Lancashire Cotton Famine - Knowledge (XXG)

826:... I know and deeply deplore the sufferings which the workingmen at Manchester and in all Europe are called to endure in this crisis. It has been often and studiously represented that the attempt to overthrow this government, which was built upon the foundation of human rights, and to substitute for it one which should rest exclusively on the basis of human slavery, was likely to obtain the favor of Europe. Through the actions of our disloyal citizens the workingmen of Europe have been subjected to a severe trial, for the purpose of forcing their sanction to that attempt. Under these circumstances, I cannot but regard your decisive utterance upon the question as an instance of sublime Christian heroism which has not been surpassed in any age or in any country. It is, indeed, an energetic and reinspiring assurance of the inherent power of truth and of the ultimate and universal triumph of justice, humanity, and freedom. I do not doubt that the sentiments you have expressed will be sustained by your great nation, and, on the other hand, I have no hesitation in assuring you that they will excite admiration, esteem, and the most reciprocal feelings of friendship among the American people. I hail this interchange of sentiment, therefore, as an augury that, whatever else may happen, whatever misfortune may befall your country or my own, the peace and friendship which now exist between the two nations will be, as it shall be my desire to make them, perpetual. Abraham Lincoln 631:, one of the worst affected towns. Only five of the town's 39 factories and 24 machine shops were employing people full-time. Contributions were sent from all over the world for the relief of the cotton operatives in Cheshire and Lancashire and at one point three-quarters of Stalybridge workers were dependent on relief schemes. By 1863 there were 750 empty houses in the town. A thousand skilled men and women left the town in what became known as "The Panic". In 1863 the local relief committee decided to substitute a system of relief by ticket instead of money. The tickets were to be presented at the shops of local grocers. On Thursday 19 March a public meeting resolved to resist the tickets. On Friday 20 March 1863, the officials of the relief committee went to the thirteen schools to offer the tickets, the men refused the tickets and turned out onto the streets. They stoned the cab of the departing official and then broke the windows of the shops owned by members of the relief committee, then turned to the depots of the relief committee which they sacked. By evening, a company of 619:

more properly named the Lancashire and Cheshire Operatives Relief Fund, was set up on 16 May 1862, when £1,500 (equivalent to about £180,000 in 2024) was sent to the distressed districts. Benefactors all over the United Kingdom, the Empire and across the world, raised money for the appeal. Between April 1862 and April 1863, £473,749 was collected and distributed (about £57.3 million in 2024). The Central Committee was formed 20 June 1862, composed of mayors of the affected towns; it put out an appeal letter to other towns across the country. A third fund, set up in June 1862 for slightly different purposes, was the Cotton Districts Relief Fund, which became part of the Central Committee.

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Parliament to investigate the effects in Lancashire, where he started in May 1862 in Preston. He laid down a liberal interpretation of the Act and instructed gifts from charity should not be taken into account when assessing need. As an alternative to outdoor work, sewing classes were run by the churches which entitled the participants or "scholars" to receive benefit. Bible Reading classes followed and then industrial classes which taught reading, writing and simple maths with carpentry, shoemaking and tailoring. The Poor Law Unions were limited in the monies they could raise through rates and had no powers to borrow. Parliament passed the

1881: 789:. The Unionists believed that all the British public would now see this as an antislavery issue rather than an anti-protectionism issue and would pressure its government not to intervene in favour of the South. Many mill owners and workers resented the blockade and continued to see the war as an issue of tariffs against free trade. Attempts were made to run the blockade by ships from Liverpool, London and New York. 71,751 bales of American cotton reached Liverpool in 1862. Confederate flags were flown in many cotton towns. 837: 808:... the vast progress which you have made in the short space of twenty months fills us with hope that every stain on your freedom will shortly be removed, and that the erasure of that foul blot on civilisation and Christianity – chattel slavery – during your presidency, will cause the name of Abraham Lincoln to be honoured and revered by posterity. We are certain that such a glorious consummation will cement Great Britain and the United States in close and enduring regards. 33: 682: 391:, the first of the next generation of larger mills and at the time the world's largest mill with 138,000 spindles. With most raw cotton unavailable, mill owners had to either close mills and attempt to help the workers financially, use inferior cotton or bring new cotton into production. Surat was available but mainly used internally in British India. Some limited increase in production was achieved. Attempts were made to establish Sea Island in 663:. Schools had reopened but only 80 of the expected 1,700 students attended (agreed to be paid by ticket). Representatives were sent to the schools in the neighbouring towns to persuade the scholars to walk out but were met by soldiers. On the Tuesday the mobilisation ended, the relief committee offered to pay the outstanding tickets and to accept a delegation from the thirteen schools to discuss the matter further. The mayor offered that the MP 560: 5337: 5347: 702:

Victorian thinking this was wrong and some means was needed to provide paid work. Local authorities did have work that needed to be done but no legal way to borrow to pay for it. The Public Works Manufacturing Districts Act 1864 became law 2 July 1863. This allowed public authorities to borrow money for public works. Cotton operatives could now be employed on useful projects.

