. For example,
887:"In the case of a work made in the course of the author's employment under a contract of service or apprenticeship (...) the employer shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein"
1281:
This type of licensing tends to pose an issue for the retention and preservation of video games particular on digital download services. Publisher can sometimes secure perpetual rights to a licensed property, such as in the case of
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Under this rule, the authorship of creative contributions to a game that are made by individuals outside of the developers/publishers employment reside with the original creator, unless the rights are signed over to the developer.
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prohibited student-athletes from receiving any monetary or in-kind benefit from the use of their publicity rights, EA included athletes' names, images, and likenesses without providing any sort of compensation to the athletes.
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of 1975, does not address video games specifically. Unlike the US, India has not publicly listed under what categorization video game makers should seek protection under. India follows the Anglo-American tradition of allowing
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use of others' intellectual property in Chinese games. Though the government has introduced more stringent copyright laws in recent years and harsher penalties for violations, video game clones still persist in China.
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Patents on software and video games cannot be easily obtained in the European Union, unless it can be demonstrated that there is a significant technical effect beyond the interaction of the hardware and the software.
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had done, thus making it more likely a copyright violation. While only a district court decision and not binding outside of New Jersey, this served as case law for other developers to fend off "look-and-feel" clones.
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reversed the lower court's award of summary judgment in favor of EA. The appellate court held that, applying the transformative-use test, EA failed to demonstrate that its First Amendment rights superseded former
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held that under the transformative-use test "EA's use does not qualify for First Amendment protection as a matter of law because it literally recreates Keller in the very setting in which he has achieved renown."
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As part of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, Japan amended its copyright laws in 1999 to prohibit hardware and software anti-circumvention devices, basing its language on the United States' own DMCA.
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In other words, US law does not specify a certain protection to be given to a game. The individual(s) registering the game, or their attorneys, must ascertain which category best protect the interests of the
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was specifically aimed at software infringement and hence is a better fit for what a court is likely to apply with regards video games. The test, like the subtractive test before it, lays down three steps:
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There are multiple aspects about video game creation that have led to different components of the software being copyrighted separately; some cannot be copyrighted at all because of their existence in the
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may be protected as a creative work. Whether or not a work is copyrighted, and the duration of the copyright may differ between countries, and may also be limited by country specific exceptions, like the
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851:' allows for players to use tools provided by the game developer to add to the game in some manner. Usually, since these players are not employees, copyright of their works usually resides with them.
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In the United States, the underlying source code, and the game's artistic elements, including art, music, and dialog, can be protected by copyright law. However, gameplay elements of a video game are
198:", belonging not to them, but to their employer. Music is generally not created in-house by game developers; since third parties are hired, this may not result in a work for hire. See U.S court case
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elements are considered essential to a fictional setting, and should not eligible for Copyright protection. For example, the necessity of a baseball in a baseball game would be uncopyrightable as a
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to implement in-game. The model of granting access and permission to use these assets differs across websites and may range from an upfront payment to a portion of profits (if the assets are used
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as a relatively new area of IP law. The video game industry itself is built on the nature of reusing game concepts from prior games to create new gameplay styles but bounded by illegally
1195:], rejected the trademark infringement claim, saying that because the trademark was used for artistic purposes and did not mislead customers, Activision was not infringing on the mark.
550:. The court ruled that copyright law was in favor of the Tetris Company's claim, as the gameplay was copied without changes, and while the art assets were new, the "look and feel" of
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game, the court ruled that none of the similarities were protected by copyright, since these elements were “unavoidable” in making a game about “a spaceship combatting space rocks”.
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Doi, Teruo (April 1982). "The Scope of Copyright Protection against Unauthorized Copying - Japan's Experience and Problems - The Nineteenth Annual Jean Geiringer Memorial Lecture".
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laid out the following test for copyrighted material which contains both copyrightable and public domain material. The case lays down 3 steps to be followed to ascertain copying:
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titles. This continued until 2021, when changes to NCAA name, image, and likeness policies allowed student-athletes to personally license and profit from their publicity rights.
