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and societies that began with the taking of our lands and our ceremonial and sacred objects, and now our spiritual practices. Shamans played an important role in our societies in caring for the welfare of the tribe. Shamanism was not a commercial enterprise. SHI will contact this "shaman" and request that he cease the appropriation of the most sacred and spiritual practices of the
Huichol Indians. We support the people who have called his practices an exploitation of their people's ancient traditions and we will request that he not come into Aak'w Ḵwáan, the ancient homeland of the Auk people.
155:, but he did not name any individuals or specific communities. Harner wrote that he was describing common elements of shamanic practice found among Indigenous people world-wide, having stripped those elements of specific cultural content so as to render them accessible to contemporary Western spiritual seekers. Influences cited by Harner also included Siberian shamanism, Mexican and Guatemalan culture, and Australian traditions, as well as the
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healing was often tempered with ideas of malevolence or chaos, neoshamanism has a psychotherapeutic focus that leads to a "happy ending." Harner, who created the neoshamanic practice of Core
Shamanism, goes so far as to argue that those who engage in negative practices are sorcerers, not shamans, although this distinction is not present in traditional societies.
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the Shuar, Conibo or other native shamans may be made, it is reasonable to suggest that from the way Harner presents core-shamanism in his book, a neo-Shaman need never know about traditional shamans in order to learn the techniques. Indeed, in a troubling equation, native shamans are merely used to legitimate neo-Shamanic techniques.
119:, along with Castaneda's subsequent works, are now widely regarded as works of fiction. Although Castaneda's works have been extensively debunked, they nevertheless brought "...what he considered (nearly) universal traditional shamanic elements into an acultural package of practices for the modern shamanic seeker and participant."
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business for poor communities, there is also no guarantee that the people offering these experiences have been trained in any ceremonies, or that the substances being offered are what has been advertised. These touristic ceremonies vary in form. In some cases, they might represent public shamanic sacrifices or mass healings. In
295:, three people died and 21 more became ill while participating in an overcrowded and improperly set up heat endurance experience, advertised as a "Spiritual Warrior" sweat lodge ceremony, led by Ray. The nontraditional structure contained some 60 people and was located at a new age retreat center called Angel Valley, near
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By downplaying the role of cultural specificity, Harnerism and other neo-Shamanisms can be accused of homogenising shamanisms and, worse, ignoring the people whose "techniques" have been 'used' (others may be correct in preferring the terms 'borrowed', 'appropriated', or 'stolen'). While reference to
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It has come to our attention that a foundation called Dance of the Deer is planning a shamanism retreat in Juneau led by a person originally from New York who claims to be a
Huichol shaman mentored by the tribe, which is based in Mexico. ... This is another form of appropriation from Native cultures
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As an autoarchaeologist, I am claiming my own voice. Just as I cannot speak only as a 'neo-Shaman', to speak only as an archaeologist would downplay neo-Shamanic influences in my narrative. And to claim an objective standpoint from either position would ignore the influence of my work on neo-Shamans
360:" and other cultural appropriators. Note, however, that Noel does believe in "authentic western shamanism" as an alternative to neoshamanism, a sentiment echoed by Annette Høst who hopes to create a 'Modern Western Shamanism' apart from Core Shamanism in order "to practice with deeper authenticity".
