324:
317:
46:
218:
33:
347:
280:
364:
253:
298:
258:
233:
811:
in the future. Several years later, Evans received a kidney donated by his daughter, Lauren. The other three eventually received transplants after some searching for donors, despite
Charlotte having only eaten three mouthfuls of mushroom; they were instrumental in setting up the charity Give a
397:, all of which are highly toxic. Eating them results in kidney failure, which is often irreversible. The mushroom is generally tan to brown all over, with a conical to convex cap 2.5 to 8 centimetres (1 to
685: in) thick with a bulbous base. It is the same colour or slightly paler than the cap, and can have yellow fragments of the veil (cortina) attached to its lower half. The
1362:
Franz M, Regele H, Kirchmair M, Kletzmayr J, Sunder-Plassmann G, Hörl WH, Pohanka E (1996). "Magic mushrooms: hope for a 'cheap high' resulting in end-stage renal failure".
1671:
1526:
803:, and two other relatives were accidentally poisoned in September 2008 after consuming deadly webcaps that they gathered on holiday. Evans had assumed they were
1697:
1578:
1750:
785:
can be distinguished by its funnel-shaped cap and ridges on the cap's underside rather than gills. In 1996, one person in
Austria ate it while looking for
573:
against the other names as it had been chiefly known by this name between 1953 and 1980, and some doubts existed over which names were legitimate. Both
1658:
1500:
217:
992:
704:
has been recorded in high-latitude temperate to subalpine forests throughout the northern hemisphere, including subalpine conifer forest in the
1346:
1123:
393:, native to high-latitude temperate to subalpine forests of Eurasia and North America. Within the genus it belongs to a group known as the
1398:
747:. The danger of poisoning was first recognized in 1972 in Finland, where four cases had occurred, two of which resulted in permanent
1087:
1046:
1735:
1740:
535:
preferred conifers, yet he had also found the latter species growing under beech in Norway. He concluded the name should be
625: in) diameter. In colour, it is a tawny to date brown with paler margins, and is covered in fine, fibrous scales. The
1565:
543:
was likely to be the same species as well. Gasparini queried this, however, because in Cooke's original illustrations of
763:. Twenty-two people were poisoned between 1979 and 1993 in Sweden, nine of whom required a kidney transplant following
821:
807:
but overlooked that the mushrooms had gills rather than pores. All four victims were informed that they would require
516:
45:
1702:
1583:
1725:
800:
547:, he noted that the spores were drawn as triangular or fig-shaped and were not consistent with descriptions of
1755:
781:
769:
1419:
764:
760:
493:, but that name had already been given to another species of webcap) from mushrooms growing in moss among
196:
1730:
705:
452:
156:
140:
1012:
989:
629:
are ochre- or caramel-coloured, changing to a deeper brown with age as the spores mature. They have an
1745:
1650:
1492:
1474:
728:, generally in wet areas of conifer or mixed conifer and broadleaf woodlands, though it is uncommon.
709:
512:
1557:
1403:
1179:
786:
473:
1249:
1160:
972:
717:
630:
626:
508:
370:
239:
165:
40:
1676:
1531:
1178:
Robertson C, Wright L, Gamiet S, Machnicki N, Ammirati J, Birkebak J, Meyer C, Allen A (2006).
1632:
1591:
1461:
1379:
1342:
1319:
1280:
1241:
1119:
1093:
1083:
808:
608:
464:
263:
1596:
1371:
1311:
1233:
1195:
1152:
964:
937:
897:
713:
686:
634:
478:
440:
303:
996:
604:
527:
and determined that the mushrooms and spores were identical. The only difference was that
482:
1053:
32:
1645:
1487:
1375:
941:
804:
792:
748:
500:
390:
107:
87:
1237:
955:
Smith AH, Stuntz DE (1950). "New or noteworthy Fungi from Mt. Rainier
National Park".
1719:
725:
77:
1253:
1164:
990:
Cortinarius rubellus Cooke from
British Columbia, Canada and Western Washington, USA
845:
1466:
1637:
1623:
1267:
Hulmi S, Sipponen P, Forsström J, Vilska J (1974). "Mushroom poisoning caused by
1570:
1552:
1513:
775:
756:
690:
354:
330:
117:
1200:
1156:
740:
693:
and in the stem base. It smells slightly of radishes and has no strong taste.