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1394:(2005) later settled with EA to resolve their disputes. In response to litigation costs and uncertainty caused by the lawsuits, EA announced it would cancel future releases of
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that software code can be considered a "literary work" and thus subject to copyright protection. The second form is as an audiovisual work, as determined in the 1982 case
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in its Call of Duty game. The court said the United States' First Amendment protected Activision's use of the Humvee. Further, the court, relying on Rogers v. Grimaldi
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2008:
Lunsford, Christopher (Fall 2013). "Drawing a Line between Idea and Expression in Videogame Copyright: The Evolution of Substantial Similarity for Videogame Clones".
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has ruled similarly to the United States that ideas like gameplay concepts cannot be copyrighted but it is their form of expression that can merit copyrightability.
725:, courts have recognized copyright infringement where there is evidence that one game copied another's unique expression, more than just imitating the general idea.
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many of the patents for the Famicom and NES expired in 2003 and 2005, respectively, leading to additional grey market hardware clones within a short time. However,
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for games about shooting at asteroids. The case established that "look and feel" of a game could not easily be protected. Attorney Stephen C. McArthur, writing for
427:
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This tension between the NCAA's amateurism rules and student-athletes' right of publicity claims resulted in several lawsuits against EA, beginning with the cases
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world, imitating or copying real-life objects or scenarios. In 2020, a New York district court ruled that Activision did not violate trademark law by including a
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are similar to the United States in that a form of artistic expression in a fixed medium is sufficient for copyright protection. Japan is also a member of the
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Up until 2012, U.S. courts were reluctant to find for copyright infringement of clones. Driving case law in the United States was principally through the case
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titles each used the names, images, and likenesses of collegiate athletes from hundreds of different universities in the United States. Because then-current
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This standard treats the whole game as a singular component but does not define what would be covered by such a protection and what would be excluded. The
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cohesive whole would be the one to hold the copyright in the work, only if all works are created under a contract of service as stated in Section 17 (c):
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Chapter 1, Section 2(o) of the Indian Copyright Act: "literary work includes computer programmes, tables, and compilations including computer databases."
330:
enumerates the requirements of a copyright in the US, but does not use the term. For a work to be copyrightable under the Copyright Act it must meet the
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Rawandale, C. J., Ryder, R. & ASSOCHAM (2011) “Creating Virtual Wealth: Importance of Intellectual Property in the Animation & Gaming Industry"
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Notice of the National Press and Publication Administration on Further Strict Management and Effective Prevention of Minors' Addiction to Online Games
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games implies that they are given a distributive classification. Finally, few countries consider that video games are essentially audiovisual works."
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Grosheide, F. Willem; Roerdink, Herwin; Thomas, Karianne (2014). "Intellectual Property Protection for Video Games: A View from the European Union".
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Many games incorporate existing contemporary music from famous bands and musicians, each which must be licensed individuals. This is common for most
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Li, Zihao (Spring 2019). "The Copyright Protection of Video Games from Reskinning in China - A Comparative Study on UK, US and China Approaches".
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bring in characters, settings and other elements from other video games commonly outside of the publisher's IP realm, such as in the case of the
334:, be fixed in a medium (whether analog or digital) and the work must be perceivable and reproducible. Regarding copyrights for video games, the
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allow for interested consumers to directly contribute towards game development by purchasing the game in advance. Digital distributors like
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have gotten a United States trademark on the word "Candy" in the area of video games to protect clones and player confusion for their game
709:, the courts did not recognize copyright protection in many game mechanics and character designs that were seen as essential to creating a
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The fact finder examines significant similarities between what remains of the allegedly infringed work and the allegedly infringing work.
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490:. The court did find twenty-two similarities between the two games, but ruled against Atari's claims, citing these elements as
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829:"Moral Right Protections", moral rights in American law are limited to works of visual arts as defined by Section 101 of the
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cases have established new but limited case law on "look and feel" that can be used to challenge video game clones in court.
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is about to be pulled, the next version, with a fresh start on the car licenses, was released. In one predominate example,
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Kuehl, John (2016). "Video Games and Intellectual Property: Similarities, Differences, and a New Approach to Protection".
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had to update the game for all digital owners to remove songs on the soundtrack which their ten-year license had expired.
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driven by decisions in the United States legal system, video game copyrights come from two forms. The first is by its
3062:"When the game gets too real: Video games subjected to trademark infringement suits for depicting real-life vehicles"
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adds various exemptions which have included the use of anti-circumvention for museum archival purposes, for example.
