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performance of Dutch naval ships was due to the backwardness of the admiralty shipyards that built most of the Dutch naval ships in both design methods and construction methods. Schrijver made his opinion known in loud and undiplomatic tones, and his criticisms endeared him to one of the members of the
Amsterdam Admiralty Board, Lubbert Adolph Torck who shared his negative opinions.
227:. Schrijver used money provided by these treasuries to finance the ransoming. Those that still belonged to the Algerian state, and therefore could be ransomed directly, brought 1,828 guilders for officers, surgeons, mates, and carpenters. Non-Dutch prisoners, taken in Dutch ships, were cheaper. The Algerians let them go for 408 guilders each.
211:: a value of 137,000 guilders. In 1731, he was again put in command of a squadron of frigates that was formally sent out to Algiers to convey the annual tribute to the Dey. This mission was very successful: he managed to obtain a few concessions on the existing peace treaty with Algiers, safeguarding the position of VOC ships.
361:
brought only limited relief. As the Dutch still needed to construct big ships of the line to compete with foreign navies, they had to use broad and flat-bottomed designs, and these were hydro-dynamically penalized. No amount of foreign technical innovation could remedy that. Like the other admiralty
337:
This article was formulated in such confrontational terms that it caused a furor in Dutch naval circles. Several shipwrights from other admiralty shipyards published polemical pamphlets, in which they showed—for the first time, because previously they had considered this proprietary information—that
170:
The maintenance of a good relationship usually encompassed an annual tribute to the ruler, in exchange for which that ruler tried to hold back his subjects from capturing the shipping under the flag of the
Republic. Unfortunately, the periods during which the peace was so maintained were short, and
71:
As one of five children inheriting this fortune in 1711, Cornelis was therefore relatively wealthy. He married Maria le Plat in 1728 and had three daughters with her. Again, through frugality and wise investments she was able to bequeath the sum of 470,000 guilders to her two surviving daughters at
255:
In 1726, Torck ordered
Schrijver to recruit one or more British shipwrights to take over as superintendent of the Amsterdam Admiralty shipyard, in hopes that this might help introduce the "British" methods of ship-design and construction in the Dutch Republic. This recruitment effort failed due to
370:
Schrijver's character was described as difficult which did not make him popular among his colleagues. His polemical approach often hindered him in his attempts to promote reforms, however well-intentioned and thought-out they may have been, than that it helped him achieve his goals. In his final
251:
was the only ship in the squadron that had any success in capturing corsairs. This was a constant worry for
Schrijver and other Dutch captains, who usually were forced to follow in the wake of the ships of foreign navies. Schrijver and others were of the opinion that the relatively unimpressive
222:
it will be clear that the object of the transaction was to free the prisoners, and should not be held against him. As a matter of fact, due to the frequency of enslavement of Dutch sailors by
Barbary pirates, there existed so-called slave treasuries in the Dutch Republic that acted as a form of
47:
Schrijver was the second son of naval captain
Philips Schrijver and Cornelia Tijloos, a daughter of naval captain Cornelis Tijloos. Philips was the son of the Amsterdam postmaster at the time, so he was not a real "patrician". This hindered his career when he had to compete for advancement with
330:, and acted as his adviser in a number of reforms of the Dutch navy that remained still-born due to obstruction of the Dutch shipwrights and the untimely death of William in 1751. Schrijver gave vent to his frustrations with the state of Dutch naval construction in an article in the periodical
305:
were blocked with shipyard debris, apparently in an attempt to make the ship founder during a storm. This must have been done by the shipyard personnel in an apparent attempt to make the "new methods" look bad; at least that was
Schrijver's opinion at the time. Davis was soon driven out by the
107:
in a subordinate role, whenever the flag had to be shown. At the same time, the Dutch government was hard pressed for money, since the service of the national debt consumed almost all tax revenues, and taxation was already at a level that was considered "unsupportable." There was therefore no
206:
of
Algiers at the time they were brought in) managed to convince the Dey that these ships were the property of the Dutch state and therefore did not need passes. He negotiated an agreement under which the ships were released in exchange for half of the bullion they were transporting to the
80:
Schrijver joined his father—a captain since 1690—aboard his ships from age 10 as a cabin boy. He received his commission as a naval lieutenant in 1702 and was promoted to captain on 17 January 1711. He had fought in the same battles as his father. He was promoted to vice-admiral in the
150:
European powers like the Dutch
Republic were regularly at war with some, if not all, of these entities, and during those wars privateers based in these "rogue states" freely preyed on their shipping and their crews. The ships were legitimately (under international law of the day) made
22:
171:
the relationship had to be continually monitored, and if necessary, repaired. This usually worked best when the envoys did not come empty handed, but brought along hard money for bribes, and an adequate naval presence for further persuasion.