460:
97:
1442:
1315:
1097:
1080:
The pocket guide to wild mushrooms: helpful tips for mushrooming in the field
752:
744:
495:
57:
581:
lacked a type specimen and there was a possibility that the description of
1383:
1323:
1284:
1245:
1684:
1617:
1539:
1453:
1436:
562:
394:
285:
244:
223:
1663:
1505:
976:
902:
873:
519:
in the United States, is a synonym. Klaus Høiland reviewed material of
1518:
1689:
1544:
471:
was described by Henry in 1937 from mushrooms growing under bracken (
67:
1413:
968:
767:(ESRF). Among the edible species they mistook the mushroom for were
1220:
Short AI, Watling R, MacDonald MK, Robson JS (1980). "Poisoning by
1479:
1184:
Cooke from
British Columbia, Canada and Western Washington, USA"
539:, as that was the older name. Høiland and others had noted that
1417:
1082:. Marklund, Hans, 1937-, Hedström, Ellen. New York: Skyhorse.
411: in) in diameter, adnate gills and a 5.5 to 11 cm (
1298:
Holmdahl J, Blohmé I (1995). "Renal transplantation after
724:
occurs in
Scandinavia and also occurs in the north of the
569:. In 2007, Bruno Gasparini proposed conserving the name
1118:. London, United Kingdom: Pan MacMillan. p. 186.
561:
is one of seven highly toxic species that make up the
589:. There was no consensus on the proposal as of 2022.
459:
in 1887 from material collected by a Dr. Carlyle at
1607:
1426:
1399:"Nicholas Evans: 'I wanted to die. It was so grim'"
1045:Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (6 October 2009).
499:in pine and spruce forests of the French and Swiss
361:
344:
313:
295:
277:
250:
230:
211:
712:, central Japan. In North America, it is found in
467:. The name was rarely used before 1980, however.
689:is cream or pale yellow, but more tan below the
1109:
1107:
915:
913:
603:has a conical to convex (partly flattening to
1215:
1213:
1211:
1006:
1004:
867:
865:
863:
8:
779:species as well as chanterelles. The edible
720:, particularly Mount Rainier National Park.
665: in) tall, and 0.5 to 1.5 centimetres (
751:. In 1979, three people on holiday in near
1414:
755:were poisoned, after mistaking it for the
31:
20:
1273:Duodecim; Lääketieteellinen Aikakauskirja
1199:
901:
872:Gasparini B, Jacobsson S, Soop K (2007).
836:
389:, is a species of fungus in the family
874:"(1769) Proposal to conserve the name
208:
1143:, a poisonous species new to Japan".
7:
1751:Taxa named by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke
1339:The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms
1397:Grice, Elizabeth (2 August 2011).
1376:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027160
1341:. Cologne: Könemann. p. 127.
942:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1985.tb01681.x
14:
1337:Lamaison J-L, Polese J-M (2005).
362:
345:
322:
315:
296:
278:
256:
251:
231:
216:
44:
1047:"Nomenclature CF Commentary 8"
1021:in Australia and in the world"
611:of 2.5 to 8 centimetres (1 to
1:
1238:10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92104-2
633:connection to the stipe. The
477:) and beech in France, while
880:C. rubellus, C. orellanoides
759:. Two of the three required
585:could have also applied to
517:Mount Rainier National Park
515:from material collected in
224:Mycological characteristics
1772:
1609:Cortinarius speciosissimus
1300:Cortinarius speciosissimus
1269:Cortinarius speciosissimus
1222:Cortinarius speciosissimus
876:Cortinarius speciosissimus
637:is 5.5 to 11 centimetres (
565:, a subgenus within genus
181:Cortinarius speciosissimus
1364:Nephrol. Dial. Transplant
1304:Nephrol. Dial. Transplant
1201:10.2509/pnwf.2006.001.006
1157:10.1007/S10267-004-0198-4
1078:Holmberg, Pelle. (2013).
