422:
566:. This suggests that they are vulnerable and sensitive to overfishing, and their populations cannot easily bounce back after these events. Even though rays have been used as a scapegoat to explain the decline in bivalves, some studies have found that cownose rays do not consume a great deal of oysters or clams. Other studies have found that much of the shellfish prey that the cownose ray consumes is influenced by the size of the shell, so it has been suggested that oyster growers protect their shellfish until their shell reaches a certain size.
534:. Male and female rays will come to the Bay in the late spring and leave in the fall. While occupying the Chesapeake Bay, the female rays and her pups will live in the estuarine waters. Males have been observed leaving the Bay earlier than the females to arrive at a second feeding ground, and the reason for taking a longer migration route is not fully known. One hypothesis is that males exit the Bay to reduce competition of certain resources, such as food and shelter.
612:
93:
49:
68:
485:
360:
designed for crushing clams and oyster shells. Male rays often reach about 2.5 feet (0.76 m) in width, while females typically reach about 3 feet (0.9 m) in width. The cownose ray is often mistaken for being a shark by beach-goers due to the tips of the rays fins sticking out of the water, often resembling the dorsal fin of a shark.
497:
Cownose rays breed from April through
October. Rays will not reach a mature age until they are roughly 70% of the way to their maximum size. Females reach maturity between ages 7–8, while males reach maturity between ages 6–7. The lifespan of the cownose ray varies by sex; the oldest female ray that
582:
Stingrays, including the cownose ray, can pose a low to moderate risk to humans. Rays will lash their tails when threatened, posing a risk of being whipped. If threatened, the cownose ray can also use their barb as a weapon to sting the aggressor. A sting from a cownose ray can cause a very painful
464:
and the opening and closing of their jaw. Because of the type of prey cownose rays consume, their jaw needs to be able to handle the hard-shell organisms. Their jaws are extremely robust and have teeth with a hardness comparable to that of cement. Their cephalic lobes also assist with capturing and
359:
A cownose ray is typically brown-backed with a slightly white or yellow belly. Although its coloration is not particularly distinctive, its shape is easily recognizable. It has a broad head with wide-set eyes, and a pair of distinctive lobes on its subrostral fin. It also has a set of dental plates
279:
Cownose rays prefer to live in shallower, coastal waters or estuaries. Size, lifespan, and maturity differ between male and female rays. Rays have a distinct shape, and it has two lobes at the front of its head, resembling a cow nose. Cownose rays can live between 16 and 21 years, depending on sex.
561:
in the northwest
Atlantic Ocean has been cited and used to link cownose ray overpopulation to the decrease in large coastal sharks, which therefore cause bivalves populations valuable for commercial reasons to be depleted; however, there is little evidence that supports this hypothesis. Campaigns
562:
such as "Save the Bay, Eat a Ray" in the
Chesapeake Bay used these claims to promote the fishery of these rays in hopes of preserving the Bay, which can be detrimental to this species. Cownose rays reach a mature age later in their lifecycle and long gestation periods, meaning that they are a
1071:
Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Avalos, C.; Blanco-Parra, M.P.; Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Crysler, Z.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pacoureau, N.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J. & Dulvy, N.K. (2020).
623:
worldwide and are often featured in special 'touch tanks' where visitors can reach into a wide but shallow pool containing the fish, which have often had their barbs pinched or taken off (they eventually regrow, similar to human nails), making them safe enough to touch.
529:
Rays often travel and migrate in large schools based on size and sex. Their migration pattern consists of rays moving north in late Spring and moving south in late Fall. Much of what we know about their migration has been from studies done in the
583:
wound that requires medical attention once stung. While the sting is not usually fatal, it can be fatal if stung in the abdomen. There is also a risk associated with eating meat from the sea animal that has not been prepared correctly.
403:
because of the areas they occupy. This allows for the rays to have the potential to live in a wider range of habitats if one area gets too crowded and competition for resources is high. Cownose rays are known to be abundant in the
1907:
1396:
Collins, Angela B.; Heupel, Michelle R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A. (2008-12-01). "Spatial
Distribution and Long-term Movement Patterns of Cownose Rays Rhinoptera bonasus Within an Estuarine River".
453:. The cownose ray tends to feed either in the early morning hours or in the late afternoon hours, when the waves are calm and visibility is higher than during the day. Their feeding occurs in the
307:. The species has been subjected to overfishing due to the perceived threat of overpopulation in the Chesapeake Bay. There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays.
