57:
2836:, a sum sufficient to feed him. Exempted from taxation and labour were soldiers, militia, Government clerks, and any Hova who knew French, also all who had entered into a contract of labour with a colonist. Unfortunately, this latter clause lent itself to tremendous abuses. By paying a small sum to some European, who nominally engaged them, thousands bought their freedom from work and taxation by these fictitious contracts, to be free to continue their lazy, unprofitable existence. To this abuse an end had to be made.
3101:
2382:
2011:
3124:
2739:(in all Indian lunar calendars, every month is divided into two fortnights, corresponding to the waxing and the waning moons). For poorer citizens, forced labour was seen as a way to pay their taxes since they could not pay ordinary taxes. Citizens, especially skilled workers, were sometimes made to both pay ordinary taxes and work for the state. If called to work, citizens could pay in cash or kind to discharge their obligations in some cases. In the
2373:, which abolished corvée and turned the peasants into free proprietors. The former owners were promised compensation, which was to be paid from a fund the peasants had to contribute to for 15 years. Besides the annual fee, the peasants also had to pay for the newly owned land, although at a price below market value. These debts made many peasants return to a life of semi-serfdom.
1767:
2940:
on their own small plots were considered unemployed. The forced labour was sometimes paid, but in cases of rule violations it was sometimes not – as punishment. The state benefited from the use of the labour for farming and infrastructure, by high income taxes on those who found work
2827:
The corvée in its old form could not be continued, yet workmen were required both by the colonists, and by the
Government for its vast schemes of public works. The General therefore passed a temporary law, in which taxation and labour were combined, to be modified according to country, the people,
2823:
There was the introduction of equitable taxation, so vital from the financial point of view; but also of such great political, moral and economic importance. It was the tangible proof of French authority having come to stay; it was the stimulus required to make an inherently lazy people work. Once
2566:
imposed a corvée system upon the common citizenry which was used for massive fortifications to protect against French invasion. Plantation owners could pay the government and have labourers work for them instead. This enabled the
Kingdom of Haiti to maintain a stronger economic structure than the
2272:
along with a number of other feudal privileges of the French landlords. At that time it was usually directed mainly towards improving the roads. It was greatly resented, and contributed to the widespread discontent that preceded the revolution. Counterrevolution revived corvée in France in 1824,
2113:
took control of the country and opposed forced labour on principle, but its abolition was postponed until Egypt had paid off its foreign debts. During the 19th century corvée had expanded into a national program. It was favoured for short-term projects such as building irrigation works and dams.
2839:
The urgency of a sound fiscal system was of tremendous importance to carry out all the schemes for the welfare and development of the island, and this demanded a local budget. The goal to be kept in view was to make the colony, as soon as possible, self-supporting. This end the
Governor-General
2134:
Medieval agricultural corvée was not entirely unpaid. By custom the workers could expect small payments, often in the form of food and drink consumed on the spot. Corvée sometimes included military conscription, and the term is also occasionally used in a slightly divergent sense to mean forced
2142:
Because agricultural corvée tended to be demanded by the lord at the same time that the peasants needed to tend their own plots – e.g. at planting and harvest – it was an object of serious resentment. By the 16th century its use in agricultural settings was on the
2932:
stated that all able bodied men must work for six months of every year, and that "hey have full liberty to choose the means through which to comply with this regulation, but if they do not comply in some way, the public authorities will force them to comply."
2622:, and the system of national roads and highways. However, as the imposition was exorbitant and punishment for failure draconian, Qin Shi Huang was resented by the people and criticized by many historians. Corvée labour was effectively abolished following the
2978:
states, with money in short supply, commuted taxing their inhabitants with obligations in the form of labour for public works, or let them pay a fee or tax to avoid it. The system proved unsuccessful because of the poor quality of work. In 1894, the
1555:
2965:
Corvée was used in several states and provinces in North
America especially for road maintenance, and this practice persisted to some degree in the United States and Canada. Its popularity with local governments gradually waned after the
2743:
and post-Maurya time period, forced labour had become a regular source of income for the state. Written evidence shows rulers granting lands and villages with and without the right to forced labour from workers of those lands.
2358: – actually amounted to 42 days, because the working day was considered the time required for the production of an average daily product, "and that average daily product is determined in so crafty a way that no
2171:. Farmers and peasants were obliged to do hard agricultural work for their nobility, typically six months of the year. When a cash economy became established, the duty was gradually replaced by the duty to pay taxes.
1797:
2223:
denotes any kind of work, but in Czech it specifically refers to unpaid unfree work, corvée or serf labour, or drudgery. The Czech word was imported to part of
Germany where corvée was known as
1676:
1540:
1071:
3039:
maintained corvée for females (ages 18–35) and males (ages 18–45) of 10 days yearly for public works at the discretion of the authorities. This was termed labour duty (
1425:
797:
534:
2807:. The latter involved paying small amounts for the forced labour. This was one attempt by the colonial administration at a solution to the economic tensions that arose under
1161:
802:
2090:
of 196 BC listed 22 accomplishments to be honored and ten rewards granted to him for the former. One of the shorter accomplishments, near the middle of the list, is:
1997:, and the meaning broadened to encompass both the regular and exceptional tasks. The word survives in modern usage, meaning any kind of inevitable or disagreeable chore.
