664:
866:. The former, who normally arose as a result of the division of land, always had a house and garden within the village, or within a farming community, something which was considered essential for reasons of protection and mutual assistance. Now, land that could be farmed, no matter how poor, was cleared elsewhere in the parish; often miles away from the village or nearest settlement, and in its middle, a so-called
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1158:
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617:. The agricultural improvement that transformed the rural economy of the Lowlands in the 18th century, created larger farms with fewer tenants. From the 1770s onwards, this left no place for the cottar: many migrated to the nearby developing industrial towns, others became farm servants or day labourers for the new larger farms.
924:
One definition of cottier in
Ireland (c. 1700–1850) was a person who rented a simple cabin and between one and one and a half acres of land upon which to grow potatoes, oats, and possibly flax. The ground was held on a year-to-year basis and rent was often paid in labour. Usually, the land available
936:
During the early decades of the nineteenth century, the situation for cottiers worsened considerably as the population continued to expand. This way of life was brought abruptly to a close by the effects of the potato blight, which resulted in death by starvation and disease of many peasants, with
783:
In return for the grant of a house and a plot of land for his own use, a Kossät not only had to pay interest in cash or in-kind (e.g. of chickens or grain), but also had to render services in the form of manual labour or provision of draught animals and harnesses, i.e. to assist with the harvest,
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level because of high rents and the competition for land and labour. The more prosperous cottier worked for his landlord and received cash after rent and other expenses were deducted. There was no incentive to improve a land holding, as any such improvement usually prompted a rent increase.
1091:
Ein Kossät musste als
Gegenleistung für die Überlassung eines Hauses und eines Grundstücks für eigene Bewirtschaftung an den Grundherrn nicht nur Zinsen in bar und Naturalien (z. B. Hühner, Getreide) sondern auch 'Hand- und Spanndienste' leisten, d. h. bei der Ernte helfen
762:
were generally sited on the edge of a village or were sub-divisions of an old farm. Because the return on their land was frequently insufficient to sustain their livelihood, they usually supplemented their income with a craft or trade, or by working as
628:
was spun and processed into textiles for export, than crops. The landowners raised rents to unaffordable prices or evicted entire villages in what became known as the
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472:
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were comparatively few, numbering fewer than seven thousand people. They were scattered unevenly throughout
England, located principally in the counties of
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1223:
1178:
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1262:
916:. The term translates as "Cow tenant". One of the functions of the Pachciarz krów was to supply the landowner with milk and other bovine produce.
802:
had another main occupation. They were e. g. teachers, craftsmen or, if their land was sufficient, farmers. Their land was beyond the fields (
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307:
632:. This resulted in the mass exodus of peasants and cotters, leading to an influx of former cotters into industrial centres, such as a burgeoning
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whose exact status has been the subject of some discussion among historians, and is still a matter of doubt. According to
Domesday, the
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for the 17th and most of the 18th century. They held small amounts of land from lease-holding farming tenants of the traditional
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to the cottier class was land that the owners considered unprofitable for any other use.
751:) were detached houses near German villages, used as homes and workshops. Many of these
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A cottar or cottier is also a term for a tenant who was renting land from a farmer or
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had a small vegetable garden that also provided a secondary source of income. Most
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719:(n ), was a villager in medieval Europe who lived in a simple dwelling known as a
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of 1845–49. After the Famine, the cottier class almost completely disappeared.
620:
Highland
Cottars (including on the islands, such as Mull) were affected by the
560:. They either cultivated a small plot of land or worked on the holdings of the
740:
614:
366:
236:
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D.J.Hickey & J.E.Doherty, Gill and
Macmillan, Dublin, 1980. Pp. 98-99.
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The Polish equivalent of the cotter (at least to the 19th century) was the
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624:. Landowners realized that they could make more money from sheep, whose
1182:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 253.
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Cottars were between a third and a half of the rural population of the
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was not really given an inheritance proper and he ranked below the
1163:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
662:
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1009:
The
Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600-1900
886:), none of this group inherited the family farm. Both groups of
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575:
353:
1215:
by Jacob Grimm and
Wilhelm Grimm, Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1854-1960
1107:
Die ländliche
Verfassung in den Provinzen Ost- und Westpreußen
846:
Around the middle of the 15th century, encouraged by a form of
38:
601:. They provided labour, especially at the peak times of
743:
and translates "who sits in a cottage". Cotter houses (
735:
is recorded in
Germany from the 14th century. The term
898:- were still higher in the social hierarchy than the
1105:c.f. e.g. August Haxthausen and Alexander Padberg:
779:); they had few cattle and no more than one horse.
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1033:"Critical Analysis, The Cotter's Saturday Night"
781:
975:Cottar is the preferred spelling for Scotland.
695:, singular and plural forms are identical, or
1129:, Michael Beames, pp. 352-354, Volume 2, 1975
466:
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8:
1123:"Cottiers and Conacre in pre‐famine Ireland"
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1109:. 1st vol., Königsberg, 1839, pp. 337 ff. (
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958:- the term used for clearances in England.
