308:. This serves as an alternative to the Ice Free Corridor previously posited to have allowed for migration amid the retreat of the eastern front of the Cordilleran ice sheet and the western front of the Laurentide ice sheet. The Ice Free Corridor is a subject of debate among anthropologists in recent years. Recent studies have provoked skepticism, with areas of discussion including the lack of evidence of sufficient flora in the area to support megafaunal migration, to radiometric dating placing the emergence of a corridor through the central
285:
faster than its southern, land-terminating front. This rapid retreat resulted in noticeably fewer glacial landforms in the west of the
Cordilleran's maximum extent compared to the south and east, though the exact mechanisms behind this disparity are unknown. Some glacial landforms are still present though: the well-characterized landscape of coastal Washington State contains glacial troughs, some glacial lakes, and an extensive outwash plain. Many of the southern and eastern landforms fall near the northern reaches of the
1899:
2738:
2727:
1645:
40:
284:
seeking to understand the difference in patterns of melting in marine-terminating glaciers, glaciers whose margin extends into open water without seafloor contact, and land-terminating glaciers, with a land or seafloor margin, as scientists believe the western marine-terminating margin retreated much
761:
Pedersen, Mikkel W.; Ruter, Anthony; Schweger, Charles; Friebe, Harvey; Staff, Richard A.; Kjeldsen, Kristian K.; Mendoza, Marie L. Z.; Beaudoin, Alwynne B.; Zutter, Cynthia; Larsen, Nicolaj K.; Potter, Ben A.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Rainville, Rebecca A.; Orlando, Ludovic; Meltzer, David J. (September
351:
was that sea levels on the edge of the ice sheet, which naturally deglaciated first, initially rose due to an increase in the volume of water, but later fell due to rebound after deglaciation. Some underwater features along the
367:
were able to travel southward during the deglaciation process due purely to the exposure of submerged land between the mainland and numerous continental islands. They are also important for understanding the direction
252:
Unlike the
Laurentide Ice Sheet, which may have taken as many as eleven thousand years to fully melt, the Cordilleran ice sheet melted very quickly, probably in four thousand years or less. This rapid melting caused
343:
in the deepest parts of the strait. This was because the much greater thickness of the center of the ice sheet served to push upwards areas at the edge of the continental shelf in a glacial
809:
Clark, Jorie; Carlson, Anders E.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Carlson, Elizabeth C. B.; Guillaume, Louise; Milne, Glenn A.; Tarasov, Lev; Caffee, Marc; Wilcken, Klaus; Rood, Dylan H. (2022-04-05).
2107:
300:. In particular, the collapse of the western front of the Cordilleran ice sheet has been proposed as one route through which early humans could have migrated after crossing the
289:, the mountain ranges which geologists believe to be the region from which the Cordilleran first grew, and, after its sudden retreat and ultimate collapse, where it terminated.
985:
1431:
1425:
410:
Fulton, R. J. & Prest, V. K. (1987). Introduction: The
Laurentide Ice Sheet and its Significance. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 41 (2), 181–186
2100:
2771:
939:
A test of the glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in the rock ptarmingan (Lagopus mutus)
1898:
2806:
1359:
1335:
1323:
978:
745:
617:
441:
101:
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2093:
339:, the lower thickness of the ice sheet meant that sea levels were as much as 170 m (560 ft) lower than they are today, forming a
1365:
1681:
208:
and the Salmon River
Mountains in Idaho. It is probable, though, that its northern margin also migrated south due to the influence of
182:
1605:
277:. The rate of thawing has also played a significant role in research surrounding early human migration into the American continents.
