748:
51:
798:, which is responsible for making new bone, a continual and highly regulated process in the bodies of air-breathing vertebrates. The functional expression of MC2R on the osteoblast was discovered by Isales et alia in 2005. Since that time, it has been demonstrated that the response of bone forming cells to ACTH includes production of
802:, as it does in the adrenal. This response might be important in maintaining osteoblast survival under some conditions. If this is physiologically important, it probably functions in conditions with short-period or intermittent ACTH signaling, since with continual exposure of osteoblasts to ACTH, the effect was lost in a few hours.
743:
In addition to steroidogenic enzymes, ACTH also enhances transcription of mitochondrial genes that encode for subunits of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation systems. These actions are probably necessary to supply the enhanced energy needs of adrenocortical cells stimulated by ACTH.
739:
The long term actions of ACTH include stimulation of the transcription of the genes coding for steroidogenic enzymes, especially P450scc, steroid 11β-hydroxylase, and their associated electron transfer proteins. This effect is observed over several hours.
719:
ACTH influences steroid hormone secretion by both rapid short-term mechanisms that take place within minutes and slower long-term actions. The rapid actions of ACTH include stimulation of cholesterol delivery to the mitochondria where the
633:
secreted from the adrenal cortex work to inhibit CRH secretion by the hypothalamus, which in turn decreases anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH. Glucocorticoids may also inhibit the rates of POMC gene
3333:
4088:
918:
638:
and peptide synthesis. The latter is an example of a slow feedback loop, which works on the order of hours to days, whereas the former works on the order of minutes.
3326:
3063:
3110:
71:
2106:
2078:
1975:
926:, a genetic disorder that is characterized by adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency combined with common variable immunodeficiency and hypogammaglobulinemia.
2983:
1048:
4042:
3319:
334:
31:
4083:
2609:
1934:
256:
30:
This article is about adrenocorticotropic hormone as a natural hormone. For adrenocorticotropic hormone as a medication and diagnostic agent, see
629:
In order to regulate the secretion of ACTH, many substances secreted within this axis exhibit slow/intermediate and fast feedback-loop activity.
724:
enzyme is located. P450scc catalyzes the first step of steroidogenesis that is cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol. ACTH also stimulates
435:) is the precursor of POMC, its cleavage forms POMC. ACTH, on the other hand, is produced from the cleavage of POMC. The removal of the signal
1550:
Zhong Q, Sridhar S, Ruan L, Ding KH, Xie D, Insogna K, et al. (May 2005). "Multiple melanocortin receptors are expressed in bone cells".
1184:
Patel K (1993). "Stability of
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Pathways of Deamidation of Asparaginyl Residue in Hexapeptide Segments".
2176:
1732:
1201:
975:
1858:
4073:
4068:
1678:
658:
338:
95:
1819:
1791:
3103:
794:
While it has a crucial function in regulating the adrenal glands, it is also expressed elsewhere in the body, specifically in the
2279:
751:
448:
83:
1023:
825:
An active synthetic form of ACTH, consisting of the first 23 amino acids of native ACTH, was first made by Klaus
Hofmann at the
2973:
1853:
424:
377:
342:
1375:
747:
76:
3882:
3690:
3563:
3397:
2385:
2008:
1944:
1838:
1462:
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J (2004). "Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation".
872:
709:
666:
293:
251:
214:
3285:
2400:
1868:
1843:
896:
3096:
2988:
2457:
2452:
2194:
1909:
1343:"Mechanism of corticotropin and cAMP induction of mitochondrial cytochrome P450 system enzymes in adrenal cortex cells"
3172:
2602:
1919:
1268:
1127:
2565:
2447:
819:
701:
4078:
3930:
3763:
3606:
3455:
3227:
3008:
2570:
2128:
904:
754:, showing adrenocorticotropic hormone (green at left) among the hormones with smallest concentration in the blood
1703:
Collip JB, Anderson E, Thomson DL (August 12, 1933). "The adrenotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe".