3070:, has a system of public work whereby all able-bodied people are required to perform, when called upon, jobs such as road maintenance and repairs to public buildings.
494:
2832:, from the age of sixteen to sixty, had either to pay twenty-five francs a year, or give fifty days of labour of nine hours a day, for which he was to be paid twenty
1936:
in lieu of paying taxes; often it consisted of road and bridge work. Roman landlords could also demand a certain number of days' labour from their tenants, and from
2370:
849:
2332:
form of compulsory over-work. The labour the peasants needed for their own maintenance was distinctly separate from the work they supplied to the landowner (the
3100:
1395:
1545:
3792:
3048:
876:
2850:
3868:
See the chapter on "Corvées: valeur symbolique et poids économique" (5 articles on France, Germany, Italy, Spain and
England), in: Bourin (Monique) ed.,
1622:
374:
2644:
which was perceived as a public service to the empire. At its height of efficiency, some subsistence farmers could be called to as many as 300 days of
2879:
refers to 40 days' forced manual labour for men from 16 to 60 years of age; these workers built community structures such as churches. Exemption from
824:
1595:
1415:
588:
1753:
3870:
Pour une anthropologie du prélèvement seigneurial dans les campagnes médiévales (XIe–XIVe siècles): réalités et représentations paysannes
859:
277:
3374:
3286:
1437:
1114:
886:
2295:
1629:
1590:
1233:
1960:. Plowing and harvesting were principal activities to which this applied. In times of need, the lord could demand additional work called
2892:
2735:
says that mechanics and artisans should be made to work for the king one day a month; other writers advocated for one day of work every
1671:
1308:
968:
819:
615:
524:
2803:
system, partly for revenue, partly for labour resources as the French had just abolished slavery there, and partly to move away from a
2279:. Every able-bodied man had to give three days' labour or its money equivalent in order to vote. It also continued to exist under the
1691:
1385:
1139:
2568:
3757:
3691:
3594:
2583:
2362:
would be done with it in 24 hours." The corvée code was supposed to abolish serfdom, but did not achieve anything toward this goal.
1889:
1513:
1390:
814:
583:
450:
1360:
56:
3840:
3149:
2333:
2280:
2269:
1644:
854:
839:
785:
470:
460:
455:
284:
140:
3033:, or community labour, still continues, usually in the form of one Saturday a month when citizens are required to perform work.
3164:
1639:
1410:
216:
2178:, the demand for corvée grew too high and the system became dysfunctional. Its official decline is linked to the abolition of
1806:
that is intermittent in nature, lasting for limited periods of time, typically only a certain number of days' work each year.
1550:
3531:
3459:
1109:
1097:
677:
489:
135:
3747:
3123:
2386:
2183:
1681:
1464:
325:
3154:
3055:
2143:
decline and it became increasingly replaced by paid labour. It nevertheless persisted in many areas of Europe until the
1686:
1530:
1400:
1061:
829:
809:
369:
337:
2929:
2771:
was found in pre-modern Japan. During the 1930s, it was common practice to import corvée labourers from both China and
3487:
In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, serfdom along with heavy forms of corvée were only abolished in 1848. Robert A. Kann,
1746:
1696:
1420:
1338:
465:
246:
66:
2303:
3174:
2667:
2595:
1605:
1457:
1442:
1333:
529:
199:
2980:
2772:
1701:
1600:
1131:
1119:
709:
682:
187:
3800:
2268:
In France corvée existed until 4 August 1789, shortly after the beginning of the French
Revolution, when it was
3707:
2649:
1481:
1350:
903:
692:
177:
78:
357:
2063:, have one short letter on the topic of corvée. Of the 382 Amarna letters, there is an undamaged letter from
3169:
2937:
2325:
2037:
1666:
1405:
1355:
1283:
1056:
834:
778:
761:
192:
954:
3905:
3900:
3895:
2975:
2792:
2366:
2329:
1739:
1708:
1213:
866:
714:
438:
404:
399:
2401:
2925:
2674:
2288:
2126:
resistance. It began to disappear as Egypt modernized after 1860, and had fully vanished by the 1890s.
2102:
1834:
1575:
1430:
1343:
1328:
1010:
998:
744:
729:
514:
289:
211:
2705:, where each adult is required to perform four days of unpaid labour per month on community projects.
2350:. The 14 days of labour due to the landowner – as prescribed by the corvée code in the
2954:
2725:) existed in ancient India and lasted until the early 20th century. The practice is mentioned in the
2353:
2175:
2072:
2026:
2019:
2015:
1713:
1617:
1580:
1508:
1452:
1321:
1278:
1092:
1022:
697:
477:
379:
263:
170:
2904:. In 1884, the required amount of labour was reduced to 15 days. The system was patterned after the
3040:
2967:
2876:
2804:
2657:
2619:
2587:
2576:
2423:
2187:
1976:
1842:
1201:
1181:
1066:
1051:
920:
891:
881:
771:
719:
687:
484:
342:
310:
305:
258:
115:
2999:
is well known for its use of the corvée and has defended the practice in its official newspapers.