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639:Cottars were often idealised in Scottish
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1080:, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.421ff
994:
854:and by the rapid population growth, the
806:) allocated to the full-time farmers or
987:
968:
823:In the social agricultural hierarchy a
870:was built which was allocated to the
827:ranked below the full-time farmer or
7:
67:adding citations to reliable sources
1258:1770s disestablishments in Scotland
882:. Unlike the heirs or old farmers (
536:is often employed to translate the
1323:Social class in the United Kingdom
1194:Entry KOTHSASZ,KOTSASZ in Grimm's
25:
1293:History of the Scottish Highlands
1263:1849 disestablishments in Ireland
816:usually had a small share in the
1156:
937:consequent depopulation, of the
731:(sg./pl.) ("cottage"). The term
329:
149:
43:
524:for example). Cotters occupied
54:needs additional citations for
1139:A Dictionary of Irish History,
794:In most cases, the cottage or
643:of the 18th century, such as "
1:
755:/Cotter houses still remain.
651:and "The Farmer's Ingle" by
1060:, Siedler, 1999, pp.66-70,
645:The Cotter's Saturday Night
1344:
1328:Social history of Scotland
1303:Scottish words and phrases
1127:Journal of Peasant Studies
874:where he had to live. The
29:
1207:28 September 2007 at the
1078:Die Slawen in Deutschland
1283:German words and phrases
699:(n ), and especially in
520:farmer (formerly in the
143:Feudal titles and status
30:Not to be confused with
1313:Social class in Ireland
1308:Social class in Germany
1179:Encyclopædia Britannica
928:The cottier existed at
1318:Social class in Poland
1288:History of agriculture
1011:. London: Allen Lane.
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1273:Feudalism in Scotland
1268:Agriculture in Europe
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622:Industrial Revolution
528:and cultivated small
1219:More on the Kossäten
1213:Deutsches Wörterbuch
1196:Deutsches Wörterbuch
1037:robertburns.plus.com
1007:Devine, T M (2018).
419:(churl, free tenant)
78:"Cotter" farmer
63:improve this article
1202:KÖTER,KÖTHER,KÖTTER
630:Highland Clearances
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1076:Joachim Herrmann,
858:were divided into
758:The farmsteads of
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679:in eastern Germany
522:Scottish Highlands
322:Anglo-Saxon status
1056:Werner Buchholz,
963:Explanatory notes
595:Scottish Lowlands
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939:Great Famine
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61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
930:subsistence
818:common land
705:Mecklenburg
568:. Like the
532:. The word
516:term for a
244:Free tenant
1252:Categories
1042:10 January
983:References
896:Markkötter
876:Markkötter
872:Markkötter
868:Markkotten
864:Markkötter
841:Tagelöhner
769:Tagelöhner
741:Low German
709:Kossat(h)e
667:The home (
599:fermetouns
439:(cottager)
367:High-reeve
237:Husbandman
196:Liege lord
177:Mesne lord
89:newspapers
956:Enclosure
900:Heuerling
892:Erbkötter
884:Altbauern
880:Erbkötter
860:Erbkötter
829:Vollbauer
689:Köt(h)ner
603:ploughing
530:land lots
409:(bailiff)
388:housecarl
349:Ealdorman
207:Gentleman
1298:Peasants
1205:Archived
945:See also
839:and the
787:—
725:(n ) or
713:Kossater
697:Kotsasse
685:Kö(t)ter
677:Wuthenow
673:Kossäten
589:Scotland
583:landlord
539:cotarius
526:cottages
500:Kosatter
406:Verderer
393:retainer
384:Thingmen
258:Vagabond
230:Vavasour
218:Franklin
188:Overlord
1226:Knechte
1167::
1058:Pommern
951:Serfdom
920:Ireland
809:Hufnern
737:Kossäte
717:Kossäte
701:Prussia
671:) of a
659:Germany
634:Glasgow
611:weaving
607:harvest
571:villani
564:villani
553:cotarii
518:peasant
490:cottier
426:Villein
377:(thane)
269:Villein
226:Retinue
203:Esquire
103:scholar
32:Crofter
1242:Hufner
1238:Kätner
1234:Insten
1211:, in:
1174:Cotter
1161:
1145:
1111:online
1064:
1015:
906:Poland
890:- the
888:Kötter
856:Kötter
833:Büdner
825:Kötter
814:Kötter
812:. The
800:Kätner
773:oxgang
760:Kötter
753:Kotten
749:Kotten
733:Kötter
728:Kotten
711:(n ),
707:also
693:Kätner
669:Kotten
534:cotter
508:Kötter
494:cottar
486:Cotter
436:Cottar
429:(serf)
342:(king)
339:Cyning
277:Cottar
273:Bordar
222:Yeoman
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
18:Cottar
1230:Mägde
1094:from
1092:usw."
837:Inste
784:etc.
647:" by
613:, or
514:Scots
416:Ceorl
402:Reeve
374:Thegn
284:Slave
110:JSTOR
96:books
1240:and
1228:and
1143:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1044:2020
1013:ISBN
894:and
862:and
804:Flur
796:Kate
777:Hufe
745:Kate
722:Kate
703:and
626:wool
605:and
576:lord
546:, a
446:Þēow
363:Hold
354:Earl
265:Serf
192:Vogt
82:news
1176:".
843:).
747:or
675:in
504:or
65:by
1254::
1236:,
1232:,
1125:,
1113:).
1035:.
820:.
691:,
687:,
683:A
655:.
636:.
585:.
578:.
496:,
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