46:
2827:, a sum sufficient to feed him. Exempted from taxation and labour were soldiers, militia, Government clerks, and any Hova who knew French, also all who had entered into a contract of labour with a colonist. Unfortunately, this latter clause lent itself to tremendous abuses. By paying a small sum to some European, who nominally engaged them, thousands bought their freedom from work and taxation by these fictitious contracts, to be free to continue their lazy, unprofitable existence. To this abuse an end had to be made.
3092:
2371:
2000:
3115:
2726:(in all Indian lunar calendars, every month is divided into two fortnights, corresponding to the waxing and the waning moons). For poorer citizens, forced labour was seen as a way to pay their taxes since they could not pay ordinary taxes. Citizens, especially skilled workers, were sometimes made to both pay ordinary taxes and work for the state. If called to work, citizens could pay in cash or kind to discharge their obligations in some cases. In the
2362:, which abolished corvée and turned the peasants into free proprietors. The former owners were promised compensation, which was to be paid from a fund the peasants had to contribute to for 15 years. Besides the annual fee, the peasants also had to pay for the newly owned land, although at a price below market value. These debts made many peasants return to a life of semi-serfdom.
1756:
2931:
on their own small plots were considered unemployed. The forced labour was sometimes paid, but in cases of rule violations it was sometimes not – as punishment. The state benefited from the use of the labour for farming and infrastructure, by high income taxes on those who found work
2818:
The corvée in its old form could not be continued, yet workmen were required both by the colonists, and by the
Government for its vast schemes of public works. The General therefore passed a temporary law, in which taxation and labour were combined, to be modified according to country, the people,
2814:
There was the introduction of equitable taxation, so vital from the financial point of view; but also of such great political, moral and economic importance. It was the tangible proof of French authority having come to stay; it was the stimulus required to make an inherently lazy people work. Once
2555:
imposed a corvée system upon the common citizenry which was used for massive fortifications to protect against French invasion. Plantation owners could pay the government and have labourers work for them instead. This enabled the
Kingdom of Haiti to maintain a stronger economic structure than the
2261:
along with a number of other feudal privileges of the French landlords. At that time it was usually directed mainly towards improving the roads. It was greatly resented, and contributed to the widespread discontent that preceded the revolution. Counterrevolution revived corvée in France in 1824,
2102:
took control of the country and opposed forced labour on principle, but its abolition was postponed until Egypt had paid off its foreign debts. During the 19th century corvée had expanded into a national program. It was favoured for short-term projects such as building irrigation works and dams.
2830:
The urgency of a sound fiscal system was of tremendous importance to carry out all the schemes for the welfare and development of the island, and this demanded a local budget. The goal to be kept in view was to make the colony, as soon as possible, self-supporting. This end the
Governor-General
2123:
Medieval agricultural corvée was not entirely unpaid. By custom the workers could expect small payments, often in the form of food and drink consumed on the spot. Corvée sometimes included military conscription, and the term is also occasionally used in a slightly divergent sense to mean forced
2131:
Because agricultural corvée tended to be demanded by the lord at the same time that the peasants needed to tend their own plots – e.g. at planting and harvest – it was an object of serious resentment. By the 16th century its use in agricultural settings was on the
2923:
stated that all able bodied men must work for six months of every year, and that "hey have full liberty to choose the means through which to comply with this regulation, but if they do not comply in some way, the public authorities will force them to comply."
2611:, and the system of national roads and highways. However, as the imposition was exorbitant and punishment for failure draconian, Qin Shi Huang was resented by the people and criticized by many historians. Corvée labour was effectively abolished following the
2969:
states, with money in short supply, commuted taxing their inhabitants with obligations in the form of labour for public works, or let them pay a fee or tax to avoid it. The system proved unsuccessful because of the poor quality of work. In 1894, the
1544:
2956:
Corvée was used in several states and provinces in North
America especially for road maintenance, and this practice persisted to some degree in the United States and Canada. Its popularity with local governments gradually waned after the
2730:
and post-Maurya time period, forced labour had become a regular source of income for the state. Written evidence shows rulers granting lands and villages with and without the right to forced labour from workers of those lands.
2347: – actually amounted to 42 days, because the working day was considered the time required for the production of an average daily product, "and that average daily product is determined in so crafty a way that no
2160:. Farmers and peasants were obliged to do hard agricultural work for their nobility, typically six months of the year. When a cash economy became established, the duty was gradually replaced by the duty to pay taxes.
1786:
2212:
denotes any kind of work, but in Czech it specifically refers to unpaid unfree work, corvée or serf labour, or drudgery. The Czech word was imported to part of
Germany where corvée was known as
1665:
1529:
1060:
3030:
maintained corvée for females (ages 18–35) and males (ages 18–45) of 10 days yearly for public works at the discretion of the authorities. This was termed labour duty (
1414:
786:
523:
2798:. The latter involved paying small amounts for the forced labour. This was one attempt by the colonial administration at a solution to the economic tensions that arose under
1150:
791:
2079:
of 196 BC listed 22 accomplishments to be honored and ten rewards granted to him for the former. One of the shorter accomplishments, near the middle of the list, is:
1986:, and the meaning broadened to encompass both the regular and exceptional tasks. The word survives in modern usage, meaning any kind of inevitable or disagreeable chore.
3061:, has a system of public work whereby all able-bodied people are required to perform, when called upon, jobs such as road maintenance and repairs to public buildings.
