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635:. Additionally, Engert offered his opinion on the waning years of Reza Shah's regime: repressive and stifling in its lack of political debate, floundering in its meager attempts at a census, yet courageous in introducing mandatory unveiling of women. As the war continued, Engert also noted the impact of German victories early on, the closeness of the Shah to the Germans, the Russian pressure on the government of Iran, and Iranian steps to shake free from British influence.
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602:. For several tense days, beginning on May 2, the American legation was repeatedly assaulted with gunfire, while looting and disorder spread throughout the city. The diplomatic staff managed to harm at least one attacker, but the attacks only abated with the Italian occupation of the capital on May 5, 1936. A few days later, President Roosevelt promoted Engert for his heroism.
433:, would later describe him as "he best student of those early years " and a "youth of many talents", Jane Engert would describe her grandfather's academic performance as "not at all distinguished", though "decent enough". He then proceeded to study law and teach until 1911, when he took the Le Conte Memorial Fellowship then offered by the university to study for a year at
1441:"BRITISH HEED OUR APPEAL; Will Rescue Americans in Legation but They Cannot Defend It. OCCUPANTS FIGHT OFF MOB Two Servants Are Shot Later – More Fires Are Set in Day of Terror in Capital. NIGHT IS REPORTED CALM U.S. Minister Reluctant to Quit Quarters, but He Will Consult British on Action. Italian Troops Reach Capital"
597:
The conclusion of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War began in May 1936, with the
Italian capture of Addis Ababa. Despite Engert's attempts to protect American personnel, the intervening days between the flight of the Emperor on May 2, the immediate collapse of civil order, and the Italian march toward
452:
and other newspapers, he was of "Dutch parentage"; to others, he presented himself as having German relatives, or
English and Dutch parentage. Indeed, though it was preserved in federal records, including his naturalization papers in 1910, by the time of his entry into graduate school, Engert had
1873:
456:
All the same, in 1912, when Engert began his service in the
American diplomatic corps, he declared his state of residence to be California and his name to be "Adolph Cornelius". Only in 1924 was he finally able to remove his first name from State Department records.
547:
from this experience, and Engert a report for the State
Department; Thomas's book was a popular success, as was Engert's report (though in different circumstances). The former would be forgotten; the latter used even into the twentieth century by
1408:"U.S. LEGATION HIT BY STRAY BULLETS; No One Killed, Says Minister in Addis Ababa – Flames Spare Our Building. CONSUL'S HOME IS LOOTED American Missionaries Safe – Haven Provided for Thirty Greeks and Russians. U.S. LEGATION HIT BY STRAY BULLETS"
627:
This time, his job was to help restore diplomatic relations, which had been severed the year before over issues regarding newspaper coverage and a speeding incident. Engert was ultimately successful in this duty.
392:. As his granddaughter, Jane, would later state, however, Engert had a habit of "trying to purge all records and accounts that conflicted with the identity he was trying to create": by sixteen, after attending
530:
In 1922, upon leaving his
Persian post, Engert became the first U.S. diplomat to travel through Afghanistan, ostensibly to search for business opportunities through oil drilling. He also successfully convinced
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2095:
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Addis Ababa left his charges vulnerable: Engert, his wife, and the rest of the legation staff, along with Greek civilians and
American journalists, came under attack from Ethiopian bandits in the
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590:
began in
October, and, during the war, Engert attempted to protect Foreign Service personnel with bomb shelters and communications systems. As the war raged in Ethiopia, Engert was promoted to
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2807:
2133:
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During his time in
Afghanistan, Engert was instrumental in the opening of the Afghan economy to the world, and created opportunities for economic development, which, in the words of
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2812:
599:
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mother. His father, John
Cornelius Engert, a trader by profession, was of Dutch origin; he died within a year, leaving his mother, Irma Babetz, to raise him in
2110:
772:
In
January 1981, at the age of 93, Engert reminisced about his State Department years with colleagues, all the while claiming he was 95, to a reporter of
2484:
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2195:
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requested that he mediate ceasefire negotiations which were promptly rejected by the British; ultimately, the Allies emerged victorious in the region.
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1874:"American Friends of the Middle East: The CIA, US Citizens, and the Secret Battle for American Public Opinion in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1967"
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Even though he now lived in an occupied city, through the early half of 1937, Engert remained at his post, sheltering refugees during the events of
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The State Department notes that the mission ended with the Italian occupation of Addis Ababa on May 6, but that Engert left on May 4, 1937.
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In the early 1920s, Engert briefly served in Iran as acting U.S. minister; as he was proceeding to his post, he happened to witness the
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609:, where the Italian occupiers massacred thousands of Addis Ababa residents; he also attempted to restrain them on multiple occasions.