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in the 1980s, are likely the most widely used in the West, and have had a profound impact on neoshamanism. While adherents of neoshamanism mention a number of different ancient and living cultures, and many do not consider themselves associated with Harner or Core
Shamanism, Harner's inventions, and
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that they believe will make them "shamans" themselves. However, although those who conduct such ceremonies for tourists might come from communities with authentic
Indigenous traditions, the ceremonies themselves have been adapted specifically to a tourist context. As this is a financially lucrative
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Although both traditional shamanism and neoshamanism posit the existence of both a spiritual and a material world, they differ in how they view them. In the traditional view, the spirit world is seen as primary reality, while in neoshamanism, materialist explanations "coexist with other theories of
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and neoshamanism communities, has written that he believes the experiences of synesthesia reported by Core
Shamanic journeyers are comparable with traditional shamanic practices. However, Aldred writes that the experiences non-Natives seek out at these workshops, "also incorporated into theme adult
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may have practiced forerunner forms of neoshamanism. The origin of neoshamanic movements has been traced to the second half of the twentieth century, especially to counterculture movements and post-modernism. Three writers in particular are seen as promoting and spreading ideas related to shamanism
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Another difference between neoshamanism and traditional shamanism is the role of negative emotions such as fear and aggression. Traditional shamanic initiations often involved pain and fear, while neoshamanic narratives tend to emphasize love over negative emotions. And while traditional shamanic
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Scholars have noted a number of differences between traditional shamanic practices and neoshamanism. In traditional contexts, shamans are typically chosen by a community or inherit the title (or both). With neoshamanism, however, anyone who chooses to can become a (neo)shaman, although there are
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as part of neoshamanic ceremonies. According to Mark Hay, those seeking out ayahuasca ceremonies in the Amazon "contribute to the wanton commodification and fetishization of the cultures whose practices they wish to insinuate themselves into...," especially given that there is no one ayahuasca
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In traditional contexts, shamans serve an important culturally recognized social and ceremonial role, one which seeks the assistance of spirits to maintain cosmic order and balance. With neoshamanism, however, the focus is usually on personal exploration and development. While some neoshamanic
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spirituality, without a connection to traditional shamanic societies. It is sometimes also used for modern shamanic rituals and practices which, although they have some connection to the traditional societies in which they originated, have been adapted somehow to modern circumstances. This can
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Robert J. Wallis asserts that, because the practices of Core
Shamanism have been divorced from their original cultures, the mention of traditional shamans by Harner is an attempt to legitimate his techniques while "remov indigenous people from the equation," including not requiring that those
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practitioners profess to enact shamanic ceremonies in order to heal others and the environment, and equate their role in modern communities with the shaman's role in traditional communities, the majority of adherents practice in isolation and the people they work on are paying clients.
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shamans in South
America, including the consumption of hallucinogens. Harner broadly applied the term "shaman" to spiritual and ceremonial leaders in cultures that do not use this term, saying that he also studied with "shamans" in North America; he wrote that these were
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Members of Native
American communities have also objected to neoshamanic workshops, highlighting that shamanism plays an important role in native cultures, and calling those offering such workshops charlatans who are engaged in cultural appropriation.
88:. In it, he wrote that shamanism represented a kind of universal, primordial religion, with a journey to the spirit world as a defining characteristic. However, Eliade's work was severely criticized in academic circles, with anthropologists such as
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who have distanced themselves from their own history. Additionally, Aldred notes that even those neoshamanic practitioners with "good intentions" who say they support Native
American causes are still commercially exploiting Indigenous cultures.
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Neoshamanism adherents may travel to communities with Indigenous shamanic traditions, or what they believe are shamanic traditions, in order to view or participate in shamanic ceremonies. Some go to other countries seeking experiences and
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Many First Nations people, especially us traditional folks, are up in arms over the misappropriation of our traditional ceremonies in the wake of the deaths of two people in a non-native sweat lodge at an Arizona resort earlier this
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made it possible to write in a description of one's own choosing for religion. The figures for England and Wales show that from just over 80,000 people self-identifying as Pagan, 650 wrote in the description "Shamanism."
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Neoshamanism comprises an eclectic range of beliefs and practices that involve attempts to attain altered states and communicate with a spirit world through drumming, rattling, dancing, chanting, music, or the use of
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scholars have been critical of neoshamanic practitioners who misrepresent their teachings and practices as having been derived from Native American cultures, asserting that it represents an illegitimate form of
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and a misrepresentation of the various cultures by which Harner said he had been inspired. Noel believes Harner's work, in particular, laid the foundations for massive exploitation of Indigenous cultures by
277:, that offer such ceremonies are not regulated and none have proof of credentials. While deaths are rare, they are not unheard-of; nearly a dozen tourists have died in Peru after consuming ayahuasca.
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include "shamanic" rituals performed as an exhibition, either on stage or for shamanic tourism, as well as modern derivations of traditional systems that incorporate new technology and worldviews.
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camps, wilderness training programs, and New Age travel packages" have "greatly angered" Native American activists who see these workshops as "the commercial exploitation of their spirituality."
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spoke out against these experiences led by untrained, unqualified people, clarifying that "the ceremony which he was selling bore little if any resemblance to an actual sweat lodge ceremony."
291:, and shamanic initiations, usually lasting a weekend or a week, are also popular. In October 2009, during a New Age retreat organized by motivational speaker and former telemarketer,
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people who use the word to refer to themselves. Despite the academic criticism, Eliade's work was nonetheless a critical part of the neoshamanism developed by Castaneda and Harner.