483:
2823:, from the age of sixteen to sixty, had either to pay twenty-five francs a year, or give fifty days of labour of nine hours a day, for which he was to be paid twenty
1925:
in lieu of paying taxes; often it consisted of road and bridge work. Roman landlords could also demand a certain number of days' labour from their tenants, and from
2359:
838:
2321:
form of compulsory over-work. The labour the peasants needed for their own maintenance was distinctly separate from the work they supplied to the landowner (the
3091:
1384:
1534:
3783:
3039:
865:
2841:
3859:
See the chapter on "Corvées: valeur symbolique et poids économique" (5 articles on France, Germany, Italy, Spain and
England), in: Bourin (Monique) ed.,
1611:
363:
2633:
which was perceived as a public service to the empire. At its height of efficiency, some subsistence farmers could be called to as many as 300 days of
2870:
refers to 40 days' forced manual labour for men from 16 to 60 years of age; these workers built community structures such as churches. Exemption from
813:
1584:
1404:
577:
1742:
3861:
Pour une anthropologie du prélèvement seigneurial dans les campagnes médiévales (XIe–XIVe siècles): réalités et représentations paysannes
848:
266:
3365:
3277:
1426:
1103:
875:
2284:
1618:
1579:
1222:
1949:. Plowing and harvesting were principal activities to which this applied. In times of need, the lord could demand additional work called
2883:
1660:
1297:
957:
808:
604:
513:
2794:
system, partly for revenue, partly for labour resources as the French had just abolished slavery there, and partly to move away from a
2268:. Every able-bodied man had to give three days' labour or its money equivalent in order to vote. It also continued to exist under the
1680:
1374:
1128:
2557:
3748:
3682:
3585:
2572:
2351:
would be done with it in 24 hours." The corvée code was supposed to abolish serfdom, but did not achieve anything toward this goal.
1878:
1502:
1379:
803:
572:
439:
2722:
said mechanics and artisans should be made to work for the king one day a month; other writers advocated for one day of work every
1349:
45:
3831:
3140:
2322:
2269:
2258:
1633:
843:
828:
774:
459:
449:
444:
273:
129:
3024:, or community labour, still continues, usually in the form of one Saturday a month when citizens are required to perform work.
3155:
1628:
1399:
205:
2167:, the demand for corvée grew too high and the system became dysfunctional. Its official decline is linked to the abolition of
1795:
that is intermittent in nature, lasting for limited periods of time, typically only a certain number of days' work each year.
1539:
3522:
3450:
1098:
1086:
666:
478:
124:
3738:
3114:
2375:
2172:
1670:
1453:
314:
3145:
3046:
2132:
decline and it became increasingly replaced by paid labour. It nevertheless persisted in many areas of Europe until the
1675:
1519:
1389:
1050:
818:
798:
358:
326:
2920:
3478:
In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, serfdom along with heavy forms of corvée were only abolished in 1848. Robert A. Kann,
1735:
1685:
1409:
1327:
454:
235:
55:
2292:
3165:
2656:
2584:
1594:
1446:
1431:
1322:
518:
188:
2971:
1690:
1589:
1120:
1108:
698:
671:
176:
3791:
2257:
In France corvée existed until 4 August 1789, shortly after the beginning of the French
Revolution, when it was
3698:
2638:
1470:
1339:
892:
681:
166:
67:
346:
2758:
was found in pre-modern Japan. During the 1930s, it was common practice to import corvée labourers from both
2052:, have one short letter on the topic of corvée. Of the 382 Amarna letters, there is an undamaged letter from
3160:
2928:
2314:
2026:
1655:
1394:
1344:
1272:
1045:
823:
767:
750:
181:
943:
3896:
3891:
3886:
2966:
2783:
2355:
2318:
1728:
1697:
1202:
855:
703:
427:
393:
388:
2390:
2916:
2663:
2277:
2115:
resistance. It began to disappear as Egypt modernized after 1860, and had fully vanished by the 1890s.
2091:
1823:
1564:
1419:
1332:
1317:
999:
987:
733:
718:
503:
278:
200:
2694:, where each adult is required to perform four days of unpaid labour per month on community projects.
2339:. The 14 days of labour due to the landowner – as prescribed by the corvée code in the
2945:
2712:) existed in ancient India and lasted until the early 20th century. The practice is mentioned in the
2342:
2164:
2061:
2015:
2008:
2004:
1702:
1606:
1569:
1497:
1441:
1310:
1267:
1081:
1011:
686:
466:
368:
252:
159:
2895:. In 1884, the required amount of labour was reduced to 15 days. The system was patterned after the
3031:
2958:
2867:
2795:
2646:
2608:
2576:
2565:
2412:
2176:
1965:
1831:
1190:
1170:
1055:
1040:
909:
880:
870:
760:
708:
676:
473:
331:
299:
294:
247:
104:
2990:
is well known for its use of the corvée and has defended the practice in its official newspapers.
3870:
3624:
3402:
3150:
2962:
2815:
they had learned to earn they would begin to spend, whereby commerce and industry would develop.