178:
at the head of a Dutch squadron of frigates. Before that he had in 1724 captured and destroyed several
Algerian and Moroccan privateers as captain of an individually operating frigate. One of those privateers was the former Dutch ship
313:
shipyard—championed by Schrijver—and the Dutch superintendents of the other admiralty yards became a heated controversy. Schrijver was by then a respected lieutenant-admiral who had a close political relationship with the new
721:
516:
Geschiedenissen der Vereenigde Nederlanden, sedert den aanvang des jaars 1714 tot aan den dood van zyne doorluchtige Hoogheid den Heere Prinse van Oranje en Nassau, Erfstadhouder der Unie, in den jaare
159:. The European powers had two major options: station naval patrols in the area to protect their shipping from these depredations, or come to an accommodation with the local rulers the
202:
of the Amsterdam Chamber of the VOC, did not possess passes provided by an Algerian Consul, and were therefore initially declared lawful prizes. Schrijver (whose squadron lay in the
711:
393:, in which he complained about grievances his grandfather Cornelis Tijloos, his father Philips Schrijver and he himself had about the way they were treated) published in 1756
68:) he resigned his commission in protest in 1710. Despite his modest ancestry due to wise investments he had amassed a respectable fortune of 200,000 guilders at his death.
334:, published in 1755, in which he proposed to translate the French and British naval regulations, and several foreign technical works on the theory of naval construction.
39:
officer and diplomat who attained the rank of lieutenant admiral. He was a prominent reformer who attempted to re-organize naval shipbuilding and personnel policy.
706:
103:
in 1713, the Dutch Republic entered a long period of peace, during which the navy was not involved in any major conflicts, and mostly operated together with the
306:
criticism of Dutch rivals and succeeded as superintendent of the Amsterdam shipyard by Bentam, who immediately was championed in future conflicts by Schrijver.
382:
Twee voorname articulen, om te dienen tot redres in de vervallen zeedienst van de republiek en particulier in 'slands zeemagt, tot maintien van de goede ordres
111:
The only area in which the Dutch Republic was forced willy-nilly to conduct an independent diplomatic policy was that of the relationships with the so-called
48:
several members of the Dutch nobility. After having been passed over for promotion to admiral several times (despite having had a stellar career during the
385:
716:
677:
243:. This ship was a fortunate exception to the rule that Dutch ships were too slow to successfully pursue and capture the usually more nimble and speedy
342:
to improve the hydrodynamic characteristics of ships. In other words, the Dutch shipbuilders were not as "backward" as Schrijver—and historians like
286:, where it became part of a joint Anglo-Dutch squadron. In Plymouth, the ship was tested against the fastest British ship of the line of the time,
442:
De Jonge, from whose work this appreciation is taken, spends a page and a half excoriating Schrijver's character flaws; de Jonge, pp. 108–110.
108:
financing available for adequate maintenance of the fleet, let alone naval expansion. The Dutch navy therefore entered a period of neglect.
665:
Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zeewezen: Van den Utrechtschen Vrede, Ao. 1713, tot den zeeslag van Doggersbank, Ao. 1781. Dl. 5
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Omstandige brief of memorie aan Z.D.H. den Prins van Oranje ... over de redenen van het groote verval van 's Lands zeemagt
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639:
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in 1728. Schrijver was the first captain assigned the command of this ship and he sailed her on her maiden voyage in 1729 to
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In 1729, he was captain-commodore of a cruising squadron of six frigates that first managed to liberate two ships of the
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268:. One of the "advanced" techniques the British recruits were to introduce was the use of engineering drawings and of "
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the opposition of the British government, but in 1727, three British shipwrights were persuaded to come to Amsterdam:
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faster in close-hauled courses. But during the voyage to Plymouth Schrijver discovered signs of sabotage: the
399:, another complaint about his personal grievances about the way his accomplishments had not been recognized
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82:
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26:
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The "bad" performance of Dutch ships was a consequence of a basic constraint on Dutch ship design: the
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696:
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Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nummer toegang: 1.01.02, inventarisnummer: 12281, folionummer: 151 verso
269:
167:
of Tunis and Tripoli, or the Emperor of Morocco. The latter was the least expensive in the long run.
65:
287:
219:
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57:
378:, a memorandum about the decline of the contemporary Dutch navy for stadtholder William in 1747
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635:
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Of a more positive nature was a plan he conceived and published in 1745 at the request of the
208:
175:
100:
36:
357:—of the Dutch coastal and river waterways made that impossible. Ingenious constructions like
275:
As one of his first ships, built according to the "new, British" methods, Davis designed the
339:
276:
120:
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shipyards, the Amsterdam yard, under British management, could not evade this restriction.
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could not go over certain depths, because the shallowness—in the days before large scale
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in: Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden, deel 17–1 (Haarlem 1874), pp. 500–503.