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of existing games, and has made defining intellectual property protections difficult since it is not a fixed medium.
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for similar reasons, despite the games having no common elements. Within the European Union, one can register for a
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In other cases, games may simply used the licensed setting outside of the tie-in function, such as in the case of
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lock-out system, covered by copyright law, that would allow only authorized games to be played on their hardware.
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Courts have applied the idea-expression distinction to numerous copyright disputes, starting with the 1981 case
574:, such as how to display the tetraminos or the animation of how they fell, but instead copied very closely what
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Some copyrightable elements of a game may be created due to hardware limitations. For example, the classic game
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game. The case was ultimately settled out of court. Other known examples of gameplay patents include those for
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The Abstraction-filtration-comparison test was notably used in identify copyright violations in video games in
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the rise of indie culture, a new wave of financing and distribution technologies has emerged. Sites like
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Welch, Judith J.; Anderson, Wayne L. (1991–1992). "Copyright Protection of Computer Software in Japan".
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Quagliariello, John (2019). "Applying Copyright Law to Videogames: Litigation Strategies for Lawyers".
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Lampros, Nicholas M. (2013). "Leveling Pains: Clone Gaming and the Changing Dynamics of an Industry".
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844:). This definition excludes "motion pictures or other audiovisual works" or any works made for hire.
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could have added new forms of expression to the base gameplay to better distinguish from the idea of
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to the release of another property as to help with that property's marketing and promotion, such as
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The idea-expression distinction is related to other Copyright principles and doctrines. One is the
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2506:"Copyright Protection For Computer Software An Indian Prospective - Intellectual Property - India"
1422:
847:
There are developments in this field due to the advancement of technology as well. Services like '
3963:
3768:
3462:
1928:
1495:
1364:
1316:
523:
402:
373:
50:
2395:"Atari, Inc. v. North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp., 672 F.2d 607 (7th Cir. 1982)"
2054:
Casillas, Brian (2012). "Attack of the Clones: Copyright Protection for Video Game Developers".
225:, got faster as the player killed more of the onscreen aliens, which freed up system resources.
2652:
Katoh, Masanobu (Fall 2002). "Intellectual Property and the Internet: A Japanese Perspective".
1710:
1018:
to be copyrightable. A second key case in 2018 occurred when Woniu Technology, the creators of
937:
directives have been issued related to copyright that affect video games, but at the core, the
3913:
3346:
3176:
3015:
2768:
2279:
2111:
1951:
1273:
1038:
410:
that wish to store older games on more permanent and modern systems. As part of the DMCA, the
234:
633:, where Copyright is meant to protect a creator's unique expression, without giving anyone a
4184:
4082:
3896:
3120:
1256:
1155:
991:
966:
962:
501:
285:
76:
54:
2759:
Methenitis, Mike (2015). "Laws of the Game". In Conway, Steven; deWinter, Jennifer (eds.).
2962:
1778:
1339:
1324:
1215:
of other properties for use within the video game. This can come in many potential forms:
1161:
1119:
1078:
1067:
Less frequently, patents have been used to protect video game software elements. Notably,
841:
697:
Later courts have ruled that many game elements cannot be protected by copyright. In both
257:
177:
449:
successfully sued a company that was reselling repackaged versions of their arcade games
3088:"From Star Wars to Marvel, licensed video games are becoming more ambitious. Here's why"
1598:
542:
has cited in their defense that they only used the uncopyrightable gameplay elements of
17:
3602:
3568:
1531:
1323:
Publicity rights pose a particular concern when the athletes in question are amateurs.
1159:. They have also sought to block the use of the word "Saga" in the trademark filing of
1150:
998:
One of the first major copyright cases over a video game in China was filed in 2007 by
848:
686:
350:
217:
140:
1599:"Fair Use, Fair Play: Video Game Performances and "Let's Plays" as Transformative Use"
1180:
in October 2017, though as of February 2018, the application is still being reviewed.
354:
The Tetris Company won its case against Xio Interactive, on the basis that Xio's game
185:
may now be shared with a publisher or owned by a developer or an investment vehicle".