1595:
504:
262:
1298:
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914:
North
American black bear mtDNA phylogeography: implications for morphology and the Haida Gwaii glacial refugium controversy
558:
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Because of the weight of the ice, the mainland of northwest North
America was so depressed that sea levels at the
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2796:
1915:
1808:
1600:
1256:
1031:
61:
952:
Ice-free conditions on the Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, at the height of late Wisconsin glaciation
204:
and probably more than that in some previous periods, when it may have extended into the northeast extremity of
1555:
1347:
1286:
297:
679:
Lesnek, Alia J.; Briner, Jason P.; Lindqvist, Charlotte; Baichtal, James F.; Heaton, Timothy H. (2018-05-04).
640:"Glacial geomorphology of the central sector of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, Northern British Columbia, Canada"
2389:
2384:
1921:
1304:
209:
1770:
44:
Southern edge of the ice sheet. It extended north along the
Pacific coast and covered the Alaska Peninsula.
2075:
1946:
1830:
1762:
1674:
1437:
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1280:
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1066:
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west of Haida Gwaii which has been interpreted as an active volcanic island throughout the last ice age.
2038:
1883:
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1703:
1698:
1580:
1515:
1413:
1191:
1145:
681:"Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas"
868:
A latest
Pliocene age for the earliest and most extensive Cordilleran Ice Sheet in northwestern Canada
363:
These effects are important because they have been used to explain how migrants to North
America from
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1758:
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1992:
1973:
1969:
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1848:
1774:
1735:
1725:
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1329:
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811:"The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the Americas"
559:"New constraints on the last deglaciation of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in coastal Southeast Alaska"
463:
286:
186:
166:
162:
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The timing of the retreat of the Cordilleran bears significance not just to glaciologists, but to
2011:
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130:
27:
Major ice sheet that periodically covered large parts of North America during glacial periods
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1984:
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1377:
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1036:
1021:
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at the eastern glacial edge. At its eastern end the Cordilleran ice sheet merged with the
174:
170:
885:
Clarke, T.E., D.B. Levin, D.H. Kavanaugh and T.E. Reimchen. 2001. Rapid Evolution in the
422:"An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada"
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2550:
2420:
2315:
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2048:
2043:
2028:
1961:
1630:
1499:
1458:
845:
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713:
680:
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313:
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609:
433:
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2451:
2441:
2410:
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1840:
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1407:
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1371:
1353:
1274:
1216:
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1109:
931:(Stephen C. Porter (ed.)): University of Minnesota Press, 407p., Chapter 3, p.53-70.
897:) and the Paleogeography of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Evolution 51:1408–1418
258:
229:
118:
80:
17:
2742:
2726:
2673:
2523:
2446:
2053:
1560:
1525:
1046:
1041:
557:
Lesnek, Alia J.; Briner, Jason P.; Baichtal, James F.; Lyles, Alex S. (July 2020).
348:
293:
190:
85:
39:
656:
185:, forming an area of ice that contained one and a half times as much water as the
929:
Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States, Volume 1: The Late Pleistocene
596:
Booth, Derek B.; Troost, Kathy Goetz; Clague, John J.; Waitt, Richard B. (2003),
2668:
2537:
2513:
2358:
2153:
2003:
1743:
1585:
1570:
1565:
1419:
1211:
1099:
1056:
597:
428:, Developments in Quaternary Sciences, vol. 2, Elsevier, pp. 373–424,
421:
336:
328:
were over a hundred metres higher than they are today (measured by the level of
866:
Hidy, A. J., Gosse, J. C., Froese, D. G., Bond, J. D., and Rood, D. H. (2013).
200:
The ice sheet covered up to 2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi) at the
2663:
2623:
2566:
2466:
2363:
2237:
2137:
2085:
1957:
1720:
1712:
1489:
1468:
1201:
1160:
1051:
763:
281:
836:
787:
764:"Postglacial viability and colonization in North America's ice-free corridor"
704:
665:
582:
489:
240:. However, evidence of ice-free refugia above present sea level north of the
2678:
2628:
2602:
2561:
2508:
2353:
2329:
2210:
2200:
2189:
1932:
1907:
1875:
827:
738:
The eternal frontier: an ecological history of North America and its peoples
369:
344:
225:
114:
854:
795:
722:
696:
462:
Darvill, C. M.; Menounos, B.; Goehring, B. M.; Lesnek, A. J. (2022-05-28).