442: 709:. More important were the main sewers that were commissioned to replace the collapsing medieval drains and to bring sanitation to the hundreds of mill workers' cottages that supported the mills. Canals were dug, rivers straightened and new roads constructed such as the cobbled road on Rooley Moor above 891:

In a 2015 article, economic historian Walker Hanlon finds that the cotton famine significantly affected the direction of technological progress in domains relevant to textiles manufacturing using Indian cotton, particularly for gins, openers and scutchers, and carding machines. This manifested in the

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To moderate the effects of the cotton famine, the British tried to diversify its sources of cotton by making former subsistence farmers in British India, Egypt and elsewhere grow cotton for export often at the expense of staple food production. An attempt to grow cotton was also made on the island of

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A trickle of raw cotton reached Lancashire in late 1863 but failed to get to the worst affected regions, being swallowed up in Manchester. The cotton was adulterated with stones but its arrival caused the principal operators to bring in key operators to prepare the mills. The American Civil War ended

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would take the matter to parliament. The crowd believed that they had not lost relief and the ticket system would soon be abolished. The Stalybridge relief committee re-established authority. The Manchester Central Committee was critical of their poor management but they were being undermined by the

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in the region, employing 440,000 people who were paid in total £11,500,000 per annum, of whom 90 per cent were adults and 56 per cent female. The mills used 300,000 hp (220,000 kW), of which 18,500 (13,800 kW, 6.17 per cent) was generated by water power. The mills had 30.4 million

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The boom years of 1859 and 1860 had produced more woven cotton than could be sold and a cutback in production was needed. The situation was exacerbated by an overabundance of raw cotton held in the warehouses and dockyards of the ports and the market was flooded with finished goods, causing the price

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On Saturday 21 March, the magistrates released most of the prisoners but committed 28 for trial in Chester. They were taken to the railway station by police and soldiers, who were pelted with stones. A further public meeting demanded "money and bread" not "tickets". Rioters demanded bread at various

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built the new larger mills. Limited companies developed fastest in the areas with a room and power tradition. Municipal authorities did not have the legal power to borrow money to finance public works until the 1864 Act; before this they had to use their own reserves, which varied from town to town.

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and a strong co-operative tradition were quick to mitigate the social damage. The firms using them would rent the space and buy the machines on credit; cotton was cheap and the profit from the cloth was used to pay off the loan and provide a return for the risk. When cotton was unavailable they were

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Mill owners were also in difficulty as many of the smaller family-owned mills were mortgaged and if they stopped running the owners would fall behind with payments. Shopkeepers had no sales and could not afford the rents, workers defaulted on their rents and the landlord who stood the loss was often

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d/lb. The merchants were holding onto their cotton, speculating on a price rise. By the beginning of 1862, mills were being closed and workers laid off; one-third of the families in one Lancashire cotton town were in receipt of relief. The price of Middling Orleans, which had been produced at a cost

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It was initially believed that British warehoused stocks of cotton would be adequate to see out the anticipated brief conflict. As all the Union advances early on were driven back, it became clear to European observers that the war would not be over quickly. By December, Middling Orleans was selling

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of the Lord Mayor of London, which offered to distribute cash to scholars directly through the churches. The violence was blamed on outside agitators and the blame was put on an immigrant minority. Descriptions suggest about 3,500 participants, although there were only 1,700 scholars receiving aid.

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All those in work were encouraged to subscribe to charity and lists of subscribers were published. Local relief committees were set up to administer these funds, receiving other donations from the Mansion House Committee of London and Central Relief Committee of Manchester. The Mansion House Fund,

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MP, the Poor Law Commissioner who represented an industrial constituency, wrote to the Poor Law Unions in September 1861 warning them of potential famine and instructing them to fulfil their duties with Compassion. Money had to be raised locally on the parish rates. H. B. Farnell, was appointed by

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called a family meeting of mill owners, clergy and "respectable" residents to take charge of the situation. Two relief committees were formed which experimented unsuccessfully with soup kitchens then set about distributing thousands of pounds worth of provisions, coal, clogs and clothing. Calico

190:. The industry imported 1,390,938,752 lb (620,954.800 long tons; 630,919.205 t) of raw cotton a year. It exported 2.78 billion yards of cotton cloth and 197,343,655 lb (88,099.846 long tons; 89,513.576 t) of twist and yarn. The total value of its exports was £32 million. 169:

and leading to an immediate, protracted interruption of the cotton supply – initially by a voluntary boycott by Southern planters who believed a run on the cotton would quickly debilitate the British economy and force them to intervene on the South's behalf. By the time it became clear that this

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In March 1863, there were some 60,000–70,000 women attending sewing school and 20,000 men and boys attending classes. They were defined as doing useful work so could legally receive aid under the Poor Law legislation. There remained a further 25,000 men receiving aid but not doing any work. To

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from India were the least suitable for machinery and were only ever used as a small percentage of a mixture as the fibres were short and broke easily. Surat came in smaller bales which contained stones and other impurities. Each town in Lancashire used different mixtures and when the supply of

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utilizing four different gin designs over the course of four years, as well as a 19-30 percent reduction in wasted Indian cotton over the period from 1862 to 1868. Hanlon also finds that the relative price of Indian cotton to American cotton returned to its pre-Civil War level by 1874 despite

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that could be adjusted to use a different cotton, while others did not. Owners of "integrateds" (mills that both spun and wove) could better balance the workload, thus preserving the precious raw material for longer. Some cautious mill owners always held stock in hand, while others bought as

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The cotton industry had become highly specialised by the 1860s and the severity of the famine in different towns depended on many factors. Some towns were built around mills using short fibre American cotton, while others used the longer fibre Egyptian cotton still available. Some mills had

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to collapse, while at the same time the demand for raw cotton fell. The price for raw cotton increased by several hundred percent due to blockade and lack of imports. The inaccessibility of raw cotton and the difficult trading conditions caused a change in the social circumstances of the

149:. The region had swamped the American market with printed cottons and was speculatively exporting to India. The populations of some mill towns in Lancashire and the surrounding region had almost doubled, the profit to capital ratio was running at more than 30 per cent, and a 362:(also known as extra long staple), grown on the islands off the Carolina coast of America, was the best quality cotton; Egyptian — the name given to Sea Island cotton that had been introduced into Egypt — was the second best grade. The most common grades were the 437:

and after the enactment of 1864 Public Works Act, took a loan to extend the waterworks. The only recorded tension was when the Relief Committee mistakenly decided to auction, instead of distributing free, a gift of food from the American federal government.