3879:
3633:
3411:
3159:
2971:
2824:
they had learned to earn they would begin to spend, whereby commerce and industry would develop.
2531:
1925:
1447:
1293:
1268:
1258:
1223:
1218:
1186:
1151:
1144:
1085:
1078:
935:
754:
749:
739:
509:
362:
320:
315:
268:
236:
226:
163:
2666:. The Incan system that focused on public works found a comeback during the 1960s government of
2381:
2255:
for (originally anthropomorphic) machines that do unpaid work for their owners in his 1920 play
2010:
1896:
until the mid-1960s. Forms of statute labour officially existed until the early 20th century in
384:
330:
3753:
3687:
3677:
3625:
3590:
3527:
3523:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3370:
3364:
3282:
3144:
2829:
2496:
2343:
2200:) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Habsburg monarchy, and corvée was called
2186:
and
Habsburg ruler, in 1781. It continued to exist however, and was only abolished during the
2168:
2160:
2144:
2079:
2045:
1535:
1253:
1248:
1191:
1176:
1156:
978:
973:
908:
871:
704:
670:
499:
352:
241:
120:
3304:"Statute labour on Ontario township roads, 1849-1948: Responding to a changing space economy"
2811:. The problems were addressed in a way that was typical of colonialism which, along with the
3582:
3403:
3315:
3226:
3082:
3078:
3059:
2678:
2563:
2555:
2518:
2414:
2408:
2215:
2211:
1917:
1885:
1725:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1263:
1228:
1196:
1166:
1039:
1027:
1005:
983:
930:
766:
734:
36:
2913:
2901:
2796:
2591:
2504:
2393:
2164:
1921:
1838:
1790:
1775:
1634:
1525:
1520:
1273:
1243:
1238:
961:
925:
724:
642:
347:
93:
2306:
set up a corvée system to provide labour for public works instead of a system of fines.
1852:
The application of the term is not limited to feudal Europe; corvée has also existed in
3319:
3010:
2686:
2572:
2559:
2397:
2347:
2246:
2242:
2207:
2110:
2052:
1967:
1811:
1718:
1612:
504:
182:
145:
103:
3844:
2094:
He (pharaoh) decreed:—Behold, not is permitted to be pressed men of the sailors.
3889:
3516:
3303:
3086:
2816:
2740:
2694:
2663:
2653:
2611:
2607:
2109:, were built using corvée. Legally, the practice ended in Egypt after 1882, when the
2087:
2060:
1931:
1901:
1857:
1830:
1803:
1656:
1585:
1032:
1015:
790:
620:
610:
394:
44:
2953:, was not abolished in Mozambique until 1962, and continued in some forms until the
3724:
3574:
3074:
2942:
2907:
2812:
2776:
2756:
2716:
2623:
2606:
Imperial China had a system of conscripting labour from the public, equated to the
2598:
enforced a corvée system in the interest of making improvements to infrastructure.
1865:
1815:
1661:
1498:
1474:
1380:
1373:
1104:
632:
605:
568:
546:
433:
150:
130:
108:
98:
88:
83:
73:
3586:
3342:"Statute Labour Act could mean that some Ontario taxpayers must perform road work"
3251:
3189:
2614:, the first emperor, and following dynasties imposed it for public works like the
1829:
The obligation for tenant farmers to perform corvée work for landlords on private
913:
3681:
3073:
Since the mid-late 19th century, most countries have restricted corvée labour to
3221:
3179:
2808:
2727:
2698:
2635:
2299:
2197:
2119:
2068:
1503:
1491:
844:
647:
637:
595:
409:
2869:
system, introduced into the South
American colonies by the Spanish government.
3063:
2864:
2788:
2732:
2615:
2500:
2284:
2122:. As a result, it was used only in scattered locales, and even then there was
2115:
2106:
2041:
1766:
1651:
948:
652:
519:
3629:
2369:
took place in 1864, after the
Danubian Principalities unified and formed the
2040:) onward, corvée contributed to government projects. During the times of the
3216:
3206:
3184:
3067:
2736:
2507:) on their land. While no official government regulation on the duration of
2321:
2083:
896:
561:
423:
17:
2714:
2579:
which had a system of agrarian reform distributing land to the labourers.
2190:, along with the legal inequality between the nobility and common people.
3231:
3195:
3029:
2833:
2800:
2722:
2673:
Remnants of the system are still found today in modern Peru, such as the
2640:
2527:
of three days a week as normal and sufficient for the landowner's needs.
2359:
2064:
1937:
1819:
1486:
1044:
988:
940:
600:
445:
300:
206:
3637:
3415:
3391:
1826:, a corvée does not require the population to have land, crops or cash.
3392:"The Meaning of Menial Labor: "Servant Statues" in Old Kingdom Serdabs"
3200:
3130:
3036:
2996:
2984:
2948:
2670:
as a federal effort, with positive effects on Peruvian infrastructure.
2193:
2179:
2123:
2056:
1954:
were required to perform on a yearly basis for their lords were called
1951:
1893:
1469:
551:
231:
48:
3814:
3706:
Native Labour Regulations, section 1, 1899, Lisbon; in Gordon White,
3407:
3211:
3114:
3024:
3003:
2648:
per year. The Spanish colonial rulers co-opted this system after the
2257:
2156:
1897:
1846:
1171:
993:
573:
556:
418:
253:
221:
3795:[DBVBQPPL Ministry of Justice - Public service obligation].