2199:
1763:
826:
635:
330:
1314:
3843:
3646:
3534:
3353:
2428:
1405:"Mitochondrial-genome-encoded RNAs: differential regulation by corticotropin in bovine adrenocortical cells"
1056:
432:
3758:
3601:
3260:
3058:
2595:
2274:
2251:
2003:
1784:
88:
3342:
1464:
848:
776:
440:
361:
1759:
993:"The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks"
860:
3160:
3033:
3028:
3018:
3003:
1598:
1508:
1416:
900:
884:
878:
866:
854:
463:
to yield various polypeptide fragments with varying physiological activity. These fragments include:
389:
381:
353:
and androgens by the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis, respectively. ACTH is also related to the
141:
42:
376:) or tertiary adrenal insufficiency (disease of the hypothalamus, with a decrease in the release of
4047:
3984:
3499:
2860:
2560:
2166:
2161:
2133:
2096:
1929:
1914:
1878:
764:
479:
196:
4009:
4004:
3974:
3524:
3519:
2667:
1742:
3935:
3803:
3616:
3345:
3242:
3202:
2692:
1901:
1532:
940:
811:
412:
408:
3738:
3685:
1149:
Yalow RS, Glick SM, Roth J, Berson SA (November 1964). "Radioimmunoassay of human plasma ACTH".
881:, the rapid enlargement of the ACTH producing pituitary after the removal of both adrenal glands
3999:
3989:
3979:
3969:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3489:
1645:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3177:
2697:
2636:
2088:
1777:
1670:
1626:
1567:
1524:
1481:
1444:
1367:
1306:
1287:"cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of the bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor"
1248:
1207:
1197:
1166:
1101:
1015:
971:
943:
838:
662:
3783:
3713:
3670:
3425:
965:
704:. Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes conformation changes that stimulate the enzyme
380:). Conversely, chronically elevated ACTH levels occur in primary adrenal insufficiency (e.g.
3877:
3872:
3808:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3728:
3621:
3611:
3591:
3392:
3387:
2055:
2050:
1714:
1660:
1616:
1606:
1559:
1516:
1473:
1434:
1424:
1357:
1298:
1238:
1189:
1158:
1091:
1007:
713:
705:
689:
673:
354:
136:
1225:
Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Naftolowitz D, Tatham N, Cassidy F, Carroll BJ (November 2001).
3165:
3023:
2748:
2738:
2380:
2013:
1808:
1737:
1272:
1011:
844:
729:
630:
452:
420:
416:
373:
365:
165:
4036:
4032:
145:
1602:
1512:
1420:
3994:
3905:
3718:
3586:
3509:
3420:
3295:
3212:
3150:
3043:
3038:
2771:
2766:
2743:
2645:
2532:
2501:
2473:
2418:
2313:
2030:
1961:
1621:
1586:
923:
908:
697:
685:
460:
393:
326:
266:
1718:
1362:
4062:
3867:
3862:
3743:
3680:
3665:
3558:
3553:
3465:
3382:
3372:
3155:
3140:
2720:
2715:
2682:
2542:
2318:
2020:
1983:
1520:
1499:
Isales CM, Zaidi M, Blair HC (March 2010). "ACTH is a novel regulator of bone mass".
1439:
1404:
1302:
890:
788:
693:
456:
1536:
1080:"An analysis of POMC gene methylation and expression in patients with schizophrenia"
992:
775:. A family of related receptors mediates the actions of these hormones, the MCR, or
50:
3900:
3708:
3581:
3415:
3311:
3123:
3048:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2876:
2871:
2622:
2325:
2261:
2246:
2209:
2156:
2123:
1863:
1830:
1342:
815:
428:
369:
346:
1585:
Zaidi M, Sun L, Robinson LJ, Tourkova IL, Liu L, Wang Y, et al. (May 2010).
341:
and is often produced in response to biological stress (along with its precursor
112:
3723:
3255:
3232:
3207:
3182:
3053:
2963:
2891:
2866:
2802:
2787:
2707:
2677:
2662:
2509:
2486:
1988:
1891:
1193:
912:
733:
725:
444:
392:, a pituitary tumor leads to excessive production of ACTH, which stimulates the
323:
175:
1591:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1563:
1477:
1409:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4028:
3377:
3265:
3217:
3197:
3192:
3119:
3068:
2855:
2819:
2809:
2792:
2758:
2730:
2687:
2537:
2423:
2073:
2025:
1954:
1949:
1705:
1227:"Corticotropin secretory dynamics in humans under low glucocorticoid feedback"
795:
657:, the first 13 of which (counting from the N-terminus) may be cleaved to form
654:
261:
224:
119:
1429:
17:
3964:
3675:
3484:
3445:
3290:
3275:
3145:
3088:
2993:
2978:
2824:
2814:
2797:
2654:
2340:
2269:
2151:
2063:
1998:
1924:
1611:
1243:
1226:
1162:
780:
665:
in
Addison's disease). After a short period of time, ACTH is cleaved into α-
642:
1674:
1630:
1571:
1528:
1485:
1252:
1170:
1105:
1019:
2587:
1448:
1371:
1310:
1211:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3270:
3187:
2968:
2947:
2942:
2886:
2491:
2390:
2372:
2330:
2308:
2231:
2223:
2204:
2186:
2115:
1993:
1886:
1848:
1265:
1119:
768:
385:
350:
124:
3733:
3280:
3132:
3013:
2998:
2618:
2395:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2236:
2171:
2042:
1800:
822:
and, in a paper published in 1933, explained its function in the body.