1446:
Sasko, Desirée E.; Dean, Mason N.; Motta, Philip J.; Hueter, Robert E. (2006-08-16). "Prey capture behavior and kinematics of the
Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus".
569:
There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays, besides the fact that cownose ray killing contests have been banned in the state of
Maryland.
408:
and migrate to the area for mating and nursery purposes, typically in the late spring and summer time. Rays are typically spotted near the surface of waters as well.
2399:
1273:
Grubbs, R. Dean; Carlson, John K.; Romine, Jason G.; Curtis, Tobey H.; McElroy, W. David; McCandless, Camilla T.; Cotton, Charles F.; Musick, John A. (2016-02-15).
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861:
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The cownose ray sits fairly high up on the food chain, and as a result only has a few natural predators. These predators include;
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759:
292:. They are migratory creatures, where they migrate South in the winter and North in the summer. The rays are known to occupy the
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When threatened the cownose ray can use the barb at the base of its tail to defend itself from the threat. A cownose ray has a
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The following aquariums and zoos are known to have touch tanks featuring cownose rays (alone or with other fish):
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717:
711:
2110:
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Cownose ray teeth and mouthparts. Stingray teeth consist of interlocking bars (dental plates) that crush food.
2313:
1984:
1821:
783:
672:
666:
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554:. The overfishing is due to the perception that rays destroy oyster beds meant for the shellfish industry.
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1746:
1241:
Life history, trophic ecology, & prey handling by cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, from
Chesapeake Bay
825:
747:
498:
has been recorded was 21, and the oldest male ray was 18, which were both observed in the
Chesapeake Bay.
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265:
224:
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2009:
804:
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207:
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819:
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grows within its mother until it is ready to hatch. Rays have a longer gestation period due to their
30:
This article is about the ray common in the western
Atlantic. For other species of cownose rays, see
371:, close to the ray's body. This spine has teeth lining its lateral edges, and is coated with a weak
2549:
2060:
933:
793:
387:
Cownose rays are migratory and social creatures and reside on the east coast of the United States,
57:
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551:
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87:
72:
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1180:
990:
849:
810:
654:
1151:
Omori, Kristen L.; Fisher, Robert A. (2017-11-01). "Summer and fall movement of cownose ray,
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972:
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909:
873:
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777:
558:
364:
273:
164:
48:
1243:. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Virginia Sea Grant, College of William and Mary.
1459:
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1959:
1847:
1315:
994:
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from a cownose ray that has been contaminated with the bacteria. This bacteria causes
2538:
2425:
1082:
547:
502:
304:
77:
1904:"You can touch a stingray at new exhibit at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium"
1073:
264:(the East Atlantic populations are now generally considered a separate species, the
2339:
454:
1796:
517:
is believed to last between 11 and 12 months, and at full term, the offspring are
2284:
1613:
Fisher, Robert A.; Call, Garrett C.; Grubbs, R. Dean (2011-04-01). "Cownose Ray (
2456:
2438:
2386:
2293:
1929:
885:
592:
257:
1580:
1563:
1467:
2140:
1564:"Use of a nursery area by cownose rays (Rhinopteridae) in southeastern Brazil"
1417:
1176:
1155:, along the east coast of United States observed with pop-up satellite tags".
1023:
1004:
956:
518:
438:
317:
285:
184:
174:
31:
1638:
1599:
1475:
1425:
1306:
1275:"Critical assessment and ramifications of a purported marine trophic cascade"
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430:
376:
253:
104:
17:
1483:
1324:
2482:
1873:
1562:
Rangel, Bianca S.; Rodrigues, Alexandre; Moreira, Renata G. (2018-03-26).
484:
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434:
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289:
249:
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154:
124:
1590:
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2365:
1274:
442:
396:
1298:
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2118:
2035:
1747:"Stingray Touchpool | Aquarium Exhibits | Explore Aquarium"
1716:
506:
388:
346:
335:
327:
261:
114:
2255:
610:
483:
474:
420:
372:
368:
276:, a group that is shared by bat rays, manta rays, and eagle rays.
2352:
2495:
588:
446:
281:
2259:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
433:
diet, meaning it feeds upon hard-shelled organisms, such as
465:
handling their prey by pushing them towards their mouth.
