543:
828:
654:: "We want, we statue and we order: if we and our successors want to make any general constitution or statute in Catalonia, we will submit them to the approval and consent of the prelates, of the barons, of the knights and of the citizens or, from those apellates, of the largest and healthiest part of those."). That decision represented a radical change in the legislative procedure of the Principality: the Catalan Courts became officially a legislative body as the king would need the consent of the Courts in order to pass the legislation.
485:) of the cities and towns under direct royal jurisdiction with the consolidated privilege of participating. The force of the custom meant that, if they stopped doing it (usually due to the financial cost involved) they had to obtain the right again. The settlements belonging to royal castles (rural places) were excluded because they were made up of scattered farmers without a town. Each city was represented by one síndic, except for Barcelona (five),
242:
815:, demanding a military contribution from every realm of the Spanish Crown, including the Principality of Catalonia. However, the Courts were never concluded, due to the opposition of the estates to the measures of Olivares, many of which were contrary to the Catalan constitutions. Those events, coupled with the increased discomfort among Catalan population led to the
505:(two). The síndics were tied to their municipalities by an imperative mandate. Municipal commissions were in charge of ensuring the mandate through specific instructions and epistolary contact. The síndics could not disobey them even if it was by order of a third party, including the king, and they could be dismissed in case of serious misconduct.
760:), in which the obligation of the king to fulfill and to respect the constitutions of Catalonia is picked up. The chapter instructed the Deputation of the General to ensure its compliance, both by the king and his officers, and authorized it to revoke any unconstitutional order. It is considered a key piece of Catalan pactism.
752:(1462–1472) were resolved: the role of the Deputation of the General, the pactism and the return of properties. These last two points materialized in the recognition of a defeat shared by both sides, with more focus on seeking the reconstruction of the country than on the repression of the defeated. In these Courts the chapter
316:, the Catalan Courts were the result of the territorial and institutional evolution of the Cort Comtal de Barcelona (County Court of Barcelona), and took its definitive institutional form in 1283, according to historian Thomas Bisson, and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament. Scholar
870:, essentially establishing an absolutist system of government modelled after the French one. From that point on, the representatives of Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia were incorporated into the Courts of Castile which, unlike the suppressed Courts of the realms of the Crown of Aragon, operated primarily as an advisory body.
596:(1018–1044). Their personal resources were particularly insufficient in periods of economic crisis or military expansion, of which they were many from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries. The need to secure troops and revenue led to the steady expansion of the Count of Barcelona's court. After the formation of the
663:
450:, the abbots with possession of the abbey, the priors of convents with chapter, without superior in the Principality and with mer and mixed imperium over their vassals, the commanders of the Knights Hospitaller (in principle) and the chapters of the cathedrals. They were excluded the lower secular clergy and the
647:«Volem, statuïm e ordenam: que si nós o los successors nostres constitutió alguna general o statut fer volrem en Cathalunya, aquella o aquell façam de approbatió e consentiment dels prelats, dels barons, dels cavallers e dels ciutadans de Cathalunya, o ells apellats, de la major e de la pus sana part de aquells»
320:
wrote that the
General Court of Catalonia had a better defined organization than the parliaments of England or France. Unlike the Courts of Castile, which at the time functioned mainly as an advisory body to which the king granted privileges and exemptions, the Catalan Courts was a regulatory body,
679:
In the Courts held in Monzón in 1289, a delegation of the
General Court was appointed as a permanent council to collect the "service" or tribute that the arms granted to the king at his request. Later, this would give rise to the Deputation of the General or Generalitat of Catalonia, in the
321:
as their decisions had the force of law, in the sense that the king could not unilaterally revoke them, being the first parliament of Europe that officially obtained the power to pass legislation, alongside the monarch. It is comparable to similar institutions across Europe, such as the
623:(1208–1276), they met summoned by the king as representative of the social classes of the time. The Court of 1218 is the first that can be considered a General Court, because in 1214 there was a lack of representation of the municipalities and only one specific issue was debated.