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Sicily. With the ending of the American Civil War, these new cotton farmers became redundant and their cotton was hardly demanded. This led to their impoverishment and aggravated various famines in these countries in the second half of the 19th century.

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workforce. Factory owners no longer bought large quantities of raw cotton to process and large parts of Lancashire and the surrounding areas' workers became unemployed and went from being the most prosperous workers in Britain to the most impoverished.

300:); production had exceeded demand and short time working was inevitable. As indications came that trouble was possible, the American growers hurried to export their crop early. Almost enough of the 1861 crop reached Liverpool to supply the mills. 108:

Local relief committees were set up and appealed for money locally and nationally. There were two major funds, the Manchester Central Committee and the Mansion House Committee of the Lord Mayor of London. The poorest applied for relief under the

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in April 1865. In August 1864, the first large consignment arrived and Wooley Bridge mill in Glossop reopened, giving all operatives a four and half day week. Employment then returned to normal. Raw cotton prices had risen from

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hoped that distress in the European cotton manufacturing areas (similar hardships occurred in France), together with distaste in European ruling circles for democracy would lead to European intervention to force the

125:, cleaning rivers, landscaping parks and surfacing roads. In 1864, cotton imports were restored, the mills were put back into production but some towns had diversified and many thousands of operatives had emigrated. 117:. Local relief committees experimented with soup kitchens and direct aid. In 1862, sewing classes and industrial classes were organised by local churches and attendance merited a Poor Law payment. After the 4995: 2527: 5314: 5141: 2856: 583:

to find work for the fit. In rural communities this was stone breaking in the quarries, the mines etc. Outdoor work was quite unsuitable for men who had been working in the humid, heated mills, whose

5391: 84:. The increase in cotton prices caused the textile trade to rapidly lose two-thirds of its previous value of exports to China from 1861 to 1862. The worldwide cotton famine also produced a boom in 351:

d and bought by the merchants for 8d in 1861, rose to 2s. 3d. by October 1862, and to 2s. 5d. the following year. It is calculated that the merchants had a windfall of £35 million.

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in Rusholme. The Federal American government sent a gift of food to the people of Lancashire. The first consignment was sent aboard the George Griswold. Other ships were the Hope and Achilles.

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known as the "Cotton Famine Road". The public works commissioned in this period left a major impression on the infrastructure of the towns of Lancashire and the surrounding cotton areas.

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Of the 1,390,938,752 lb of raw cotton 1,115,890,608 lb came from America.(80 per cent). At the end of 1860, there remained 250 million lb in storage in the United Kingdom.

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was needed to reduce breakages. Running a loom on Surat could only produce about 40 per cent of the previous throughput and, as workers were paid by the piece, their income was slashed.

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caused disruptions driving the price of cotton "so high that the Chinese stopped buying from outside". The textile trade lost two-thirds of its value from 1861-1862 and kept falling.

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to administer the relief. Their job was to minimise the cost to the parishes, which were compelled to finance their own poor. Paupers should be returned to their parishes of origin.

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The older paternalistic mill owners who lived among the local community were quick to divert their neighbours and workforce to maintenance work at their own expense. For example, in

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the first to go bankrupt. After the famine the need was for more advanced machines and bigger mills. The investment required was too much for many private mill owners, and

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loaned money to his workers and Howard took on extra workers on his estate. They set up schools, provided free brass band concerts, gave public readings from the

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A monument in Brazenose Street, Lincoln Square, Manchester, commemorates the events and reproduces portions of both documents. The Abraham Lincoln statue by

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Surdam, David G. (1998). "King Cotton: monarch or pretender? The state of the market for raw cotton on the eve of the American Civil War".

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released their EP "Cotton Lords" in 2019, which takes five poems from the Lancashire Cotton Famine and sets them to music by Paul Sartin.

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fixed. On the Sunday, supporters and visitors arrived in the town but there were no developments. On Monday 23 March the riot spread to

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was the worst affected district and suffered a net loss of population between 1861 and 1871. In 1864 there were 2,000 empty houses in

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to make peace on the basis of accepting secession of the Confederacy. After Union forces had repulsed a Confederate incursion at the

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Hanlon, W.W. "Necessity Is the Mother of Invention: Input Supplies and Directed Technical Change." Econometrica, Vol. 83: 67-100.

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American and Sea Island Cotton dried up, the mill owners moved over to Surat. Some machines could be adjusted to take it but

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was passed, local authorities were empowered to borrow money for approved public works. They commissioned the rebuilding of

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An 1862 newspaper illustration showing people queueing for food and coal tickets at a district Provident Society office

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significantly increasing in abundance, which is evidence of the "strong induced-bias hypothesis" as proposed by

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cottons which included Middling Orleans; it was these grades that were used by the majority of Lancashire's

1905: 76:. It also caused cotton prices to rise in China, in which trade had been steadily increasing following the 5199: 4899: 4473: 4063: 3900: 3875: 3407: 3308: 3223: 2963: 2872: 2592: 2329: 2324: 2293: 2121: 2091: 2041: 1990: 1732: 706: 694: 544: 4309: 1940: 1463: 5115: 5015: 4478: 4431: 4341: 4016: 4006: 3452: 3442: 3427: 3377: 3332: 2988: 2973: 2866: 2537: 2475: 2445: 2314: 2101: 2066: 2061: 876:

and subsequent rise of exports to China by 30 percent from year 1859-1860. But with the outbreak of the

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The History of the Cotton Famine, from the Fall of Sumter to the Passing of the Public Works Act (1864)

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governments offered free passage, and 1,000 people had emigrated by August 1864, 200 of them from

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was read and eighty men were arrested; women and girls continued to harangue the police and soldiers.