3020:
construction, in lieu of part of their tax obligation to the state.
3882:, (Dover Publications), c 1929, Dover edition (unabridged), c 1989.
3341:
2970:
with the increasing development of the monetary economy. After the
2135:
requisition of military supplies; this most often took the form of
3017:
2702:
2690:
2514:
2380:
2251:
2118:
landowners replaced it with cheap temporary labour recruited from
2009:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1823:
1771:
1765:
428:
414:
389:
3474:
Nathan J. Brown, "Who abolished corvée labour in Egypt and why?"
3366:
The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French
2775:
to work in coal mines. This practice continued until the end of
1947:
295:
125:
2983:
ruled that corvée violated the state constitution, and in 1913
2900:, meaning 'absence'), which was a daily fine of one and a half
1849:
landowner of their vassals, or by a monarch of their subjects.
2828:
and their mentality. Thus, for instance, every male among the
3051:
voided the decree, effectively abolishing corvée in Vietnam.
3872:, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2004, p. 271–381.
3491:, University of California Press, 1974, pp. 303–304.
2851:
History of the Philippines (1521–1898) § Spanish rule
2139:, a lord's right to demand wagons for military transport.
3780:
Ending Forced Labour in Myanmar: Engaging a Pariah Regime
2731:, where forced labourers are said to accompany the army.
2941:
with private employers, and by selling corvée labour to
1774:
in England, working under the supervision of the lord's
3616:
Maity, S. K. (1978). "Forced Labour in Ancient India".
2428:'tax duties'), which included carriage corvée (
3712:
Revolutionary Socialist Development in the Third World
3008:
2044:
floods, it was used for construction projects such as
3573:
Myers, Ramon H.; Wang, Yeh-chien (16 December 2002),
2459:
2447:
2435:
2048:, temples, quarries, canals, roads, and other works.
3793:"CSDLVBQPPL Bộ Tư pháp - Nghĩa vụ lao động công ích"
1426:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3686:(8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech. p. 83.
3515:
3446:Parting the Desert: The creation of the Suez Canal
3443:
1981:'to requisition'). This term evolved into
1837:. The term is most typically used in reference to
3799:(in Vietnamese). 3 September 1999. Archived from
3797:Socialist Republic of Vietnam Ministry of Justice
3522:. Vol. 1. International Publishers. p.
3489:A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918
3192:for instances of corvée in French colonial Africa
3581:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 563–646,
3396:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
2946:
2400:there were a number of permanent corvées called
2098:The statement implies it was a common practice.
1541:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3369:. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 147.
2855:The system of forced labour otherwise known as
2821:
2753:
2495:), which refer to the obligatory work that the
2371:United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
2230:
2092:
3815:"1/1/2007: Bãi bỏ pháp lệnh lao động công ích"
3667:, pp. 331–32. Methuen & Co. London, 1938.
2764:
2638:levied tribute labour through a system called
2471:is also sometimes used to translate the terms
2351:
2337:
2315:
2167:, and most German states that belonged to the
3714:. 1983; Sussex, U.K.; Wheatsheaf Books. p.77.
2987:became one of the last states to abolish it.
2905:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2815:behind it, is demonstrated in a 1938 work by
2541:
2535:
2522:
2508:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2218:
1833:was widespread throughout history before the
1747:
8:
3062:, which has a population of about 50 and no
2467:In the context of Russian history, the term
2274:
2245:, who after a recommendation by his brother
2224:
2159:, was essential to the feudal system of the
1546:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3049:Standing Committee of the National Assembly
2795:in the late 19th century. Governor-General
2236:
2201:
2151:Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Germany
1988:
1982:
1961:
1955:
1941:
1929:
27:Form of intermittent, unpaid, unfree labour
3618:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2840:succeeded in achieving within a few years.
1754:
1740:
31:
2101:Until the late 19th century, many of the
1940:; in the latter case the work was called
1822:). Unlike other forms of levy, such as a
3518:Capital. A Critique of Political Economy
3281:. Oxford University Press. p. 283.
1818:. As such it represents a form of levy (
1551:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1416:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1396:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
3243:
3096:
3016:calls for citizens to do work, such as
43:
3302:SUMMERBY-MURRAY, ROBERT (March 1999).
1946:. In medieval Europe, the tasks that
1916:has its origins in Rome, and reached
1845:, where work was often expected by a
1789:
1438:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1115:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
2861:evolved within the framework of the
2534:, 70% to 77% of the serfs performed
1630:Slave marriages in the United States
1234:Human trafficking in the Middle East
3502:The French Army in Mexico 1861–1867
2324:described the corvée system of the
969:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
3575:"Economic Developments, 1644–1800"
3320:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1999.tb01359.x
2685:) communal work that is levied in
2610:corvée system by many historians.
1623:last survivors of American slavery
25:
3752:. Way of the World. p. 101.