171:
164:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
930:Nordic Journal of Botany
922:Cortinarius orellanoides
801:Charlotte Gordon Cumming
765:end stage kidney failure
697:Distribution and habitat
505:Cortinarius rainierensis
469:Cortinarius orellanoides
385:, commonly known as the
188:Cortinarius rainierensis
174:Cortinarius orellanoides
1736:Fungi described in 1838
1028:Australasian Mycologist
782:Craterellus tubaeformis
770:Craterellus tubaeformis
507:, described in 1950 by
1741:Fungi of North America
1316:10.1093/ndt/10.10.1920
995:22 August 2016 at the
920:Høiland K (2008). "Is
192:Dermocybe orellanoides
706:Yatsugatake Mountains
453:Mordecai Cubitt Cooke
1428:Cortinarius rubellus
1188:North American Fungi
1182:Cortinarius rubellus
1141:Cortinarius rubellus
1011:Gasparini B (2004).
924:an earlier name for
737:Cortinarius rubellus
710:Yamanashi Prefecture
702:Cortinarius rubellus
601:Cortinarius rubellus
587:Cortinarius morrisii
559:Cortinarius rubellus
513:Daniel Elliot Stuntz
457:Cortinarius rubellus
382:Cortinarius rubellus
213:Cortinarius rubellus
184:KĂĽhner & Romagn.
150:Cortinarius rubellus
25:Cortinarius rubellus
1404:The Daily Telegraph
1139:Shibata H (2004). "
1114:Phillips R (2006).
846:"New British Fungi"
797:The Horse Whisperer
474:Pteridium aquilinum
451:British naturalist
903:10.1002/tax.562034
809:kidney transplants
761:kidney transplants
531:grew in beech and
1713:
1712:
1592:Open Tree of Life
1420:Taxon identifiers
1348:978-3-8331-1239-3
1125:978-0-330-44237-4
926:C. speciosissimus
844:Cooke MC (1887).
571:C. speciosissimus
553:C. speciosissimus
533:C. speciosissimus
525:C. speciosissimus
487:C. speciosissimus
465:Carlisle, Cumbria
378:
377:
206:Species of fungus
204:
203:
199:
185:
178:
16:Species of fungus
1763:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1571:BMSSYS0000037753
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1232:(8201): 942–44.
1217:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1059:on 7 August 2016
1058:
1052:. Archived from
1051:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1008:
999:
987:
981:
980:
952:
946:
945:
917:
908:
907:
905:
886:(Basidiomycota)"
869:
858:
857:
841:
714:British Columbia
684:
683:
679:
674:
673:
669:
664:
663:
659:
656:
650:
649:
645:
642:
624:
623:
619:
616:
438:
437:
433:
430:
424:
423:
419:
416:
410:
409:
405:
402:
366:
365:
349:
348:
326:
325:
319:
318:
300:
299:
282:
281:
260:
259:
255:
254:
235:
234:
220:
209:
194:
183:
176:
152:
132:C. rubellus
49:
48:
35:
21:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1726:Fungi of Europe
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1422:
1412:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1370:(11): 2324–27.
1361:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1310:(10): 1920–22.
1297:
1296:
1292:
1279:(14): 1044–50.
1266:
1265:
1261:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1002:
997:Wayback Machine
988:
984:
969:10.2307/3755245
954:
953:
949:
919:
918:
911:
884:C. rainierensis
871:
870:
861:
843:
842:
838:
834:
818:
787:magic mushrooms
734:
699:
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
666:
661:
657:
654:
652:
647:
643:
640:
638:
621:
617:
614:
612:
607:with maturity)
598:
592:
579:C. orellanoides
549:C. orellanoides
537:C. orellanoides
529:C. orellanoides
521:C. orellanoides
483:Henri Romagnesi
449:
439: in) tall
435:
431:
428:
426:
421:
417:
414:
412:
407:
403:
400:
398:
363:
346:
327:
323:
320:
316:
297:
279:
257:
252:
232:
226:
221:
207:
190:
186:
179:
160:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1756:Fungus species
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1694:
1681:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1448:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1389:
1354:
1347:
1329:
1290:
1275:(in Finnish).
1259:
1207:
1170:
1131:
1124:
1103:
1088:
1070:
1037:
1000:
982:
947:
909:
859:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
817:
814:
793:Nicholas Evans
749:kidney failure
733:
730:
698:
695:
597:
594:
448:
445:
391:Cortinariaceae
376:
375:
367:
359:
358:
350:
342:
341:
328:
321:
314:
311:
310:
301:
293:
292:
283:
275:
274:
261:
248:
247:
236:
228:
227:
222:
215:
205:
202:
201:
169:
168:
162:
161:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
108:Cortinariaceae
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Agaricomycetes
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1768:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:(6): 395–97.