4201:
3918:
3891:
3736:
1060:
had built other intellectual property protection into their system, specifically the
714:
359:
265:
238:
195:
104:
87:
72:
1620:
769:
This subtractive approach is the preferred test by courts in the US (except for the
3876:
3533:
3519:
3148:
2217:"Working arcade cabinet of Meteors, Asteroids clone, unearthed three decades later"
2032:
Dean, Drew S. (2015). "Hitting reset: devising a new video game copyright regime".
1810:
1245:
1176:
1124:
1091:, citing that the latter game was developed to "deliberately copy and imitate" the
759:
The allegedly infringed work is analyzed to determine the parts that are protected,
710:
446:
3198:
3115:
1734:
327:
3785:
3512:
3277:"The Right of Publicity for College Athletes in Video Games | In Custodia Legis"
2790:"Nintendo Entertainment System - Expired Patents Do Not Mean Expired Protection"
1668:"The Legal Status of Video Games: Comparative Analysis in National Approaches".
1250:
1225:
1105:
598:
512:
A shift in legal options for developers to challenge clones arose from the 2012
422:
222:
169:
156:
152:
148:
136:
2271:
834:
4077:
3575:
3500:
1287:
1261:
1146:
1044:
681:
269:
120:
34:
3397:"It's coming back: EA Sports announces return of college football video game"
3350:
2283:
1686:
2915:
2868:
2843:
2794:
2764:
2244:"Clone Wars: The Five Most Important Cases Every Game Developer Should Know"
1955:
1902:
1644:
496:
261:
249:
173:
139:
is a framework which a developer can use to create games. They consist of a
46:
38:
3979:
3415:
1899:"Clone Wars: The Six Most Important Cases Every Game Developer Should Know"
1865:
3901:
3817:
3683:
2328:"Applying Copyright Law to Videogames: Litigation Strategies for Lawyers"
1977:"In Defense of ROMs, A Solution To Dying Games And Broken Copyright Laws"
1174:
filed to register its "Kill Cam" mechanic as a trademark from its series
1096:
1057:
970:
900:
896:
634:
593:
457:
418:
344:
274:
100:
3812:
3561:
3252:"A Quarterback's Lawsuit Over Videogame Likeness Renews Danger to NCAA"
2174:"Leveling Pains: Clone Gaming And The Changing Dynamics Of An Industry"
1283:
1212:
1110:
1003:
876:
692:
607:
463:
451:
181:
83:
1423:"Tencent, video games, the metaverse and diversity: an insider's view"
872:
of architecture; and (iii) any other work of artistic craftsmanship."
504:
letters, or on other intellectual property rights such as trademarks.
286:
The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
3144:"How one game's delisting pokes a hole in the Xbox Game Pass promise"
2677:
2097:"Grand Theft Video: Judge Gives Gamemakers Hope for Combating Clones"
1981:
1806:"Clone Wars: is plagiarism killing creativity in the games industry?"
1220:
1052:
820:
due to substantial similarly in the broad look and feel of the game.
364:
42:
1645:"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"
1145:
Another approach some companies have used to prevent clones is via
1071:
had filed a 1998 United States patent for the gameplay concepts in
3807:
1754:"685 F2d 870 Williams Electronics Inc v. Arctic International Inc"
1100:
1061:
1037:
999:
652:
349:
3300:
In re NCAA Student-Athlete Name and Likeness Licensing Litigation
1548:"Space Invaders' Creator Says He Would Have Made It 'Far Easier'"
1376:
In re NCAA Student-Athlete Name and Likeness Licensing Litigation
1352:
In re NCAA Student-Athlete Name and Likeness Licensing Litigation
1211:
A related aspect of video games and intellectual property is the
61:
Issues related to intellectual property protection in video games
4100:
Atari, Inc. v. North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp.
3506:
1068:
566:
was published, there was enough new technology in graphics that
534:, developed by Xio Interactive, which used the same gameplay as
3983:
3419:
233:
User input is an essential component of video games, which are
2989:
2673:"Retro Game Releases Could Get Needed Copyright Help In Japan"
2654:
University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy
2564:"Experts explain difficulties in policing mobile marketplaces"
82:
Jia Wang, deputy director of the Technology Service Center at
2818:"Patents on video game mechanics to strangle innovation, fun"
1752:
Circuit., United States Court of Appeals,Third (1982-08-02).