3027:, the centuries-old tradition of
2930:Native Labour Regulations of 1899
584:Field slaves in the United States
451:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3150:Penal labor in the United States
3122:
3099:
2919:
2799:implemented a hybrid corvée and
2586:in 1915 as an expression of the
461:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
456:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
285:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
55:
3654:(Cornell University Press 2003)
3279:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
3165:Compulsory Border Guard Service
2273:1836, and 1871, under the name
2241:was later used by Czech writer
1411:Committee of Experts on Slavery
962:East, Southeast, and South Asia
3821:(in Vietnamese). 28 March 2006
3683:History of the Filipino People
3579:The Cambridge History of China
2652:to use natives as a source of
2314:In Romania, corvée was called
1110:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
3710:, and Christina White, Eds.,
3587:10.1017/chol9780521243346.012
3340:Bob Aaron (8 December 2007).
3107:
2752:A corvée-style system called
2387:manifesto of three-day corvee
2184:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
2030:
3727:. H-Net Reviews. August 2004
3563:(Common Courage Press: 1994)
3155:Alternative civilian service
3113:, one day corvée ration(?).
2912:system for forced labour in
2885:was possible via paying the
1401:Temporary Slavery Commission
1062:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
3548:Russia under the old regime
3252:"statute labour Definition"
3009:
2924:In Portuguese Africa (e.g.
2920:Portugal's African colonies
2754:
2715:
2630:Inca Empire and modern Peru
2542:
2536:
2523:
2509:
2485:
2473:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2296:French occupation of Mexico
2219:
1894:Portugal's African colonies
1421:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
466:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
3922:
3442:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
3203:(corvée letter to pharaoh)
3175:Hand and hitch-up services
3056:British overseas territory
2848:
2540:and the rest paid levies (
2055:, mostly addressed to the
1606:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1443:Anti-Slavery International
1208:North Africa and West Asia
3450:. Alfred Knopf. pp.
3047:). However, in 2006, the
2765:
2491:
2479:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2073:Furnishing corvée workers
1810:is a corvée imposed by a
1702:Emancipation Proclamation
1374:Opposition and resistance
1132:Sex trafficking in Europe
1120:Blackbirding in Polynesia
683:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2650:Spanish conquest of Peru
2304:François Achille Bazaine
2229:, and into Hungarian as
1482:Compensated emancipation
693:Indian Ocean slave trade
3665:The Drama of Madagascar
3390:Roth, Ann Macy (2002).
3363:Mould, Michael (2011).
3308:The Canadian Geographer
3170:Compulsory Fire Service
2938:subsistence agriculture
2668:Fernando Belaúnde Terry
2513:labour existed, a 1797
2452:), and lodging corvée (
2326:Danubian Principalities
2310:Romanian principalities
1928:the citizens performed
1892:(1915–1934), and
1406:1926 Slavery Convention
1162:Germany in World War II
779:North and South America
301:Contract of manumission
3819:Báo điện tử Tiền Phong
3749:Motives and Management
3725:"Virginia as Analogue"
3652:Machiavelli's Children
3277:Black, Jeremy (2004).
3044:
2981:Virginia Supreme Court
2947:
2945:. This system, called
2906:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2842:
2682:
2461:postoyalaya povinnost'
2389:
2352:
2338:
2316:
2275:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2202:
2096:
2022:
1989:
1983:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1942:
1930:
1802:) is a form of unpaid
1779:
887:British Virgin Islands
439:Circassian slave trade
405:Safavid imperial harem
400:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2813:contemporary thinking
2713:Corvée-style labour (
2437:podvodnaya povinnost'
2384:
2289:British North America
2155:Corvée, specifically
2103:Egyptian Public Works
2013:
1835:Industrial Revolution
1769:
1126:Europe and North Asia
1086:Australia and Oceania
786:Pre-Columbian America
358:Slave raid of Suðuroy
290:Slavery in al-Andalus
212:Black Sea slave trade
141:21st-century jihadism
3847:on 21 September 2014
3478:144 (1994): 116-137.
2955:Carnation Revolution
2936:Africans engaged in
2693:. An example is the
2455:постоялая повинность
2440:), coachman corvée (
2431:подводная повинность
2385:Paul I's edict, the
2354:Regulamentul Organic
2294:In 1866, during the
2249:introduced the word
2088:Rosetta Stone Decree
2027:Egyptian Old Kingdom
2020:Old Kingdom of Egypt
2016:non-payment of taxes
2014:Peasants seized for
1814:for the purposes of
1581:Indentured servitude
1509:Underground Railroad
1309:United Arab Emirates
698:Zanzibar slave trade
665:By country or region
478:Atlantic slave trade
380:Ma malakat aymanukum
264:Venetian slave trade
3650:Richard J Samuels.
3514:Marx, Karl (1967).
3129:Amarna letter 365,
3111: 1000 BC
2968:American Revolution
2891:(corruption of the
2877:Spanish Philippines
2805:subsistence economy
2689:communities in the
2588:Roosevelt Corollary
2575:in the South under
2449:yamskaya povinnost'
2403:tyaglyye povinnosti
2188:revolutions of 1848
2034: 2613 BC
1890:American occupation
1843:early modern Europe
1667:Slave Route Project
798:Americas indigenous
688:Red Sea slave trade
678:Contemporary Africa
541:Topics and practice
311:Crimean slave trade
306:Bukhara slave trade
259:Genoese slave trade
136:Contemporary Africa
116:Forced prostitution
3880:E. A. Wallis Budge
3803:on 13 August 2017.
