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the tissues and bone within the hoof capsule, and providing traction for the animal. Numerous factors can affect hoof structure and health, including genetics, hoof conformation, environmental influences, and athletic performance of the animal. The ideal hoof has a parallel hoof-pastern axis, a thick hoof wall, adequate sole depth, a solid heel base and growth rings of equal size under the coronary band.
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Hooves grow continuously. In nature, wild animals are capable of wearing down the hoof as it continuously grows, but captive domesticated species often must undergo specific hoof care for a healthy, functional hoof. Proper care improves biomechanical efficiency and prevents lameness. If not worn down
255:
a little further up the leg – these are not normally used for walking, but in some species with larger dewclaws (such as deer and pigs) they may touch the ground when running or jumping, or if the ground is soft. In the mountain goat, the dewclaw serves to provide extra traction when descending
205:
and soft tissue shock absorption structures. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves perform many functions, including supporting the weight of the animal, dissipating the energy impact as the hooves strike the ground or surface, protecting
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There are four layers within the exterior wall of the hoof. From the outside, a hoof is made up of the stratum externum, the stratum medium, the stratum internum and the dermis parietis. The stratum externum and the stratum medium are difficult to distinguish, the stratum externum is thin and the
978:
Lameness, behind infertility and mastitis, is the biggest cause of economic loss to a dairy farmer (Weaver, A., 2006). Many farmers and veterinarians have used a phase that distinguished that if the animal has bad hooves then it is of no use, the most common version of this phrase is used with
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to make the process quicker and less physically demanding on the hoof trimmer. A hoof trimmer using modern machinery may trim the hooves of more than 10,000 cows per year. The trimmer shapes the hooves to provide the optimal weight-bearing surface. A freshly trimmed hoof may be treated with
214:, a soft tissue structure that allows the hoof to withstand the demands of force transmission it undergoes. This tissue structure binds the inner surface of the hoof wall, the dermis parietis and the outer surface of the third phalanx.
271:, the "hoof" is not properly a hoof – it is not a hard or rubbery sole with a hard wall formed by a thick nail – instead it is a soft toe with little more than a nail merely having an appearance of a hoof.
366:
is cloven, or divided, into two approximately equal parts, usually called claws. Approximately 95% of lameness in dairy cattle occurs in the feet. Lameness in dairy cows can reduce
823:
Goulet, Catherine; Olive, Julien; Rossier, Yves; Beauchamp, Guy (2015-11-01). "RADIOGRAPHIC AND ANATOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DORSAL HOOF WALL LAYERS IN NONlAMINITIC HORSES".
315:
enough by use, such as in the dairy industry, hooves may need to be trimmed. However, too much wear can result in damage of the hooves, and for this reason,
869:
Douglas, Janet E.; Thomason, Jeffrey J. (2000). "Shape, Orientation and
Spacing of the Primary Epidermal Laminae in the Hooves of Neonatal and Adult Horses
739:"Why are There Fewer Marsupials than Placentals? On the Relevance of Geography and Physiology to Evolutionary Patterns of Mammalian Diversity and Disparity"
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production and fertility, and cause reproductive problems and suffering. For dairy farm profitability, lameness, behind only infertility and
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381:. Hooves can be trimmed with a sharp knife while the cow is restrained and positioned with ropes. Professional hoof-trimming tend to use
256:
rocky slopes as well as additional drag on loose or slippery surfaces made of ice, dirt, or snow. Other cloven-hooved animals (such as
331:
Within the equine world, the expression, "no foot, no horse" emphasizes the importance of hoof health. Hoof care is important in the
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are even-toed ungulates, species whose feet have an even number of digits; the ruminants with two digits are the most numerous, e.g.
1034:
1152:"A head and hooves burial beneath a round barrow, with other Neolithic and Bronze Age sites on Hemp Knoll, near Avebury, Wiltshire"
282:) have one hoof on each foot; others have (or had) three distinct hooved or heavily nailed toes, or one hoof and two dewclaws. The
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960:
Aoki, Yasuhiro (2006). "Changes in walking parameters of milking cows after hoof trimming|(Aoki, Y. et al., 2006)".
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1087:"A survey of United States dairy hoof care professionals on costs associated with treatment of foot disorders"
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Hooves have historical significance in ceremonies and games. They have been used in burial ceremonies.
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Weaver, A. D. (1985-01-01). "Lameness in cattle—Investigational and diagnostic check lists".
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The term "cloven hoof" therefore being a technical misnomer as nothing is actually "cloven".
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is a special case, having three toes on each hind foot and four toes on each front foot.
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Tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick and horny keratin covering
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stratum medium is what makes up the bulk of the hoof wall. Inside the hoof wall is a
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are used by animals that routinely walk on hard surfaces and carry heavy weight.
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Dolecheck, K.A.; Dwyer, R.M.; Overton, M.W.; Bewley, J.M. (September 2018).
992:"Common hoof problems : Horse : University of Minnesota Extension"
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was created from a revision of this article dated 12 February 2023
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682:"The Phylogeny and Classification of Tapiromorph Perissodactyls (Mammalia)"
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249:. Most of these cloven-hooved animals also have two smaller hooves called
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42:
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O'Grady, Stephen E. (2008). "Basic
Farriery for the Performance Horse".