2520:
1914:
1436:
1282:
1257:
1247:
1212:
1207:
1175:
1140:
1133:
1074:
1067:
924:
743:
738:
728:
498:
351:
309:
304:
257:
225:
215:
152:
2655:. The Incan system that focused on public works found a comeback during the 1960s government of
2370:
2244:
for (originally anthropomorphic) machines that do unpaid work for their owners in his 1920 play
1999:
1885:
until the mid-1960s. Forms of statute labour officially existed until the early 20th century in
373:
319:
3744:
3678:
3668:
3616:
3581:
3518:
3514:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3361:
3355:
3273:
3135:
2820:
2485:
2332:
2189:) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Habsburg monarchy, and corvée was called
2175:
and
Habsburg ruler, in 1781. It continued to exist however, and was only abolished during the
2157:
2149:
2133:
2068:
2034:
1524:
1242:
1237:
1180:
1165:
1145:
967:
962:
897:
860:
693:
659:
488:
341:
230:
109:
3295:"Statute labour on Ontario township roads, 1849-1948: Responding to a changing space economy"
2802:. The problems were addressed in a way that was typical of colonialism which, along with the
3573:
3394:
3306:
3217:
3073:
3069:
3050:
2667:
2552:
2544:
2507:
2403:
2397:
2204:
2200:
1906:
1874:
1714:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1252:
1217:
1185:
1155:
1028:
1016:
994:
972:
919:
755:
723:
25:
2904:
2892:
2787:
2580:
2493:
2382:
2153:
1910:
1827:
1779:
1764:
1623:
1514:
1509:
1262:
1232:
1227:
950:
914:
713:
631:
336:
82:
2295:
set up a corvée system to provide labour for public works instead of a system of fines.
1841:
The application of the term is not limited to feudal Europe; corvée has also existed in
3310:
3001:
2675:
2561:
2548:
2386:
2336:
2235:
2231:
2196:
2099:
2041:
1956:
1800:
1707:
1601:
493:
171:
134:
92:
3835:
2083:
He (pharaoh) decreed:—Behold, not is permitted to be pressed men of the sailors.
3880:
3507:
3294:
3077:
2807:
2727:
2683:
2652:
2642:
2600:
2596:
2098:, were built using corvée. Legally, the practice ended in Egypt after 1882, when the
2076:
2049:
1920:
1890:
1846:
1819:
1792:
1645:
1574:
1021:
1004:
779:
609:
599:
383:
33:
2944:, was not abolished in Mozambique until 1962, and continued in some forms until the
3715:
3565:
3065:
2933:
2898:
2803:
2767:
2743:
2612:
2595:
Imperial China had a system of conscripting labour from the public, equated to the
2587:
enforced a corvée system in the interest of making improvements to infrastructure.
1854:
1804:
1650:
1487:
1463:
1369:
1362:
1093:
621:
594:
557:
535:
422:
139:
119:
97:
87:
77:
72:
62:
3577:
3333:"Statute Labour Act could mean that some Ontario taxpayers must perform road work"
3242:
3180:
2603:, the first emperor, and following dynasties imposed it for public works like the
1818:
The obligation for tenant farmers to perform corvée work for landlords on private
902:
3672:
3064:
Since the mid-late 19th century, most countries have restricted corvée labour to
3212:
3170:
2799:
2714:
2687:
2624:
2288:
2186:
2108:
2057:
1492:
1480:
833:
636:
626:
584:
398:
2860:
system, introduced into the South
American colonies by the Spanish government.
3054:
2855:
2779:
2719:
2604:
2489:
2273:
2111:. As a result, it was used only in scattered locales, and even then there was
2104:
2095:
2030:
1755:
1640:
937:
641:
508:
3620:
2358:
took place in 1864, after the
Danubian Principalities unified and formed the
2029:) onward, corvée contributed to government projects. During the times of the
3207:
3197:
3175:
3058:
2723:
2496:) on their land. While no official government regulation on the duration of
2310:
2072:
885:
550:
412:
2703:
2568:
which had a system of agrarian reform distributing land to the labourers.
2179:, along with the legal inequality between the nobility and common people.
3222:
3186:
3020:
2824:
2791:
2709:
2662:
Remnants of the system are still found today in modern Peru, such as the
2629:
2516:
of three days a week as normal and sufficient for the landowner's needs.
2348:
2053:
1926:
1808:
1475:
1033:
977:
929:
589:
434:
289:
195:
3628:
3406:
3382:
1815:, a corvée does not require the population to have land, crops or cash.
3383:"The Meaning of Menial Labor: "Servant Statues" in Old Kingdom Serdabs"
3191:
3121:
3027:
2987:
2975:
2939:
2659:
as a federal effort, with positive effects on Peruvian infrastructure.
2182:
2168:
2112:
2045:
1943:
were required to perform on a yearly basis for their lords were called
1940:
1882:
1458:
540:
220:
37:
3805:
3697:
Native Labour Regulations, section 1, 1899, Lisbon; in Gordon White,
3398:
3202:
3105:
3015:
2994:
2637:
per year. The Spanish colonial rulers co-opted this system after the
2246:
2145:
1886:
1835:
1160:
982:
562:
545:
407:
242:
210:
3786:[DBVBQPPL Ministry of Justice - Public service obligation].
3011:
construction, in lieu of part of their tax obligation to the state.
3873:, (Dover Publications), c 1929, Dover edition (unabridged), c 1989.
3332:
2961:
with the increasing development of the monetary economy. After the
2124:
requisition of military supplies; this most often took the form of
3008:
2763:
2759:
2691:
2679:
2503:
2369:
2240:
2107:
landowners replaced it with cheap temporary labour recruited from
1998:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1812:
1760:
1754:
417:
403:
378:
3465:
Nathan J. Brown, "Who abolished corvée labour in Egypt and why?"