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1089:9781620877319
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
986:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:(1): 80–134.
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
939:
936:(5): 489–92.
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
914:
910:
904:
899:
896:(2): 596–97.
895:
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:(78): 42–49 .
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
831:
827:
825:
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
788:
784:
783:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:, a powerful
742:
738:
731:
729:
727:
726:British Isles
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
694:
692:
688:
636:
632:
628:
610:
606:
602:
595:
593:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:Alex H. Smith
506:
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Robert KĂĽhner
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
446:
444:
442:
396:
392:
388:
387:deadly webcap
384:
383:
374:
373:
369:Edibility is
368:
360:
357:
356:
351:
343:
340:
336:
332:
329:
312:
309:
305:
302:
294:
291:
287:
284:
276:
273:
269:
265:
262:
249:
246:
242:
241:
237:
229:
225:
219:
214:
210:
200:
198:
195:(Rob. Henry)
193:
189:
182:
175:
170:
167:
163:
158:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Basidiomycota
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
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1731:Deadly fungi
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1302:poisoning".
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1054:the original
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1746:Cortinarius
1553:NatureServe
1514:iNaturalist
1145:Mycoscience
1034:(2): 62–76.
1015:Cortinarius
824:Cortinarius
799:, his wife
776:Hygrophorus
757:chanterelle
722:C. rubellus
691:pileipellis
596:Description
583:C. rubellus
575:C. rubellus
567:Cortinarius
545:C. rubellus
541:C. rubellus
489:(initially
355:mycorrhizal
352:Ecology is
331:Spore print
119:Cortinarius
1720:Categories
1194:(1): 1–7.
832:References
741:orellanine
718:Washington
485:described
461:Orton Moss
455:described
197:M.M. Moser
177:Rob. Henry
98:Agaricales
74:Division:
1624:Q81010299
1558:2.1062194
1407:. London.
1116:Mushrooms
1098:816030405
1017:subgenus
957:Mycologia
850:Grevillea
753:Inverness
745:mycotoxin
739:contains
496:Vaccinium
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1685:MycoBank
1677:10644637
1646:Fungorum
1618:Wikidata
1540:MycoBank
1532:11055982
1488:Fungorum
1451:BioLib:
1437:Wikidata
1254:21039398
1165:84769467
1019:Orellani
993:Archived
878:against
822:List of
816:See also
812:Kidney.
732:Toxicity
605:umbonate
563:orellani
447:Taxonomy
395:Orellani
286:Hymenium
245:hymenium
166:Synonyms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
1664:2528667
1506:2528663
1480:1028741
1443:Q944328
1384:8941602
1324:8592605
1285:4426277
1246:6107589
1063:15 June
977:3755245
826:species
680:⁄
670:⁄
660:⁄
646:⁄
620:⁄
434:⁄
420:⁄
406:⁄
268:conical
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1703:181881
1690:295965
1651:295965
1597:324707
1545:166839
1519:500053
1493:166839
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1226:Lancet
1163:
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1096:
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882:, and
631:adnate
372:deadly
339:yellow
290:adnate
272:convex
159:, 1887
1672:IRMNG
1584:86073
1527:IRMNG
1467:6B5MV
1454:60670
1250:S2CID
1161:S2CID
1057:(PDF)
1050:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
973:JSTOR
890:Taxon
687:flesh
635:stipe
627:gills
463:near
441:stipe
335:cream
304:Stipe
240:Gills
157:Cooke
68:Fungi
1698:NCBI
1659:GBIF
1638:YMGR
1579:NCBI
1501:GBIF
1380:PMID
1343:ISBN
1320:PMID
1281:PMID
1242:PMID
1120:ISBN
1094:OCLC
1084:ISBN
1065:2016
928:?".
805:ceps
773:and
577:and
523:and
511:and
501:Jura
481:and
308:bare
1633:CoL
1566:NBN
1475:EoL
1462:CoL
1372:doi
1312:doi
1271:".
1234:doi
1224:".
1196:doi
1153:doi
965:doi
938:doi
898:doi
708:in
675:to
651:to
609:cap
551:or
425:to
337:to
333:is
306:is
288:is
270:or
266:is
264:Cap
243:on
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