784:
772:
721:
436:
1096:
1079:
3300:
2934:
2519:
2481:
2300:
2241:
1665:
967:
Concise
Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms
645:
of ACTH in human blood is reported to be between ten and 30 minutes.
107:
1587:"ACTH protects against glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of bone"
1286:
857:, the primary adrenal insufficiency (another form of hypocorticism)
847:, the hyposecretion of ACTH in the pituitary, leading to secondary
763:
As indicated above, ACTH is a cleavage product of the pro-hormone,
3945:
3833:
3222:
2847:
2552:
2527:
2438:
2410:
2143:
936:
746:
349:). Its principal effects are increased production and release of
3748:
907:, which two enzymes comprise the biochemical mechanism by which
799:
404:
100:
3315:
3092:
2591:
1773:
893:("infantile spasms"), a disease where ACTH is used as a therapy
3073:
1188:. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Vol. 5. pp. 201–20.
1646:"A sixty-year evolution of biochemistry at McGill University"
1291:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
863:, hypercorticism, one of the causes is hypersecretion of ACTH
696:, which are located primarily on adrenocortical cells of the
669:(α-MSH) and CLIP, a peptide with unknown activity in humans.
692:
of the adrenal glands. ACTH acts by binding to cell surface
1769:
1186:
364:(suppressed production of ACTH due to an impairment of the
1341:
Hanukoglu I, Feuchtwanger R, Hanukoglu A (November 1990).
841:, the gland that produces, among others, the hormone ACTH
970:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 84–.
1285:
Raikhinstein M, Zohar M, Hanukoglu I (February 1994).
919:
Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
767:(POMC), which also produces other hormones including
1231:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1151:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
4018:
3954:
3842:
3645:
3533:
3464:
3352:
3241:
3131:
2956:
2933:
2902:
2846:
2837:
2780:
2757:
2729:
2706:
2653:
2644:
2629:
2551:
2518:
2500:
2472:
2437:
2409:
2371:
2348:
2339:
2299:
2292:
2260:
2222:
2185:
2142:
2114:
2105:
2087:
2041:
1974:
1900:
1877:
1829:
1818:
1807:
1084:
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
171:
161:
156:
135:
130:
118:
106:
94:
82:
70:
62:
57:
41:
661:(α-MSH) (this common structure is responsible for
779:family. These are mainly not associated with the
700:. The ACTH receptor is a seven-membrane-spanning
360:Deficiency of ACTH is an indicator of secondary
728:uptake into cortical cells. This increases the
4089:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
3064:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
1398:
1396:
1336:
1334:
1332:
708:, which leads to an increase in intracellular
3327:
3104:
2984:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
2603:
1785:
1403:Raikhinstein M, Hanukoglu I (November 1993).
887:, can be accompanied by adrenal insufficiency
869:, a common cause of ACTH secreted ectopically
688:from adrenal cortex cells, especially in the
8:
3995:Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
3510:Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
3334:
3320:
3312:
3111:
3097:
3089:
2843:
2650:
2610:
2596:
2588:
2345:
2296:
2111:
1826:
1815:
1792:
1778:
1770:
1501:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
672:In human body, total weight ACTH is 4,540
407:, ACTH and β-lipotropin are secreted from
153:
1762:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1664:
1620:
1610:
1438:
1428:
1361:
1242:
1095:
991:Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U (2010).
875:, diseases in the production of cortisol
759:ACTH receptors outside the adrenal gland
465:
459:before it is proteolytically cleaved by
337:. ACTH is an important component of the
32:Adrenocorticotropic hormone (medication)
1381:from the original on September 16, 2012
1317:from the original on September 13, 2017
964:Morton IK, Hall JM (December 6, 2012).