244:
has been refuted by genetic and geological studies since the middle 1990s.
963:
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2399:
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2263:
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2174:
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1181:
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364:
301:
220:
At its western end it is currently understood that several small glacial
194:
779:
574:
2652:
2592:
2342:
2179:
2163:
2063:
1871:
1690:
1530:
1140:
1130:
946:
329:
280:
The rapid retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet is a focus of study by
269:. Further north, the Cordilleran is responsible for a large number of
2688:
2571:
2205:
426:
Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and Chronology - Part II: North America
274:
254:
205:
959:
536:
1186:
1089:
138:
2712:
2708:
2704:
1196:
340:
2089:
1663:
967:
464:"Cordilleran Ice Sheet Stability During the Last Deglaciation"
524:"Ice-flow indicator compilation, British Columbia and Yukon"
1659:
925:
The Cordilleran Ice Sheet in Washington, Idaho, and Montana
137:
and south from approximately the southwestern third of the
880:
Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site
121:
during glacial periods over the last ~2.6 million years.
356:
were exposed because of the lower sea levels, including
224:
existed during the last glacial maximum below present
950:
Warner, B.G., Mathewes, R.W., and J.J. Clague. 1982.
937:
Holder, K., Montgomerie, R., and V.L. Friesen. 1999.
923:
Richard B. Waitt, Jr., and Robert M. Thorson, 1983.
2687:
2651:
2611:
2580:
2549:
2536:
2496:
2465:
2429:
2398:
2372:
2341:
2328:
2293:
2262:
2236:
2223:
2188:
2162:
2136:
2123:
2021:
2002:
1983:
1956:
1931:
1906:
1866:
1711:
1697:
1508:
1482:
1451:
1314:
1249:
1233:
1174:
1123:
1082:
1075:
999:
912:Byun, S. A., B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen. 1997.
157:. The southern glacial maximums extended south to
93:
75:
67:
57:
49:
32:
638:Dulfer, Helen E.; Margold, Martin (2021-12-01).
314:earliest known human sites south of the glaciers
815:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
505:"The Cordilleran Ice Sheet and Missoula Floods"
298:the migration of early humans into the Americas
1432:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
522:Arnold, H.; Ferbey, T.; Hickin, A. S. (2016).
2101:
1675:
979:
903:The glaciation of the Queen Charlotte Islands
189:does today. The ice sheet faded north of the
8:
212:caused by very low levels of precipitation.
1426:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
740:(2. ed.). New York, NY: Grove Press.
2546:
2338:
2233:
2133:
2108:
2094:
2086:
1708:
1682:
1668:
1660:
1246:
1171:
1079:
986:
972:
964:
602:The Quaternary Period in the United States
29:
844:
826:
712:
655:
535:
479:
261:and shaped the topography of the fertile
129:The ice extent covered almost all of the
117:that periodically covered large parts of
193:because the climate was too dry to form
403:
1360:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
1324:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
927:. IN: H.E. Wright, Jr., (ed.), 1983,
102:List of glaciers in the United States
7:
901:Brown, A. S., and H. Nasmith. 1962.
335:However, on the western edge at the
2707:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1366:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
372:has taken since the ice retreated.