680:
was another early ruling, where courts granted a preliminary
2761:
Video Game Policy: Production, Distribution, and Consumption
2713:
United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2305:"Hitting Reset: Devising a New Video Game Copyright Regime"
2272:"CourtVille: Why Unclear Laws Put EA v. Zynga Up for Grabs"
2099:. sunsteinlaw.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-09
629:
There is a long established Copyright principle called the
116:
1320:
individuals to enhance a game's authenticity and appeal.
3172:"Grand Theft Auto 4 update removes a long list of songs"
1042:
Sega patented the core gameplay mechanics of games like
3116:"Ubisoft Buys Perpetual Gaming Rights To 'Clancy' Name"
1519:
Text of "Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid",
86:’s office in Palo Alto, California, USA, recently told
3223:"Ex-Rutgers QB Hart Also Files Suit Against EA Sports"
2958:"A History of Video Game Patents in 5 Famous Examples"
2594:
Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology
2368:"Legal landscape gets tougher for blatant game clones"
1952:"Analysis: Clone Games & Fan Games – Legal Issues"
1735:"Chapter 1 - Circular 92 | U.S. Copyright Office"
1573:"How video games are pushing the boundaries of IP law"
1370:
player Ryan Hart's right of publicity. Similarly, the
784:
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.
4042:
Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.
3371:"NCAA adopts interim name, image and likeness policy"
2840:"The Designer's Notebook: Damn All Gameplay Patents!"
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
425:
or equivalent, as determined by the 1983 decision in
4058:
Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.
3011:"How multimedia trade marks could kill cloned games"
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1372:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
1360:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
808:– Compare the remaining components for infringement.
588:, that was occurring nearly simultaneously with the
401:. Broadly, the DMCA prohibits hardware and software
4166:
4076:
4017:
3927:
3845:
3712:
3649:
3612:
3471:
3339:"E.A. Sports Settles Lawsuit With College Athletes"
189:
Music creators, voice actors and other contributors
4116:Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd.
2609:
2607:
2587:
2585:
924:Copyright law in the United Kingdom is set by the
538:but with different art assets. The developers for
2986:"Candy Crush Saga Dev Goes After The Banner Saga"
2075:"Defining Tetris: How courts judge gaming clones"
2003:
2001:
1999:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1670:WIPO: Comparative Analysis in National Approaches
1264:for music played on an in-game car radio station.
602:, successfully defended their game from a clone,
2557:
2555:
2116:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1924:"For Creators of Games, a Faint Line on Cloning"
1603:Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
1022:, sued Tianxiang Company over their mobile game
651:(French for "scenes to be made"), where certain
582:The same reasoning was found in a similar case,
558:. The court also recognized that since the time
2335:Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law
2152:Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law
2027:
2025:
428:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.
2056:Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review
1687:"Copyright Registration for Computer Programs"
4177:Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc.
3995:
3431:
3313:"$ 40M settlement finalized in O'Bannon suit"
2863:Chang, Steve; Dannenberg, Ross (2007-01-19).
2635:Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A
1149:as to prevent clones and knockoffs. Notably,
8:
4140:Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc.
3936:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association
2049:
2047:
1831:
1829:
1827:
816:, which was used to find against a clone of
814:Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc.
719:Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc.
519:Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc.
2865:"The Ten Most Important Video Game Patents"
4002:
3988:
3980:
3849:
3438:
3424:
3416:
1621:"BERNE CONVENTION, AS REVISED - Article 2"
1496:"Video Games and IP: A Global Perspective"
143:with a multitude of components, such as a
1784:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
762:The unprotected parts are subtracted, and
476:(547 F. Supp. 222, 1982). Atari had sued
2733:Morris, Emily Michiko (April 20, 2016).
2133:Cybaris Intellectual Property Law Review
1699:from the original on September 15, 2003.
1468:"Next-Gen gaming: state of the industry"
1442:"Next-Gen gaming: state of the industry"
1337:National Collegiate Athletic Association
299:World Intellectual Property Organization
3009:Lobov, Kostyantyn (February 19, 2018).
2699:
2697:
2695:
2167:
2165:
1414:
926:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
399:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
3245:
3243:
2788:Boyd, S. Gregory (November 11, 2005).