956:
946:fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone
552:corticotropin-like intermediate peptide
1684:from the original on November 17, 2015
38:
1012:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821
378:corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
7:
1049:"Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)"
736:in the cells of the adrenal cortex.
396:to produce high levels of cortisol.
192:
1741:. December 12, 1960. Archived from
1350:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
810:While working on her dissertation,
384:) when adrenal gland production of
339:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
1130:from the original on July 16, 2024
1078:Chen, Xuanyu (February 11, 2024).
1029:from the original on April 4, 2023
771:that stimulates the production of
447:POMC, which undergoes a series of
25:
2280:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
1521:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05231.x
1266:PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI → POMC
752:Reference ranges for blood tests
659:α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
449:post-translational modifications
431:. The pre-pro-opiomelanocortin (
329:produced by and secreted by the
49:
3985:Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
3500:Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
3161:Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol
2974:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
1275:Retrieved on September 28, 2009
686:glucocorticoid steroid hormones
425:corticotropin-releasing hormone
343:corticotropin-releasing hormone
335:medication and diagnostic agent
189:proopiomelanocortin derivatives
4084:Melanocortin receptor agonists
1120:"Pro-opiomelocortin precursor"
899:(POIS), through production of
873:Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
667:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
541:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
1:
3286:Melanin-concentrating hormone
1719:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)44463-6
1363:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30545-8
897:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
712:and subsequent activation of
684:ACTH stimulates secretion of
388:is chronically deficient. In
2989:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
1303:10.1016/0167-4889(94)90157-0
443:produces the 241-amino acid
4074:Anterior pituitary hormones
4069:Genes on human chromosome 2
3863:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3666:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3554:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3373:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3173:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
1760:Adrenocorticotropic+Hormone
1194:10.1007/978-1-4899-1236-7_6
1000:Annual Review of Physiology
527:adrenocorticotropic hormone
423:in response to the hormone
308:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
4105:
4048:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
2448:Insulin-like growth factor
1564:10.1016/j.bone.2005.01.020
1478:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
820:David Landsborough Thomson
702:G protein-coupled receptor
195:
29:
4000:Tosactide (octacosactrin)
3515:Tosactide (octacosactrin)
3009:Gastrin-releasing peptide
851:(a form of hypocorticism)
839:Diseases of the pituitary
400:Production and regulation
286:
272:
260:
239:
223:
218:
208:
205:
152:
48:
1764:Medical Subject Headings
1430:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10509
827:University of Pittsburgh
814:co-discovered ACTH with
331:anterior pituitary gland
4043:N-POMC (NPP, pro-γ-MSH)
3271:Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
1612:10.1073/pnas.0912176107
1244:10.1210/jcem.86.11.8046
1163:10.1210/jcem-24-11-1219
663:excessively tanned skin
333:. It is also used as a
3261:Agouti-related peptide
3059:Pancreatic polypeptide
2275:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
2252:Pancreatic polypeptide
1271:July 16, 2024, at the
905:dopamine β-hydroxylase
755:
427:(CRH) released by the
3343:Melanocortin receptor
1745:on September 6, 2009.
1465:Physiological Reviews
1090:(3). Wiley: 208–216.
849:adrenal insufficiency
833:Associated conditions
777:melanocortin receptor
750:
362:adrenal insufficiency
3858:ACTH (corticotropin)
3661:ACTH (corticotropin)
3549:ACTH (corticotropin)
3480:ACTH (corticotropin)
3368:ACTH (corticotropin)
3004:Galanin-like peptide
1644:Johnstone R (2003).
901:tyrosine hydroxylase
885:Adrenoleukodystrophy
867:Small cell carcinoma
816:James Bertram Collip
653:ACTH consists of 39
469:polypeptide fragment
43:pro-opiomelanocortin
3120:Appetite stimulants
2561:Natriuretic peptide
1879:Posterior pituitary
1864:Somatostatin (GHIH)
1653:Scientia Canadensis
1603:2010PNAS..107.8782Z
1513:2010NYASA1192..110I
1421:1993PNAS...9010509R
765:proopiomelanocortin
409:corticotropic cells
357:in many organisms.