2711:= megaannum (millions years ago);
25:
2715:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1354:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
141:. This included all of mainland
89:South – 40 degrees north latitude
2736:
2725:
1897:
1644:
1643:
1299:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
38:
2772:Glaciology of the United States
509:United States Geological Survey
1362:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1:
2807:Geology of Washington (state)
2154:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
2034:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth
1606:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
657:10.1080/17445647.2021.1937729
610:10.1016/s1571-0866(03)01002-9
528:ostrnrcan-dostrncan.canada.ca
434:10.1016/s1571-0866(04)80209-4
273:scattered across the west of
1027:Glacial history of Minnesota
604:, Elsevier, pp. 17–43,
468:Geophysical Research Letters
347:. The effect of this during
320:Sea levels during glaciation
312:too late to account for the
2787:Geology of British Columbia
2117:Geological history of Earth
1390:Kettle Moraine State Forest
1293:Lion's Head Provincial Park
598:"The Cordilleran Ice Sheet"
2833:
2390:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2385:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2149:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1731:Penultimate Glacial Period
1536:Penultimate Glacial Period
1263:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
872:Quaternary Science Reviews
98:List of glaciers in Canada
2702:
2674:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2524:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2072:
1895:
1639:
1601:Late Glacial Interstadial
1380:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
1257:Arrowhead Provincial Park
1032:List of prehistoric lakes
958:218(4573):675–6770
907:Canadian Field-Naturalist
736:Flannery, Tim F. (2002).
62:North American Cordillera
37:
2669:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2514:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2359:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2211:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2201:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1556:Holocene glacial retreat
1348:Glacial Lakes State Park
1287:Foothills Erratics Train
420:Dyke, Arthur S. (2004),
257:such as the overflow of
2664:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2629:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2624:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2567:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2457:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2364:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2175:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1922:Late Paleozoic icehouse
1596:Bølling–Allerød warming
1336:Devil's Lake State Park
1305:Ovayok Territorial Park
994:Continental glaciations
945:53(6):1936–1950.
828:10.1073/pnas.2118558119
2634:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2603:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2562:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2509:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2354:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2180:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
2076:Timeline of glaciation
1943:(579.88 to 579.63 Mya)
1438:Yosemite National Park
1342:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
1281:Eskers Provincial Park
1269:Cypress Hills (Canada)
1067:Timeline of glaciation
697:10.1126/sciadv.aar5040
135:Strait of Juan de Fuca
2639:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2598:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2519:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2206:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
2039:Great Oxidation Event
1581:Quaternary glaciation
1516:Quaternary glaciation
1414:Mill Bluff State Park
1378:Interstate State Park
1192:Giant current ripples
1007:Cordilleran ice sheet
302:Beringian Land Bridge
228:in the now-submerged
111:Cordilleran ice sheet
68:Lowest elevation
33:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
18:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
2767:Glaciology of Canada
2679:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2572:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2452:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2442:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1924:(360 Mya to 260 Mya)
1918:(460 Mya to 430 Mya)
1740:Last Glacial Maximum
1591:Wisconsin glaciation
1546:Last Glacial Maximum
1062:Post-glacial rebound
1017:Last Glacial Maximum
1012:Laurentide ice sheet
481:10.1029/2021GL097191
326:Last Glacial Maximum
306:Last Glacial Maximum
202:Last Glacial Maximum
179:Laurentide Ice Sheet
147:South Central Alaska
2734: •
2723: •
2721:Geologic time scale
2483:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2447:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2416:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2311:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2280:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2059:Milankovitch cycles
1736:Last Glacial Period
1576:Pre-Illinoian Stage
1541:Last Glacial Period
1330:Coteau des Prairies
1241:Greenland ice sheet
920:51:1647–1653.
821:(14): e2118558119.
780:10.1038/nature19085
575:10.1017/qua.2020.32
563:Quaternary Research
503:Topinka, L (2002).