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As Engert himself would later note: he had a "Foreign Service career that went from one calamity to another—and was always exciting."
422:
332:
2055:
1109:
Rubin, Michael A. (1995). "Stumbling through the "Open Door": The U.S. in Persia and the Standard-Sinclair Oil Dispute, 1920-1925".
1964:
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After a courtship of more than two years, Engert married Sara Morrison Cunningham on December 16, 1922, at St. Luke's Church in
1989:
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by a British submarine. He later struck up an acquaintance with the British sailor commanding the submarine during the attack,
442:
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1050:"EX-TEACHER DEFENDS AMERICAN LEGATION; Born in Vienna of Netherlands Parents, Engert Rose to Addis Ababa Post in Our Service"
417:
in California for one year, 1905, though Ferndale had no graduating class until 1906. Nevertheless, he matriculated into the
1554:"ENGERT, U. S. ENVOY, QUITS ADDIS ABABA; Returning to This Country, He Denies Ethiopians Were Slain at Legation by Italians"
520:
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for her actions during the embassy attack. Ultimately, Sara predeceased Cornelius on July 14, 1972, while on vacation in
1243:"ENGERT TO REPRESENT U.S. IN ADDIS ABABA; Near East Specialist Named to Replace Hanson as Charge d'Affaires in Ethiopia"
746:
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Although he left his heart in California, Engert would modify his background as it suited him throughout his life: to
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The embassy was closed from January 30, 1989, to January 17, 2002; the liaison office reopened on December 17, 2001.
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368:(December 31, 1887 – May 12, 1985) was an American diplomat who served in Ethiopia, Iran, and Afghanistan.
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404:. That was the name under which he and his mother, a physician, emigrated to the United States in 1904, on the
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After returning to the United States, Engert retired from the State Department at the end of the year; as the
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1612:
Zamir, Meir (2007). "De Gaulle and the Question of Syria and Lebanon during the Second World War: Part I".
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1375:"ABRUZZO IS NAMED TO FEDERAL.BENCH; Nomination Is the First Major Recognition for Kelly, Brooklyn Leader"
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in 1908, and his master's (again, in letters) the next year. Though his professor of Slavic languages,
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He was also able to document Iran's relations with the Axis powers and the Allies at the beginning of
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1084:"Diplomacy and War in the Twentieth Century: The Foreign Service Career of Cornelius van H. Engert"
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496:, where he continued to serve in the consulate in Constantinople as vice-consul; he later became
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Proceed to Peshawar: The Story of a U.S. Navy Intelligence Mission on the Afghan Border, 1943
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After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Engert returned to the newly established state of
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In March 1937, Engert finally left Ethiopia; his post was terminated a few weeks later.
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As Engert had only attended gymnasium for three years, he claimed to have attended
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Poullada, Leon B. (1981). "Afghanistan and the United States: The Crucial Years".
1010:
Noyes, George Rapall (1944). "Slavic Languages at the University of California".
760:
The couple had two children, Roderick (1925–2018), a military historian with the
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in late January 1936; the U. S. Senate confirmed his promotion a few days later.
410:; he would later claim that he had been brought to the United States as a child.
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1342:"ENGERT WINS PROMOTION.; American Observer in Ethiopia Made Minister Resident"
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of the Department of State (where he is strangely called "Adolphus") with the
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2001:
1853:. Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1946. p. 960
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Indeed, he would have the misfortune of serving as vice-consul during
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August 1941: The Anglo-Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs
781:
Cornelius van Hemert Engert died on May 12, 1985, at his son's home.
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Tales from the embassy: the extraordinary world of C. Van H. Engert
465:
In March 1912, Engert began his career as a student interpreter in
2519:
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2441:
The embassy transferred operations to Qatar on August 31, 2021.
2099:
2023:"Mrs. Cornelius Engert, 87 Dies; Helped Defend a U.S. Legation"
886:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 36–42.
1588:
American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900-1939
741:. Sara would join her husband at his posts, most famously at
1734:(1982). "The Failure of American Diplomacy in Afghanistan".
1945:. Vol. 30, no. 12. December 15, 1922. p. 16
1476:
American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service
699:
as a diplomat, heading a mission to Turkey in March 1946.