3357:
The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French
2766:
to work in coal mines. This practice continued until the end of
1936:
284:
114:
2974:
ruled that corvée violated the state constitution, and in 1913
2891:, meaning 'absence'), which was a daily fine of one and a half
1838:
landowner of their vassals, or by a monarch of their subjects.
2819:
and their mentality. Thus, for instance, every male among the
3042:
voided the decree, effectively abolishing corvée in Vietnam.
3863:, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2004, p. 271–381.
3482:, University of California Press, 1974, pp. 303–304.
2842:
History of the Philippines (1521–1898) § Spanish rule
2128:, a lord's right to demand wagons for military transport.
3771:
Ending Forced Labour in Myanmar: Engaging a Pariah Regime
2718:, where forced labourers are said to accompany the army.
2932:
with private employers, and by selling corvée labour to
1763:
in England, working under the supervision of the lord's
3607:
Maity, S. K. (1978). "Forced Labour in Ancient India".
2417:'tax duties'), which included carriage corvée (
3703:
Revolutionary Socialist Development in the Third World
2999:
2033:
floods, it was used for construction projects such as
3564:
Myers, Ramon H.; Wang, Yeh-chien (16 December 2002),
2448:
2436:
2424:
2037:, temples, quarries, canals, roads, and other works.
3784:"CSDLVBQPPL Bộ Tư pháp - Nghĩa vụ lao động công ích"
1415:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3677:(8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech. p. 83.
3506:
3437:Parting the Desert: The creation of the Suez Canal
3434:
1970:'to requisition'). This term evolved into
1826:. The term is most typically used in reference to
3790:(in Vietnamese). 3 September 1999. Archived from
3788:Socialist Republic of Vietnam Ministry of Justice
3513:. Vol. 1. International Publishers. p.
3480:A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918
3183:for instances of corvée in French colonial Africa
3572:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 563–646,
3387:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
2937:
2389:there were a number of permanent corvées called
2087:The statement implies it was a common practice.
1530:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3360:. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 147.
2846:The system of forced labour otherwise known as
2812:
2740:
2484:), which refer to the obligatory work that the
2360:United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
2219:
2081:
3806:"1/1/2007: Bãi bỏ pháp lệnh lao động công ích"
3658:, pp. 331–32. Methuen & Co. London, 1938.
2751:
2627:levied tribute labour through a system called
2460:is also sometimes used to translate the terms
2340:
2326:
2304:
2156:, and most German states that belonged to the
3705:. 1983; Sussex, U.K.; Wheatsheaf Books. p.77.
2978:became one of the last states to abolish it.
2896:
2886:
2877:
2871:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2806:behind it, is demonstrated in a 1938 work by
2530:
2524:
2511:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2207:
1822:was widespread throughout history before the
1736:
8:
3053:, which has a population of about 50 and no
2456:In the context of Russian history, the term
2263:
2234:, who after a recommendation by his brother
2213:
2148:, was essential to the feudal system of the
1535:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3040:Standing Committee of the National Assembly
2786:in the late 19th century. Governor-General
2225:
2190:
2140:Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Germany
1977:
1971:
1950:
1944:
1930:
1918:
16:Form of intermittent, unpaid, unfree labour
3609:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2831:succeeded in achieving within a few years.
1743:
1729:
20:
2090:Until the late 19th century, many of the
1929:; in the latter case the work was called
1811:). Unlike other forms of levy, such as a
3509:Capital. A Critique of Political Economy
3272:. Oxford University Press. p. 283.
1807:. As such it represents a form of levy (
1540:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1405:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1385:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
3234:
3087:
3007:calls for citizens to do work, such as
32:
3293:SUMMERBY-MURRAY, ROBERT (March 1999).
1935:. In medieval Europe, the tasks that
1905:has its origins in Rome, and reached
1834:, where work was often expected by a
1778:
1427:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1104:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
2852:evolved within the framework of the
2523:, 70% to 77% of the serfs performed
1619:Slave marriages in the United States
1223:Human trafficking in the Middle East
3493:The French Army in Mexico 1861–1867
2313:described the corvée system of the
958:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
3566:"Economic Developments, 1644–1800"
3311:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1999.tb01359.x
2674:) communal work that is levied in
2599:corvée system by many historians.
1612:last survivors of American slavery
14:
3743:. Way of the World. p. 101.
3018:, the centuries-old tradition of
2921:Native Labour Regulations of 1899
573:Field slaves in the United States
440:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3141:Penal labor in the United States
3113:
3090:
2910:
2790:implemented a hybrid corvée and
2575:in 1915 as an expression of the
450:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
445:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
274:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
44:
3645:(Cornell University Press 2003)
3270:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
3156:Compulsory Border Guard Service
2262:1836, and 1871, under the name
2230:was later used by Czech writer
1400:Committee of Experts on Slavery
951:East, Southeast, and South Asia
3812:(in Vietnamese). 28 March 2006
3674:History of the Filipino People
3570:The Cambridge History of China
2641:to use natives as a source of
2303:In Romania, corvée was called
1099:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
3701:, and Christina White, Eds.,
3578:10.1017/chol9780521243346.012
3331:Bob Aaron (8 December 2007).
3098:
2739:A corvée-style system called
2376:manifesto of three-day corvee
2173:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
2019:
3718:. H-Net Reviews. August 2004
3554:(Common Courage Press: 1994)
3146:Alternative civilian service
3104:, one day corvée ration(?).