287:American Cordillera
187:Antarctic ice sheet
165:in the west and to
2817:Geology of Alberta
2792:Geology of Montana
2732:Geology portal
2593:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2488:Early (470–485 Ma)
2421:Early (393–419 Ma)
2316:Early (247–252 Ma)
2285:Early (174–201 Ma)
2254:Early (100–145 Ma)
2249:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1972:(717 to 660 Mya);
1949:(547 to 541.5 Mya)
1621:4.2 kiloyear event
1616:8.2 kiloyear event
1551:Mousterian Pluvial
1283:, British Columbia
387:Labrador ice sheet
382:Keewatin ice sheet
267:Eastern Washington
183:Continental Divide
2812:Geology of Alaska
2749:
2748:
2647:
2646:
2613:Paleoproterozoic
2532:
2531:
2478:Late (444–458 Ma)
2411:Late (359–383 Ma)
2324:
2323:
2306:Late (201–237 Ma)
2275:Late (145–164 Ma)
2219:
2218:
2140:(present–2.58 Ma)
2128:(present–66.0 Ma)
2083:
2082:
2014:(2.9 to 2.78 Gya)
1893:
1892:
1657:
1656:
1626:Piora Oscillation
1586:Sangamonian Stage
1447:
1446:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
909:76:209–219.
747:978-0-8021-3888-0
619:978-0-444-51470-7
443:978-0-444-51592-6
354:Pacific Northwest
271:glacial landforms
242:Olympic Peninsula
131:continental shelf
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2824:
2802:Geology of Yukon
2797:Geology of Idaho
2743:World portal
2741:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2692:
2656:
2616:
2585:
2582:Mesoproterozoic
2554:
2547:
2542:
2501:
2470:
2434:
2403:
2377:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2298:
2267:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2193:
2167:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2087:
1995:(2.4 to 2.1 Gya)
1985:Paleoproterozoic
1976:(650 to 635 Mya)
1901:
1709:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1647:
1646:
1247:
1172:
1156:Terminal moraine
1080:
988:
981:
974:
965:
859:
858:
848:
830:
806:
800:
799:
758:
752:
751:
733:
727:
726:
716:
685:Science Advances
676:
670:
669:
659:
635:
629:
628:
627:
626:
593:
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586:
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548:
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519:
513:
512:
500:
494:
493:
483:
459:
453:
452:
451:
450:
417:
411:
408:
392:Baffin ice sheet
238:Vancouver Island
234:Brooks Peninsula
159:Washington state
151:Alaska Panhandle
143:British Columbia
42:
30:
21:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
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2751:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2724:
2716:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2654:
2643:
2614:
2607:
2583:
2576:
2552:
2551:Neoproterozoic
2541:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2540:
2539:
2538:Proterozoic Eon
2528:
2499:
2492:
2468:
2461:
2432:
2425:
2401:
2394:
2375:
2368:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2320:
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2191:
2184:
2165:
2158:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2084:
2079:
2068:
2017:
1998:
1979:
1952:
1927:
1902:
1889:
1886:(34 to 2.5 Mya)
1874:
1870:
1862:
1702:
1693:
1688:
1658:
1653:
1635:
1521:Illinoian Stage
1504:
1495:Lambert Glacier
1478:
1464:Killary Harbour
1443:
1396:Lake Bonneville
1316:
1310:
1245:
1221:
1170:
1119:
1115:U-shaped valley
1105:Roche moutonnée
1071:
1037:Proglacial lake
1022:Canadian Shield
995:
992:
887:Nebria Gregaria
863:
862:
808:
807:
803:
774:(7618): 45–49.
760:
759:
755:
748:
735:
734:
730:
691:(5): eaar5040.
