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She refused, believing this would betray both her vows and her institute. Bishop
Wiseman supported her decision and provided lawyers for her defense. The court was Protestant, though, and the statement signed by Pierce entirely omitted his conversion to the Catholic Church and the separation and ordination as a Catholic priest. It petitioned that Cornelia be "compelled by law to return and render him
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454:; at her request, she was buried there. Today, the Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus are active in fourteen countries, striving to live the apostolic life as Cornelia did, seeking to meet the wants of the age through works of spiritual mercy. They are engaged in education and related spiritual and pastoral ministries.
156:, where Pierce had accepted the Holy Trinity Episcopal church's rectorship. By all accounts, they were an immensely happy couple and welcomed by their parishioners. Pierce profited from land investments, and in 1835 was appointed chairman of the Episcopal Convention of the Southwest, which augured well for a future
417:. Finally, the Privy Council suspended the judgment favoring Pierce, ordering him to pay both parties' costs to date as a precondition for a second hearing. Cornelia had to pay these costs, which she could not afford; she was in effect the winner and could not be forced to return to him. But she could not regain
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and took up theological studies, hoping to become a Jesuit. However, the
Vatican had arranged that he could visit his wife and children once a week, and the Jesuits disapproved of such frequent contact. In May 1844, Pope Gregory showed his appreciation of this "big catch" for the church by sending a
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instead, which ordains married men – particularly as
Cornelia was pregnant again. Being an ambitious man, Pierce ignored the advice. There were no Eastern-rite parishes in the US for him to serve, and only celibates can become Eastern-rite bishops. The family were otherwise happy in Rome, where they
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He even pressed a lawsuit against her that gained notoriety in
England. "Connelly v. Connelly" was a major scandal which, Pierce claimed, Cornelia could avoid only by returning to live with him. Lord Shrewsbury asked her to leave England to avoid embarrassing the entire Catholic Church in England.
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against
Jesuits, the pope, Catholic morals, and Cardinal Wiseman, which all served to keep Cornelia in the public eye to an extent where she had to take precautions against abduction by her husband. When the case finally was dismissed in 1857, Pierce took Adeline and Frank abroad. He kept Adeline
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After a year of total separation, Pierce arrived unannounced at the convent to see his wife. Cornelia was upset and told him not to repeat his visit. He wrote her a letter of reproach, and she replied with bitterness, acknowledging his continued physical attraction for her and her difficulties in
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as a priest in the
Catholic Church. Cornelia was aware that this would mean their separation for life and a breakup of the family. She urged him to consider his wish deeply and twice over. The couple agreed to a period of celibacy. Cornelia was in any case already pregnant with their fifth child,
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Despite the strained economy of her Sussex school, Cornelia
Connelly insisted on maintaining day schools for those who could afford tuition, as well as free schools for those who could not. She introduced Greek and Latin writers in translation for her brightest female pupils – courses that were
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Before marrying
Cornelia's father, Cornelia's mother married John Bowen Sr., a Jamaican plantation owner. Together they had four children. However, only two, a daughter named Isabella and a son named John Jr., made it to adulthood. When John Sr. died in 1794, the children assumed control of the
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his version of the society, in the hope that this would help him gain control over his wife. His efforts were thwarted when
Cornelia heard of them, but he remained registered as the society's co-founder, which was to cause considerable confusion in the future. Upon his return, Pierce called on
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over his wife. In
January 1848 he removed the children from their schools without informing their mother. He put 6-year-old Frank in a secret home while taking Mercer and Adeline with him to Europe, hoping that Cornelia would follow. Instead, she vowed to remain faithful to her obligations as
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and applied unsuccessfully to enter the Jesuits. Cornelia stayed with the two younger children in a small cottage on the convent grounds at Grand Coteau, leading a nun-like life of work and prayer. In 1843, Pierce arrived in Rome, where Pope Gregory instructed him to bring his family so that
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of Rome assured her that her first duty was to care for 10-year-old Adeline and 5-year-old Frank and that she was under no obligation to become a nun. She was, however, invited to England to educate Catholic girls and the poor. With the help of Pierce, who was headed for England himself as
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by her father, Ralph William Peacock Sr. and mother, Mary Swope. With her father dying in 1818 and her mother dying in 1823, Peacock was left orphaned at the age of 14. She went to live with her half-sister Isabella and her husband, Austin Montgomery. In 1831 she was baptized into the
284:. After receiving Cornelia's personal consent to her husband's ordination, the pope arranged a swift permission, and within three months the couple were formally separated. Cornelia moved with the baby and his nurse into a retreat house at the convent at the top of the
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with him, dressing her in little girl's outfits, while Frank settled in Rome, becoming an acclaimed painter. Devoted to his mother, he hated the Catholic Church for having destroyed his childhood home and his parents' lives. Cornelia never saw Mercer again; he died of
266:, when the dog accidentally pushed him into a vat of boiling sugar. There was no doctor available, so he died of severe burns in Cornelia's arms after 43 hours. Eight months later, while making a retreat himself, Pierce informed her that he was now certain of his
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was unusual in that a school to her was meant to be home, with the nuns as mothers who should love, trust and respect their pupils. Disliking the customary convent rules of constant surveillance, she encouraged mutual trust and respect for different talents.