3746:M. G. Lay (1992).
3678:Agoncillo, Teodoro
3476:Past & Present
3160:Civil conscription
2995:The government of
2972:American Civil War
2584:deploying to Haiti
2532:Black Earth Region
2499:performed for the
2390:
2281:seigneurial system
2078:Later, during the
2023:
1926:later Roman Empire
1780:
1448:Blockade of Africa
755:Somali slave trade
671:Sub-Saharan Africa
363:Turkish Abductions
321:Khivan slave trade
316:Khazar slave trade
269:Balkan slave trade
227:Prague slave trade
3876:The Rosetta Stone
3561:The Uses of Haiti
3430:The Rosetta Stone
3376:978-1-136-82573-6
3288:978-0-19-929633-0
3145:Community service
3045:nghĩa vụ lao động
2596:U.S. Armed Forces
2569:Republic of Haiti
2464:), among others.
2443:ямская повинность
2427:
2419:тяглые повинности
2283:in what had been
2176:Thirty Years' War
2169:Holy Roman Empire
2161:Habsburg monarchy
2145:French Revolution
2080:Ptolemaic dynasty
2051:The 1350 BC
1980:
1764:
1763:
1714:Freedmen's Bureau
1536:Third Servile War
1531:International law
1098:Human trafficking
860:Human trafficking
535:Thirteen colonies
353:Sack of Baltimore
121:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
3913:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3843:. Archived from
3841:"Pitcairn Today"
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3721:
3715:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3674:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3521:
3511:
3505:
3500:Jack A. Dabbs.
3498:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3449:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3408:10.2307/40001151
3387:
3381:
3380:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3256:Britannica Money
3248:
3227:National Service
3126:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3083:civilian service
3060:Pitcairn Islands
3014:
2991:Modern instances
2952:
2911:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2874:
2872:Polo y servicios
2868:
2860:
2858:polo y servicios
2770:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2720:
2577:Alexandre Pétion
2564:Henri Christophe
2556:Kingdom of Haiti
2554:The independent
2545:
2539:
2526:
2519:Paul I of Russia
2512:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2357:
2341:
2319:
2278:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:Slavic languages
2205:
2105:, including the
2035:
2032:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1965:
1959:
1945:
1943:opera officialis
1935:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1726:Emancipation Day
1559:
1526:Slave Trade Acts
217:Byzantine Empire
59:
32:
21:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3886:
3885:
3865:
3863:Further reading
3860:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3782:Routledge, 2011
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3663:Sonia E. Howe,
3662:
3658:
3649:
3645:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3546:Richard Pipes,
3545:
3541:
3534:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3423:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3095:
2993:
2963:
2922:
2914:Spanish America
2853:
2847:
2845:The Philippines
2797:Joseph Gallieni
2787:France annexed
2785:
2762:
2750:
2711:
2632:
2604:
2592:Monroe Doctrine
2552:
2505:landed nobility
2406:
2394:Russian Tsardom
2379:
2312:
2266:
2165:Austrian Empire
2153:
2132:
2033:
2008:
2003:
1963:opera corrogata
1910:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:[kɔʁve]
1786:
1778:at harvest time
1760:
1731:
1730:
1635:Slave narrative
1591:Fugitive slaves
1571:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1521:Slave rebellion
1376:
1366:
1365:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1136:United Kingdom
1072:Yankee princess
666:
658:
657:
385:Avret Pazarları
331:Avret Pazarları
200:Medieval Europe
166:
156:
155:
94:Forced marriage
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3832:
3806:
3784:
3772:
3758:
3738:
3716:
3699:
3692:
3669:
3656:
3643:
3608:
3595:
3565:
3552:
3539:
3532:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3467:
3460:
3434:
3432:, pp. 138–139.
