211:. The quantity exported held steady, at 3,000,000 bales, but prices on the world market fell. Although there was some work involved in planting the seeds, and cultivating or holding out the weeds, the critical labor input for cotton was in the picking. How much a cotton operation could produce depended on how many hands (men women and children) were available. Finally, in the 1950s, new mechanical harvesters allowed a handful of workers to pick as much as 100 had done before. The result was a large-scale exodus of the white and black cotton farmers from the south. However, a different issue arose when certain bugs took a liking to cotton, the boll weevils, and pink bollworms. The invasion of these bugs began in the 1950s, a time in which cotton farms were facing a multitude of struggles. The bugs were destroying these cotton fields resulting in many farms losing their cotton crop. This obstacle heavily impacted the cotton industry because it caused many small plot farms to fall due to the inability to produce, loss of market connections, and financial difficulties. Faced with this hardship, the National Cotton Council of America created a special task group known as the Industry Wide Committee on the Future of the Cotton Council to study the potential future of the cotton industry as it was facing difficulties. More organizations within the NCC continued to be created in an attempt to resurrect the industry and the most important one created was the Cotton Producers Institute. This organization focused on promoting research and marketing itself to stand a chance against the synthetic fiber companies and raise money for themselves. However, not enough money was being raised, and the title was changed to Cotton Incorporated, CI, as it gained new leadership. Under this new leadership, the organization rebranded the image of cotton, marketing the luxuriousness of cotton-made clothing, etc. Anything they could to show the public how good cotton is trying to increase consumerism. Over the years, CI overcame obstacles and prevailed and in 1988 partnered with textile mills forming the Engineered Fiber System which spread globally. As cotton began to spread, consumers began expecting more, and the cotton market took off. Thanks to CI, cotton became popular with consumers and its budget had increased exponentially giving them a way into the world of fashion. By the 1970s, with technological advancements, most cotton was grown in large automated farms in the Southwest, and the production of cotton became even more efficient.
174:
24:
99:. Cotton production is a $ 21 billion-per-year industry in the United States, employing over 125,000 people in total, as against growth of forty billion pounds a year from 77 million acres of land covering more than eighty countries. The final estimate of U.S. cotton production in 2012 was 17.31 million bales, with the corresponding figures for China and India being 35 million and 26.5 million bales, respectively. Cotton supports the global textile mills market and the global apparel manufacturing market that produces garments for wide use, which were valued at USD 748 billion and 786 billion, respectively, in 2016. Furthermore, cotton supports a USD 3 trillion global fashion industry, which includes clothes with unique designs from reputed brands, with global clothing exports valued at USD 1.3 trillion in 2016.
103:
Cotton farming was one of the major areas of racial tension in its history, where many whites expressed concerns about the mass employment of blacks in the industry and the dramatic growth of black landowners. Southern black cotton farmers faced discrimination and strikes often broke out by black cotton farmers. Although the industry was badly affected by falling prices and pests in the early 1920s, the mechanization of agriculture created additional pressures on those working in the industry. Social pressures caused by returning
African American WWI veterans demanding increased civil rights being met by a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan and the violence the Klan inflicted on rural African Americans explains why many African Americans moved to northern American cities in the 1920s through the 1950s during the "
2177:
228:, Mississippi. Yet the cotton industry continued to be very important for blacks in the southern United States, much more so than for whites. By the late 1920s around two-thirds of all African-American tenants and almost three-fourths of the croppers worked on cotton farms. Three out of four black farm operators earned at least 40% of their income from cotton farming during this period. Studies conducted during the same period indicated that two in three black women from black landowning families were involved in cotton farming.
474:
274:
308:
283:
166:
111:
33:
414:
123:
1993:
348:" as mechanization of agriculture was introduced, leaving many unemployed. The Hopson Planting Company produced the first crop of cotton to be entirely planted, harvested, and baled by machinery in 1944. These bales usually measure approximately 17 cubic feet (0.48 cubic meters) and weigh 500 pounds (230 kilograms).
499:
production is used as livestock feed. According to the
University of Missouri, cotton production per acreage in this state peaked in the 1953 and decreased to its lowest point in 1967. In terms of yield, Missouri yielded a record low of 281 pounds/acre in 1957 and a record high of 1,097 pounds/acre in 2015.