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ceremonies, conduct healing ceremonies, and participate in drum circles. Wallis, an archaeologist who self-identifies as a "neo-Shaman" and participates in the
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still neoshamans who feel that they have been called to become shamans, and that it wasn't a choice, similar to the situation in some traditional societies.
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ceremony shared by all the cultures that traditionally used it; each has unique ceremonies and uses of the brew. Additionally, the practitioners, such as
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to disguise or lend legitimacy to fabricated, ignorant, and/or unsafe elements in their ceremonies in order to reap financial benefits. For example,
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Europe's Indians, Indians in Europe: European Perceptions and Appropriations of Native American Cultures from Pocahontas to the Present
191:(called "power animals" in Core Shamanism). Core Shamanism, the neoshamanic system of practices synthesized, promoted, and invented by
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Indian from northern Mexico. Doubts existed about the veracity of Castaneda's work from the time of their publication, and the
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Hobson, Geary (1978). "The Rise of the White Shaman as a New Version of Cultural Imperialism". In Hobson, Gary (ed.).
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ceremonies, have all had a profound influence on the practices of most of these neoshamanic groups. Wallis writes,
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which he said was a research log describing his apprenticeship with a traditional "Man of Knowledge" identified as
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work. However, his practices do not resemble the religious practices or beliefs of any of these cultures.
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Neoshamans may also conduct "soul retrievals", participate in rituals based on their interpretations of
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arguing that the term "shamanism" should not be used to refer to anything except the Siberian
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practicing Core Shamanism to confront the "often harsh realities of modern indigenous life."
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the cosmos," some of which view the material and the "extra-material" world as equally real.
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Taking the Spirits Seriously: Neo-shamanism and contemporary shamanic healing in New Zealand
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Shamans/neo-Shamans: Contested Ecstasies, Alternative Archaeologies, and Contemporary Pagans
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similar approaches such as the decontextualized and appropriated structures of Amazonian
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In other cases, tourists are seeking out encounters with hallucinogenic drugs such as
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531:"Zulu dreamscapes: senses, media, and authentication in contemporary neo-shamanism"
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905:"The Globalization of Ayahuasca Shamanism and the Erasure of Indigenous Shamanism"
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Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasies, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans
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Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasies, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans
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Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasies, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans
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Nine Worlds of Seid-Magic: Ecstasy and Neo-Shamanism in North European Paganism
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Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking
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2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales
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Neo-shamanism as a healing system: Enchanted healing in a modern world
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El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)
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Dream Catchers: How Mainstream America Discovered Native Spirituality
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Genealogies of shamanism: Struggles for power, charisma and authority
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1271:"Native History: A Non-Traditional Sweat Leads to Three Deaths."
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United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
510:(Cultural Identity of Arctic Peoples: Arctic Studies 5): 9–24
265:, a shamanic theatre has been opened for such performances.
1346:. Red Earth Press: Albuquerque, New Mexico. pp. 100–10.
1138:"The Role of Fear in Traditional and Contemporary Shamanism"
122:
The idea of an acultural shamanism was further developed by
82:
popularized the idea of the shaman with the publication of
2983:
INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)
1254:"Self-help guru convicted in Arizona sweat lodge deaths"
846:
Soul Of Shamanism: Western Fantasies, Imaginal Realities
159:
of European occultism, which aid the occultist in their
497:"Shaman on the Stage (Shamanism and Northern Identity)"
234:
Neoshamanic drum circle in the United States, c. 2000
105:
The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge,
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The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge
453:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–6.
1314:"Editorial: Dying to experience native ceremonies"
1440:Shamanic Voices: A Survey of Visionary Narratives
283:retreats that offer experiences purporting to be
41:, where it usually means shamanism practiced by
351:Daniel C. Noel sees Core Shamanism as based on
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3115:Religious discrimination against modern pagans
1206:"The Colonization of the Ayahuasca Experience"
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222:Differences between shamanism and neoshamanism
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898:
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1359:"A capital place for shamans and charlatans"
1233:"Deaths at Sweat Lodge Bring Soul-Searching"
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1103:. University Press of America. p. 132.
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1121:. Sonoma County Free Press. Archived from
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3004:Academic study of new religious movements
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2988:World Religions and Spirituality Project
1609:Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy
1412:(October 1961). "Shamans as Neurotics".
1289:Looking Horse, Arvol (16 October 2009).
1199:
1197:
1112:
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850:Continuum International Publishing Group
645:. Washington: Square Press Publication.
451:Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions
85:Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy
839:
837:
835:
404:
171:"Power Animal" redirects here. For the
2862:Classifications of religious movements
2489:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
445:Scuro, Juan & Rodd, Robin (2015).