2903:system for forced labour in
2876:was possible via paying the
1390:Temporary Slavery Commission
1051:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
3539:Russia under the old regime
3243:"statute labour Definition"
3000:
2915:In Portuguese Africa (e.g.
2911:Portugal's African colonies
2741:
2704:
2619:Inca Empire and modern Peru
2531:
2525:
2512:
2498:
2474:
2462:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2285:French occupation of Mexico
2208:
1883:Portugal's African colonies
1410:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
455:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
3913:
3433:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
3194:(corvée letter to pharaoh)
3166:Hand and hitch-up services
3047:British overseas territory
2839:
2529:and the rest paid levies (
2044:, mostly addressed to the
1595:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1432:Anti-Slavery International
1197:North Africa and West Asia
3441:. Alfred Knopf. pp.
3038:). However, in 2006, the
2752:
2480:
2468:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2062:Furnishing corvée workers
1799:is a corvée imposed by a
1691:Emancipation Proclamation
1363:Opposition and resistance
1121:Sex trafficking in Europe
1109:Blackbirding in Polynesia
672:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2639:Spanish conquest of Peru
2293:François Achille Bazaine
2218:, and into Hungarian as
1471:Compensated emancipation
682:Indian Ocean slave trade
3656:The Drama of Madagascar
3381:Roth, Ann Macy (2002).
3354:Mould, Michael (2011).
3299:The Canadian Geographer
3161:Compulsory Fire Service
2929:subsistence agriculture
2657:Fernando Belaúnde Terry
2502:labour existed, a 1797
2441:), and lodging corvée (
2315:Danubian Principalities
2299:Romanian principalities
1917:the citizens performed
1881:(1915–1934), and
1395:1926 Slavery Convention
1151:Germany in World War II
768:North and South America
290:Contract of manumission
3810:Báo điện tử Tiền Phong
3740:Motives and Management
3716:"Virginia as Analogue"
3643:Machiavelli's Children
3268:Black, Jeremy (2004).
3035:
2972:Virginia Supreme Court
2938:
2936:. This system, called
2897:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2833:
2671:
2450:postoyalaya povinnost'
2378:
2341:
2327:
2305:
2264:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2191:
2085:
2011:
1978:
1972:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1931:
1919:
1791:) is a form of unpaid
1768:
876:British Virgin Islands
428:Circassian slave trade
394:Safavid imperial harem
389:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2804:contemporary thinking
2702:Corvée-style labour (
2426:podvodnaya povinnost'
2373:
2278:British North America
2144:Corvée, specifically
2092:Egyptian Public Works
2002:
1824:Industrial Revolution
1758:
1115:Europe and North Asia
1075:Australia and Oceania
775:Pre-Columbian America
347:Slave raid of Suðuroy
279:Slavery in al-Andalus
201:Black Sea slave trade
130:21st-century jihadism
3838:on 21 September 2014
3469:144 (1994): 116-137.
2946:Carnation Revolution
2927:Africans engaged in
2682:. An example is the
2444:постоялая повинность
2429:), coachman corvée (
2420:подводная повинность
2374:Paul I's edict, the
2343:Regulamentul Organic
2283:In 1866, during the
2238:introduced the word
2077:Rosetta Stone Decree
2016:Egyptian Old Kingdom
2009:Old Kingdom of Egypt
2005:non-payment of taxes
2003:Peasants seized for
1803:for the purposes of
1570:Indentured servitude
1498:Underground Railroad
1298:United Arab Emirates
687:Zanzibar slave trade
654:By country or region
467:Atlantic slave trade
369:Ma malakat aymanukum
253:Venetian slave trade
3641:Richard J Samuels.
3505:Marx, Karl (1967).
3120:Amarna letter 365,
3102: 1000 BC
2959:American Revolution
2882:(corruption of the
2868:Spanish Philippines
2796:subsistence economy
2678:communities in the
2577:Roosevelt Corollary
2564:in the South under
2438:yamskaya povinnost'
2392:tyaglyye povinnosti
2177:revolutions of 1848
2023: 2613 BC
1879:American occupation
1832:early modern Europe
1656:Slave Route Project
787:Americas indigenous
677:Red Sea slave trade
667:Contemporary Africa
530:Topics and practice
300:Crimean slave trade
295:Bukhara slave trade
248:Genoese slave trade
125:Contemporary Africa
105:Forced prostitution
3871:E. A. Wallis Budge
3794:on 13 August 2017.
3737:M. G. Lay (1992).
3669:Agoncillo, Teodoro
3467:Past & Present
3151:Civil conscription
2986:The government of
2963:American Civil War
2573:deploying to Haiti
2521:Black Earth Region
2488:performed for the
2379:
2270:seigneurial system
2067:Later, during the
2012:
1915:later Roman Empire
1769:
1437:Blockade of Africa
744:Somali slave trade
660:Sub-Saharan Africa
352:Turkish Abductions
310:Khivan slave trade
305:Khazar slave trade
258:Balkan slave trade
216:Prague slave trade
3867:The Rosetta Stone
3552:The Uses of Haiti
3421:The Rosetta Stone
3367:978-1-136-82573-6
3279:978-0-19-929633-0
3136:Community service
3036:nghĩa vụ lao động
2585:U.S. Armed Forces
2558:Republic of Haiti
2453:), among others.