619:(1213) and the beginning of the reign of his son James I who was only six years old. The new king of Aragon and count of Barcelona took his oath before prelates and magnates of the royal curia, representatives of cities and villages. At the time of
670:
in the late fifteenth century representing its patron bearing the shield of the Cross of St. George which were the arms of the
Generalitat of Catalonia. On the caption: S(igillum): CORTIUM: ET: PARLAMENTORUM: GENERALIUM: PRINCIPATUS: CATHALONIE
576:
that from 1021 met to discuss and agree on the termination of wars and feudal violence. One of the first precedents of the
Catalan Courts date from 1192, the year in which the townspeople participated for the first time in the meeting of the
465:
and other minor nobles were summoted to the Courts. Those who simply enjoyed military privilege did not participate (honored citizens of
Barcelona and honored bourgeois of Perpignan and doctors of law and medicine), but only those with
643:
In the Courts held in
Barcelona in 1283, the king was forced to hold a General Court once a year, with representative participation of the time, to discuss the good of the state and land reform. The king himself stated:
512:
who opened with a royal proclamation while the estates were in charge of legislating, always with the support of the sovereign. If the laws that were approved came from the king they received the name of
1024:
1013:
Verde i
Llorente, J. (2019). "General o Generalitat, Cort general i república. El Principat de Catalunya fins a 1714 en comparació als altres regnes d’Espanya i d’Europa", Res Publica 22.2, 365–392 .
792:, the Catalan Courts were summoned less and less because of a supposed brake from the absolute power of the king. Therefore, the Generalitat, as the body responsible for ensuring compliance with the
855:), created in order to ensure the application of the constitutions and solve and prosecute any act (included the ones done by the king or his officers) contrary to the Catalan legislation.
781:, and to discuss the granting of financial assistance to the Royal court. It was during the king's stay in Barcelona that he got the news that Charles had been elected emperor of the
1709:
796:, gained in strength and prominence. In order to solve the lack of representation and get advice of the troubles of the Principality, the Generalitat frequently summoned the
1054:
1350:
1294:
1579:
1340:
1028:
812:
2296:
1607:
592:
The financial and military power of the counts of
Barcelona was quite limited due to the impact of the Feudal revolution during the regency of countess
839:
were held in
Barcelona in 1705–1706, which, according to historian Joaquim Albareda, represented an important advance in the guarantee of individual,
729:
1702:
773:
In 1519, the Courts met in
Barcelona to recognize the first unified monarch of all the crowns of Castile and Aragon (resulting in the composite
2301:
965:
542:
1116:
360:
did not convene Courts and thus sent their representatives to the Courts of the Principality. As the courts could not be held outside of
2218:
1497:
1287:
807:(1621–1665) tensions between Catalan institutions and the Monarchy arouse. In the Courts of 1626 the king tried to pass the proposal of
1867:
2286:
1695:
1602:
334:
35:
2311:
2306:
1547:
1477:
1365:
1263:
1244:
1225:
1206:
1089:
946:
1835:
858:
The body was suppressed, like most of the other institutions and public law of the Principality of Catalonia, after the end of the
847:), while at the same time they consolidated most of the constitutional reforms of the last previous Courts (1701–1702) such as the
708:
invaded the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia. This caused a series of armed conflicts that resulted in considerable expenses to the
2276:
2261:
2185:
1993:
1597:
1557:
1452:
1370:
936:
549:
on his throne flanked by two shields with the emblem of the royal signet. Frontis of a 1495 edition of the Catalan Constitutions.
2063:
1813:
2266:
2194:
1793:
1617:
1542:
1335:
1280:
1058:
836:
800:(States-General), a non legislative assembly composed by members of the Catalan Courts which were in Barcelona at that time.
181:
2281:
2205:
2035:
2005:
1857:
778:
1840:
1355:
2015:
2291:
2000:
1788:
1731:
1612:
1522:
1482:
1410:
1325:
1970:
600:
in 1164 through the dynastic union of the County of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon, it became the Royal Court.
1820:
1517:
1345:
915:
840:
2025:
478:
2095:
2020:
1965:
1718:
1562:
1512:
1507:
1467:
1320:
859:
844:
745:
716:("auditors of accounts") who controlled the administration, constituting the Deputation of the General (Catalan:
693:
667:
474:. Despite the requirement of Catalan naturalisation, foreign lords with Catalan vassals could attend the Courts.