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Report of the International Relief Committee for the Suffering Operatives of Great Britain 1862–1863

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Regions such as Australia, welcomed skilled spinners and weavers and encouraged their immigration.

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The Lancashire area has a legacy of municipal parks that were created in this period such as

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in a time of contracting world markets. It coincided with the interruption of baled

5093: 5070: 5060: 5055: 4592: 4534: 4446: 4421: 4334: 4314: 4113: 4011: 2669: 2389: 2374: 2242: 2182: 1696: 786: 1205:"The Facts of the Cotton Famine.* » 13 Aug 1864 » The Spectator Archive" 72:

and speculators buying up new stock for storage in the shipping warehouses at the

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Home-Life of the Lancashire Factory Folk during the Cotton Famine, by Edwin Waugh

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In China, the British enjoyed an increase in trade following the results of the

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which allowed the burden be shared between the parishes and the county and then

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strategy was ineffective, the resumption of cotton exports was prevented by the

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southern states of America, where most of the world's raw cotton was produced,

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The 1850s had been a period of unprecedented growth for the cotton industry in

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sent an address thanking the cotton workers of Lancashire for their support,

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Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)

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By the winter of 1862–1863 there were 7,000 unemployed operatives in

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General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association

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shops and in each case it was given to them. At 23:30, a company of

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had been damaged by cotton dust. The act only required that men

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List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

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Unsold cloth had been building up in the warehouses in Bombay (

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Public Meeting, Free Trade Hall, Manchester, 31 December 1862.

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Hard Times, Gerald Schofield A short History of the Famine.

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The English Cotton Industry and the World Market 1815–1896

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Cotton Famine Poetry Archive. These appear on their album

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Small Town Politics, A Study of Political Life in Glossop

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On 31 December 1862, a meeting of cotton workers at the

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be set to work as long as he continued to receive relief

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Depression in the textile industry of North West England

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North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association

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converted to woollen production buying in second hand

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History of the textile industry in the United Kingdom

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Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society

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Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners

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The Wild & Cultivated Cotton Plants of the World