1218:
What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979 89
978:"Cornelius Engert, Diplomat; Worked for U.S. in Mideast"
697:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
817:
Evidence of this change can be seen in comparing the
695:
Immediately after his retirement, Engert joined the
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Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
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Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East
620:Engert returned to Iran in June 1937, this time as
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1012:Slavonic and East European Review. American Series
600:attack on the United States embassy in Addis Ababa
1309:"Our Envoy to Construct Bomb Shelter in Ethiopia"
2766:Diplomatic relations suspended since 1979 (See:
1529:The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame
1158:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 147–149.
1152:Karl Ernest Meyer; Shareen Blair Brysac (2008).
2808:Ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan
638:His mission complete, Engert was replaced with
479:, during which he witnessed the sinking of the
1990:"Bill Advocates Medal As Honor to Mrs. Engert"
571:In the summer of 1935, Engert was assigned to
519:During his time in Iran, before and after the
376:Adolf Cornelius van Hemert Engert was born in
2492:
2111:
1532:. Oxford University Press. pp. 300–303.
1221:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 11–.
687:noted, he retired effective January 1, 1946.
8:
2843:Ambassadors of the United States to Ethiopia
1194:. University Press of America. p. 15.
1014:. Vol. 3, no. 3. pp. 53–60.
713:and also lectured at various universities.
164:United States Minister Resident to Ethiopia
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1591:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 306–312.
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745:, for which she was later nominated for a
543:through as well. Thomas would later write
29:
2833:Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.
2813:University of California, Berkeley alumni
936:. Westminster, Maryland: Eagle Editions.
927:
925:
923:
706:in 1951, serving as secretary-treasurer.
314:
2838:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
2134:United States Ambassadors to Afghanistan
1913:"Local Girl Bride at St. Luke's Wedding"
921:
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917:
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384:1887, to a Russian citizen father and a
1911:Francisco, Cholly (December 18, 1922).
1183:
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1179:
1177:
1175:
863:
801:
673:; he took up his post later that year.
61:July 2, 1942 – August 17, 1945
725:. Cunningham was a socialite, amateur
126:June 1937 – December 17, 1940
1884:(1) (published 2015-09-14): 100–102.
1473:J. Robert Moskin (19 November 2013).
671:United States Minister to Afghanistan
318:
176:April 30, 1936 – May 6, 1936
7:
825:, which indeed lacks his given name.
1585:John A. DeNovo (29 November 1963).
1501:"F.D.R. Promotes Ethiopia Minister"
1479:. St. Martin's Press. p. 375.
1188:Mohammad Gholi Majd (6 July 2012).
704:American Friends of the Middle East
453:dropped his misspelled first name.
880:Hill, George (November 15, 2013).
579:there; he was received by Emperor
400:, Engert's given name was spelled
333:University of California, Berkeley
25:
2515:United States Ambassadors to Iran
737:, for which she had received the
226:Adolf Cornelius van Hemert Engert
2818:UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
2798:People from Ferndale, California
2579:
2518:
2508:
2194:
2137:
2127:
2073:Hall, Carla (January 10, 1981).
1850:The Department of State Bulletin
1082:Harter, John J. (January 1981).
976:Saxon, Wolfgang (May 15, 1985).
702:Engert was a founding member of
575:, to serve as the United States
2853:20th-century American diplomats
1872:Wilford, Hugh (February 2017).
443:President of Harvard University
310:
1774:Department of State Newsletter
932:Engert, Jane Morrison (2006).
848:Cornelius Van H. Engert Papers
784:His papers are located at the
669:, Engert was nominated as the
105:United States Minister to Iran
1:
1972:Guild of Book Workers Journal
1963:Young, Laura S. (Fall 1972).
1796:"Foreign Service Retirements"
1664:"Engert Envoy to Afghanistan"
1215:Bruce Riedel (28 July 2014).
790:Georgetown University Library
665:In May 1942, though still in
2828:People from Washington, D.C.
2591:and Minister Plenipotentiary
2150:and Minister Plenipotentiary
747:Congressional Medal of Honor
523:, he catalogued the rise of
1878:Journal of American Studies
1827:The Foreign Service Journal
1821:Wilson, Jane (March 1946).
1802:. February 1946. p. 25
1800:The Foreign Service Journal
1088:The Foreign Service Journal
839:Cornelius Van Hemert Engert
733:), and former nurse during
366:Cornelius Van Hemert Engert
34:Cornelius Van Hemert Engert
2869:
1917:The San Francisco Examiner
1823:"News from the Department"
650:In 1941, while serving in
588:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
46:United States Minister to
2764:
2577:
2439:
2324:
2192:
1890:10.1017/S0021875815001255
1776:. August 1972. p. 40
1626:10.1080/00263200701422584
1123:10.1080/00210869508701836
739:Medal of French Gratitude
359:
212:
169:
119:
110:
54:
39:
2672:Ambassador Extraordinary
2332:Ambassador Extraordinary
2204:Ambassador Extraordinary
1965:"Sara Cunningham Engert"
729:(and life member of the
563:, and in Latin America.