316:adrenocorticotropin
3251:ACTH/Corticotropin
3203:Omega-3 fatty acid
1902:Anterior pituitary
1053:vivo.colostate.edu
861:Cushing's syndrome
812:Evelyn M. Anderson
787:axis. MC2R is the
756:
538:melanotropin alpha
499:melanotropin gamma
4056:
4055:
3309:
3308:
3301:Orexin/Hypocretin
3178:Megestrol acetate
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
2833:
2832:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2468:
2467:
2288:
2287:
2218:
2217:
1970:
1969:
1713:(5737): 347–348.
1203:978-1-4899-1238-1
1097:10.1002/jdn.10319
977:978-94-011-4439-1
879:Nelson's syndrome
855:Addison's disease
674:atomic mass units
627:
626:
591:melanotropin beta
512:potential peptide
390:Cushing's disease
382:Addison's disease
302:
301:
185:
184:
181:
180:
27:Pituitary hormone
16:(Redirected from
4096:
4079:Peptide hormones
3336:
3329:
3322:
3313:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3090:
2844:
2651:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2346:
2341:Digestive system
2297:
2112:
2051:Thyroid hormones
1827:
1816:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1747:
1746:
1733:"Simulated ACTH"
1729:
1723:
1722:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1666:10.7202/800458ar
1650:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1472:(4): 1155–1228.
1459:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1415:(22): 10509–13.
1400:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1365:
1347:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1282:
1276:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1055:. Archived from
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1028:
997:
988:
982:
981:
961:
714:protein kinase A
706:adenylyl cyclase
690:zona fasciculata
578:lipotropin gamma
466:
355:circadian rhythm
193:
154:
53:
39:
21:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4014:
3950:
3847:
3838:
3650:
3641:
3538:
3529:
3469:
3460:
3357:
3348:
3340:
3310:
3305:
3237:
3127:
3117:
3087:
3078:
3034:Neuropeptide VF
3029:Neuropeptide SF
3024:Neuropeptide FF
3019:Neuropeptide AF
2952:
2929:
2898:
2839:
2829:
2776:
2753:
2725:
2702:
2671:
2646:Opioid peptides
2640:
2625:
2616:
2586:
2577:
2547:
2514:
2496:
2464:
2433:
2405:
2367:
2335:
2284:
2256:
2214:
2181:
2138:
2101:
2083:
2067:
2059:
2037:
2021:Adrenal medulla
2014:Androstenedione
1966:
1896:
1873:
1821:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1356:(33): 20602–8.
1345:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1273:Wayback Machine
1264:
1260:
1237:(11): 5554–63.
1224:
1223:
1219:
1204:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1157:(11): 1219–25.
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1059:on May 22, 2023
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1026:
995:
990:
989:
985:
978:
963:
962:
958:
953:
933:
845:Hypopituitarism
835:
808:
761:
730:bioavailability
682:
651:
631:Glucocorticoids
565:lipotropin beta
453:phosphorylation
421:pituitary gland
417:adenohypophysis
402:
374:hypopituitarism
366:pituitary gland
305:
304:
303:
190:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Modimelanotide
3903:
3898:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Modimelanotide
3716:
3711:
3706:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3587:Modimelanotide
3584:
3579:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Modimelanotide
3418:
3413:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3296:Neuropeptide Y
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Pentoxifylline
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3158:
3153:
3151:Cyproheptadine
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:Neuropeptide Y
3041:
3039:Neuropeptide S
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2772:Leu-enkephalin
2769:
2767:Met-enkephalin
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2698:β-Neoendorphin
2695:
2693:α-Neoendorphin
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2474:Adipose tissue
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Enteroglucagon
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:Beta thymosins
2316:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2031:Norepinephrine
2028:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1984:Adrenal cortex
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1754:External links
1752:
1749:
1748:
1724:
1695:
1636:
1597:(19): 8782–7.
1577:
1542:
1491:
1454:
1392:
1328:
1277:
1258:
1217:
1202:
1176:
1141:
1111:
1070:
1040:
983:
976:
955:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:DAVID syndrome
921:
916:
909:norepinephrine
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
842:
834:
831:
807:
804:
760:
757:
698:adrenal cortex
694:ACTH receptors
681:
678:
650:
647:
625:
624:
621:
619:
617:
616:met-enkephalin
613:
612:
609:
607:
605:
604:beta-endorphin
601:
600:
597:
594:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
579:
575:
574:
571:
568:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
515:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
500:
496:
495:
492:
489:
487:
483:
482:
476:
473:
470:
461:endopeptidases
401:
398:
394:adrenal cortex
327:tropic hormone
300:
299:
296:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
228:
227:
222:
217:
211:
210:
207:
204:
200:
199:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
150:
149:
139:
133:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4101:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Bremelanotide
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Setmelanotide
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Bremelanotide
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Bremelanotide
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:Bremelanotide
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Dexamethasone
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Amitriptyline
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:neuropeptides
2836:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2721:Endomorphin-2
2719:
2717:
2716:Endomorphin-1
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Big dynorphin
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:neuropeptides
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2543:Prostaglandin
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:Hypothalamic–
1817:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:(5): 820–31.