188:. In doing so, Pierce sacrificed a promising career as well as the financial security of his family. His wife however supported him fully: "I am ready to submit to whatever he believes to be the path of duty." Pierce now took his family to
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put an end to the visitation permission that the couple had had in Rome. Correspondence would be their only contact in the future. To Cornelia's anguish, Wiseman also insisted that she send Adeline and Frank away to boarding school.
160:. The couple had a son, Mercer, and a daughter, Adeline. Later research has also revealed that the Connellys owned and sold slaves, the first having been gifted to them by a friend after the birth of their first child.
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of her children since, under British law, a man's wife and children were his property. Mercer was shipped off to an uncle in the US, and Frank was placed in a school. Pierce himself earned a living from writing
377:; but she refused to see him unless he agreed to return Adeline to her care. He was livid when Bishop Wiseman, unable to meet expenses connected with the schools, had Cornelia move her nuns to his district at
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overcoming it. In December 1847 she took her perpetual vows as a nun and was formally installed as superior general of the society. Pierce did not attend the ceremony, being jealous of Bishop Wiseman's
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to her "Society of the Holy Child Jesus." The institute, whose constitution is based on that of the Jesuits, remains devoted to teaching young women and operates schools primarily in the United States.
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But soon tragedy came to the Connellys. In the summer of 1839, their fourth child, Mary Magdalen, died six weeks after birth. In early 1840, still grieving the baby's death, Cornelia made her first
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from Europe. Consequently, the Connellys delved into a study of Catholic beliefs and practices. Soon Pierce had become so uncertain in his own beliefs that he resigned from his parish and went to
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The alienation of her children was the most significant suffering she endured. Cornelia Connelly herself stated that the Society of the Holy Child was "founded on a breaking heart".