3568:European Congress of Ethnic Religions
1464:. New York: Oxford University Press.
820:. The Foundation for Shamanic Studies
745:. San Francisco, California: Harper.
668:"The dark legacy of Carlos Castaneda"
7:
3572:Foundation for Traditional Religions
2710:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
2139:International Peace Mission movement
1357:Downing, Suzanne (21 January 2018).
1252:Riccardi, Nicholas (June 22, 2011).
1119:"The Plastic Medicine People Circle"
922:American Anthropological Association
2529:World Mission Society Church of God
1941:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
1231:Dougherty, John (11 October 2009).
1117:Hagan, Helene E. (September 1992).
666:Marshall, Robert (April 12, 2007).
3105:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
2479:Unitarian Universalist Association
879:. London and New York: Routledge.
25:
4341:Indigenous cultural appropriation
2210:Moorish Science Temple of America
1995:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star
1291:"Concerning the deaths in Sedona"
1279:8 Oct 2013. Accessed 24 May 2021.
812:Foundation for Shamanic Studies.
3020:Journal of Contemporary Religion
1442:. New York and London: Penguin.
1174:Hearn, Kelly (4 December 2017).
711:(PhD thesis). University of Utah
388:Indigenous intellectual property
2484:United Submitters International
818:Foundation for Shamanic Studies
3078:Christian countercult movement
2922:Polytheistic reconstructionism
2287:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha
2044:Chinese salvationist religions
1387:Office for National Statistics
459:10.1007/978-3-319-08956-0_49-1
1:
3628:Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism
1204:Hay, Mark (4 November 2020).
995:The American Indian Quarterly
913:Anthropology of Consciousness
3750:Platonism in the Renaissance
2074:Church of the Guanche People
1395:. Accessed 12 December 2012.
1176:"The Dark Side of Ayahuasca"
1003:University of Nebraska Press
986:Aldred, Lisa (Summer 2000).
325:fraudulent spiritual leaders
2494:Universal White Brotherhood
1675:Modern paganism and New Age
1312:Goulais, Bob (2009-10-24).
1142:Bath Spa University College
1099:Wernitznig, Dagmar (2007).
702:Braun, Shelly Beth (2010).
495:Bulgakova, Tatyana (2001).
4357:
3709:Writers on modern paganism
2765:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
2750:Joseph Franklin Rutherford
2469:Unarius Academy of Science
1486:. London: Waveland Press.
1040:Wallis, Robert J. (2003).
950:Wallis, Robert J. (2003).
814:"Michael Harner Biography"
787:Wallis, Robert J. (2003).
374:2011 United Kingdom census
170:
37:), refers to new forms of
3100:Persecution of Falun Gong
2670:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
2464:Twelve Tribes communities
2454:Transcendental Meditation
1752:The Teachings of Don Juan
1685:Recreational drug tourism
1617:The Teachings of Don Juan
1046:. Routledge. p. 13.
956:. Routledge. p. 51.
581:. Routledge. p. 25.
529:Chidester, David (2008).
3969:Transpersonal psychology
3922:Human Potential Movement
3439:Daco-Thracian (Romanian)
3110:Persecution of Rastafari
3009:Anthropology of religion
2842:African-initiated church
2715:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby
2405:Shri Ram Chandra Mission
2094:The Family International
2064:Church of Divine Science
2017:Charismatic Christianity
1422:(5, Part 1): 1088–1090.
1074:Boekhoven, J.W. (2011).
1001:(3). Lincoln, Nebraska:
903:Fotiou, Evgenia (2016).
844:Noel, Daniel C. (1997).
741:Harner, Michael (1990).
547:10.2752/175183408X328271
4300:Psychological astrology
3141:New religious movements
2595:Chinmayananda Saraswati
2381:Joy of Satan Ministries
2159:Kingdom of Jesus Christ
1980:Black Hebrew Israelites
1879:New religious movements
1415:American Anthropologist
303:. Spiritual leaders in
4208:Creative visualization
3848:Progressive electronic
3281:German-speaking Europe
3095:Persecution of Baháʼís
3090:Persecution of Ahmadis
3038:Psychology of religion
3033:Philosophy of religion
2902:Japanese new religions
2892:Hindu reform movements
2857:Christian denomination
1657:Intelligence in Nature
613:Sanson, Dawne (2012).