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Keller, Anna; Clauss, Marcus; Muggli, Evelyne; Nuss, Karl (2009-07-15).
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30:"Cow toe" redirects here. For prostration in East Asian cultures, see
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Shearer, Jan K.; Sarel Rens Van Amstel; Adrian
Gonzalez (2005).
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626:"Even-toed but uneven in length: the digits of artiodactyls"
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76:, which is covered and strengthened with a thick and horny
128:. Although hooves are limb structures primarily found in
918:
A Beast the Color of Winter: The
Mountain Goat Observed
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Hoof trimmers trim and care for bovine hooves, usually
245:) have two main hooves on each foot, together called a
921:. U of Nebraska Press. 1 February 2002. p. 52.
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Veterinary
Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
310:, India, to prevent them from wearing out too much.
267:In some so-called "cloven-hooved" animals, such as
449:hooves: front with four toes, back with three toes
737:Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (22 December 2012).
302:is being nailed on the hooves of a bull used for
374:, is the third most important cow health issue.
339:care include hoof cracks, thrush, abscesses and
116:mammals have an odd number of toes, e.g. the
49:) have cloven hooves with prominent dewclaws.
8:
1154:. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.
1126:"HOOF TRIMMING CHUTE ANKA PRO 2.0 (380V)"
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185:The hoof surrounds the distal end of the
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943:"Why Do Only Some Horses Wear Shoes?"
825:Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound
201:, the bars of the hoof, the sole and
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335:. Problems that can arise with poor
355:Trimming the hoof of a cow with an
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699:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1999.tb00270.x
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974:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00326.x
680:Holbrook, Luke T. (1999-09-01).
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136:possessed hoofed forelimbs. The
1150:M. E. Robertson-Mackay (1980).
746:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
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1026:Manual of foot care in cattle
1064:10.1016/0007-1935(85)90123-X
979:equines, "No hoof no horse."
132:mammals, hadrosaurs such as
392:copper sulfate pentahydrate
197:. The hoof consists of the
157:Sagittal section of a wild
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1052:British Veterinary Journal
1029:. Hoard's Dairyman Books.
802:10.1016/j.cveq.2007.12.002
645:10.1016/j.zool.2008.11.001
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758:10.1007/s10914-012-9220-3
175:yellow: digital cushion;
1091:Journal of Dairy Science
601:"the definition of hoof"
1167:Cite journal requires
1104:10.3168/jds.2018-14718
962:Animal Science Journal
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534:Listen to this article
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875:Cells Tissues Organs
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264:) have no dewclaws.
163:Pink: soft tissues;
461:Cloven hooves of a
387:hoof trimming crush
219:even-toed ungulates
47:Capreolus capreolus
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276:odd-toed ungulates
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165:light gray: bone;
65:) is the tip of a
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928:978-0-8032-6421-2
887:10.1159/000016744
837:10.1111/vru.12280
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431:Rear hooves of a
385:and some type of
177:dark gray: frog;
145:also had hooves.
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187:second phalanx
179:orange: sole;
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82:Artiodactyls
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968:: 103–109.
394:to prevent
247:cloven hoof
149:Description
1187:Categories
1006:2016-11-30
686:Cladistics
666:2019-12-14
610:2016-11-30
581:Audio help
572:2023-02-12
528:References
494:Horse hoof
470:In culture
379:dairy cows
337:horse hoof
317:horseshoes
290:Management
262:pronghorns
193:, and the
159:horse hoof
124:, and the
122:rhinoceros
80:covering.
1198:Ungulates
845:1740-8261
724:221584511
708:1096-0031
489:Hoof glue
341:laminitis
221:(such as
199:hoof wall
142:Chaeropus
138:marsupial
130:placental
903:36816180
895:10765026
853:26226838
810:18314044
766:18789008
716:34902952
653:19386479
583: ·
478:See also
396:foot rot
372:mastitis
364:cow hoof
308:Chinawal
258:giraffes
252:dewclaws
71:ungulate
43:roe deer
18:Cow hoof
1130:CowCare
1072:3995246
633:Zoology
570: (
541:minutes
417:giraffe
402:Gallery
321:oxshoes
86:giraffe
78:keratin
1135:29 May
1110:29 May
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347:Cattle
327:Horses
300:oxshoe
280:equids
269:camels
235:cattle
189:, the
171:corium
120:, the
108:, and
98:cattle
74:mammal
69:of an
63:hooves
32:kowtow
899:S2CID
762:S2CID
742:(PDF)
720:S2CID
660:(PDF)
629:(PDF)
505:Notes
433:horse
304:draft
284:tapir
274:Some
239:bison
227:goats
223:sheep
217:Most
169:red:
126:tapir
118:horse
110:sheep
94:bison
1173:help
1137:2024
1112:2024
1068:PMID
1031:ISBN
923:ISBN
891:PMID
849:PMID
841:ISSN
806:PMID
712:PMID
704:ISSN
649:PMID
484:Claw
368:milk
319:and
260:and
243:pigs
241:and
231:deer
203:frog
106:pigs
102:goat
90:deer
55:hoof
53:The
1099:doi
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298:An
67:toe
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