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officials could discuss the matter with Cornelia. Pierce returned to the US, taking his family with him back to Rome, where they settled into a large apartment near the
288:, living as a laywoman for as long as her youngest child needed her. Adeline went to the convent school, where her mother taught English and music. Pierce received the
309:, pleading him to consider the breakup of the family and to return to normal family life. But he insisted on taking Holy Orders. In keeping with the requirements of
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Superior of the new community. Pierce went to Rome, posing as the founder of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, presenting to the
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and, despite her family's protests, married the Reverend Pierce Connelly, an Episcopal priest. Cornelia had been well educated by
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Frank, born in the spring of 1841. In 1842, Pierce broke up the family. Against the advice of the family's friend, Bishop
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Cornelia Connelly's Innovations in Female Education, 1846–1864: Revolutionizing the School Curriculum for Girls
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Cornelia Connelly's Innovations in Female Education, 1846–1864: Revolutionizing the School Curriculum for Girls
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before committing himself. Cornelia, however, was already received into the Catholic Church while waiting in
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393:". Cornelia's lawyers gave the omitted facts, but after a year, the judge pronounced against accepting her
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to Lord Shrewsbury, she drew up a set of rules for a new religious congregation, which she wanted to call
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The Priesthoods and Apostasies of Pierce Connelly: A Study of Victorian Conversion and Anticatholicism
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since Roman law is not binding in England. Cornelia had two options: Forcible return to Pierce or
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97:; January 15, 1809 – April 18, 1879) was an American-born educator who was the foundress of the
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Free at Last? Reflections on Freedom and the Abolition of the British Transatlantic Slave Trade
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of New Orleans, he sold their home and went to England, where he placed 9-year-old Mercer in a
1116:, Rosemont, PA: SHCJ Communications Office, 2009. (Illustrations by Sister France White, SHCJ)
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Making Saints: How the Catholic Church Determines Who Becomes a Saint, Who Doesn't, and Why
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The Life of Cornelia Connelly, 1809–1879: Foundress of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus
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in the US forced Pierce to return to Natchez to find employment. Offered a position at a
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of three days. In February, her two-year-old son John Henry was playing with his
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In 1835 a wave of anti-Catholic resentment struck the US due to massive Catholic
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plantation, and Swope received an annual annuity of $ 1,655 (~$ 33,989 in 2023).
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759:"Convert, wife, Mother, Foundress: Great Sacrifice of Cornelia Connelly"
466:. She encouraged them to dabble in art, music, and drama, even to dance
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was moved to tears. Two months later, he was received into the church.
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The spirituality of Cornelia Connelly: in God, for God, with God
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1036:"Cornelia Connelly: Plan to move nun's remains to US abandoned"
785:"17 May 1957, Page 12 - The Catholic Advance at Newspapers.com"
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243:, where their third child John Henry was born. But in July, a
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A Woman Styled Bold: The Life of Cornelia Connelly, 1809-1879
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Cornelia was sent to a large convent at St. Mary's Church in
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at home. Pierce was five years her senior, a graduate of the
409:, marchers carried effigies of Wiseman and Cornelia through
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to spare her this. Popular opinion favored Pierce, and on
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Cornelia had one final talk with Pierce before he took
1109:(Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 2008) (Hors série).
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In 1992, the Catholic Church proclaimed Cornelia as
413:. She and the bishop were denounced from Protestant
338:. To avoid scandalizing English Protestants, Bishop
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in the Catholic Church. 1992, she was proclaimed as
654:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 253–54.
401:. Her lawyers immediately appealed the case to the
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587:. London: Darton, Longman, and Todd. p. 12.
458:otherwise reserved for male pupils. Amidst the
1157:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
1114:A Generous Love: The Life of Cornelia Connelly
370:Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
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442:Cornelia Connelly died on 18 April 1879, at
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703:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
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1061:Society of the Holy Child Jesus: Foundress
863:. Westminster, Maryland: The Newman Press.
216:being required of priests in the church's
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699:Wahab, Amar; Jones, Cecily, eds. (2011).
224:officials suggested that he consider the
1182:Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
1102:(Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 1986)
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901:Cornelia Connelly: A Study in Fidelity
888:Cornelia Connelly: A Study in Fidelity
875:Cornelia Connelly: A Study in Fidelity
861:Cornelia Connelly: A Study in Fidelity
634:Cornelia Connelly and Her Interpreters
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560:Cornelia Connelly and Her Interpreters
1177:19th-century American women educators
646:Woodward, Kenneth L. (23 July 1996).
462:revolution, she had her pupils learn
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930:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen.
812:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen.
237:John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury
968:. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
962:(Gompertz, Mary) Catherine (1922).
757:Ebel, Rev. John B. (May 17, 1957).
373:Cornelia, bringing her a gift from
293:huge fish, freshly pulled from the
44:Mother Cornelia Connelly, ca. 1877.
1034:Farley, Harry (26 February 2021).
14:
1162:People from Natchez, Mississippi
562:. Oxford: Way Books. p. 4.
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1172:19th-century American educators
1152:Society of the Holy Child Jesus
336:Society of the Holy Child Jesus
301:Society of the Holy Child Jesus
111:Connelly has been proposed for
99:Society of the Holy Child Jesus
1:
1093:The Case of Cornelia Connelly
980:The Life of Cornelia Connelly
859:Mother Marie Thérèse (1963).