353:cultural appropriation
321:cultural appropriation
235:
207:
177:Power Animal (episode)
27:New forms of shamanism
4100:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
3772:Traditionalist School
3730:Witch-cult hypothesis
3243:Arts and institutions
3048:Sociology of religion
2760:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
2680:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
2509:The Way International
2240:New Kadampa Tradition
2069:Church of Scientology
1011:10.1353/aiq.2000.0001
873:Blain, Jenny (2002).
743:The Way of the Shaman
575:Wallis, R.J. (2003).
233:
167:Beliefs and practices
128:The Way of the Shaman
58:Antiquarians such as
4243:Higher consciousness
4183:Alternative medicine
3598:Church of All Worlds
3269:By country or region
3250:Festivals and events
2937:Religious syncretism
2932:Religious conversion
2917:Open-source religion
2745:Charles Taze Russell
2560:Herbert W. Armstrong
2447:Theosophical Society
2225:New Apostolic Church
1389:, 11 December 2012,
1344:The Remembered Earth
1295:Indian Country Today
1275:Indian Country Today
117:Teaching of Don Juan
4295:Religious pluralism
4198:Bicameral mentality
4155:Marianne Williamson
4140:Neale Donald Walsch
3979:Western esotericism
3891:Findhorn Foundation
3828:New Age communities
3694:LGBTQ+ and paganism
3635:Neopagan witchcraft
3603:Church of Aphrodite
3496:Peterburgian Vedism
3229:Western esotericism
3054:When Prophecy Fails
3014:History of religion
2957:Spiritual evolution
2927:Prosperity theology
2897:In-group favoritism
2867:Conspiracy theories
2555:Marshall Applewhite
2307:Ramakrishna Mission
1975:Jehovah's Witnesses
1773:The Art of Dreaming
1641:The Four Agreements
1301:on 19 October 2009.
848:. London, England:
676:. Salon Media Group
251:Neoshamanic tourism
4305:Sun sign astrology
3896:New World Alliance
3860:New Age travellers
3745:Nine Noble Virtues
3234:Western philosophy
3136:In popular culture
3073:Anti-cult movement
2847:Buddhist modernism
2785:Emanuel Swedenborg
2780:Nirmala Srivastava
2545:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
2499:Vipassana movement
2474:Unification Church
2459:True Buddha School
2400:Shambhala Buddhism
2371:The Satanic Temple
2292:The Process Church
2178:Maha Bodhi Society
2149:Invitation to Life
2129:Humanistic Judaism
1759:A Separate Reality
1625:A Separate Reality
1238:The New York Times
1148:on 20 January 2012
930:10.1111/anoc.12056
301:negligent homicide
236:
63:and neoshamanism:
4336:New Age practices
4318:
4317:
4290:Quantum mysticism
4270:Michael Teachings
4253:Law of attraction
3917:Hippie subculture
3780:
3779:
3667:
3666:
3450:Kemetic Orthodoxy
3411:Ossetian-Scythian
3396:Canarian (Berber)
3219:Reconstructionism
3149:
3148:
3043:Religious studies
2877:Cybersectarianism
2852:Chabad messianism
2826:Pacific Northwest
2810:Poykayil Yohannan
2625:Josemaría Escrivá
2504:Eastern Lightning
2302:Rajneesh movement
2250:Religious Science
2183:Messianic Judaism
2169:Latter Day Saints
2134:Iglesia ni Cristo
2059:Christian Science
1919:Aetherius Society
1845:
1844:
1766:Journey to Ixtlan
1703:
1702:
1552:Jeanne Achterberg
1258:Los Angeles Times
639:Castaneda, Carlos
588:978-0-415-30202-9
535:Material Religion
468:978-3-319-08956-0
335:use of the term "
126:in his 1980 book
16:(Redirected from
4348:
4310:Yoga as exercise
4095:Shirley MacLaine
4090:Max Freedom Long
4045:Marilyn Ferguson
4025:Carlos Castaneda
3881:Esalen Institute
3814:New Age movement
3807:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3718:Related articles
3623:Pagan Federation
3613:Goddess movement
3593:Christo-Paganism
3483:Rodnovery (list)
3340:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
2971:Public education
2770:Shiv Dayal Singh
2635:Charles Fillmore
2615:Aleister Crowley
2605:Helena Blavatsky
2317:Risshō Kōsei Kai
2282:Pilgrims of Arès
2262:Nuwaubian Nation
2235:New Confucianism
2054:Christadelphians
2049:Chinmaya Mission
1990:Branch Davidians
1929:Lahore Ahmadiyya
1872:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1824:Like Dreamers Do
1737:Carlos Castaneda
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1567:Hans Peter Duerr
1557:Carlos Castaneda
1526:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1475:
1453:
1431:
1410:Devereux, George
1396:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:Must Read Alaska
1354:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1320:. Archived from
1318:North Bay Nugget
1309:
1303:
1302:
1297:. Archived from
1286:
1280:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1144:. Archived from
1133:
1127:
1126:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1037:
1031:
1030:
992:
983:
968:
967:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
909:
900:
891:
890:
870:
864:
863:
841:
830:
829:
827:
825:
809:
803:
802:
784:
757:
756:
738:
721:
720:
718:
716:
710:
699:
686:
685:
683:
681:
663:
657:
656:
635:
629:
628:
626:
624:
610:
599:
598:
596:
595:
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
526:
520:
519:
517:
515:
501:
492:
481:
480:
442:
293:James Arthur Ray
189:tutelary spirits
157:familiar spirits
101:Carlos Castaneda
90:Alice Beck Kehoe
69:Carlos Castaneda
21:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4248:Indigo children
4223:Earth mysteries
4213:Crystal healing
4178:Age of Aquarius
4173:2012 phenomenon
4159:
4105:Claudio Naranjo
3983:
3932:Integral theory
3900:
3864:
3816:
3811:
3781:
3776:
3713:
3684:Crypto-paganism
3663:
3576:
3327:
3264:
3238:
3202:Nature religion
3185:
3183:Modern paganism
3180:
3150:
3145:
3119:
3059:
2992:
2966:
2830:
2814:
2800:Chögyam Trungpa
2795:Joseph W. Tkach
2700:Elijah Muhammad
2630:Louis Farrakhan
2620:Mary Baker Eddy
2580:Sathya Sai Baba
2538:Notable figures
2533:
2390:Sathya Sai Baba
2359:Church of Satan
2215:Nation of Islam
2188:Modern paganism
2037:Neo-charismatic
1881:
1876:
1846:
1841:
1836:Winds of Nagual
1804:
1795:Florinda Donner
1778:
1739:
1734:
1704:
1699:
1695:Urban shamanism
1663:
1596:
1582:Don Miguel Ruiz
1562:Florinda Donner
1535:
1530:
1500:
1494:
1478:
1472:
1458:Jenkins, Philip
1456:
1450:
1438:, ed. (1991) .
1434:
1408:
1404:
1402:Further reading
1399:
1385:
1381:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1324:on 2011-08-09.
1311:
1310:
1306:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1269:
1265:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1136:York, Michael.
1135:
1134:
1130:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1054:
1039:
1038:
1034:
990:
985:
984:
971:
964:
949:
948:
944:
934:
932:
907:
902:
901:
894:
887:
872:
871:
867:
860:
843:
842:
833:
823:
821:
811:
810:
806:
799:
786:
785:
760:
753:
740:
739:
724:
714:
712:
708:
701:
700:
689:
679:
677:
665:
664:
660:
653:
637:
636:
632:
622:
620:
612:
611:
602:
593:
591:
589:
574:
573:
569:
559:
557:
528:
527:
523:
513:
511:
499:
494:
493:
484:
469:
447:"Neo-Shamanism"
444:
443:
406:
402:
397:
383:
370:
358:plastic shamans
316:Native American
313:
297:Sedona, Arizona
253:
224:
180:
169:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4354:
4352:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4130:David Spangler
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:James Redfield
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:Michael Harner
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4040:Benjamin Creme
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:José Argüelles
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3704:Technopaganism
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Discrimination
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3511:Turko-Mongolic
3508:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3311:United Kingdom
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Academic study
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Anti-Mormonism
3082:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:Ellen G. White
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Rudolf Steiner
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Ahn Sahng-hong
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Helena Roerich
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:Sun Myung Moon
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:L. Ron Hubbard
2647:
2642:
2640:Kelsang Gyatso
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Noble Drew Ali
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Sukyo Mahikari
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Peoples Temple
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:The New Church
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:Jewish Renewal
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Friends of Man
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Brahma Kumaris
1982:
1977:
1971:Bible Students
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Plastic shaman
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1592:Hank Wesselman
1589:
1587:Víctor Sánchez
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:Michael Harner
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1476:
1470:
1454:
1448:
1432:
1418:. New Series.
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1349:
1331:
1304:
1281:
1263:
1244:
1223:
1193:
1182:. Wenner Media
1159:
1128:
1125:on 2013-03-05.