2482:"THE COPYRIGHT (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2012"
2266:
2264:
2109:
1774:
1763:
1135:Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
796:– Ascertain each level of abstraction.
777:Abstraction-filtration-comparison test
4132:Capcom U.S.A. Inc. v. Data East Corp.
3170:McWhertor, Michael (April 27, 2018).
2418:
2416:
2414:
2389:
2387:
2309:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2238:
2236:
2034:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
1681:
1679:
706:Capcom U.S.A. Inc. v. Data East Corp.
554:could be easily confused for that of
7:
3943:Entertainment Software Ass'n v. Foti
1490:
1488:
1200:Saber Interactive Inc. v. Oovee Ltd.
596:, the developers of the mobile game
473:Atari, Inc. v. Amusement World, Inc.
3872:Family Entertainment Protection Act
3203:International Trademark Association
3114:Cavalli, Earnest (March 20, 2003).
2956:Uduwana, Sherveen (March 1, 2021).
2452:Indian Copyright Act 1957 Chapter I
1571:Jefferies, Duncan (19 March 2019).
111:). This is not an issue with large
4108:Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman
4034:Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman
2735:"The War Over Video Game Warriors"
2196:from the original on July 28, 2020
2011:Intellectual Property Law Bulletin
1103:, the dialog choice wheel used in
973:allowances tended to be more lax.
906:The landmark case for deciding on
434:Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman
376:; gameplay concepts fall into the
374:generally ineligible for copyright
202:, on the principle work for hire.
25:
4124:Data East USA, Inc. v. Epyx, Inc.
3628:California v. Activision Blizzard
3458:List of controversial video games
2671:Ashcroft, Brian (July 15, 2021).
1975:Kohler, Chris (August 14, 2018).
1922:Chen, Brian X. (March 11, 2012).
1527:730 (1989) is available from:
1254:, as well as a common feature in
1198:In a similar vein, the 2022 case
700:Data East USA, Inc. v. Epyx, Inc.
514:federal New Jersey district court
103:which allow creators to 'borrow'
49:, shares similar issues with the
4156:Stardock Systems, Inc. v. Reiche
3142:Mackovech, Sam (July 29, 2021).
2424:"Copyright Protection Generally"
1897:McArthur, Stephen (2013-02-27).
1077:. The company subsequently sued
395:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
2562:Batchelor, James (2014-09-05).
2182:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
2095:Jack C. Schecter (2012-06-18).
1858:"U.S. Copyright Office – Games"
1839:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
443:Midway Mfg. Co. v. Dirkschneide
358:(right) copied too much of the
277:doctrine in the United States.
4148:Spry Fox, LLC v. Lolapps, Inc.
3882:Truth in Video Game Rating Act
3086:Favis, Elise (March 5, 2021).
3038:"When video games meet IP law"
1862:United States Copyright Office
1229:which was used as a tie-in to
1130:Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor
1127:, and the Nemesis system from
875:Due to the specificity of the
723:Spry Fox, LLC v. Lolapps, Inc.
585:Spry Fox, LLC v. Lolapps, Inc.
397:(DMCA) in 1998 as part of the
380:that had been codified in the
1:
3541:Super Columbine Massacre RPG!
2704:Snyder, Matt (May 17, 2018).
2172:Lampros, Nicholas M. (2013).
1232:Superman: The Animated Series
752:Nichols v. Universal Pictures
690:due to its similarities with
480:claiming that its video game
393:The United States passed the
221:, as originally played as an
163:Producers-developers relation
3857:Intellectual property rights
3302:, 724 F. 3d 1268,1271 (2013)
2984:Karmali, Luke (2014-01-22).
2936:"Case Analysis: Sega v. Fox"
2910:Sirlin, David (2007-02-27).
2838:Adams, Earnst (2008-03-05).
2326:Quagliariello, John (2019).
2215:Sarkar, Samit (2012-12-17).
1950:Ibrahim, Mona (2009-12-09).
1804:Parkin, Simon (2011-12-23).
1354:, 724 F. 3d 1268 (2013). In
1219:Some games are developed as
1099:on loading screens filed by
670:copied the idea for Atari's
484:violated their copyright on
51:copyrightability of software
3275:Sokol, Donna (2017-06-08).