488:
Cownose rays swimming in shallows in the Gulf of Mexico
1527:"Cownose Rays in the Chesapeake Bay: What do we know?"
2010:"Stingrays at Caribbean Cove presented by SSM Health"
280:
Rays feed upon organisms with harder shells, such as
399:. Cownose rays are able to tolerate a wide range of
395:. They prefer to live in near coastal waters and in
2268:
940:South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston South Carolina
449:, which have softer shells and are categorized as
838:National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium
460:The rays are able to capture their prey through
1772:"Stingray Touch - Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum"
816:Memphis Zoo and Aquarium in Memphis, Tennessee
1097:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60128A3088381.en
248:found throughout a large part of the western
8:
1960:"Petting Zoo -Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch"
1373:NOAA Fisheries Service Apex Predator Program
862:North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores
1617:) Predation Relative to Bivalve Ontogeny".
2256:
1848:"SeaTrek Helmet Diving at OdySea Aquarium"
790:Long Island Aquarium and Exhibition Center
375:that causes symptoms similar to that of a
66:
47:
38:
1589:
1579:
1314:
1095:
979:Wonders of Wildlife Museum & Aquarium
603:, pain, fever, and possible dehydration.
345:comes from the Ancient Greek for bison (
272:)). These rays also belong to the order
2230:"Stingray Beach - Assiniboine Park Zoo"
2171:"Ray Bay - Ripley's Aquarium of Canada"
1822:"Downtown Aquarium Denver Visitor Info"
1382:from the original on February 22, 2016.
1054:
542:The cownose ray is currently listed as
481:, and humans who like to fish for them.
1797:"Cownose Ray - Atlantic City Aquarium"
1498:"Cownose Ray | Chesapeake Bay Program"
1209:from the original on November 19, 2018
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
880:Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden
1543:from the original on 13 November 2020
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
457:zone, or at the bottom of the ocean.
7:
2201:"Vancouver Aquarium - Discover Rays"
1663:from the original on October 6, 2018
1391:
1389:
1336:
1334:
1854:from the original on 24 August 2018
1727:from the original on 24 August 2018
1083:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
684:Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, Illinois
299:In 2019, the species was listed as
2151:from the original on 2 August 2017
1366:"Commercial Fishery Species Guide"
513:species attributes. The length of
25:
2560:Fish of the Eastern United States
2240:from the original on 20 June 2019
2181:from the original on 13 July 2017
1985:"Touch a ray at friendship flats"
1940:from the original on 8 April 2023
1930:"Ray Bay: Interactive Touch Tank"
1717:"Adventure Aquarium - Camden, NJ"
1347:Florida Museum of Natural History
898:Ripley's Aquarium of Myrtle Beach
760:IMAG History & Science Center
619:Cownose rays can be seen in many
550:due to extensive overfishing and
2545:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2016:from the original on 5 June 2019
1910:from the original on 3 July 2021
1828:from the original on 5 June 2019
1353:from the original on 2016-04-27.
904:Ripley’s Aquarium of the Smokies
700:Children's Aquarium at Fair Park
91:
2211:from the original on 2017-08-01
2092:from the original on 2012-02-25
2067:from the original on 2017-08-17
2042:from the original on 2018-04-07
1991:from the original on 2021-03-03
1966:from the original on 2017-12-01
1884:from the original on 2021-04-27
1803:from the original on 2018-11-19
1778:from the original on 2017-12-01
1753:from the original on 2018-11-30
1697:from the original on 2018-10-06
1508:from the original on 2021-05-17
1364:Ball, Michael (July 16, 2012).
1157:Environmental Biology of Fishes
900:in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
864:in Emerald Isle, North Carolina
1038:in Vancouver, British Columbia
688:California Academy of Sciences
615:The underside of a cownose ray
1:
1902:Bicak, Carol (21 June 2014).
1619:Journal of Shellfish Research
892:Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch
750:in Panama City Beach, Florida
27:Species of cartilaginous fish
2565:Fish of the Western Atlantic
965:in St. Petersburg, Florida (
772:Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens
690:in San Francisco, California
681:in Sioux Falls, South Dakota
679:Butterfly House and Aquarium
669:in Atlantic City, New Jersey
661:Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
587:may be acquired from eating
347:
336:
328:
2175:Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
1030:Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
429:The cownose ray exhibits a
2586:
2036:"The San Antonio Aquarium"
1581:10.1590/1982-0224-20170089
1468:10.1016/j.zool.2005.12.005
1239:Fisher, Robert A. (2012).