2432:ямская повинность
2416:
2408:тяглые повинности
2272:in what had been
2165:Thirty Years' War
2158:Holy Roman Empire
2150:Habsburg monarchy
2134:French Revolution
2069:Ptolemaic dynasty
2040:The 1350 BC
1969:
1753:
1752:
1703:Freedmen's Bureau
1525:Third Servile War
1520:International law
1087:Human trafficking
849:Human trafficking
524:Thirteen colonies
342:Sack of Baltimore
110:Human trafficking
3904:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3834:. Archived from
3832:"Pitcairn Today"
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3712:
3706:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3491:Jack A. Dabbs.
3489:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3440:
3430:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3399:10.2307/40001151
3378:
3372:
3371:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3247:Britannica Money
3239:
3218:National Service
3117:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3074:civilian service
3051:Pitcairn Islands
3005:
2982:Modern instances
2943:
2902:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2865:
2863:Polo y servicios
2859:
2851:
2849:polo y servicios
2757:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2707:
2566:Alexandre Pétion
2553:Henri Christophe
2545:Kingdom of Haiti
2543:The independent
2534:
2528:
2515:
2508:Paul I of Russia
2501:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2346:
2330:
2308:
2267:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:Slavic languages
2194:
2094:, including the
2024:
2021:
1981:
1975:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1934:
1932:opera officialis
1924:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1715:Emancipation Day
1548:
1515:Slave Trade Acts
206:Byzantine Empire
48:
21:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3877:
3876:
3856:
3854:Further reading
3851:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3773:Routledge, 2011
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3654:Sonia E. Howe,
3653:
3649:
3640:
3636:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3549:
3545:
3537:Richard Pipes,
3536:
3532:
3525:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3486:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3418:
3414:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3086:
2984:
2954:
2913:
2905:Spanish America
2844:
2838:
2836:The Philippines
2788:Joseph Gallieni
2778:France annexed
2776:
2749:
2737:
2700:
2621:
2593:
2581:Monroe Doctrine
2541:
2494:landed nobility
2395:
2383:Russian Tsardom
2368:
2301:
2255:
2154:Austrian Empire
2142:
2121:
2022:
1997:
1992:
1952:opera corrogata
1899:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:[kɔʁve]
1775:
1767:at harvest time
1749:
1720:
1719:
1624:Slave narrative
1580:Fugitive slaves
1560:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1510:Slave rebellion
1365:
1355:
1354:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1125:United Kingdom
1061:Yankee princess
655:
647:
646:
374:Avret Pazarları
320:Avret Pazarları
189:Medieval Europe
155:
145:
144:
83:Forced marriage
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3823:
3797:
3775:
3763:
3749:
3729:
3707:
3690:
3683:
3660:
3647:
3634:
3599:
3586:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3523:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3451:
3425:
3423:, pp. 138–139.
3412:
3373:
3366:
3346:
3323:
3285:
3278:
3260:
3249:. 30 June 2023
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3002:driglam namzha
2983:
2980:
2953:
2950:
2912:
2909:
2837:
2834:
2775:
2772:
2736:
2733:
2699:
2696:
2620:
2617:
2592:
2591:Imperial China
2589:
2562:Port-au-Prince
2540:
2537:
2387:Russian Empire
2367:
2366:Russian Empire
2364:
2337:surplus labour
2319:pre-capitalist
2300:
2297:
2291:under Marshal
2254:
2251:
2141:
2138:
2120:
2117:
2100:British Empire
2042:Amarna letters
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1982:, and finally
1898:
1895:
1869:civilization,
1820:landed estates
1797:Statute labour
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1602:List of slaves
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Dutch Republic
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
992:
991:
990:
985:
980:
970:
965:
960:
954:
953:
947:
946:
941:
934:
933:
932:
927:
917:
912:
907:
906:
905:
895:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
863:
858:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
796:
795:
794:
784:
783:
782:
771:
770:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
747:
746:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
690:
689:
679:
674:
669:
663:
662:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
617:
613:
612:
607:
605:Child soldiers
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
581:
580:
570:
565:
560:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
532:
531:
527:
526:
521:
516:
514:Spanish Empire
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Middle Passage
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
469:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
356:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
324:
323:
322:
315:Ottoman Empire
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
270:
269:
263:
262:
261:
260:
250:
245:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
191:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
162:
156:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
135:Sexual slavery
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
101:
100:
95:
93:Child marriage
90:
80:
75:
70:
68:Child soldiers
65:
59:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3909:
3898:
3897:Labor history
3895:
3893:
3892:Feudal duties
3890:
3888:
3887:Unfree labour
3885:
3884:
3882:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3752:
3750:9780813526911
3746:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3730:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3684:971-10-2415-2
3680:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3589:
3587:9781139053532
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:Paul Farmer,
3547:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3347:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3078:prison labour
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2952:North America
2951:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2808:Sonia E. Howe
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:forced labour
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:Qin Shi Huang
2598:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:Russian serfs
2476:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2414:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:Ancient Egypt
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:opera publica
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1891:United States
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:ancient Sumer
1848:
1847:ancient Egypt
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:forced labour
1787:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1759:14th-century
1757:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Slave catcher
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:Forced labour
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:Abolitionists
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:comfort women
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:Chukri System
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
894:
893:Latin America
891:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
850:
847:
845:
844:interregional
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
829:prison labour
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
799:United States
797:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:
614:
611:
610:White slavery
608:
606:
603:
601:
600:Slave raiding
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
569:
568:Corvée labour
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
533:
529:
528:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Abbasid harem
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:Barbary Coast
325:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
264:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
57:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:Forced labour
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3866:
3860:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3809:
3800:
3792:the original
3787:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3739:
3732:
3720:. Retrieved
3710:
3702:
3699:Robin Murray
3693:
3673:
3663:
3655:
3650:
3642:
3637:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3591:, retrieved
3569:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3541:, pp 147–48
3538:
3533:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3443:113, 169–180
3436:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3356:
3349:
3337:. Retrieved
3335:. Legal Tree
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3305:(1): 36–52.