5307: 5192: 5134: 5079: 4988: 4877: 4790: 4769: 4727: 4699: 4690: 4543: 4295: 4260: 4167: 4036: 4029: 3969: 3833: 3826: 3751: 3498: 3491: 3322: 3178: 3137: 3105: 3072: 3065: 2929: 2847: 2748: 2642: 2606: 2520: 2489: 2413: 2307: 2256: 2135: 2024: 1888: 1833: 1714:The Cotton Industry in Longdendale and Glossopdale 1660: 383:the mill owner. The wealthier mill owners such as 364:short staple Gossypium hirsutum (American upland) 5001:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 1716:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. p. 126. 575:Relief in times of hardship was governed by the 563:Commemorative stained-glass window preserved at 5402:Foreign relations during the American Civil War 1431:. Blackburn with Darwen Council. Archived from 1300: 1298: 856:, 1919, was formerly located in the gardens at 824: 806: 613:Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864 598:had required parishes to come together to form 119:Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864 4825:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 2431:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association 1241: 1229: 1154: 2711: 1808: 677:Public Works Manufacturing Districts Act 1864 8: 1961:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co 487:industries. A small number of mills such as 2481:United Textile Factory Workers' Association 2471:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation 5397:Economic history of the American Civil War 4874: 4857: 4696: 4257: 4246: 4033: 3830: 3823: 3810: 3495: 3069: 3062: 3033: 2745: 2734: 2718: 2704: 2696: 1815: 1801: 1793: 1535:Report from International Relief Committee 1462:. Ding Quarry Action Group. Archived from 1784:Primary source on the hardship from 1862. 1308:inflation figures are based on data from 2914:Treatment of slaves in the United States 238: 4657:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 2829:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 1537:funded by the New York Product Exchange 969: 949: 647:arrived and patrolled the streets with 4642:Modern display of the Confederate flag 1484: 1385: 1349: 1337: 1289: 1277: 1265: 1253: 1087: 1057: 1045: 1033: 979: 777:in September 1862, Lincoln issued his 2839:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 2001:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn 1642:Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom (2012) 1191: 994: 915:adapted two poems into song from the 52:(1861–1865), was a depression in the 7: 1496: 1373: 1361: 4996:Committee on the Conduct of the War 4672:United Daughters of the Confederacy 864:Effects in other parts of the world 5066:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 4405:impeachment managers investigation 2784:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 2436:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union 1981:William Roberts & Co of Nelson 1752:Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester 25: 4491:Reconstruction military districts 2939:Abolitionism in the United States 2894:Plantations in the American South 2809:Origins of the American Civil War 2456:General Union of Loom Overlookers 1644:. New York: Knopf, Random House. 1565:https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA10811 1102:"Cotton to cloth: An Indian Epic" 760:Britain in the American Civil War 565:North Manchester General Hospital 161:and attempted to secede from the 5345: 5336: 5335: 4474:Enforcement Act of February 1871 4447:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 2441:Amalgamated Weavers' Association 1879: 1627:. London: Saunders, Otley and Co 1168:"The Cotton Famine of 1862–1863" 446:Image of the Cotton Famine from 5259:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 5121:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 4682:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 1871:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip) 1750:Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992). 1737:. Manchester: Alexander Ireland 1690:Flood, Alison (9 August 2018). 177:In 1860, there were 2,650 5407:American Civil War by location 4362:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 2299:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust 1734:The Facts of the Cotton Famine 1142:"The Lancashire Cotton Famine" 1070:The Cotton Famine in Blackburn 785:three decades earlier after a 399:and to grow short staple near 1: 5387:History of Greater Manchester 4777:Ladies' Memorial Associations 4479:Enforcement Act of April 1871 4375:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 2274:Lancashire Cotton Corporation 2248:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers 1951:W & J Galloway & Sons 1340:, pp. 118, 120, 417, 248 1173:. The Belfast News. p. 9 523:diversified into hat making. 4910:Confederate revolving cannon 4652:Sons of Confederate Veterans 4523:South Carolina riots of 1876 4501:Indian Council at Fort Smith 4452:South Carolina riots of 1876 4417:Knights of the White Camelia 2909:Slavery in the United States 2052:John Hetherington & Sons 1936:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co 1211:. 13 August 1864. p. 19 1140:Emm, Adele (2 August 2016). 697:, commemorating its origins. 5264:New York City riots of 1863 5089:Battle Hymn of the Republic 4840:United Confederate Veterans 4677:Children of the Confederacy 4667:United Confederate Veterans 4662:Southern Historical Society 3294:Price's Missouri Expedition 2764:Timeline leading to the War 2037:Butterworth & Dickinson 1621:Arnold, Sir Arthur (1864). 1009:The Economic History Review 911:In 2022, Folk-Revival band 596:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 448:The Illustrated London News 284: 276: 268: 260: 252: 232: 229: 226: 218: 215: 212: 159:declared their independence 5423: 5372:Cotton industry in England 5232:Confederate Secret Service 4820:Grand Army of the Republic 4712:Grand Army of the Republic 4530:Southern Claims Commission 2269:Fine Spinners and Doublers 1877: 1667:. Oxford University Press. 1640:Platt, Stephen R. (2012). 1567:. (accessed May 21, 2021). 1242:Williams & Farnie 1992 1230:Williams & Farnie 1992 1155:Williams & Farnie 1992 783:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 757: 635:came from Manchester; the 153:was looming. In 1861, the 145:, and north east parts of 86:cotton production in Egypt 5331: 5220:Confederate States dollar 5031:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 5026:Emancipation Proclamation 4920:Medal of Honor recipients 4873: 4856: 4808:Confederate Memorial Hall 4610:Confederate Memorial Hall 4583:Confederate History Month 4563:Civil War Discovery Trail 4464:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 4270:Reconstruction Amendments 4256: 4245: 3822: 3809: 3061: 3032: 2879:Emancipation Proclamation 2744: 2733: 2680:John Kay (spinning frame) 2675:John Kay (flying shuttle) 2320:Cotton-spinning machinery 2092:Parr, Curtis & Madely 2042:Curtis, Parr & Walton 1921:Browett, Lindley & Co 1552:Late Victorian Holocausts 1400:Images of England; Oldham 1123:Watt, Sir George (1907). 