2938:. Patent Arcade. 2010-07-12
2816:Kuchera, Ben (2008-03-09).
2706:China's Digital Game Sector
2366:Orland, Kyle (2012-10-03).
2073:Orland, Kyle (2012-06-20).
1006:, asserting that Tencent's
939:Computer Programs Directive
729:Substantial similarity test
631:idea–expression distinction
625:Idea/expression distinction
562:had been released and when
378:idea–expression distinction
4229:
4066:Micro Star v. FormGen Inc.
3337:Eder, Steve (2013-09-26).
2912:"The Trouble With Patents"
1350:, 717 F.3d 141 (2013) and
530:copyright, over the clone
4050:Atari Games Corp. v. Oman
4018:Eligibility and ownership
3867:1993 U.S. Senate hearings
3862:Video Recordings Act 1984
3852:
3730:regionally censored games
3453:
2739:Comparative Law Prof Blog
2542:Tsinghua China Law Review
1297:as the last iteration of
1167:European Union trade mark
944:European Court of Justice
746:Subtractive approach test
717:. In later cases such as
4208:Video game copyright law
4092:Atari v. Amusement World
4026:Atari v. Amusement World
4011:Video game copyright law
3704:Corrupted Blood incident
3597:Digital Homicide Studios
3447:Video game controversies
1333:NCAA Basketball (series)
1026:as a reskinned clone of
1016:threshold of originality
781:This test, developed in
664:Atari v. Amusement World
332:threshold of originality
18:Copyright of video games
3662:Cheating in video games
3281:The Library of Congress
1348:Hart v. Electronic Arts
1088:The Simpsons: Road Rage
666:. Despite finding that
526:, the licensees of the
522:that ruled in favor of
408:video game preservation
157:artificial intelligence
99:There is a plethora of
3887:Video Game Decency Act
3679:Death of Brandon Crisp
3657:Blitzchung controversy
1773:Cite journal requires
1172:Rebellion Developments
1049:
959:Japan's copyright laws
889:
369:
295:
281:International standard
3747:Gender representation
3689:2017 Wichita swatting
2893:Sega Enterprises Ltd.
2341:: 263. Archived from
1238:Batman: Arkham Asylum
1041:
885:
382:Copyright Act of 1976
353:
320:Copyright Act of 1976
290:
254:intellectual property
113:video game publishers
31:intellectual property
3957:Epic Games v. Google
3699:match fixing scandal
3634:ABK Workers Alliance
3615:workplace misconduct
3583:Six Days in Fallujah
3199:"Right of Publicity"
2616:Computer/Law Journal
1184:PUSH TOWARDS REALISM
868:to hold copyrights.
861:Indian Copyright Act
211:Hardware limitations
4168:Reverse engineering
3950:Epic Games v. Apple
3650:Other controversies
3093:The Washington Post
1625:www.law.cornell.edu
1597:Hagen, Dan (2018).
1390:and the later case
1304:Grand Theft Auto IV
1083:patent infringement
1048:to prevent cloning.
592:decision, in which
412:Library of Congress
336:US Copyright office
252:is a protection of
3964:Strickland v. Sony
3769:Simulator sickness
3463:Video game culture
3343:The New York Times
2767:. pp. 12–13.
2250:. 27 February 2013
1929:The New York Times
1382:The Plaintiffs in
1365:Rutgers University
1317:right of publicity
1050:
910:cases in India is
895:Contributors like
840:2017-07-07 at the
831:U.S. Copyright Act
524:The Tetris Company
441:and the 1982 case
403:anti-circumvention
370:
305:National standards
29:The protection of
4195:
4194:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3914:Video game piracy
3897:Microtransactions
3016:GamesIndustry.biz
2248:www.gamasutra.com
1739:www.copyright.gov
1466:Crecente, Brian.
1440:Crecente, Brian.
1340:amateurism bylaws
1274:Super Smash Bros.
1085:over their title
1010:had copied their
866:corporate persons
684:to stop sales of
638:playing a game.”
508:Shifts since 2012
235:interactive media
16:(Redirected from
4220:
4185:Sega v. Accolade
4004:
3997:
3990:
3981:
3850:
3555:Ethnic Cleansing
3487:Custer's Revenge
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3395:Reyes, Lorenzo.