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:(3): 329–32.
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
987:
984:
979:
973:
969:
968:
960:
957:
950:
945:
942:
938:
935:
934:
930:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:are produced.
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
892:
891:West syndrome
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
805:
803:
801:
797:
792:
790:
789:ACTH receptor
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
677:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
639:
637:
636:transcription
632:
622:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
524:corticotropin
523:
522:
518:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
464:
462:
458:
457:glycosylation
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:anterior lobe
410:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
320:corticotropin
317:
313:
309:
297:
295:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
258:
255:
253:
250:
247:
246:
242:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
221:
216:
213:
212:
202:
201:
198:
194:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
155:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
138:
134:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Corticotropin
4026:Propeptides:
4025:
4010:Tridecactide
4005:Tricosactide
3975:Dersimelagon
3961:
3942:
3928:Antagonists:
3927:
3901:Melanotan II
3857:
3854:
3830:
3756:Antagonists:
3755:
3709:Melanotan II
3660:
3657:
3599:Antagonists:
3598:
3582:Melanotan II
3548:
3545:
3525:Tridecactide
3520:Tricosactide
3479:
3476:
3453:Antagonists:
3452:
3416:Melanotan II
3367:
3364:
3250:
3228:Testosterone
3164:
3049:Neurophysins
2877:Neurokinin B
2872:Neurokinin A
2708:Endomorphins
2634:
2326:Thymopoietin
2262:Pineal gland
2247:Somatostatin
2210:Progesterone
2157:Progesterone
2124:Testosterone
2107:Gonadal axis
2079:Thyroid axis
1976:Adrenal axis
1939:
1831:Hypothalamus
1743:the original
1736:
1727:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1688:November 16,
1686:. Retrieved
1656:
1652:
1639:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1507:(1): 110–6.
1504:
1500:
1494:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1412:
1408:
1383:. Retrieved
1353:
1349:
1319:. Retrieved
1294:
1290:
1280:
1261:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1185:
1179:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1052:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1003:
999:
986:
966:
959:
824:
809:
793:
762:
742:
738:
718:
683:
671:
652:
640:
628:
475:abbreviation
429:hypothalamus
403:
370:hypothalamus
359:
347:hypothalamus
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
262:γ-lipotropin
225:β-lipotropin
219:
144:
36:
3936:ML-00253764
3804:ML-00253764
3724:PF-00446687
3617:ML-00253764
3256:Adiponectin
3233:Thalidomide
3208:Oxandrolone
3183:Mirtazapine
3054:Neurotensin
2964:Angiotensin
2903:Neuromedins
2892:Physalaemin
2867:Substance P
2861:Tachykinins
2856:Bradykinins
2803:Hemorphin-4
2788:Adrenorphin
2759:Enkephalins
2749:γ-Endorphin
2744:β-Endorphin
2739:α-Endorphin
2678:Dynorphin B
2668:Dynorphin A
2663:Dynorphin A
2510:Osteocalcin
2487:Adiponectin
2314:Thymosin α1
2089:Parathyroid
1989:Aldosterone
1892:Vasopressin
1063:October 15,
913:epinephrine
734:cholesterol
726:lipoprotein
655:amino acids
478:amino acid
445:polypeptide
441:translation
324:polypeptide
267:β-endorphin
166:Swiss-model
58:Identifiers
4063:Categories
4029:Lipotropin
3739:Ro 27-3225
3686:LY-2112688
3378:BMS-470539
3346:modulators
3266:Anandamide
3243:Endogenous
3218:Prednisone
3198:Olanzapine
3193:Nandrolone
2883:amphibian
2820:Spinorphin
2810:Nociceptin
2793:Amidorphin
2731:Endorphins
2688:Leumorphin
2655:Dynorphins
2538:Calcitriol
2424:Peptide YY
2074:Calcitonin
2026:Adrenaline
1955:Lipotropin
1950:Endorphins
1006:: 517–49.