975:in West Orange, New Jersey
882:in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
706:Clearwater Marine Aquarium
645:in Albuquerque, New Mexico
29:
1721:www.adventureaquarium.com
1418:10.1007/s12237-008-9100-5
1349:. University of Florida.
1177:10.1007/s10641-017-0654-6
1001:Greensboro Science Center
947:in Chattanooga, Tennessee
730:Fort Wayne Children's Zoo
718:Downtown Aquarium, Denver
712:Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
675:in Long Beach, California
651:in New Orleans, Louisiana
493:Reproduction and lifespan
213:
206:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
41:
1657:Encyclopaedia Britannica
981:in Springfield, Missouri
953:in Corpus Christi, Texas
936:in Shreveport, Louisiana
906:in Gatlinburg, Tennessee
870:in Gulfport, Mississippi
846:in Boston, Massachusetts
844:The New England Aquarium
822:in Gulfport, Mississippi
780:in Kansas City, Missouri
774:in Jacksonville, Florida
768:in Indianapolis, Indiana
538:Threats and conservation
383:Habitat and distribution
1568:Neotropical Ichthyology
813:in Norwalk, Connecticut
807:in Ponce Inlet, Florida
673:Aquarium of the Pacific
599:. Symptoms can include
2570:Fish described in 1815
2061:"Texas State Aquarium"
1534:Chesapeake Bay Program
1036:The Vancouver Aquarium
987:in Rotterdam, New York
912:in St. Louis, Missouri
876:in Scottsdale, Arizona
834:in Mystic, Connecticut
826:Mote Marine Laboratory
786:in Glen, New Hampshire
784:Living Shores Aquarium
762:in Fort Myers, Florida
748:Gulf World Marine Park
732:in Fort Wayne, Indiana
708:in Clearwater, Florida
667:Atlantic City Aquarium
616:
573:Relationship to humans
521:, exiting tail first.
489:
426:
296:in the summer months.
266:Lusitanian cownose ray
1502:www.chesapeakebay.net
1044:in Winnipeg, Manitoba
918:in San Antonio, Texas
852:in Brooklyn, New York
805:Marine Science Center
738:in Fresno, California
696:in Solomons, Maryland
694:Calvert Marine Museum
639:in Camden, New Jersey
614:
487:
424:
2234:Assiniboine Park Zoo
1934:Long Island Aquarium
1631:10.2983/035.030.0126
1398:Estuaries and Coasts
1343:"Rhinoptera bonasus"
1090:: e.T60128A3088381.
1042:Assiniboine Park Zoo
951:Texas State Aquarium
930:in Chicago, Illinois
916:San Antonio Aquarium
858:in Newport, Kentucky
828:in Sarasota, Florida
820:Mississippi Aquarium
724:The Florida Aquarium
643:Albuquerque Aquarium
595:, and can result in
397:estuarian ecosystems
391:, as well as in the
341:). The species name
2086:"Cownose Sting Ray"
1536:. 22 October 2015.
1460:2006Zool..109..171S
1410:2008EstCo..31.1174C
1291:2016NatSR...620970G
1199:"Cownose Ray Facts"
1169:2017EnvBF.100.1435O
1032:in Toronto, Ontario
967:The Rays Touch Tank
934:Shreveport Aquarium
924:in Orlando, Florida
894:in Picacho, Arizona
888:in Phoenix, Arizona
794:Riverhead, New York
744:in Atlanta, Georgia
720:in Denver, Colorado
505:, meaning that the
58:Conservation status
2555:Ovoviviparous fish
2314:rhinoptera-bonasus
2300:Rhinoptera bonasus
2270:Rhinoptera bonasus
2121:on 22 January 2021
1685:Rhinoptera bonasus
1615:Rhinoptera bonasus
1341:Kittle, Kimberly.
1279:Scientific Reports
1153:Rhinoptera bonasus
1076:Rhinoptera bonasus
1018:Aquarium of Quebec
945:Tennessee Aquarium
756:in Omaha, Nebraska
736:Fresno Chaffee Zoo
663:in Tucson, Arizona
637:Adventure Aquarium
617:
564:K-selected species
552:commercial fishing
490:
441:, but they prefer
427:
244:) is a species of
241:Rhinoptera bonasus
217:Rhinoptera bonasus
2532:
2531:
2504:Open Tree of Life
2262:Taxon identifiers
2141:"Quebec Aquarium"
1299:10.1038/srep20970
1163:(11): 1435–1449.