306:
67:
1975:
2177:
2078:
1950:
1852:
1472:
1442:
1432:
900:
878:
733:
593:
461:
was the president of the military arm, the other titular noblemen (marquises, counts and viscounts) as well as
721:
712:. This circumstance prompted the Courts to appoint twelve deputies with executive powers in taxation and some
2010:
848:
1937:
890:
874:
831:
Proposition of convocation of the last Catalan Courts (1705–1706) by the disputed Habsburg king Charles III.
435:
396:
317:
271:
252:
31:
662:
2099:
1902:
1845:
1751:
1635:
1082:
El señal del rey de Aragón: Historia y significado (The symbol of the king of Aragon: History and meaning)
827:
681:
572:
546:
146:
2167:
1988:
1932:
1912:
1502:
1462:
1395:
1385:
1315:
793:
514:
322:
2233:
156:
2271:
2149:
2134:
1874:
1726:
1645:
1527:
1492:
910:
863:
412:
392:
384:
313:
97:
2083:
1983:
1862:
1808:
1798:
1778:
1773:
1761:
1744:
1676:
1567:
1457:
1405:
1360:
1330:
1180:
632:
582:
439:
142:
1897:
1892:
1650:
1427:
804:
701:
612:
604:
509:
388:
357:
169:
1955:
895:
881:(Catalan institution of self-government), is considered the historical successor of the Courts.
797:
611:
and responded to the need to fix the confusing situation in the country after the death of King
2240:
1917:
1803:
1783:
1390:
1259:
1240:
1221:
1202:
1112:
1106:
1085:
942:
867:
782:
749:
620:
586:
361:
349:
227:
176:
2127:
2117:
2107:
1922:
1739:
1532:
961:
905:
705:
651:
451:
387:
of 1716. Thereafter the Courts of Castile operate as the unified Courts of Spain, except in
345:
288:
221:
205:
57:
2223:
2162:
2058:
2043:
1960:
1766:
1756:
1660:
709:
697:
616:
597:
458:
341:
326:
1830:
816:
680:
fourteenth century. Its regulation was also used to create in the fifteenth century the
2190:
2139:
2122:
1825:
1552:
789:
774:
369:
1108:
Making Agreements in Medieval Catalonia: Power, Order, and the Written Word, 1000–1200
30:
This article is about the pre-1714 legislature. For the current legislative body, see
2255:
1907:
1199:
Próceres habilitados en las Cortes del Principado de Cataluña, siglo XVII (1599–1713)
808:
241:
2073:
383:
The Catalan Courts met for almost five centuries, until they were abolished by the
1272:
1218:
El Dret Públic Català. Les Institucions a Catalunya fins al Decret de Nova Planta
2157:
2111:
2048:
992:
566:
211:
423:) which saw representatives from the religious hierarchy and the royal estate (
419:) which included representatives from the nobility, the ecclesiastical estate (
17:
1640:
1420:
391:. Despite some attempts to reestablish the Courts, Catalonia only recovered a
302:
84:
2228:
1687:
1400:
1380:
1375:
835:
The last General Court of Catalonia, presided by the disputed Habsburg king
486:
443:
377:
353:
111:
365:
1084:(in Spanish). Zaragoza: Fernando el Católico Institución. p. 156 fig. 68.
1027:. Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón. pp. 101–102. Archived from
2068:
2053:
1487:
993:"Catalonian Parliament – The "Corts generals" or Parliament of Catalonia"
502:
471:
373:
107:
525:). If the king passed a law unilaterally it was called "Acts of Court" (
2213:
1884:
1655:
1537:
1415:
498:
447:
1055:"Las Cortes Catalanas y la primera Generalidad medieval (s. XIII–XIV)"
673:
Seal of the Courts and the Parliament of the Principality of Catalonia
1572:
1447:
1437:
725:
608:
494:
490:
467:
462:
103:
603:
The Royal Court of 1214 was convened by the papal legate, Cardinal
541:
438:
and comprised the Catalan bishops, the prior of Catalonia of the
1691:
1276:
720:), later often known as "Generalitat", under the authority of
756:
was approved, later called "Constitution of the Observance" (
938:
Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain
635:(1276–1285), the Catalan Courts took institutional form.