521:1921 Persian coup d'Ă©tat
421:system, graduating from
419:University of California
372:Early life and education
300:Sara Morrison Cunningham
269:Cause of death
1770:"Mrs. Cornelius Engert"
843:Office of the Historian
685:Foreign Service Journal
654:, Engert witnessed the
624:(in the modern sense).
555:Engert later served at
487:Norman Douglas Holbrook
18:Cornelius Van H. Engert
1614:Middle Eastern Studies
656:Syria–Lebanon campaign
437:, where he befriended
27:United States diplomat
2823:Diplomats from Vienna
1526:Ian Campbell (2017).
1276:"U.S. Envoy Received"
731:Guild of Book Workers
709:Later, he joined the
184:Franklin D. Roosevelt
145:Gordon Phelps Merriam
134:Franklin D. Roosevelt
70:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1939:"Forthcoming Events"
1505:San Pedro News Pilot
1381:. February 4, 1936.
1348:. January 28, 1936.
1090:. pp. 51–56, 66
510:Iraqi revolt of 1920
415:Ferndale High School
407:SS Kaiser Wilhelm II
317:; died
2768:Iran hostage crisis
2674:and Plenipotentiary
2589:Envoy Extraordinary
2334:and Plenipotentiary
2206:and Plenipotentiary
2148:Envoy Extraordinary
2079:The Washington Post
2062:. February 4, 2018.
1698:Middle East Journal
1315:. October 8, 1935.
775:The Washington Post
751:Edith Nourse Rogers
431:George Rapall Noyes
427:Bachelor of Letters
195:Addison E. Southard
2448:Chargés d'affaires
2270:Chargés d'affaires
2027:The New York Times
1994:The New York Times
1670:. April 28, 1942.
1668:The New York Times
1558:The New York Times
1445:The New York Times
1412:The New York Times
1379:The New York Times
1346:The New York Times
1313:The New York Times
1282:. August 6, 2019.
1280:The New York Times
1247:The New York Times
1054:The New York Times
982:The New York Times
762:United States Army
642:in December 1940.
545:Beyond Khyber Pass
541:David Wooster King
450:The New York Times
439:A. Lawrence Lowell
435:Harvard University
346:Harvard University
2775:
2774:
2755:chargé d'affaires
2657:chargé d'affaires
2647:chargé d'affaires
2529:Minister Resident
2474:
2473:
2430:chargé d'affaires
2413:chargé d'affaires
2361:chargé d'affaires
2349:chargé d'affaires
2175:chargé d'affaires
2056:"Roderick Engert"
2029:. July 28, 1972.
1732:Poullada, Leon B.
1598:978-0-8166-5742-1
1539:978-0-19-067472-4
1486:978-1-250-03745-9
1249:. July 10, 1935.
1228:978-0-8157-2585-5
1201:978-0-7618-5941-3
1165:978-0-393-06199-4
943:978-0-7884-4296-4
893:978-1-61251-328-7
622:chargé d'affaires
592:minister resident
577:chargé d'affaires
363:
362:
236:December 31, 1887
16:(Redirected from
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2803:American consuls
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2019:
2013:
2012:
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2008:
1996:. May 11, 1936.
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1117:(3/4): 203–229.
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929:
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852:Lauinger Library
826:
815:
809:
806:
788:, a part of the
786:Lauinger Library
678:Leon B. Poullada
640:Louis G. Dreyfus
386:Hungarian Jewish
322:
320:
316:
312:
259:Washington, D.C.
255:
235:
233:
217:Personal details
207:John K. Caldwell
203:
191:
174:
157:Louis G. Dreyfus
154:
141:
124:
94:
86:Louis G. Dreyfus
82:
59:
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30:
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1447:. May 5, 1936.
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1414:. May 3, 1936.
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1111:Iranian Studies
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1056:. May 5, 1936.
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2014:
1981:
1955:
1930:
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1813:
1787:
1761:
1742:(3): 230–252.
1723:
1704:(2): 178–190.
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1620:(5): 675–708.
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1560:. 1937-03-07.
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1507:. May 9, 1936
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823:1924 Register
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819:1916 Register
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723:San Francisco
717:Personal life
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537:Lowell Thomas
534:
528:
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522:
517:
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514:Arnold Wilson
511:
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484:
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473:
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460:
458:
454:
451:
446:
445:at the time.
