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126:. The basis of the first structure was made up of correctional labour camps for those sentenced to imprisonment for a term of more than three years, and the second structure included places of imprisonment for persons sentenced to a term of up to three years, for the maintenance of which it was necessary to organize agricultural and industrial colonies (
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In April 1918, the Main
Administration of Places of Detention was dissolved and replaced by the Central Punitive Department, which in July 1918 published the "Temporary Instruction of the People's Commissariat of Justice" on the creation of a new system of places of detention. It had to be based on
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The Main Prison
Administration was renamed the Main Administration of Places of Detention, with prison inspections in the field, over which the center was rapidly losing control. After the October Revolution, this department passed under the People's Commissariat of Justice, created to replace the
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In the
Russian Empire, by 1917, most prisons were subordinate to the Main Prison Administration of the Ministry of Justice, which worked in conjunction with the provincial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. After the February Revolution of 1917, a wide amnesty took place, the number of
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In Soviet Russia, there were five types of forced labour camps: special purpose camps, general concentration camps, production camps, prisoner of war camps, and distribution camps. However, in the documents of the People's
Commissariat of Internal Affairs, the terms "forced labour camp" and
104:"concentration camp" were often used interchangeably; there is also the name "concentration labour camps", so most likely this division into types was largely formal. In addition, when necessary (for example, when the Tambov Uprising was suppressed), temporary field camps were organized.
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1443–719c of
October 25, 1956, all correctional labour camps of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union were to be transferred to the subordination of the Ministries of Internal Affairs of the Union Republics and subsequently reorganized into correctional labour colonies.
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ministry of the same name. Since the new leadership did not trust the old cadres, control over the correctional institutions continued to weaken, moreover, many territories of the former
Russian Empire fell from the center's jurisdiction.
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prisoners in
September 1917 was just over 34,000, while the pre–revolutionary maximum in 1912 was 184,000; by 1916, as a result of the mass recruitment of young men into the army, the number of prisoners had dropped to 142,000.
54:, they exist practically all over the world (due to the need to reduce the costs of the penitentiary system by means of its self–sufficiency and the transformation of penitentiary institutions into independent
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Order of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union No. 0500 (Dated October 27, 1956) / State Archives of the Russian Federation. Fund 9401. Inventory 12. File 315. Sheets 140–146. Typographical
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Minutes of the
Meeting of the Political Bureau on June 27, 1929. Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. Fund 17. Inventory 3. Case 746. Sheets 2, 11
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Pyotr
Stuchka, Ivan Apeter. The Transition from Forced Labour by a Court Verdict to Voluntary Labour // Soviet State and Revolution of Law. 1931, No. 7, Page 124
118:"On the Use of Labour of Criminal Prisoners", two parallel structures of places of deprivation of liberty were created: under the jurisdiction of the
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Prisoners of correctional labour camps took part in the construction of canals, roads, industrial and other facilities in the
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Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Saint Petersburg, 1911. Volume 1. Pages 225–256; Volume 2. Pages 3425–3436, 3439–3443
349:. Russia in a Concentration Camp / Compiled by Kirill Chistyakov – Moscow: RIMIS Publishing House, 2005 – 536 pages –
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Self–sufficiency (income from prison labour must cover the government's expenses for maintaining places of detention);
282:"Mikhail Smirnov, Sergey Sigachev, Dmitry Shkapov. The System of Places of Detention in the Soviet Union. 1929–1960"
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State Archives of the Russian Federation. Fund 393. Inventory 13. Case 1 Extract. Sheet 112
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Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the All–Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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State Archives of the Russian Federation. Fund 4042. Inventory 8. Case 12. Sheet 37
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State Archives of the Russian Federation. Fund 4042. Inventory 8. Case 1. Sheet 21
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Mikhail Yakobson, Mikhail Smirnov (1998). Nikita Okhotin, Arseny Roginsky (ed.).
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The name "Corrective Labour Camp" was made on June 27, 1929 at a meeting of the
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that existed from 1923 to 1967, based on data from the human rights society "
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State Archives of the Russian Federation. Inventory 2. Case 1. Sheets 71–75
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The System of Correctional Labour Camps in the Soviet Union, 1923–1960
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was a kind of penitentiary institution. Under various names and
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Prizes to the Prisoners for the Execution of the "Labour Army"
336:– Moscow: Links, 1998 – 600 Pages, Pictures – 2,000 Copies –
211:"The System of Correctional Labour Camps in the Soviet Union"
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Formation of the corrective labour system in the Soviet Union
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Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
332:. Compiled by Mikhail Smirnov. Edited by Nikita Okhotin,
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United State Political Administration of the Soviet Union
116:Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
178:List of camps of the Main Administration of Camps
66:), institutions of this type existed only in the
58:), but with the name "correctional labour camp" (
34:Integral map of the camps of the system of the
397:Layout of Correctional Labour Camps in Siberia
122:and under the jurisdiction of the republican
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124:People's Commissariats of Internal Affairs
114:On July 11, 1929, by a resolution of the
139:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
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330:State Archive of the Russian Federation
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153:and other regions on a massive scale.
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94:Complete re-education of prisoners.
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168:Forced labor in the Soviet Union
27:Soviet penitentiary institution
133:According to the decree of the
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64:исправительно–трудовой лагерь
56:subjects of economic activity
128:correctional labour colonies
36:Main Administration of Camps
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163:Correctional labour colony
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48:correctional labour camp
427:Penal system in Russia
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18:Corrective labor camp
383:Willie Muntaniol.
377:2013-10-28 at the
326:Society "Memorial"
52:forms of ownership
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363:978-5-9650-0031-9
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184:References
372:New Camps
147:Far North
375:Archived
157:See also
151:Far East
137:and the
40:Memorial
412:Prisons
316:Sources
99:History
60:Russian
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417:Gulag
173:Gulag
359:ISBN
351:ISBN
338:ISBN
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