1106:
1091:
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1053:978-0415302036
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963:978-0415302036
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541:(2): 136–158.
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193:Michael Harner
173:Adventure Time
168:
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124:Michael Harner
111:, allegedly a
109:don Juan Matus
73:Michael Harner
55:
52:
43:Western people
26:
24:
18:Core shamanism
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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4135:Eckhart Tolle
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4080:Andrew Harvey
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4065:Linda Goodman
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4060:Shakti Gawain
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4018:
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4005:James Brennan
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3833:New-age music
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3699:Pagan studies
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3644:Cochranianism
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2882:Doomsday cult
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2705:Nakayama Miki
2703:
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2690:Nikkyō Niwano
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2570:Sri Aurobindo
2568:
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2565:Shoko Asahara
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
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2540:
2536:
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2527:
2525:
2524:Word of Faith
2522:
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2500:
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2364:Temple of Set
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2220:New Acropolis
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2124:Heaven's Gate
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2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
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2084:Discordianism
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1547:Taisha Abelar
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1471:0-19-516115-7
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1436:Halifax, Joan
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791:. Routledge.
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752:0-06-250373-1
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285:vision quests
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175:episode, see
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153:Lakota people
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81:
80:Mircea Eliade
76:
74:
70:
66:
65:Mircea Eliade
61:
53:
51:
48:
45:as a type of
44:
40:
36:
35:neo-shamanism
32:
19:
4331:Neoshamanism
4280:Neoshamanism
4279:
4150:Stuart Wilde
4120:Jane Roberts
4035:Paulo Coelho
4015:Eileen Caddy
4010:Rhonda Byrne
4000:Richard Bach
3974:UFO religion
3954:Spirituality
3949:Spiritualism
3941:
3843:Neoclassical
3740:Neotribalism
3566:Interfaith:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3448:
3429:
3422:
3386:
3379:
3306:South Africa
3212:Neoshamanism
3211:
3052:
3027:Nova Religio
3025:
3018:
2962:UFO religion
2907:Neoshamanism
2906:
2775:Joseph Smith
2675:Lu Sheng-yen
2660:David Koresh
2590:Alice Bailey
2415:Spiritualism
2339:Santa Muerte
2255:Unity Church
2109:Fung Loy Kok
1966:Baháʼí Faith
1956:Armstrongism
1936:Ananda Marga
1886:Major groups
1834:
1830:Neoshamanism
1829:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1655:
1649:Visionseeker
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1601:Publications
1577:Jeremy Narby
1533:Neoshamanism
1532:
1483:
1480:Kehoe, Alice
1461:
1439:
1419:
1413:
1390:
1382:
1373:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:
1343:
1325:
1322:the original
1317:
1307:
1299:the original
1294:
1284:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1236:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1209:
1184:. Retrieved
1179:
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1146:the original
1141:
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1123:the original
1100:
1094:
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1080:(PhD thesis)
1076:
1057:
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1035:
998:
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952:
945:
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917:
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824:10 September
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619:(PhD thesis)
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507:
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450:
371:
368:Demographics
362:
350:
346:
341:white people
329:Geary Hobson
314:
289:sweat lodges
279:
267:
254:
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241:
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181:
172:
161:metaphysical
149:Coast Salish
127:
121:
116:
108:
104:
98:
83:
77:
57:
34:
31:Neoshamanism
30:
29:
4275:Neopaganism
4020:Lee Carroll
3912:Edgar Cayce
3853:Space music
3735:Hermeticism
3353:Ausar Auset
3332:Movements (
3301:Scandinavia
2997:Scholarship
2730:Ramakrishna
2665:Anton LaVey
2610:Sri Chinmoy
2585:Baháʼu'lláh
2410:Soka Gakkai
2344:Santo Daime
2332:Radha Soami
2322:Sahaja Yoga
2245:New Thought
2032:Charismatic
2022:Pentecostal
1800:Amy Wallace
1690:Toltecayotl
1210:JSTOR Daily
1059:themselves.
1005:: 329–352.
924:: 151–179.