444:
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395:
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288:United States
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2292:
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2278:
2269:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2040:November 25,
2038:. Retrieved
2026:
2017:
2007:November 25,
2005:. Retrieved
1993:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1923:November 27,
1921:. Retrieved
1919:. p. 17
1916:
1906:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1849:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1829:. p. 23
1826:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1773:
1764:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1587:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1528:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1475:
1468:
1458:November 27,
1456:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1411:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1312:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1217:
1210:
1190:
1154:
1147:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1094:November 27,
1092:. Retrieved
1087:
1077:
1067:November 27,
1065:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1011:
1005:
995:November 27,
993:. Retrieved
981:
933:
882:
813:
804:
783:
780:
773:
771:
759:
720:
708:
701:
694:
682:
675:
664:
660:Vichy France
649:
637:
633:World War II
630:
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611:
604:
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585:
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554:
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461:Early career
455:
447:
412:
405:
401:
375:
365:
364:
254:(1985-05-12)
252:May 12, 1985
202:Succeeded by
171:
153:Succeeded by
121:
112:
93:Succeeded by
56:
2793:1985 deaths
2788:1887 births
2336:(2001–2021)
2287:Quinn Mills
2272:(1979–1989)
2208:(1948–1979)
2152:(1935–1948)
2084:February 8,
2075:"War Bonds"
1857:February 9,
1833:February 9,
1806:February 9,
1780:February 8,
1681:February 8,
1511:February 9,
1425:December 5,
1392:December 5,
1359:December 5,
1326:December 5,
1293:December 5,
1260:December 5,
743:Addis Ababa
735:World War I
646:Afghanistan
583:in August.
573:Addis Ababa
477:World War I
290:(1910–1985)
285:(1887–1910)
279:Citizenship
190:Preceded by
140:Preceded by
81:Preceded by
48:Afghanistan
2782:Categories
2638:Hornibrook
2397:Cunningham
2387:Eikenberry
2159:Hornibrook
2060:Legacy.com
1949:2019-11-27
1571:2020-01-30
952:1014768302
858:References
768:Later life
727:bookbinder
711:World Bank
691:Later work
607:Yekatit 12
352:Occupation
232:1887-12-31
98:Ely Palmer
2731:MacArthur
2706:Henderson
2372:Khalilzad
2035:0362-4331
2002:0362-4331
1898:151467368
1748:0043-8200
1710:0026-3141
1676:0362-4331
1650:143469656
1634:0026-3206
1566:0362-4331
1453:0362-4331
1420:0362-4331
1387:0362-4331
1354:0362-4331
1321:0362-4331
1288:0362-4331
1255:0362-4331
1131:0021-0862
1062:0362-4331
1028:1535-0940
990:0362-4331
557:The Hague
535:to allow
525:Reza Shah
394:gymnasium
329:Education
273:Pneumonia
181:President
172:In office
131:President
122:In office
66:President
57:In office
2746:Sullivan
2623:Kornfeld
2618:Caldwell
2561:McDonald
2536:Benjamin
2402:McKinley
2315:Glassman
1943:The Spur
1756:20671948
755:Brussels
567:Ethiopia
512:against
482:Mesudiye
423:Berkeley
355:Diplomat
147:(acting)
2751:Laingen
2736:Farland
2663:Dreyfus
2643:Merriam
2613:Russell
2608:Jackson
2603:Pearson
2598:Griscom
2541:Winston
2408:Llorens
2392:Crocker
2356:Crocker
2344:Dobbins
2301:Hurwitz
2280:Amstutz
2245:Steeves
2240:Byroade
2225:Merrell
2220:Dreyfus
2164:Dreyfus
1718:4326198
1642:4284582
1139:4310943
1036:3020175
850:at the
841:at the
425:with a
341:Litt.M.
337:Litt.B.
323:
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2716:Wailes
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2686:Murray
2681:Morris
2653:Engert
2628:Philip
2556:Sperry
2465:Decker
2458:McCary
2425:Wilson
2294:Dunbar
2215:Palmer
2186:Palmer
2181:Engert
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2033:
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2696:Wiley
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2571:Bowen
2566:Hardy
2551:Beale
2546:Pratt
2308:Ealum
2255:Eliot
1968:(PDF)
1894:S2CID
1752:JSTOR
1714:JSTOR
1646:S2CID
1638:JSTOR
1135:JSTOR
1032:JSTOR
796:Notes
658:, as
559:, in
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2419:Bass
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2230:Ward
2086:2020
2042:2019
2031:ISSN
2009:2019
1998:ISSN
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1925:2019
1859:2020
1835:2020
1808:2020
1782:2020
1744:ISSN
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