570:, and also followed the tradition of the meetings of the
975:
973:
877:, established in 1932 as the legislative body of the
866:
of 1716 enacted by the new Spanish king, the Bourbon
508:
The Courts were summoned and presided by the king as
553:The origin of the Catalan Courts is located in the
521:), if they came from the estates, "Court Chapters" (
2204:
2176:
2148:
2094:
2034:
1931:
1883:
1725:
1669:
1626:
1588:
1308:
1143:. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores. pp. 102–113.
692:In the Parliament of 1358–1359, held in Barcelona,
364:nor the Principality, they were frequently held in
261:
257:
was the place where the last Courts (1705–1706) met
234:
218:
202:
197:
189:
167:
162:
152:
138:
130:
122:
117:
92:
78:
73:
43:
267:Reflecting composition of the Courts of 1705–1706
1256:La Diputació del General de Catalunya (1413–1479)
407:The Courts were made up of three arms (Catalan:
372:, Aragonese towns which lay equidistant between
666:Signet of the Deputation of the General of the
1239:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.
748:, many issues that remained pending after the
249:Itinerant, different places of Catalonia. The
1703:
1288:
645:
296:
250:
49:
8:
1023:Guillermo Fatás y Guillermo Redondo (1995).
589:based on the decisions of these assemblies.
1168:La Guerra de Sucesión de España (1700–1714)
529:) and required ratification by the Courts.
434:The ecclesiastical arm was presided by the
1710:
1696:
1688:
1295:
1281:
1273:
1025:"Blasón de Aragón: el escudo y la bandera"
40:
941:. Iberoamericana Editorial. p. 68.
826:
813:Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares
661:
431:) from the municipalities and villages.
1181:History of the Parliament of Catalonia.
979:
927:
843:(among them, the establishment of the
427:) which had representatives (known as
1197:Morales Roca, Francisco José (1983).
1153:
1041:
403:Composition and legislative procedure
344:were the simultaneous meeting of the
7:
581:. The first Catalan legal code, the
395:in 1932, in the form of the current
744:In these Courts, the first ones of
481:, were made up of representatives (
312:Composed by the king and the three
309:from the 13th to the 18th century.
1235:Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (2001).
1166:Albareda Salvadó, Joaquim (2010).
1139:Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (2001).
966:"Estat i nació a l'Europa moderna"
477:By the royal arm, presided by the
36:High Court of Justice of Catalonia
25:
2297:Early modern history of Catalonia
2016:Portantveus de General Governador
564:and was modelled on the Frankish
27:Historic legislature of Catalonia
1994:Book of the Consulate of the Sea
1080:Alberto Montaner Frutos (1995).
411:), representatives of the three
240:
1971:Conference of the Three Commons
1303:National legislatures in Europe
1258:. Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
935:Désirée Kleiner-Liebau (2009).
811:designed by his chief minister
728:, who is regarded as the first
1237:Carlos V, el César y el hombre
1141:Carlos V, el César y el hombre
1111:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
2302:1218 establishments in Europe
1858:War of the Spanish Succession
785:under the name of Charles V.
607:in the Castle of la Suda, in
558:
557:(County Court) of Barcelona,
34:. For the judicial body, see
479:Chief Councilor of Barcelona
301:) were the policymaking and
2064:Army of Catalonia (1713–14)
1789:War of the Sicilian Vespers
823:Last Courts and suppression
758:Constitució de l'Observança
585:, was promulgated by count
2328:
1976:Tribunal de Contrafaccions
916:History of parliamentarism
853:Tribunal de Contrafaccions
841:civil and political rights
794:constitutions of Catalonia
340:The General Courts of the
285:General Court of Catalonia
147:Peace and Truce Assemblies
45:General Court of Catalonia
29:
2287:Principality of Catalonia
1719:Principality of Catalonia
860:War of Spanish Succession
845:secrecy of correspondence
788:During the period of the
746:Ferdinand II the Catholic
668:Principality of Catalonia
307:Principality of Catalonia
298:Cort General de Catalunya
266:
248:
239:
68:Principality of Catalonia
66:
51:Cort General de Catalunya
2312:18th century in politics
2307:13th century in politics
1853:Revolt of the Barretines
1254:Sánchez, Isabel (2004).