3302:
3298:
3288:
3269:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3246:
3237:
3066:conscription
3063:
3044:
3026:
3019:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2955:
2934:South Africa
2926:
2914:
2899:repartimento
2845:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2777:
2768:World War II
2742:
2738:
2713:
2701:
2661:
2653:silver mines
2647:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2613:Ming dynasty
2594:
2570:
2542:
2518:
2510:described a
2475:boyarshchina
2457:
2455:
2391:
2380:
2353:
2302:
2282:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2181:
2162:
2143:
2136:and beyond.
2130:
2125:
2122:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2066:
2039:
2013:
1983:
1902:
1900:
1855:ancient Rome
1840:
1817:
1805:public works
1796:
1771:
1770:
1651:Slave patrol
1488:Freedom suit
1464:Sierra Leone
1454:Colonization
1370:Abolitionism
1350:Baháʼí Faith
1323:Christianity
1273:Saudi Arabia
1129:Penal Labour
1094:Blackbirding
1000:Debt bondage
988:penal system
814:Contemporary
804:Field slaves
792:U.S. Natives
751:South Africa
622:Galley slave
595:Slave market
585:House slaves
567:
558:Blackbirding
536:Conscription
460:21st century
423:Umm al-walad
267:Muslim world
236:Emancipation
140:Wage slavery
120:Penal labour
98:Wife selling
88:Bride buying
73:Conscription
63:Child Labour
56:Contemporary
18:
3615:: 147–151.
3393:: 103–121.
3213:Tax farming
3171:Impressment
3097:Clay bowl,
2800:colonialism
2715:Mahabharata
2686:village of
2648:encomiendas
2625:Inca Empire
2609:Grand Canal
2549:Cap-Haïtien
2396: [
2356:land reform
2289:French Army
2236:Josef Čapek
2232:Karel Čapek
2224:. The word
2187:Czech lands
2109:Upper Egypt
2027:4th Dynasty
2007:during the
1666:court cases
1543: [
1493:Slave Power
1481:Manumission
1328:Catholicism
1203:Afghanistan
944:Puerto Rico
856:The Bahamas
834:Slave codes
637:Shanghaiing
627:Impressment
519:Slave Coast
399:Qajar harem
359:Concubinage
332:slave trade
3881:Categories
3842:3 December
3816:18 January
3756:15 January
3524:0717806219
3452:0375408835
3339:15 January
3316:28 January
3230:References
3032:Vietnamese
2917:Mozambique
2856:encomienda
2840:See also:
2780:Madagascar
2774:Madagascar
2605:Great Wall
2526:barshchina
2513:barshchina
2499:barshchina
2490:pomeshchik
2463:barshchina
2274:New France
2265:prestation
2203:and other
2163:After the
2152:and later
2105:Nile Delta
2096:Suez Canal
2060:entitled "
2031:Nile River
1946:opera riga
1877:and under
1681:J.Q. Adams
1671:Washington
1641:Slave name
1590:convention
1565:Common law
938:Encomienda
734:Seychelles
719:Mauritania
642:Slave ship
509:Panyarring
504:New France
153:Historical
3722:8 January
3671:(1990) .
3621:2249-1937
3593:23 August
3495:, p. 235.
3208:Subbotnik
3198:Serjeanty
3181:Indigénat
3176:Indenture
3059:sales tax
2948:in 1974.
2724:fortnight
2690:close to
2684:campesino
2560:based in
2547:based at
2492:(Russian
2311:Karl Marx
2259:abolished
2103:However,
2073:Ptolemy V
2014:From the
1961:corrogare
1913:. In the
1901:The word
1897:Etymology
1676:Jefferson
1333:Mormonism
1268:Palestine
1082:Australia
1012:Indonesia
903:Lei Áurea
886:Code Noir
866:Caribbean
839:Treatment
578:Treatment
551:Devshirme
413:Odalisque
231:In Russia
172:Babylonia
160:Antiquity
3629:44139346
3407:40001151
3223:Workfare
3129:See also
3070:military
3021:umuganda
2967:Southern
2825:centimes
2792:poll tax
2710:Sanskrit
2481:боярщина
2385:and the
2333:Romanian
2185:(or the
2054:Biridiya
2035:pyramids
1979:corveiae
1973:coroatae
1941:villeins
1927:freedmen
1889:and the
1828:medieval
1809:taxation
1708:Iron bit
1698:40 acres
1661:breeding
1476:Freedman
1311:Religion
1171:Portugal
1056:Thailand
1046:Maldives
1041:Malaysia
1034:Kwalliso
978:Booi Aha
930:Restavek
910:Colombia
881:Trinidad
871:Barbados
761:Zanzibar
709:Ethiopia
590:Saqaliba
484:Database
435:Saqaliba
196:Ancillae
26:a series
24:Part of
3419:Budge.