678:
677:
673:
644:Journal of Maps
637:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
595:
594:
590:
556:
555:
551:
542:
540:
521:
520:
516:
502:
501:
497:
461:
460:
456:
448:
446:
444:
419:
418:
414:
409:
405:
400:
378:
322:
310:Canadian Shield
294:anthropologists
250:
218:
175:Western Montana
171:Idaho Panhandle
139:Yukon Territory
127:
88:
83:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
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2779:
2774:
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2480:
2474:
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2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2396:
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2387:
2381:
2379:
2374:Carboniferous
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2322:
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2300:
2291:
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2259:
2257:
2256:
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2243:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2192:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2166:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Snowball Earth
2046:
2044:Little Ice Age
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:Glacial period
2025:
2023:
2022:Related topics
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1964:
1962:Snowball Earth
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1916:Andean-Saharan
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1859:(2.5 to 0 Mya)
1833:
1811:
1789:
1751:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1631:Little Ice Age
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1500:Ross Ice Shelf
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Hardangerfjord
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1384:Kelleys Island
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:, South Dakota
1327:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1271:, Saskatchewan
1266:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
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1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:Glacial striae
1092:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
991:
990:
983:
976:
968:
962:
961:
948:
935:
921:
910:
899:
882:
877:
861:
860:
801:
753:
746:
728:
671:
650:(2): 413–427.
630:
618:
588:
549:
537:10.4095/298865
514:
495:
454:
442:
412:
402:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
389:
384:
377:
374:
358:Bowie Seamount
321:
318:
296:interested in
249:
246:
217:
214:
173:, and much of
126:
123:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2829:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2548:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
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2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2330:Paleozoic Era
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:(66.0–145 Ma)
2235:
2232:
2230:
2228:(66.0–252 Ma)
2222:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:Pre-Illinoian
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:Pre-Illinoian
1816:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:Younger Dryas
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Late Cenozoic
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Younger Dryas
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:Lake Missoula
1406:
1403:
1402:Lake Lahontan
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:Ice Age Trail
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:Eramosa River
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:North America
1232:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1166:Veiki moraine
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Rogen moraine
1149:
1147:
1146:Pulju moraine
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Erratic block
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Tunnel valley
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
989:
984:
982:
977:
975:
970:
969:
966:
960:
957:
953:
949:
947:
944:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:
915:
911:
908:
904:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:
865:
864:
856:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
754:
749:
743:
739:
732:
729:
724:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
672:
667:
663:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
631:
621:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
550:
538:
533:
529:
525:
518:
515:
510:
506:
499:
496:
491:
487:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
458:
455:
445:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:
413:
407:
404:
397:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
373:
371:
366:
361:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
283:
282:glaciologists
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:Inland Empire
260:
259:Lake Missoula
256:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:Hecate Strait
227:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:north of the
132:
124:
122:
120:
119:North America
116:
112:
103:
99:
96:
92:
87:
82:
81:Pacific Ocean
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2717:
2653:Archean Eon
2615:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2500:(485–539 Ma)
2469:(444–485 Ma)
2433:(419–444 Ma)
2402:(359–419 Ma)
2376:(299–359 Ma)
2345:(252–299 Ma)
2333:(252–539 Ma)
2297:(201–252 Ma)
2266:(145–201 Ma)
2225:Mesozoic Era
2125:Cenozoic Era
2074:
2054:Interglacial
1561:Oldest Dryas
1531:Interstadial
1526:Interglacial
1509:Time periods
1440:, California
1434:, Washington
1175:Glacifluvial
1124:Depositional
1047:Lake Chicago
1042:Lake Agassiz
1006:
955:
951:
942:
938:
928:
924:
917:
913:
906:
902:
894:
890:
886:
871:
867:
818:
814:
804:
771:
767:
756:
737:
731:
688:
684:
674:
647:
643:
633:
623:, retrieved
601:
591:
566:
562:
552:
541:. Retrieved
527:
517:
508:
498:
471:
467:
457:
447:, retrieved
425:
415:
406:
362:
349:deglaciation
334:
323:
291:
279:
251:
236:in northern
219:
199:
191:Alaska Range
128:
113:was a major
110:
108:
86:Great Plains
2689:Hadean Eon
2467:Ordovician
2238:Cretaceous
2138:Quaternary
2004:Mesoarchean
1947:Baykonurian
1809:Santa María
1763:Weichselian
1571:Pleistocene
1566:Older Dryas
1428:, Wisconsin
1420:Oneida Lake
1416:, Wisconsin
1392:, Wisconsin
1374:, Wisconsin
1368:, Wisconsin
1356:, Wisconsin
1350:, Minnesota
1344:, Wisconsin
1338:, Wisconsin
1326:, Wisconsin
1212:Outwash fan
1207:Kettle hole
1100:Ribbon lake
1057:Teays River
569:: 140–160.