901:Generalitat of Catalonia
879:Generalitat of Catalonia
594:Ermesinde of Carcassonne
2277:Historical legislatures
2262:Parliament of Catalonia
1201:. Ediciones Hidalguia.
891:Parliament of Catalonia
875:Parliament of Catalonia
849:Court of Contraventions
436:Archbishop of Tarragona
415:: the military estate (
397:Parliament of Catalonia
318:Charles Howard McIlwain
272:Parliament of Catalonia
253:Palau de la Generalitat
32:Parliament of Catalonia
1846:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1814:Sentencia de Guadalupe
1351:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1216:Ferro, Víctor (1987).
1105:Adam J. Kosto (2001).
832:
694:Vilafranca del Penedès
676:
646:
550:
547:Ferdinand II of Aragon
330:
297:
292:
251:
50:
2267:Politics of Catalonia
1989:Catalan constitutions
830:
722:Berenguer de Cruïlles
718:Diputació del General
682:Valencian Generalitat
665:
545:
323:Parliament of England
104:Ecclesiastical estate
2282:History of Catalonia
2135:Consulate of the Sea
1794:Conquest of Sardinia
1779:Conquest of Valencia
911:History of democracy
864:Nueva Planta decrees
803:During the reign of
764:Early modern history
470:, even if they were
413:estates of the realm
393:legislative assembly
385:Nueva Planta decrees
314:estates of the realm
2195:Santa Maria del Mar
1984:Usages of Barcelona
1903:House of Trastámara
1863:War of the Catalans
1809:War of the Remences
1799:Compromise of Caspe
1774:Conquest of Majorca
1762:Albigensian Crusade
1745:County of Barcelona
1589:States with limited
1170:. pp. 182–183.
631:Under the reign of
583:Usages of Barcelona
440:Knights Hospitaller
230:by local assemblies
2292:Medieval Catalonia
2234:Saint George's Day
1898:House of Barcelona
1893:Count of Barcelona
1868:Siege of Barcelona
1841:Battle of Montjuïc
1156:, pp. 286–288
1061:on 19 October 2010
833:
677:
605:Peter of Benevento
551:
510:count of Barcelona
358:Kingdom of Majorca
352:and the Courts of
350:Courts of Valencia
170:Count of Barcelona
2249:
2248:
2241:Flag of Barcelona
1918:House of Habsburg
1821:Catholic Monarchs
1804:Catalan Civil War
1784:Aragonese Crusade
1685:
1684:
1220:. Vic: Ed. Eumo.
1118:978-0-521-79239-4
995:. eRepresentative
783:Holy Roman Empire
775:Monarchy of Spain
750:Catalan Civil War
714:oïdors de comptes
587:Ramon Berenguer I
333:) of the German "
277:
276:
228:Indirect election
157:Courts of Castile
153:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
2319:
2118:Occitan language
2108:Catalan language
1923:House of Bourbon
1836:Catalan Republic
1740:Catalan counties
1712:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1627:Dependencies and
1563:Northern Ireland
1309:Sovereign states
1297:
1290:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1250:
1231:
1212:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1057:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
989:
983:
977:
968:
962:Joaquim Albareda
959:
953:
952:
932:
906:Cortes Generales
862:in 1714, by the
769:Habsburg dynasty
649:
627:Regulated Courts
563:
560:
523:Capítols de Cort
452:mendicant orders
421:Braç Eclesiàstic
346:Courts of Aragon
300:
256:
244:
204:Military estate
139:Preceded by
61:
53:
41:
21:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2224:St George Cross
2200:
2172:
2144:
2090:
2059:Catalan Company
2044:Princeps namque
2030:
2026:Mestre Racional
1961:Consell de Cent
1956:Junta de Braços
1935:
1927:
1879:
1767:Battle of Muret
1757:Crown of Aragon
1752:Peace and Truce
1729:
1721:
1716:
1686:
1681:
1665:
1628:
1622:
1608:Northern Cyprus
1590:
1584:
1483:North Macedonia
1304:
1301:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1234:
1228:
1215:
1209:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
991:
990:
986:
978:
971:
960:
956:
949:
934:
933:
929:
924:
896:Junta de Braços
887:
825:
798:Junta de Braços
771:
766:
742:
710:Crown of Aragon
690:
660:
641:
633:Peter the Great
629:
617:Battle of Muret
613:Peter of Aragon
598:Crown of Aragon
579:Peace and Truce
573:Peace and Truce
561:
540:
535:
459:Duke of Cardona
405:
342:Crown of Aragon
325:and the Diets (
293:Corts Catalanes
270:
268:
224:
208:
185:
180:
172:
145:
110:
108:Military estate
106:
102:
88:
87:
62:
55:
47:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Corts Catalanes
15:
12:
11:
5:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2309:
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2299:
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2247:
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2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:Catalan Gothic
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2140:Taula de canvi
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2123:Catalan people
2120:
2115:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:Catalan galley