779:Emancipation Proclamation 609:Union Relief Aid Act 1862 389:Houldsworth Mill, Reddish 5294:U.S. Sanitary Commission 5205:Battlefield preservation 5111:Marching Through Georgia 5036:Hampton Roads Conference 5011:Confiscation Act of 1862 5006:Confiscation Act of 1861 4782:U.S. national cemeteries 4588:Confederate Memorial Day 4573:Civil War Trails Program 4442:New Orleans riot of 1866 2117:Textile Machinery Makers 2097:British Northrop Loom Co 2016:Woolstenhulmes & Rye 1966:John Musgrave & Sons 1846:Bradshaw Gass & Hope 1144:– via PressReader. 904:English trad-folk group 318:d a pound in June 1861. 163:United States of America 42:Lancashire Cotton Famine 5215:Confederate war finance 4835:Southern Cross of Honor 4803:1938 Gettysburg reunion 4798:1913 Gettysburg reunion 4496:Reconstruction Treaties 4469:Enforcement Act of 1870 4352:Freedman's Savings Bank 2969:Lane Debates on Slavery 2794:Lincoln–Douglas debates 2634:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal 2294:James Burton & Sons 2284:Combined Egyptian Mills 2122:Tweedales & Smalley 1754:. Carnegie Publishing. 1398:Millett, Freda (1996). 1310:Clark, Gregory (2017). 604:Charles Pelham Villiers 80:and during the ongoing 5274:Richmond riots of 1863 5200:Baltimore riot of 1861 4980:U.S. Military Railroad 4900:Confederate Home Guard 4632:Historiographic issues 4598:Historical reenactment 3097:Revenue Cutter Service 2964:William Lloyd Garrison 2873:Dred Scott v. Sandford 2330:Magnetic ring spinning 2325:DREF friction spinning 2006:Willans & Robinson 1911:Bateman & Sherratt 1672:Farnie, D. A. (1979), 849: 834: 816: 707:Alexandra Park, Oldham 698: 615:authorised borrowing. 572: 451: 68:imports caused by the 37: 5382:History of Lancashire 5239:Great Revival of 1863 5116:Maryland, My Maryland 4905:Confederate railroads 4568:Civil War Roundtables 4437:Meridian riot of 1871 4432:Memphis riots of 1866 2989:George Luther Stearns 2974:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 2867:Crittenden Compromise 2507:Mule spinners' cancer 2476:The Textile Institute 2446:Cardroom Amalgamation 2315:Textile manufacturing 2127:T. Wildman & Sons 2112:Taylor, Lang & Co 2072:Howard & Bullough 2062:John Pilling and Sons 1996:Urmson & Thompson 1906:Ashworth & Parker 1659:Birch, A. H. (1959). 1209:The Spectator Archive 1104:. Craft Revival Trust 839: 758:Further information: 717:Cotton starts to flow 684: 562: 539:cost £3 15s 6d), the 444: 35: 5126:Daar kom die Alibama 5041:National Union Party 4717:memorials to Lincoln 4637:Lost Cause mythology 4342:Eufaula riot of 1874 4330:Confederate refugees 3543:District of Columbia 3170:Union naval blockade 3016:Underground Railroad 2804:Nullification crisis 2490:Employment practices 2308:Industrial processes 1926:Buckley & Taylor 1851:F.W. Dixon & Son 1712:Quayle, Tom (2006). 1456:"Cotton Famine Road" 917:University of Exeter 818:On 19 January 1863, 577:Poor Relief Act 1601 456:room and power mills 44:, also known as the 5284:Supreme Court cases 5051:Radical Republicans 4830:Old soldiers' homes 4814:Confederate Veteran 4740:artworks in Capitol 4459:Reconstruction acts 4320:Colfax riot of 1873 3284:Richmond-Petersburg 2889:Fugitive slave laws 2819:Popular sovereignty 2799:Missouri Compromise 2789:Kansas-Nebraska Act 2502:Kissing the shuttle 2279:Bagley & Wright 2218:George Augustus Lee 2208:William Houldsworth 2178:Nathaniel Eckersley 2047:Dobson & Barlow 1991:Scott & Hodgson 1956:Benjamin Goodfellow 1941:Earnshaw & Holt 1731:Watt, John (1866). 1676:, Clarendon Press, 1435:on 1 September 2016 1423:Schofield, Gerald. 1129:. London: Longmans. 997:, pp. 231–232. 982:, pp. 135–170. 894:Dobson & Barlow 892:major manufacturer 854:George Grey Barnard 174:of Southern ports. 100:region's extensive 60:, brought about by 5105:A Lincoln Portrait 5046:Politicians killed 4970:U.S. Balloon Corps 4965:Union corps badges 4745:memorials to Davis 4615:Disenfranchisement 4486:Reconstruction era 4367:Timber Culture Act 4325:Compromise of 1877 3289:Franklin–Nashville 2959:Frederick Douglass 2862:Cornerstone Speech 2779:Compromise of 1850 2727:American Civil War 2158:Hugh Hornby Birley 2102:Pemberton & Co 2087:Mather & Platt 2067:Harling & Todd 2032:Brooks & Doxey 1976:Petrie of Rochdale 1971:J & W McNaught 1916:Boulton & Watt 1516:on 20 October 2006 1364:, pp. 264–279 1306:Retail Price Index 1075:2005-04-19 at the 878:American Civil War 850: 775:Battle of Antietam 699: 670:Mansion House Fund 581:Poor Law Guardians 573: 472:Some workers left 452: 167:American Civil War 70:American Civil War 58:North West England 38: 5359: 5358: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5157:Italian Americans 5142:African Americans 5099:John Brown's Body 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4765: 4764: 4603:Robert E. Lee Day 4347:Freedmen's Bureau 4310:Brooks–Baxter War 4241: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4025: 4024: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3214:Northern Virginia 3160:Trans-Mississippi 3133: 3132: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3023: 2920:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2857:African Americans 2693: 2692: 2650:Richard Arkwright 2629:Weavers' Triangle 2624:Queen Street Mill 2405:Lancashire boiler 2335:Open-end spinning 2257:Limited companies 2223:Charles Macintosh 2163:Joseph Brotherton 1651:978-0-307-27173-0 1036:, pp. 37, 38 913:Bird in the Belly 579:, which required 461:limited companies 385:Henry Houldsworth 289: 288: 237: 236: 186:and 350,000 90:Russian Turkestan 82:Taiping Rebellion 16:(Redirected from 5414: 5377:1860s in England 5349: 5339: 5338: 5162:Native Americans 5147:German Americans 4940:Partisan rangers 4935:Official Records 4875: 4858: 4750:memorials to Lee 4697: 4258: 4247: 4034: 3831: 3824: 3811: 3784:Washington, D.C. 3578:Indian Territory 3538:Dakota Territory 3496: 3413:Chancellorsville 3204:Jackson's Valley 3194:Blockade runners 3070: 3063: 3034: 2994:Thaddeus Stevens 2984:Lysander Spooner 2944:Susan B. Anthony 2746: 2735: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2697: 2665:James Hargreaves 2563:Oldham (borough) 2173:Peter Drinkwater 2143:Elkanah Armitage 2025:Machinery makers 1883: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1794: 1765: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1727: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1686: 1668: 1666: 1655: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1574: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1512:. Archived from 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1460:Stop Ding Quarry 1451: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1302: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1172: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1100:Uzramma (2006). 