354:program, as well as training
131:Cornelia Peacock was born in
1202:American venerated Catholics
1192:19th-century Roman Catholics
926:McDougall, Roseanne (2008).
450:, where she had established
239:. The Connellys moved on to
1167:Educators from Philadelphia
773:– via Newspapers.com.
583:Flaxman, Radegunde (1991).
142:Protestant Episcopal Church
1223:
1197:Catholics from Mississippi
1078:Great American Foundresses
726:How the Irish Became White
558:Lancaster, Judith (2004).
150:University of Pennsylvania
65:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1127:Cornelia Connelly Library
431:in New Orleans, aged 20.
37:
808:Paz, D(enis) G. (1986).
313:, Cornelia pronounced a
235:of the English Catholic
212:was a different matter.
1095:(London: Collins, 1956)
1075:Code, Joseph B. (1923)
728:. New York: Routledge.
724:Ignatiev, Noel (2009).
478:. Her attitude towards
253:Grand Coteau, Louisiana
180:to consult with Bishop
1187:Burials in East Sussex
899:Mother Marie Thérèse.
886:Mother Marie Thérèse.
873:Mother Marie Thérèse.
1105:McDougall, Roseanne.
474:, as well as playing
763:The Catholic Advance
379:St. Leonard's-on-Sea
154:Natchez, Mississippi
1098:McCarthy, Caritas.
1066:"Scandal Revisited"
1019:A Woman Styled Bold
618:A Woman Styled Bold
152:. The two moved to
106:religious institute
1207:Women slave owners
1008:. pp. 261–62.
844:. pp. 254–55.
444:St Leonards-on-Sea
82:St Leonards-on-Sea
1091:Wadham, Juliana.
680:Rosemont Magazine
594:978-0-232-51935-8
121:Pope John Paul II
91:Cornelia Connelly
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927:
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765:. p. 12
762:
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683:. Retrieved
679:
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633:
617:
584:
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485:
456:
441:
433:
429:yellow fever
387:
375:Pope Pius IX
365:jurisdiction
361:
345:
307:major orders
304:
257:
230:
226:Eastern rite
171:
167:
137:Presbyterian
133:Philadelphia
130:
110:
94:
93:, SHCJ (née
90:
89:
77:(1879-04-18)
1147:1879 deaths
1142:1809 births
1038:. BBC News.
632:Lancaster.
526:Catholicism
251:college in
245:bank crisis
194:New Orleans
174:immigration
164:Family life
1136:Categories
1048:Woodward.
1004:Woodward.
991:Woodward.
978:Gompertz.
912:Woodward.
840:Woodward.
794:2018-04-23
685:2022-09-23
545:References
480:discipline
395:allegation
218:Latin rite
210:Ordination
186:conversion
127:Early life
58:1809-01-15
1017:Flaxman.
946:222543661
769:April 23,
744:246198199
616:Flaxman,
514:Biography
488:Venerable
460:Darwinian
311:canon law
178:St. Louis
158:bishopric
117:venerable
113:sainthood
21:Venerable
828:13592209
494:See also
332:chaplain
319:chastity
268:vocation
214:Celibacy
202:audience
103:Catholic
538:England
500:Portals
464:geology
419:custody
415:pulpits
411:Chelsea
356:novices
290:tonsure
260:retreat
232:palazzo
222:Vatican
944:
934:
826:
816:
742:
732:
707:
658:
591:
566:
448:Sussex
424:tracts
399:prison
383:Sussex
249:Jesuit
241:Vienna
184:about
146:tutors
476:whist
472:polka
468:waltz
348:Derby
295:Tiber
198:Italy
1070:Time
942:OCLC
932:ISBN
824:OCLC
814:ISBN
771:2018
740:OCLC
730:ISBN
705:ISBN
656:ISBN
589:ISBN
564:ISBN
470:and
190:Rome
101:, a
72:Died
50:Born
31:SHCJ
381:in
315:vow
119:by
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