951:References
796:osteoblast
162:Structures
157:Search for
131:Other data
3990:Seractide
3980:Giractide
3970:Codactide
3965:Alsactide
3962:Agonists:
3855:Agonists:
3676:BIM-22493
3658:Agonists:
3546:Agonists:
3505:Seractide
3495:Giractide
3490:Codactide
3485:Alsactide
3477:Agonists:
3446:SNAP-7941
3365:Agonists:
3291:Melatonin
3276:Cortisone
3146:Clonidine
3133:Exogenous
2994:FMRFamide
2979:Carnosine
2863:: mammal
2825:Valorphin
2815:Opiorphin
2798:Hemorphin
2309:Thymosins
2270:Melatonin
2152:Estradiol
1999:Cortisone
1925:Prolactin
1822:pituitary
1809:Endocrine
1659:: 27–84.
941:synthetic
781:pituitary
649:Structure
643:half-life
419:) of the
345:from the
113:NM_000939
72:NCBI gene
3955:Unsorted
3943:Unknown:
3921:SHU-9119
3916:SHU-9005
3911:SHU-8914
3831:Unknown:
3824:SHU-9119
3819:SHU-9005
3814:SHU-8914
3799:MCL-0129
3794:MCL-0042
3789:MCL-0020
3637:SHU-9119
3632:SHU-9005
3627:SHU-8914
3441:SHU-9119
3436:SHU-9005
3431:SHU-8914
3188:Nabilone
3166:Cannabis
2969:Bombesin
2887:Kassinin
2637:hormones
2630:Hormones
2619:Peptides
2502:Skeleton
2492:Resistin
2391:Secretin
2373:Duodenum
2331:Thymulin
2232:Glucagon
2224:Pancreas
2205:Estrogen
2187:Placenta
1994:Cortisol
1887:Oxytocin
1849:Dopamine
1801:Hormones
1679:Archived
1675:16116702
1631:20421485
1572:15804492
1537:24378203
1529:20392225
1486:15383650
1385:July 24,
1376:Archived
1321:June 28,
1315:Archived
1269:Archived
1253:11701735
1171:14230021
1134:April 8,
1128:Archived
1106:38343101
1033:June 28,
1024:Archived
1020:20148687
944:analogue
931:See also
680:Function
623:237–241
611:237–267
599:217–234
586:179–234
573:179–267
560:156–176
547:138–150
533:138–176
519:105–134
480:residues
451:such as
433:Pre-POMC
386:cortisol
351:cortisol
176:InterPro
3784:JKC-363
3734:PL-6983
3714:MK-0493
3671:AZD2820
3426:PL-8177
3281:Ghrelin
3069:RVD-Hpα
3014:Ghrelin
2999:Galanin
2935:Orexins
2396:Motilin
2363:Ghrelin
2358:Gastrin
2350:Stomach
2237:Insulin
2172:Relaxin
2167:Inhibin
2162:Activin
2134:Inhibin
2043:Thyroid
1622:2889316
1599:Bibcode
1509:Bibcode
1449:7504267
1417:Bibcode
1372:2173715
1311:8305507
1212:8019694
1124:UniProt
806:History
785:adrenal
773:melanin
722:P450scc
494:27–102
439:during
437:peptide
411:in the
322:) is a
314:; also
172:Domains
120:UniProt
4019:Others
3878:HS-024
3873:HS-014
3809:MPB-10
3779:HS-131
3774:HS-024
3769:HS-014
3729:PG-931
3622:PG-106
3612:HS-014
3592:PG-931
3393:HS-024
3388:HS-014
3223:Sugars
2848:Kinins
2781:Others
2520:Kidney
2482:Leptin
2441:/other
2301:Thymus
2242:Amylin
2116:Testis
2009:DHEA-S
1811:glands
1766:(MeSH)
1706:Lancet
1673:
1629:
1619:
1570:
1535:
1527:
1484:
1447:
1437:
1370:
1309:
1251:
1210:
1200:
1169:
1104:
1018:
974:
676:(Da).
507:77–87
372:, cf.