2081:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2021:Batlle General
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Royal Archives
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Royal Audience
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Catalan Courts
1942:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:House of Anjou
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1826:Habsburg Spain
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
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1776:
1771:
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1723:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1677:European Union
1673:
1671:
1670:Other entities
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1629:other entities
1624:
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1600:
1594:
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1558:United Kingdom
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1373:
1371:Czech Republic
1368:
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1173:
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1146:
1131:
1117:
1097:
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1072:
1046:
1034:
1031:on 2012-01-31.
1015:
1006:
984:
969:
954:
947:
926:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
913:
908:
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893:
886:
883:
824:
821:
770:
767:
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762:
741:
740:Courts of 1480
738:
689:
688:Courts of 1358
686:
659:
658:Courts of 1289
656:
640:
639:Courts of 1283
637:
628:
625:
539:
536:
534:
531:
404:
401:
281:Catalan Courts
275:
274:
264:
263:
259:
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246:
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237:
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232:
231:
225:
219:
216:
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214:or inheritance
209:
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186:
184:(last, 1705)
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2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
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1954:
1952:
1949:
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1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
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1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:House of Aviz
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
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1876:
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1659:
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1644:
1642:
1641:Faroe Islands
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:South Ossetia
1611:
1609:
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1601:
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1578:
1574:
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1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Liechtenstein
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1419:
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1414:
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1334:
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1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1265:9788472837508
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1246:84-226-8919-7
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1227:84-7602-203-4
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1208:9788400054311
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:parlament.cat
1182:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1091:84-7820-283-8
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1044:, p. 186
1043:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
994:
988:
985:
982:, p. 92.
981:
976:
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958:
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950:
948:9788484894766
944:
940:
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931:
928:
921:
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876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
829:
822:
820:
819:(1640–1652).
818:
814:
810:
809:Union of Arms
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
768:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
739:
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735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
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707:
703:
699:
695:
687:
685:
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674:
669:
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648:
638:
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634:
626:
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588:
584:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
556:
548:
544:
537:
532:
530:
528:
527:Actes de Cort
524:
520:
519:Constitucions
516:
515:Constitutions
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
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469:
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371:
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363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
303:parliamentary
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
273:
265:
260:
255:
254:
247:
243:
238:
235:Meeting place
233:
229:
226:
223:
222:voting system
220:Royal estate
217:
213:
210:
207:
206:voting system
201:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:(first, 1214)
178:
174:
171:
166:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
143:Comital Court
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
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116:
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109:
105:
100:
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95:
91:
86:
81:
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72:
69:
65:
59:
52:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2178:Architecture
2096:Demographics
2079:Vice admiral
2074:Catalan navy
1980:Legislation
1945:
1885:Royal Houses
1875:Nueva Planta
1831:Reapers' War
1618:Transnistria
1580:Vatican City
1255:
1236:
1217:
1198:
1191:Bibliography
1176:
1167:
1161:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1107:
1100:
1081:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1049:
1037:
1029:the original
1018:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
987:
980:Sánchez 2004
957:
937:
930:
873:The current
872:
857:
852:
834:
817:Reapers' War
802:
787:
772:
757:
753:
743:
724:, bishop of
717:
713:
691:
678:
672:
642:
630:
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578:
571:
565:
554:
552:
526:
522:
518:
507:
489:(three) and
482:
476:
456:
433:
428:
424:
420:
417:Braç Militar
416:
408:
406:
382:
339:
311:
305:body of the
284:
280:
278:
112:Royal estate
96:
2272:Catalan law
2049:Sagramental
1951:Generalitat
1656:Isle of Man
1591:recognition
1543:Switzerland
1478:Netherlands
837:Charles III
754:Poc valdría
734:Generalitat
700:under King
567:Curia regis
562: 1000
555:Cort Comtal
212:Ennoblement
182:Charles III
123:Established
2256:Categories
2219:Royal arms
2186:Romanesque
2011:Chancellor
1513:San Marino
1473:Montenegro
1453:Luxembourg
1433:Kazakhstan
1336:Azerbaijan
1154:Ferro 1987
1124:21 January
1065:21 January
1042:Ferro 1987
999:21 January
922:References
851:(Catalan:
425:Braç Reial
163:Leadership
85:Tricameral
2229:St George
1646:Gibraltar
1448:Lithuania
805:Philip IV
790:Habsburgs
779:Charles I
730:President
487:Perpignan
472:commoners
444:castellan
378:Barcelona
354:Catalonia
269:See also:
262:Footnotes
198:Elections
131:Disbanded
126:1214/1218
2168:Religion
2069:Coronela
2054:Sometent
2036:Military
1933:Politics
1732:timeline
1651:Guernsey
1598:Abkhazia
1568:Scotland
1528:Slovenia
1523:Slovakia
1498:Portugal
1356:Bulgaria
885:See also
868:Philip V
702:Peter IV
684:(1418).
650:. (from
503:Balaguer
374:Zaragoza
331:Landtage
2214:Senyera
2206:Symbols
2163:Cuisine
2150:Culture
2100:economy
2006:Viceroy
1727:History
1553:Ukraine
1503:Romania
1463:Moldova
1421:Ireland
1416:Iceland
1411:Hungary
1401:Germany
1396:Georgia
1386:Finland
1381:Estonia
1376:Denmark
1361:Croatia
1346:Belgium
1341:Belarus
1331:Austria
1326:Armenia
1321:Andorra
1316:Albania
732:of the
706:Castile
698:Cervera
652:Catalan
621:James I
615:at the
538:Origins
533:History
499:Tortosa
483:síndics
468:vassals
463:knights
448:Amposta
429:síndics
389:Navarra
289:Catalan
177:James I
118:History
58:Catalan
1661:Jersey
1603:Kosovo
1548:Turkey
1538:Sweden
1518:Serbia
1508:Russia
1493:Poland
1488:Norway
1468:Monaco
1438:Latvia
1406:Greece
1391:France
1366:Cyprus
1262:
1243:
1224:
1205:
1115:
1088:
945:
726:Girona
609:Lleida
495:Girona
491:Lleida
442:, the
409:braços
368:or in
366:Monzón
362:Aragon
356:. The
348:, the
327:German
98:Braços
93:Houses
54:
1636:Åland
1573:Wales
1533:Spain
1458:Malta
1428:Italy
370:Fraga
335:lands
190:Seats
2128:list
2098:and
1936:and
1730:and
1260:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1126:2013
1113:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1067:2013
1001:2013
943:ISBN
696:and
501:and
457:The
376:and
279:The
134:1714
79:Type
74:Type
2158:Art
2112:old
1938:law
777:),
517:" (
446:of
337:".
295:or
283:or
193:550
2258::
972:^
964:,
736:.
704:,
675:)
559:c.
497:,
493:,
454:.
399:.
380:.
329::
291::
2197:)
2193:(
2114:)
2110:(
1711:e
1704:t
1697:v
1296:e
1289:t
1282:v
1268:.
1249:.
1230:.
1211:.
1128:.
1094:.
1069:.
1003:.
951:.
671:(
513:"
287:(
101::
60:)
56:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