991:Virginia Aquarium
850:New York Aquarium
811:Maritime Aquarium
801:in Tampa, Florida
726:in Tampa, Florida
655:Aquarium of Boise
501:Cownose rays are
479:hammerhead sharks
321:is named for the
270:R. marginata
232:
231:
81:
16:(Redirected from
2577:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2459:
2457:NHMSYS0020552622
2447:
2446:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2381:
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2368:
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2355:
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2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
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2302:
2289:
2288:
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2257:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:. Archived from
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1878:www.omahazoo.com
1874:"Stingray Beach"
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1443:
1430:
1429:
1404:(6): 1174–1183.
1393:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1270:
1253:
1252:
1236:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1148:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1068:
1007:, North Carolina
922:SeaWorld Orlando
868:Ocean Adventures
856:Newport Aquarium
840:in Dubuque, Iowa
766:Indianapolis Zoo
754:Henry Doorly Zoo
742:Georgia Aquarium
702:in Dallas, Texas
649:Audubon Aquarium
417:Diet and feeding
350:
339:
331:
325:words for nose (
219:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
51:
39:
21:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2478:Observation.org
2476:
2468:
2463:
2455:
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2115:Turtle Back Zoo
2109:
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1203:Saint Louis Zoo
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973:Turtle Back Zoo
963:Tropicana Field
959:in Toledo, Ohio
910:Saint Louis Zoo
874:OdySea Aquarium
832:Mystic Aquarium
778:Kansas City Zoo
714:in Powell, Ohio
657:in Boise, Idaho
633:
609:
580:
575:
559:trophic cascade
540:
527:
495:
471:
419:
414:
385:
357:
315:The genus name
313:
274:Myliobatiformes
228:
221:
215:
202:
199:R. bonasus
165:Myliobatiformes
90:
82:
71:
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35:
28:
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1693:. 2017-05-11.
1691:Florida Museum
1674:
1644:
1625:(1): 187–196.
1605:
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1454:(3): 171–181.
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995:Virginia Beach
988:
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799:Lowry Park Zoo
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629:
621:public aquaria
608:
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579:
578:Risk to humans
576:
574:
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539:
536:
532:Chesapeake Bay
526:
523:
494:
491:
470:
467:
418:
415:
413:
410:
406:Chesapeake Bay
393:Gulf of Mexico
384:
381:
356:
353:
312:
309:
294:Chesapeake Bay
230:
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145:Elasmobranchii
142:
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135:Chondrichthyes
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2111:"Animals A-Z"
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2015:
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1701:September 25,
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548:IUCN Red List
545:
537:
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516:
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508:
504:
503:ovoviviparous
499:
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323:Ancient Greek
320:
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305:IUCN Red List
302:
297:
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209:
208:Binomial name
205:
201:
200:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:Rhinopteridae
173:
170:
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63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2269:
2242:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2114:
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2080:
2069:. Retrieved
2055:
2044:. Retrieved
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2004:
1993:. Retrieved
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1897:
1886:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1766:
1755:. Retrieved
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1690:
1684:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1591:11449/164039
1571:
1567:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1533:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1451:
1447:
1401:
1397:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1285:(1): 20970.