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1004: 998: 992: 983: 977: 957: 954: 938:Cotton diplomacy 874:Second Opium War 832: 814: 749: 748: 744: 741: 735: 734: 730: 727: 623:Stalybridge Riot 350: 349: 345: 342: 335: 334: 330: 327: 317: 316: 312: 309: 302:Middling Orleans 239: 193: 123:sewerage systems 78:Second Opium War 54:textile industry 21: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5319: 5303: 5188: 5152:Irish Americans 5130: 5075: 4984: 4975:U.S. Home Guard 4915:Field artillery 4869: 4868: 4844: 4786: 4761: 4723: 4692: 4686: 4578:Civil War Trust 4545: 4539: 4427:Ethnic violence 4412:Kirk–Holden war 4291: 4252: 4229: 4163: 4021: 3965: 3818: 3793: 3747: 3500: 3487: 3318: 3299:Sherman's March 3279:Bermuda Hundred 3174: 3129: 3101: 3057: 3056: 3020: 2979:J. Sella Martin 2949:James G. Birney 2925: 2843: 2769:Bleeding Kansas 2757: 2740: 2729: 2724: 2694: 2689: 2655:Samuel Crompton 2638: 2619:Helmshore Mills 2602: 2516: 2512:Piece-rate list 2485: 2409: 2380:Lancashire Loom 2303: 2264:Oldham Limiteds 2252: 2203:Richard Howarth 2131: 2077:Geo. Hattersley 2020: 1884: 1875: 1841:David Bellhouse 1829: 1821: 1773: 1768: 1762: 1749: 1740: 1738: 1730: 1724: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1689: 1684: 1671: 1658: 1652: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1466:on 24 July 2012 1453: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1309: 1303: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1077:Wayback Machine 1068: 1064: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1006: 1005: 1001: 993: 986: 978: 971: 966: 961: 960: 955: 951: 946: 929: 889: 866: 842:Abraham Lincoln 833: 831:19 January 1863 830: 820:Abraham Lincoln 815: 812: 794:Free Trade Hall 762: 756: 746: 742: 739: 737: 732: 728: 725: 723: 719: 679: 625: 600:Poor Law Unions 557: 511:. The towns of 476:to work in the 470: 450: 435:Pickwick Papers 409: 370:producers. The 357: 347: 343: 340: 338: 332: 328: 325: 323: 314: 310: 307: 305: 294: 131: 115:Poor Law Unions 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5420: 5418: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5364: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5299:Women soldiers 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5254:Naming the war 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4890:Campaign Medal 4887: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4865:Related topics 4862: 4861: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4703: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4593:Decoration Day 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4549: 4547: 4546:Reconstruction 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4400:second inquiry 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4364: 4357:Homestead Acts 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4305:Alabama Claims 4301: 4299: 4297:Reconstruction 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4285:15th Amendment 4282: 4280:14th Amendment 4277: 4275:13th Amendment 4266: 4264: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3906:J. E. Johnston 3903: 3901:A. S. Johnston 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3841:R. H. Anderson 3837: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3703:South Carolina 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3678:North Carolina 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3403:Fredericksburg 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3343:Wilson's Creek 3340: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3155:Lower Seaboard 3152: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3011:Harriet Tubman 3008: 3007: 3006: 2999:Charles Sumner 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2834:States' rights 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2660:Peter Foxcroft 2657: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2521:Lists of mills 2518: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2350:Spinning jenny 2347: 2345:Spinning frame 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2233:Samuel Oldknow 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2148:Henry Ashworth 2145: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2107:Platt Brothers 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2057:Joseph Hibbert 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2011:J & E Wood 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1896:Daniel Adamson 1892: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1866:Stott and Sons 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1771:External links 1769: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1747: 1728: 1722: 1709: 1687: 1682: 1669: 1656: 1650: 1637: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1594: 1569: 1556: 1539: 1527: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1446: 1429:cottontown.org 1415: 1408: 1390: 1378: 1376:, pp. 280 1366: 1354: 1342: 1330: 1317:MeasuringWorth 1294: 1282: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1234: 1222: 1196: 1184: 1159: 1147: 1132: 1115: 1092: 1080: 1062: 1050: 1038: 1026: 1015:(1): 113–132. 999: 984: 968: 967: 965: 962: 959: 958: 948: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 935: 928: 925: 921:After the City 899:Daron Acemoglu 888: 885: 865: 862: 840:The statue of 828: 810: 755: 752: 736:d in 1861 to 718: 715: 695:Alexandra Park 678: 675: 624: 621: 556: 553: 497:fulling stocks 469: 466: 445: 408: 405: 377:extra humidity 356: 353: 293: 290: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 253:1,115,890,608 251: 247: 246: 243: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 172:Union blockade 130: 127: 113:, through the 62:overproduction 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5419: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269:Photographers 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:Gender issues 5242: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5071:War Democrats 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061:Union Leagues 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:Turning point 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4930:Naval battles 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693:and memorials 4689: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4553:Commemoration 4551: 4550: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4395:first inquiry 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4315:Carpetbaggers 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3738:West