3253:10 July
3192:Nuribta
3122:Nuribta
3084:Gallery
3049:of the
3028:Vietnam
2988:Myanmar
2976:Alabama
2965:, some
2940:chibalo
2919:), the
2884:Spanish
2866:in the
2744:soyōchō
2676:Quechua
2668:Spanish
2651:and in
2597:Western
2579:to the
2519:In the
2469:барщина
2415:
2404:Russian
2381:In the
2349:Cyclops
2201:Russian
2183:Bohemia
2169:serfdom
2126:cartage
2113:peasant
2075:in his
2058:Megiddo
2046:pharaoh
1990:History
1976:, then
1968:
1907:English
1875:Henry I
1776:French:
1686:Lincoln
1559:Related
1459:Liberia
1345:Judaism
1283:Tunisia
1258:Morocco
1248:Lebanon
1213:Bahrain
1208:Algeria
1176:Romania
1141:Denmark
1134:Slavery
1068:Vietnam
739:Somalia
729:Nigeria
704:Comoros
632:Pirates
541:Ghilman
474:Bristol
364:history
337:pirates
226:History
115:Peonage
38:slavery
3747:
3681:
3627:
3619:
3584:
3521:
3449:
3405:
3364:
3276:
3203:Socage
3108:, Iran
3106:Marlik
3076:), or
3055:income
3016:Rwanda
2997:, the
2995:Bhutan
2893:reales
2784:colony
2728:Maurya
2664:Mink'a
2607:, the
2583:, the
2571:After
2551:under
2458:corvée
2287:, the
2253:France
2247:R.U.R.
2227:robota
2215:Robath
2209:robota
2192:robota
2146:socage
2119:Europe
2025:, the
1984:corvée
1911:French
1903:corvée
1887:Canada
1873:under
1865:, the
1843:modern
1836:feudal
1772:Corvée
1607:owners
1243:Kuwait
1238:Jordan
1191:Sweden
1181:Russia
1166:Poland
1161:Norway
983:Laogai
968:Brunei
963:Bhutan
925:revolt
898:Brazil
861:Canada
824:partus
809:female
694:Angola
563:Coolie
546:Mamluk
499:Nantes
479:Brazil
408:Cariye
243:Thrall
211:Kholop
177:Greece
3625:JSTOR
3403:JSTOR
3187:Mit'a
3009:dzong
2888:falta
2879:falla
2821:Hovas
2782:as a
2764:Korea
2760:China
2735:Japan
2705:viṣṭi
2698:India
2692:Cusco
2680:Andes
2672:faena
2635:mit'a
2630:Mit'a
2539:Haiti
2532:obrok
2504:ukase
2472:) or
2400:]
2335:) as
2328:boier
2325:, or
2323:boyar
2317:as a
2306:clacă
2276:, in
2241:robot
2221:robot
2199:. In
2197:Czech
1995:Egypt
1957:Latin
1937:serfs
1871:Haiti
1867:Incan
1863:Japan
1859:China
1813:tithe
1801:state
1765:reeve
1761:serfs
1634:songs
1629:films
1547:]
1503:songs
1340:Islam
1318:Bible
1293:Yemen
1288:Qatar
1278:Syria
1253:Libya
1218:Egypt
1186:Spain
1156:Malta
1029:Korea
1017:Japan
995:India
973:China
920:Haiti
780:Aztec
756:Sudan
724:Niger
616:Naval
489:Dutch
418:Qiyan
404:Jarya
379:Harem
221:Serfs
167:Egypt
3844:2014
3818:2023
3758:2017
3745:ISBN
3724:2018
3679:ISBN
3617:ISSN
3595:2022
3582:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3341:2017
3318:2019
3274:ISBN
3255:2023
3045:The
2873:polo
2762:and
2720:Manu
2688:Ocra
2623:The
2413:lit.
1966:lit.
1909:via
1845:and
1830:and
1585:laws
1447:U.S.
1442:U.K.
1380:U.S.
1375:U.K.
1263:Oman
1233:Iraq
1228:Iran
915:Cuba
819:maps
714:Mali
699:Chad
285:Baqt
182:Rome
78:Debt
36:and
3869:by
3574:doi
3515:228
3395:doi
3307:doi
3072:or
3057:or
3014:In
2993:In
2753:租庸調
2708:in
2645:on
2535:).
2506:by
2331:in
2195:in
2171:by
2064:".
2056:of
2048:of
1939:or
3883::
3808:.
3623:.
3613:39
3611:.
3580:,
3568:,
3517:.
3445:.
3401:.
3391:39
3389:.
3385:.
3303:43
3301:.
3297:.
3245:.
3099:c.
3080:.
3034::
2907:.
2810::
2770:.
2670::
2615:.
2447:,
2435:,
2423:,
2410:,
2406::
2398:ru
2354:A
2309:.
2280:.
2071:,
2020:c.
1963:,
1959::
1893:.
1861:,
1857:,
1853:,
1849:,
1545:fa
28:on
3846:.
3820:.
3760:.
3726:.
3687:.
3631:.
3576::
3527:.
3455:.
3409:.
3397::
3370:.
3343:.
3320:.
3309::
3282:.
3257:.
3068:(
2756:)
2750:(
2666:(
2478:(
2466:(
2402:(
2018:(
1955:(
1774:(
1744:e
1737:t
1730:v
940:)
936:(
406:/
281:
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