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3250:Palazzolo, Joe.
3247:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2494:on 16 June 2012.
2493:
2487:. Archived from
2486:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2430:. Archived from
2420:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1894:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1864:. Archived from
1854:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1392:O'Bannon v. NCAA
1311:Publicity Rights
1293:Forza Motorsport
1257:Grand Theft Auto
1156:Candy Crush Saga
967:read-only memory
963:Berne convention
735:Atari v. Philips
677:Atari v. Philips
502:cease and desist
77:Creative Commons
21:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4162:
4080:
4072:
4013:
4008:
3978:
3969:
3923:
3841:
3759:Health problems
3708:
3645:
3614:
3608:
3548:Muslim Massacre
3467:
3449:
3444:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3353:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2539:
2538:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1783:
1772:
1762:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1400:NCAA Basketball
1325:Electronic Arts
1313:
1269:crossover games
1209:
1162:The Banner Saga
1143:
1120:Katamari Damacy
1079:Fox Interactive
1036:
987:
956:
934:
922:
857:
842:Wayback Machine
826:
779:
748:
731:
643:merger doctrine
627:
606:, developed by
510:
478:Amusement World
417:In present-day
316:
307:
283:
258:exclusive right
247:
231:
213:
208:
191:
165:
133:
97:
68:
63:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4226:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4213:Video game law
4210:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4087:
4085:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3803:Sexual content
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3716:
3714:
3713:Social aspects
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3697:Counter-Strike
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3622:Crunch culture
3618:
3616:
3613:Harassment and
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3603:Active Shooter
3599:
3594:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3569:V-Tech Rampage
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3387:
3362:
3329:
3304:
3292:
3267:
3239:
3214:
3190:
3162:
3134:
3106:
3078:
3053:
3029:
3001:
2976:
2948:
2927:
2902:
2880:
2855:
2830:
2820:. Ars Technica
2808:
2780:
2774:978-1317607236
2773:
2751:
2725:
2691:
2663:
2644:
2625:
2603:
2581:
2551:
2521:
2510:www.mondaq.com
2497:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2444:
2410:
2383:
2358:
2318:
2303:Dean, Drew S.
2295:
2260:
2232:
2207:
2161:
2142:
2123:
2087:
2077:. Ars Technica
2065:
2043:
2021:
1995:
1967:
1942:
1914:
1878:
1849:
1823:
1791:
1775:|journal=
1744:
1726:
1702:
1675:
1660:
1636:
1612:
1589:
1563:
1538:
1512:
1484:
1458:
1432:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1312:
1309:
1286:with the name
1279:
1278:
1265:
1242:
1208:
1205:
1142:
1139:
1035:
1032:
986:
983:
955:
952:
933:
932:European Union
930:
921:
920:United Kingdom
918:
856:
853:
849:Steam Workshop
825:
822:
810:
809:
803:
797:
778:
775:
767:
766:
763:
760:
747:
744:
730:
727:
687:K.C. Munchkin!
657:scènes à faire
648:scènes à faire
626:
623:
509:
506:
492:scènes à faire
387:scènes à faire
324:17 U.S.C.
322:, codified at
315:
312:
306:
303:
282:
279:
246:
243:
230:
227:
218:Space Invaders
212:
209:
207:
204:
190:
187:
164:
161:
153:physics engine
141:software suite
132:
129:
96:
93:
67:
64:
62:
59:
55:direct cloning
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4225:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3919:Skin gambling
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Law 3037/2002
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:LGBTQ+ themes
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Cyberbullying
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3590:Mass Effect 3
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:Mortal Kombat
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:Game-specific
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2718:September 25,
2714:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2660:(2): 333–360.
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2641:(4): 367–394.
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:(2): 293–340.
2547:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2434:on 2016-03-05
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2348:on 2021-07-05
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1868:on 2021-10-29
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1716:
1712:
1711:"Video Games"
1706:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1472:Unreal Engine
1469:
1462:
1459:
1447:
1446:Unreal Engine
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1427:WIPO Magazine
1424:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:NCAA Football
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1338:
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1410:References
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1262:GTA clones
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3764:addiction
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