293:, in a four-day regatta under various circumstances and the contest ended undecided,
236:
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21:
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In tekening gebracht. De achttiende-eeuwse scheepsbouwers en hun ontwerpmethoden
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Doop, trouw en begraafboeken Amsterdam, 301, p.186; doopregister NL-SAA-24397564
315:
152:
194:, that had been captured in peacetime by Algerian privateers. These ships, the
408:
384:, a memorandum on reform of the articles of war for the navy, sent in 1755 to
358:
218:
of a large number of enslaved Dutch crew members. Though this was technically
127:
comprised a number of independently operating principalities, among which the
104:
203:
187:). She had a crew of 250 among whom 26 Christian slaves, who were released.
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283:
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During his lifetime the rivalry between the British designers in the
244:
215:
174:
Schrijver was several times sent out in the early 1730s, to act as a
85:
in 1738, and to lieutenant-admiral in the same admiralty in 1748.
20:
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they too used technical drawings and even towing experiments in
722:
Dutch military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
164:
160:
432:
391:
Memorie betreffende een Tafereel van de cruelle behandeling
632:
The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
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years Schrijver published a number of polemical works:
214:
On both occasions Schrijver managed to negotiate the
676:in: Molhuysen, P. C.; Blok, P. J.; Knappert, L.
123:in the context of properly declared wars. The
8:
386:Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
712:Admirals of the navy of the Dutch Republic
678:Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek
35:(31 January 1687 –16 May 1768) was a
239:in 1724, Schrijver commanded the frigate
143:, the first three nominally part of the
453:
424:
407:for the fortification of the island of
397:Verdediging van C. Schrijver Anno 1767
326:, who came to power at the end of the
115:, although they are better considered
16:Dutch States Navy officer and diplomat
707:18th-century Dutch military personnel
680:, deel 5 (Leiden 1921), pp. 705–706.
7:
297:being faster "before the wind", and
155:, and the crew members ended up as
599:Hoving & Lemmens, pp. 146–157.
14:
717:Military personnel from Amsterdam
183:(36) under Algerian flag (master
590:Hoving & Lemmens, pp. 18–20.
581:Hoving & Lemmens, pp. 16–17.
572:Hoving & Lemmers, pp. 28–35.
644:Hoving, A. J.; Lemmers, A. A.
25:1736 portrait of Schrijver by
1:
332:Boekzael der geleerde waerelt
328:Second Stadtholderless Period
95:Second Stadtholderless Period
50:War of the Spanish Succession
505:Hoving & Lemmers, p. 14.
431:Cf. the Slavenkas Zierikzee
324:William IV, Prince of Orange
322:of all the Dutch provinces,
147:, but acting independently.
225:kidnap and ransom insurance
738:
344:Johannes Cornelis de Jonge
92:
235:During his cruise to the
541:Van der Aa, pp. 501–502.
192:Dutch East India Company
119:conducting a legitimate
247:. As a matter of fact,
83:Admiralty of Amsterdam
29:
27:Jan Maurits Quinkhard
24:
648:. (Amsterdam, 2001)
280:Provincie van Utregt
163:of Algiers, and the
674:Schrijver, Cornelis
634:.(Oxford U.P.2017)
622:Schrijver, Cornelis
608:Van der Aa, p. 503.
366:Other controversies
311:Amsterdam admiralty
72:her death in 1784.
620:Van der Aa, A. J.
550:Vander Aa, p. 502.
231:Naval construction
129:Regency of Algiers
52:in the battles of
33:Cornelis Schrijver
30:
340:ship model basins
320:Admiraal Generaal
209:Dutch East Indies
89:Gunboat diplomacy
37:Dutch States Navy
729:
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121:commerce raiding
101:Peace of Utrecht
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270:dockyard models
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43:Personal life
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702:1768 deaths
697:1687 births
563:pp. 214–215
359:ship camels
316:stadtholder
691:Categories
682:(in Dutch)
669:(in Dutch)
657:(in Dutch)
654:9067075418
640:9060608909
626:(in Dutch)
559:Le Clerc,
528:Le Clerc,
415:References
249:Wageningen
241:Wageningen
196:Purmerlust
181:Oranjeboom
139:, and the
117:privateers
105:Royal Navy
99:After the
532:, p. 215.
449:Footnotes
288:HMS
204:roadstead
200:Ter Horst
66:Gibraltar
355:dredging
303:scuppers
299:Monmouth
290:Monmouth
284:Plymouth
266:John May
245:corsairs
58:Vigo Bay
667:(1843)
561:op.cit.
530:op.cit.
409:Curaçao
137:Tripoli
652:
638:
295:Utregt
264:, and
216:ransom
157:slaves
153:prizes
135:, and
76:Career
64:, and
62:Malaga
420:Notes
351:draft
133:Tunis
54:Cadiz
650:ISBN
636:ISBN
517:1751
318:and
198:and
165:Beys
405:WIC
272:".
161:Dey
693::
411:.
260:,
131:,
60:,
56:,
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