258:initiations
211:sweat lodge
4325:Categories
4258:Meditation
4203:Breathwork
4145:Ken Wilber
4125:Mark Satin
4085:David Icke
4050:Marc Gafni
3988:Proponents
3905:Influences
3886:The Family
3755:Burkhanism
3672:In society
3659:Stregheria
3654:Reclaiming
3190:Approaches
3065:Opposition
2735:Prem Rawat
2685:Meher Baba
2655:Li Hongzhi
2645:Hak Ja Han
2600:David Berg
2514:Weixinjiao
2104:Fourth Way
2089:Falun Gong
2079:Creativity
1540:Key people
1152:23 January
594:2023-03-01
400:References
311:Criticisms
185:entheogens
103:published
4285:Neotantra
4233:Feng shui
4070:Alex Grey
3964:Theosophy
3937:Occultism
3767:Theosophy
3725:Ariosophy
3679:Criticism
3618:Ivanovism
3581:Syncretic
3538:Hungarian
3365:Heathenry
3358:Godianism
3321:Minnesota
3276:Australia
2819:By region
2442:Theosophy
2420:Spiritism
2312:Rastafari
2203:Rodnovery
2198:Heathenry
2173:Mormonism
2119:Godianism
2010:Noahidism
1951:Antoinism
1924:Ahmadiyya
1902:Adventism
1897:Brahmoism
1893:Adi Dharm
1633:Dreamtime
555:143771852
477:239249964
337:shamanism
331:sees the
275:Mancoluto
270:ayahuasca
198:Ayahuasca
99:In 1968,
78:In 1951,
39:shamanism
4238:Gaianism
4110:Ram Dass
3838:Biomusic
3528:Estonian
3463:Hellenic
3458:Germanic
3444:Egyptian
3401:Caucasic
3381:Dievturi
3370:Armenian
3349:African
3197:Eclectic
2835:Concepts
2725:Rajneesh
2432:Tenrikyo
2376:Theistic
2349:Satanism
2327:Sant Mat
2272:Opus Dei
2164:Kopimism
2000:Caodaism
1482:(2000).
1460:(2004).
1019:17086676
641:(1968).
381:See also
215:neopagan
60:John Dee
4188:Animism
4055:Gandalf
3959:Thelema
3821:Culture
3762:Thelema
3588:Adonism
3548:Mordvin
3533:Finnish
3503:Ynglism
3489:RUNVira
3473:Semitic
3424:Druidry
3296:Ireland
3291:Hungary
3260:Temples
3224:Secular
3207:New Age
2912:New Age
2437:Thelema
2395:Shakers
2354:LaVeyan
2297:Raëlism
2193:Druidry
2114:Goddess
2026:Oneness
1809:Related
1668:Related
1212:. JSTOR
1027:6012903
680:14 July
333:New Age
281:New Age
263:Yakutsk
54:History
47:New Age
4228:Energy
4165:Themes
3869:Groups
3553:Udmurt
3523:Uralic
3478:Slavic
3418:Celtic
3406:Abkhaz
3388:Romuva
3375:Baltic
3343:Ethnic
3286:Greece
2978:CESNUR
2942:Schism
2887:Heresy
2267:Oomoto
2144:ISKCON
2005:Chabad
1961:Bábism
1783:People
1660:(2005)
1652:(2002)
1644:(1997)
1636:(1978)
1628:(1971)
1620:(1968)
1612:(1951)
1490:
1468:
1446:
1428:667052
1426:
1368:21 May
1327:month.
1216:21 May
1186:21 May
1084:21 May
1050:
1025:
1017:
960:
935:24 May
883:
856:
795:
749:
715:18 May
649:
623:17 May
585:
560:19 May
553:
514:17 May
475:
465:
151:, and
136:Jívaro
132:Conibo
94:Tungus
71:, and
3639:Wicca
3560:Zuism
3468:Roman
3431:Wicca
3255:Music
3124:Lists
2519:Wicca
1744:Books
1424:JSTOR
1023:S2CID
991:(PDF)
920:(2).
908:(PDF)
709:(PDF)
673:Salon
551:S2CID
500:(PDF)
473:S2CID
141:Wintu
113:Yaqui
4193:Aura
3927:Huna
3649:Feri
3543:Mari
3516:list
3334:list
2947:Sect
2872:Cult
2720:Raël
1907:CoG7
1488:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1370:2021
1218:2021
1188:2021
1154:2012
1086:2021
1048:ISBN
1015:PMID
958:ISBN
937:2021
881:ISBN
854:ISBN
826:2015
793:ISBN
747:ISBN
717:2021
682:2018
647:ISBN
625:2021
583:ISBN
562:2021
516:2021
463:ISBN
372:The
145:Pomo
134:and
33:(or
2575:Báb
1912:SDA
1007:doi
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455:doi
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4263:TM
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