1282:
1278:
1240:
1211:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1101:. Retrieved
1087:
1081:
1075:
939:
626:
618:
581:
568:
556:
541:
528:
500:
496:
472:
459:
428:
386:
362:
358:
342:
334:
333:) and wing (
326:
316:
314:
298:
278:
269:
260:to southern
240:
239:
235:
233:
216:
214:
198:
197:
185:
151:Superorder:
42:Cownose ray
36:
18:Cownosed ray
2439:NatureServe
2387:iNaturalist
2294:Wikispecies
1103:18 November
985:ViaAquarium
886:Phoenix Zoo
593:shigellosis
439:crustaceans
431:durophagous
355:Description
286:crustaceans
258:New England
236:cownose ray
2550:Rhinoptera
2539:Categories
2215:2017-08-01
2125:12 January
2096:2011-01-09
2071:2017-08-16
2046:2018-04-07
1995:2021-04-13
1970:2017-11-25
1888:2021-07-03
1807:2017-10-28
1782:2017-11-25
1757:2018-11-30
1653:"Stingray"
1512:2021-07-03
1049:References
1024:Granby Zoo
1005:Greensboro
997:, Virginia
957:Toledo Zoo
544:vulnerable
511:K-selected
401:salinities
318:Rhinoptera
301:vulnerable
186:Rhinoptera
141:Subclass:
73:Vulnerable
32:Rhinoptera
2285:Q10360338
1914:23 August
1858:23 August
1731:23 August
1639:0730-8000
1600:1982-0224
1476:0944-2006
1426:1559-2731
1307:2045-2322
1249:793126326
1185:1573-5133
1026:in Granby
607:Aquariums
597:dysentery
525:Migration
519:born live
515:gestation
469:Predation
377:bee sting
254:Caribbean
193:Species:
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
2444:2.102562
2405:10151263
2361:FishBase
2353:46560999
2279:Wikidata
2238:Archived
2209:Archived
2185:1 August
2179:Archived
2155:1 August
2149:Archived
2090:Archived
2065:Archived
2040:Archived
2014:Archived
1989:Archived
1964:Archived
1938:Archived
1908:Archived
1882:Archived
1852:Archived
1826:Archived
1801:Archived
1776:Archived
1751:Archived
1725:Archived
1695:Archived
1661:Archived
1538:Archived
1506:Archived
1484:16777392
1377:Archived
1375:. NOAA.
1351:Archived
1325:26876514
1207:Archived
601:diarrhea
585:Shigella
451:bivalves
443:scallops
435:mollusks
412:Behavior
311:Taxonomy
290:mollusks
250:Atlantic
246:Batoidea
225:Mitchill
171:Family:
155:Batoidea
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
78:IUCN 3.1
2379:5215777
2244:20 June
1456:Bibcode
1448:Zoology
1406:Bibcode
1316:4753470
1287:Bibcode
1165:Bibcode
546:by the
462:suction
455:benthic
367:with a
348:bonasos
343:bonasus
303:on the
256:, from
227:, 1815)
181:Genus:
161:Order:
131:Class:
76: (
2522:158544
2509:197732
2496:158544
2483:794498
2470:118255
2418:160985
2327:182160
2309:ARKive
2020:5 June
1832:5 June
1637:
1598:
1547:3 July
1482:
1474:
1424:
1323:
1313:
1305:
1247:
1183:
1012:Canada
507:embryo
389:Brazil
337:pteron
329:rhinos
262:Brazil
2517:WoRMS
2431:60128
2400:IRMNG
2392:82385
2340:4S9R4
1944:7 May
1574:(1).
1541:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1380:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
475:cobia
447:clams
373:venom
369:toxin
365:spine
288:, or
282:clams
2491:OBIS
2465:NCBI
2426:IUCN
2413:ITIS
2374:GBIF
2366:2584
2322:BOLD
2246:2019
2187:2017
2157:2017
2127:2020
2022:2019
1946:2023
1916:2018
1860:2018
1834:2019
1733:2018
1703:2018
1669:2018
1635:ISSN
1596:ISSN
1549:2021
1480:PMID
1472:ISSN
1422:ISSN
1321:PMID
1303:ISSN
1245:OCLC
1215:2018
1181:ISSN
1105:2021
1088:2020
589:meat
557:The
252:and
234:The
2452:NBN
2348:EoL
2335:CoL
1627:doi
1586:hdl
1576:doi
1464:doi
1452:109
1414:doi
1311:PMC
1295:doi
1173:doi
1161:100
1092:doi
1003:in
993:in
792:in
445:or
351:).
2541::
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2493::
2480::
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2337::
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2236:.
2232:.
2207:.
2203:.
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2147:.
2143:.
2113:.
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2012:.
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1962:.
1936:.
1932:.
1906:.
1880:.
1876:.
1850:.
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1659:.
1655:.
1633:.
1623:30
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1584:.
1572:16
1570:.
1566:.
1532:.
1504:.
1500:.
1478:.
1470:.
1462:.
1450:.
1434:^
1420:.
1412:.
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1388:^
1371:.
1345:.
1333:^
1319:.
1309:.
1301:.
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1205:.
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