Virginia 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3658:New Hampshire 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3618:Massachusetts 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3358:Hampton Roads 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3348:Fort Donelson 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3244:Morgan's Raid 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3189:Anaconda Plan 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3165:Pacific Coast 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2899:Positive good 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2814:Panic of 1857 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2774:Border states 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2614:Bancroft Shed 2612: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2385:Northrop Loom 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2355:Spinning mule 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2340:Ring spinning 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1931:Carels Frères 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1889:Engine makers 1887: 1882: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1761:0-948789-89-1 1757: 1753: 1748: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1723:0-7524-3883-2 1719: 1715: 1710: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1683:0-19-822478-8 1679: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1499:, p. 356 1498: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1447: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1409:1-84588-164-8 1405: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1388:, p. 387 1387: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1352:, p. 178 1351: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1292:, p. 191 1291: 1286: 1283: 1280:, p. 143 1279: 1274: 1271: 1268:, p. 126 1267: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1232:, p. 173 1231: 1226: 1223: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1157:, p. 178 1156: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1119: 1116: 1103: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1003: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 963: 953: 950: 943: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 926: 924: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 902: 900: 895: 886: 884: 881: 879: 875: 870: 863: 861: 859: 855: 847: 843: 838: 827: 823: 821: 809: 805: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 787:long campaign 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 761: 753: 751: 716: 714: 712: 708: 703: 696: 692: 688: 683: 676: 674: 671: 666: 665:John Cheetham 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 640: 638: 634: 630: 622: 620: 616: 614: 610: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 570: 566: 561: 555:Relief effort 554: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 479: 475: 467: 465: 462: 457: 449: 443: 439: 436: 432: 431:Edmund Potter 427: 423: 418: 415: 406: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 380: 378: 373: 372:Surat cottons 369: 365: 361: 354: 352: 319: 303: 299: 291: 281: 280: 273: 272: 265: 264: 257: 256: 249: 248: 245:Imports (lb) 244: 241: 240: 223: 222: 209: 208: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 189: 185: 180: 175: 173: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 128: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 106: 103: 99: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46:Cotton Famine 43: 34: 30: 19: 18:Cotton famine 5210:Bibliography 5193:Other topics 5135:By ethnicity 5103: 5056:Trent Affair 4955:Signal Corps 4812: 4535:White League 4422:Ku Klux Klan 4335:Confederados 4262:Constitution 4134:D. D. Porter 3987:Breckinridge 3698:Rhode Island 3693:Pennsylvania 3448:Spotsylvania 3408:Stones River 3388:2nd Bull Run 3338:1st Bull Run 3224:Stones River 3125:Marine Corps 3092:Marine Corps 2931:Abolitionism 2918: 2871: 2670:Thomas Highs 2414:Associations 2390:Air-jet loom 2375:Roberts Loom 2243:John Rylands 2213:John Kennedy 2188:William Gray 2183:John Fielden 2168:James Burton 1986:George Saxon 1901:Ashton Frost 1856:Edward Potts 1751: 1739:. Retrieved 1733: 1713: 1701:. Retrieved 1697:The Guardian 1695: 1673: 1662: 1641: 1629:. Retrieved 1623: 1614:Bibliography 1597: 1585:. Retrieved 1581: 1572: 1559: 1550: 1542: 1530: 1518:. Retrieved 1514:the original 1504: 1492: 1487:, p. 70 1480: 1468:. Retrieved 1464:the original 1459: 1449: 1437:. Retrieved 1433:the original 1428: 1425:"Hard Times" 1418: 1399: 1393: 1381: 1369: 1357: 1345: 1333: 1321:. Retrieved 1315: 1285: 1273: 1261: 1256:, p. 69 1249: 1244:, p. 27 1237: 1225: 1213:. Retrieved 1208: 1199: 1194:, p. 22 1187: 1175:. Retrieved 1162: 1150: 1135: 1125: 1118: 1106:. Retrieved 1095: 1090:, p. 82 1083: 1065: 1060:, p. 47 1053: 1048:, p. 45 1041: 1029: 1012: 1008: 1002: 952: 910: 903: 890: 882: 871: 867: 851: 825: 817: 807: 791: 763: 720: 704: 700: 641: 626: 617: 593: 588: 574: 489:Crimble Mill 471: 453: 419: 410: 381: 358: 320: 295: 261:204,141,168 179:cotton mills 176: 155:slave-owning 132: 107: 94: 50:Cotton Panic 49: 45: 41: 39: 29: 5016:Copperheads 4728:Confederate 4620:Black Codes 3946:E. K. Smith 3827:Confederate 3774:New Orleans 3769:Chattanooga 3633:Mississippi 3533:Connecticut 3501:territories 3492:Involvement 3453:Cold Harbor 3443:Fort Pillow 3433:Chattanooga 3428:Chickamauga 3378:Seven Pines 3368:New Orleans 3333:Fort Sumter 3274:Valley 1864 3107:Confederacy 2904:Slave Power 2884:Fire-Eaters 2685:Robert Owen 2395:Rapier loom 2370:Water frame 2238:Robert Peel 2198:Samuel Greg 2193:Hannah Greg 2153:Hugh Birley 2136:Mill owners 1603:"StackPath" 1485:Quayle 2006 1402:. Nonsuch. 1386:Arnold 1864 1350:Arnold 1864 1338:Arnold 1864 1290:Arnold 1864 1278:Arnold 1864 1266:Arnold 1864 1254:Quayle 2006 1088:Arnold 1864 1058:Arnold 1864 1046:Arnold 1864 1034:Arnold 1864 980:Farnie 1979 933:King cotton 766:Confederacy 750:d in 1864. 687:blue plaque 629:Stalybridge 545:New Zealand 531:and 686 in 503:equipment, 454:Towns with 426:Lord Howard 397:New Zealand 285:52,569,328 277:17,286,864 266:West Indies 258:East Indies 205:Derbyshire 188:power looms 102:cotton mill 5366:Categories 5249:Juneteenth 4770:Cemeteries 4647:Red Shirts 4558:Centennial 4508:Red Shirts 3916:Longstreet 3846:Beauregard 3789:Winchester 3764:Charleston 3733:Washington 3668:New Mexico 3663:New Jersey 3523:California 3499:States and 3483:Five Forks 3468:Mobile Bay 3438:Wilderness 3418:Gettysburg 3398:Perryville 3383:Seven Days 3314:Appomattox 3239:Gettysburg 3199:New Mexico 3066:Combatants 3041:Combatants 2954:John Brown 2558:Manchester 2553:Lancashire 2548:Derbyshire 2497:More looms 2400:Dandy 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