3421:
3382:
3375:
3355:
3332:
3294:
3287:
3269:
3258:. 30 June 2023
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3011:driglam namzha
2992:
2989:
2962:
2959:
2921:
2918:
2846:
2843:
2784:
2781:
2749:
2746:
2710:
2707:
2631:
2628:
2603:
2602:Imperial China
2600:
2573:Port-au-Prince
2551:
2548:
2398:Russian Empire
2378:
2377:Russian Empire
2375:
2348:surplus labour
2330:pre-capitalist
2311:
2308:
2302:under Marshal
2265:
2262:
2152:
2149:
2131:
2128:
2111:British Empire
2053:Amarna letters
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1993:, and finally
1909:
1906:
1880:civilization,
1831:landed estates
1808:Statute labour
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1613:List of slaves
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Dutch Republic
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
981:
976:
971:
965:
964:
958:
957:
952:
945:
944:
943:
938:
928:
923:
918:
917:
916:
906:
901:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
807:
806:
805:
795:
794:
793:
782:
781:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
758:
757:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
701:
700:
690:
685:
680:
674:
673:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
628:
624:
623:
618:
616:Child soldiers
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
592:
591:
581:
576:
571:
566:
565:
564:
559:
554:
543:
542:
538:
537:
532:
527:
525:Spanish Empire
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Middle Passage
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
480:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
335:
334:
333:
326:Ottoman Empire
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
281:
280:
274:
273:
272:
271:
261:
256:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
202:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
173:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
146:Sexual slavery
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
112:
111:
106:
104:Child marriage
101:
91:
86:
81:
79:Child soldiers
76:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3918:
3907:
3906:Labor history
3904:
3902:
3901:Feudal duties
3899:
3897:
3896:Unfree labour
3894:
3893:
3891:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3761:
3759:9780813526911
3755:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3739:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3693:971-10-2415-2
3689:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3598:
3596:9781139053532
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:Paul Farmer,
3556:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3356:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3087:prison labour
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2961:North America
2960:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2817:Sonia E. Howe
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2654:forced labour
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:Qin Shi Huang
2609:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:Russian serfs
2487:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:Ancient Egypt
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:opera publica
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1902:United States
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:ancient Sumer
1859:
1858:ancient Egypt
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:forced labour
1798:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1770:14th-century
1768:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Slave catcher
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Forced labour
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:Abolitionists
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:comfort women
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:Chukri System
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
963:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
905:
904:Latin America
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
855:interregional
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:prison labour
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
810:United States
808:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
777:
776:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
699:
696:
695:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
669:
668:
662:
661:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:
622:
621:White slavery
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:Slave raiding
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
580:
579:Corvée labour
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
395:Abbasid harem
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:Barbary Coast
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
160:
159:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:Forced labour
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3875:
3869:
3849:. Retrieved
3845:the original
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3818:
3809:
3801:the original
3796:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3748:
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3719:
3711:
3708:Robin Murray
3702:
3682:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3600:, retrieved
3578:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3550:, pp 147–48
3547:
3542:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3452:113, 169–180
3445:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3365:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3344:. Legal Tree
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3314:(1): 36–52.
3311:
3307:
3297:
3278:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3255:
3246:
3075:conscription
3072:
3053:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2964:
2943:South Africa
2935:
2923:
2908:repartimento
2854:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2786:
2777:World War II
2755:
2751:
2726:
2712:
2672:
2664:silver mines
2658:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2624:Ming dynasty
2605:
2581:
2553:
2529:
2521:described a
2486:boyarshchina
2468:
2466:
2402:
2391:
2364:
2313:
2293:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2192:
2173:
2154:
2147:and beyond.
2141:
2136:
2133:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2077:
2050:
2024:
1994:
1913:
1911:
1866:ancient Rome
1851:
1828:
1816:public works
1807:
1782:
1781:
1662:Slave patrol
1499:Freedom suit
1475:Sierra Leone
1465:Colonization
1381:Abolitionism
1361:Baháʼí Faith
1334:Christianity
1284:Saudi Arabia
1140:Penal Labour
1105:Blackbirding
1011:Debt bondage
999:penal system
825:Contemporary
815:Field slaves
803:U.S. Natives
762:South Africa
633:Galley slave
606:Slave market
596:House slaves
578:
569:Blackbirding
547:Conscription
471:21st century
434:Umm al-walad
278:Muslim world
247:Emancipation
151:Wage slavery
131:Penal labour
109:Wife selling
99:Bride buying
84:Conscription
74:Child Labour
67:Contemporary
29:
18:Corvee labor
3624:: 147–151.
3402:: 103–121.
3222:Tax farming
3180:Impressment
3106:Clay bowl,
2809:colonialism
2728:Mahabharata
2697:village of
2659:encomiendas
2636:Inca Empire
2620:Grand Canal
2560:Cap-Haïtien
2407: [
2367:land reform
2300:French Army
2247:Josef Čapek
2243:Karel Čapek
2235:. The word
2198:Czech lands
2120:Upper Egypt
2038:4th Dynasty
2018:during the
1677:court cases
1554: [
1504:Slave Power
1492:Manumission
1339:Catholicism
1214:Afghanistan
955:Puerto Rico
867:The Bahamas
845:Slave codes
648:Shanghaiing
638:Impressment
530:Slave Coast
410:Qajar harem
370:Concubinage
343:slave trade
3890:Categories
3851:3 December
3825:18 January
3765:15 January
3533:0717806219
3461:0375408835
3348:15 January
3325:28 January
3239:References
3041:Vietnamese
2926:Mozambique
2865:encomienda
2849:See also:
2789:Madagascar
2783:Madagascar
2733:Manusmriti
2616:Great Wall
2537:barshchina
2524:barshchina
2510:barshchina
2501:pomeshchik
2474:barshchina
2285:New France
2276:prestation
2214:and other
2174:After the
2163:and later
2116:Nile Delta
2107:Suez Canal
2071:entitled "
2042:Nile River
1957:opera riga
1888:and under
1692:J.Q. Adams
1682:Washington
1652:Slave name
1601:convention
1576:Common law
949:Encomienda
745:Seychelles
730:Mauritania
653:Slave ship
520:Panyarring
515:New France
164:Historical
3731:8 January
3680:(1990) .
3630:2249-1937
3602:23 August
3504:, p. 235.