298:
290:
287:
282:
279:
276:
273:
248:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
209:
206:
203:
142:Chr. 2
125:P01189
108:RefSeq
101:176830
63:Symbol
3946:Semax
3834:Semax
2957:Other
2838:Other
2553:Heart
2528:Renin
2458:IGF-2
2453:IGF-1
2439:Liver
2429:GLP-1
2411:Ileum
2293:Other
2177:GnSAF
2144:Ovary
1682:(PDF)
1649:(PDF)
1533:S2CID
1440:47806
1379:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1027:(PDF)
996:(PDF)
937:Semax
769:α-MSH
596:β-MSH
583:γ-LPH
570:β-LPH
544:α-MSH
504:γ-MSH
472:alias
294:β-MSH
252:α-MSH
215:γ-MSH
137:Locus
3931:ASIP
3764:ASIP
3759:AGRP
3749:THIQ
3607:ASIP
3602:AGRP
3456:ASIP
2635:see
2004:DHEA
1940:ACTH
1935:CLIP
1930:POMC
1859:GHRH
1839:GnRH
1738:Time
1690:2015
1671:PMID
1627:PMID
1568:PMID
1552:Bone
1525:PMID
1505:1192
1482:PMID
1445:PMID
1387:2012
1368:PMID
1323:2019
1307:PMID
1295:1220
1249:PMID
1208:PMID
1198:ISBN
1167:PMID
1136:2013
1102:PMID
1065:2008
1035:2019
1016:PMID
972:ISBN
939:, a
911:and
903:and
818:and
800:VEGF
791:.
710:cAMP
641:The
557:CLIP
530:ACTH
491:NPP
455:and
415:(or
405:POMC
312:ACTH
257:CLIP
220:ACTH
197:POMC
96:OMIM
89:9201
84:HGNC
77:5443
3883:MSH
3691:MSH
3564:MSH
3398:MSH
3124:A15
3074:VGF
2670:1–8
2571:BNP
2566:ANP
2533:EPO
2401:VIP
2386:GIP
2381:CCK
2200:HPL
2195:hCG
2129:AMH
2097:PTH
1945:MSH
1920:TSH
1910:FSH
1869:MCH
1854:CRH
1844:TRH
1715:doi
1711:222
1661:doi
1617:PMC
1607:doi
1595:107
1560:doi
1517:doi
1474:doi
1435:PMC
1425:doi
1358:doi
1354:265
1299:doi
1239:doi
1190:doi
1159:doi
1092:doi
1008:doi
732:of
486:NPP
368:or
146:p23
66:OMC
4065::
4035:,
3893:,
3889:,
3844:MC
3701:,
3697:,
3647:MC
3574:,
3570:,
3535:MC
3466:MC
3408:,
3404:,
3354:MC
2621::
1962:GH
1915:LH
1735:.
1709:.
1677:.
1669:.
1657:27
1655:.
1651:.
1625:.
1615:.
1605:.
1593:.
1589:.
1566:.
1556:36
1554:.
1531:.
1523:.
1515:.
1503:.
1480:.
1470:84
1468:.
1443:.
1433:.
1423:.
1413:90
1411:.
1407:.
1395:^
1374:.
1366:.
1352:.
1348:.
1331:^
1313:.
1305:.
1293:.
1289:.
1247:.
1235:86
1233:.
1229:.
1206:.
1196:.
1165:.
1155:24
1153:.
1126:.
1122:.
1100:.
1088:84
1086:.
1082:.
1051:.
1022:.
1014:.
1004:72
1002:.
998:.
829:.
716:.
318:,
4039:)
4037:γ
4033:β
4031:(
3897:)
3895:γ
3891:β
3887:α
3885:(
3846:5
3705:)
3703:γ
3699:β
3695:α
3693:(
3649:4
3578:)
3576:γ
3572:β
3568:α
3566:(
3537:3
3468:2
3412:)
3410:γ
3406:β
3402:α
3400:(
3356:1
3335:e
3328:t
3321:v
3169:)
3163:(
3126:)
3122:(
3112:e
3105:t
3098:v
2948:B
2943:A
2925:U
2920:S
2915:N
2910:B
2611:e
2604:t
2597:v
2066:4
2064:T
2058:3
2056:T
1793:e
1786:t
1779:v
1721:.
1717::
1692:.
1663::
1633:.
1609::
1601::
1574:.
1562::
1539:.
1519::
1511::
1488:.
1476::
1451:.
1427::
1419::
1389:.
1360::
1325:.
1301::
1255:.
1241::
1214:.
1192::
1173:.
1161::
1138:.
1108:.
1094::
1067:.
1037:.
1010::
980:.
783:-
310:(
34:.
20:)
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