337:Haida Gwaii
304:during the
232:and on the
53:continental
2782:Ice sheets
2762:Glaciology
2756:Categories
2691:(4–4.6 Ga)
2655:(2.5–4 Ga)
2584:(1–1.6 Ga)
2190:Paleogene
1958:Cryogenian
1853:Beestonian
1805:Wolstonian
1787:Llanquihue
1771:Midlandian
1721:Antarctica
1713:Quaternary
1699:Quaternary
1490:Antarctica
1483:Antarctica
1469:Monte Rosa
1422:, New York
1202:Kame delta
1161:Till plain
1052:Lake Tight
891:Coleoptera
874:61:77-84.
625:2024-04-01
543:2024-03-08
449:2024-04-01
398:References
210:starvation
2718:See also:
2498:Cambrian
2431:Silurian
2400:Devonian
2295:Triassic
2264:Jurassic
1933:Ediacaran
1908:Paleozoic
1884:Antarctic
1876:Oligocene
1835:7th–8th:
1831:Rio Llico
1813:3rd–6th:
1797:Illinoian
1767:Devensian
1759:Wisconsin
1726:Greenland
1410:, Montana
1307:, Nunavut
1301:, Ontario
1295:, Ontario
1289:, Alberta
1277:, Ontario
1265:, Alberta
1259:, Ontario
1083:Erosional
1076:Landforms
943:Evolution
918:Evolution
895:Carabidae
837:0027-8424
788:1476-4687
705:2375-2548
666:1744-5647
583:0033-5894
490:0094-8276
370:evolution
345:forebulge
226:sea level
155:peninsula
115:ice sheet
71:Sea level
2777:Ice ages
2343:Permian
2164:Neogene
1993:Huronian
1974:Marinoan
1970:Sturtian
1941:Gaskiers
1868:Pliocene
1849:Menapian
1775:Pinedale
1691:Ice ages
1649:Category
1474:Svalbard
1404:, Nevada
1182:Diluvium
933:Abstract
855:35312340
796:27509852
723:29854947
376:See also
365:Beringia
195:glaciers
76:Terminus
58:Location
2064:Stadial
2012:Pongola
1872:Miocene
1857:Caracol
1827:Anglian
1452:Eurasia
1141:Moraine
1131:Drumlin
1000:General
956:Science
889:Group (
846:9168949
762:2016).
714:5976267
330:bedrock
248:Thawing
222:refugia
216:Refugia
181:at the
167:Spokane
163:Olympia
84:East –
79:West –
2697:
1823:Elster
1815:Mindel
1783:Merida
1779:Fraser
1398:, Utah
1386:, Ohio
1317:States
1315:United
1250:Canada
1217:Sandur
853:
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786:
768:Nature
744:
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440:
275:Canada
255:floods
206:Oregon
169:, the
153:, and
149:, the
125:Extent
94:Status
1801:Saale
1791:2nd:
1753:1st:
1744:Older
1187:Esker
1090:Fjord
161:near
1845:Elbe
1837:Günz
1793:Riss
1755:Würm
1746:and
1197:Kame
851:PMID
833:ISSN
792:PMID
784:ISSN
742:ISBN
719:PMID
701:ISSN
662:ISSN
614:ISBN
579:ISSN
486:ISSN
438:ISBN
341:lake
109:The
100:and
50:Type
1847:or
841:PMC
823:doi
819:119
776:doi
772:537
709:PMC
693:doi
652:doi
606:doi
571:doi
532:doi
476:doi
430:doi
332:).
265:of
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2713:Ga
2709:Ma
2705:ka
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