3217:Subbotnik
3207:Serjeanty
3190:Indigénat
3185:Indenture
3068:sales tax
2957:in 1974.
2737:fortnight
2701:close to
2695:campesino
2571:based in
2558:based at
2503:(Russian
2322:Karl Marx
2270:abolished
2114:However,
2084:Ptolemy V
2025:From the
1972:corrogare
1924:. In the
1912:The word
1908:Etymology
1687:Jefferson
1344:Mormonism
1279:Palestine
1093:Australia
1023:Indonesia
914:Lei Áurea
897:Code Noir
877:Caribbean
850:Treatment
589:Treatment
562:Devshirme
424:Odalisque
242:In Russia
183:Babylonia
171:Antiquity
3638:44139346
3416:40001151
3232:Workfare
3138:See also
3079:military
3030:umuganda
2976:Southern
2834:centimes
2801:poll tax
2723:Sanskrit
2492:боярщина
2396:and the
2344:Romanian
2196:(or the
2065:Biridiya
2046:pyramids
1990:corveiae
1984:coroatae
1952:villeins
1938:freedmen
1900:and the
1839:medieval
1820:taxation
1719:Iron bit
1709:40 acres
1672:breeding
1487:Freedman
1322:Religion
1182:Portugal
1067:Thailand
1057:Maldives
1052:Malaysia
1045:Kwalliso
989:Booi Aha
941:Restavek
921:Colombia
892:Trinidad
882:Barbados
772:Zanzibar
720:Ethiopia
601:Saqaliba
495:Database
446:Saqaliba
207:Ancillae
37:a series
35:Part of
3428:Budge.
3262:10 July
3201:Nuribta
3131:Nuribta
3093:Gallery
3058:of the
3037:Vietnam
2997:Myanmar
2985:Alabama
2974:, some
2949:chibalo
2928:), the
2893:Spanish
2875:in the
2757:soyōchō
2687:Quechua
2679:Spanish
2662:and in
2608:Western
2590:to the
2530:In the
2480:барщина
2426:
2415:Russian
2392:In the
2360:Cyclops
2212:Russian
2194:Bohemia
2180:serfdom
2137:cartage
2124:peasant
2086:in his
2069:Megiddo
2057:pharaoh
2001:History
1987:, then
1979:
1918:English
1886:Henry I
1787:French:
1697:Lincoln
1570:Related
1470:Liberia
1356:Judaism
1294:Tunisia
1269:Morocco
1259:Lebanon
1224:Bahrain
1219:Algeria
1187:Romania
1152:Denmark
1145:Slavery
1079:Vietnam
750:Somalia
740:Nigeria
715:Comoros
643:Pirates
552:Ghilman
485:Bristol
375:history
348:pirates
237:History
126:Peonage
49:slavery
3756:
3690:
3636:
3628:
3593:
3530:
3458:
3414:
3373:
3285:
3212:Socage
3117:, Iran
3115:Marlik
3085:), or
3064:income
3025:Rwanda
3006:, the
3004:Bhutan
2902:reales
2793:colony
2741:Maurya
2675:Mink'a
2618:, the
2594:, the
2582:After
2562:under
2469:corvée
2298:, the
2264:France
2258:R.U.R.
2238:robota
2226:Robath
2220:robota
2203:robota
2157:socage
2130:Europe
2036:, the
1995:corvée
1922:French
1914:corvée
1898:Canada
1884:under
1876:, the
1854:modern
1847:feudal
1783:Corvée
1618:owners
1254:Kuwait
1249:Jordan
1202:Sweden
1192:Russia
1177:Poland
1172:Norway
994:Laogai
979:Brunei
974:Bhutan
936:revolt
909:Brazil
872:Canada
835:partus
820:female
705:Angola
574:Coolie
557:Mamluk
510:Nantes
490:Brazil
419:Cariye
254:Thrall
222:Kholop
188:Greece
3634:JSTOR
3412:JSTOR
3196:Mit'a
3018:dzong
2897:falta
2888:falla
2830:Hovas
2791:as a
2773:Korea
2748:Japan
2717:viṣṭi
2709:India
2703:Cusco
2691:Andes
2683:faena
2646:mit'a
2641:Mit'a
2550:Haiti
2543:obrok
2515:ukase
2483:) or
2411:]
2346:) as
2339:boier
2336:, or
2334:boyar
2328:as a
2317:clacă
2287:, in
2252:robot
2232:robot
2210:. In
2208:Czech
2006:Egypt
1968:Latin
1948:serfs
1882:Haiti
1878:Incan
1874:Japan
1870:China
1824:tithe
1812:state
1776:reeve
1772:serfs
1645:songs
1640:films
1558:]
1514:songs
1351:Islam
1329:Bible
1304:Yemen
1299:Qatar
1289:Syria
1264:Libya
1229:Egypt
1197:Spain
1167:Malta
1040:Korea
1028:Japan
1006:India
984:China
931:Haiti
791:Aztec
767:Sudan
735:Niger
627:Naval
500:Dutch
429:Qiyan
415:Jarya
390:Harem
232:Serfs
178:Egypt
3853:2014
3827:2023
3767:2017
3754:ISBN
3733:2018
3688:ISBN
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