486:
From 1817, when it became a state, to 1860 Mississippi was the largest cotton-producing state in the United States. Cotton is a major crop in
Mississippi with approximately 1.1 million acres planted each year. The highest acreage recorded was in 1930 (4.163 million acres); the highest production year
343:
produced 65 bales in 1921 and just 6 in 1922. As a result of the devastating harvest of 1922, some 50,000 black cotton workers left South
Carolina, and by the 1930s the state population had declined some 15%, largely due to cotton stagnation. Although the industry was badly affected by falling prices
323:
to be 209 pounds, a nominal change from 1911 when it was 208 pounds. In the early 1910s, the average yield per acre varied between states: North
Carolina (290 pounds), Missouri (279 pounds), South Carolina (255 pounds), and Georgia (239 pounds); the yield in California (500 pounds) was attributed to
144:
were observed growing cotton by the
Coronado expedition in the early 1540s. This also ushered the slave trade to meet the growing need for labor to grow cotton, a labor-intensive crop and a cash crop of immense economic worth. As the chief crop, the southern part of the United States prospered thanks
195:
Cotton has been planted and cultured in the United States since before the
American Revolution, especially in South Carolina. It expanded to the west very dramatically after 1800—all the way to Texas—thanks to the cotton gin (also known as a cotton engine). Plantation owners brought mass supplies of
409:
Texas produces more cotton than any other state in the United States. With eight production regions around Texas, and only four geographic regions, it is the state's leading cash crop. Texas produces approximately 25% of the country's cotton crop on more than 6 million acres, the equivalent of over
219:
The United States, observed in 1940 that "many thousands of black cotton farmers each year now go to the polls, stand in line with their white neighbors, and mark their ballots independently without protest or intimidation, in order to determine government policy toward cotton production control."
102:
Early cotton production in the United States is associated with slavery. By the late 1920s around two-thirds of all
African-American tenants and almost three-fourths of the croppers worked on cotton farms, and two in three black women from black landowning families were involved in cotton farming.
498:
From 2012-2016, Missouri was ranked eighth in cotton production in the United States with the average production value of $ 191,004,400. Missouri soil allows for the growth of upland cotton with the average bale weighing approximately five hundred pounds. The cottonseed from
Missouri cotton
522:(72,000 bales in 2016). Other combined counties in Missouri produced 15,800 bales in 2016. In 2017, total Missouri cottonseed sales were 179,000 tons. Missouri upland cotton production in 2017 was valued at $ 261,348,000 with 750,000,480 pound bales produced in that year. According to the
388:, which has consistently imported about 8-9% of the total. Cotton exports to China grew from a value of $ 46 million in 2000 to more than $ 2 billion in 2010. In Japan, especially Texas cotton is very highly regarded as its strong fibers lend themselves perfectly to low tension weaving.
182:
220:
However, discrimination towards blacks continued as it did in the rest of society, and isolated incidents often broke out. On
September 25, 1961, Herbert Lee, a black cotton farmer and voter-registration organizer, was shot in the head and killed by white state legislator
204:, cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850. It was by far the nation's main export, providing the basis for the rapidly growing cotton textile industry in Britain and France, as well as the Northeastern United States.
470:(1874–1956) created a long staple cotton which was named Pima after the Indians who grew it. In 1910, it was released into the marketplace. While in 1987, Arizona was producing 66% of the country’s Pima cotton, it has dropped to only 2% in recent years.
410:
9,000 square miles (23,000 km) of cotton fields. Texas Cotton Producers includes nine certified cotton grower organizations; it addresses national and statewide cotton grower issues, such as the national farm bill and environmental legislation.
1279:
356:
In 2020, production totaled 14.061 million bales. This is a drop of over 5 million bales from the previous year. The average price was $ 0.58 per pound. The 1914-1915 season totaled 16.5 million bales. A report published by the
526:, upland cotton in Missouri was valued at 0.751 $ / pound in 2017. Cottonseed production was less valuable that year in terms of dollar value, with a total production being 255,000 tons valued at $ 39,824,000 ($ 152/ton).
324:
growth on irrigated land. By 1929, the cotton ranches of California were the largest in the US (by acreage, production, and number of employees). By the 1950s, after many years of development, the mechanical
256:
furthered the boom of cotton for three decades. The adoption of chemical pesticides to reduce diseases and thus increase the yield of the crop further boosted production. Further innovations in the form of
384:, although exports have declined as a proportion of the total in recent years. China imported about 11% of U.S. cotton last year, which was a sharp increase over previous seasons, allowing it to overtake
107:" as mechanization of agriculture was introduced, leaving many unemployed. The Hopson Planting Company produced the first crop of cotton to be entirely planted, harvested, and baled by machinery in 1944.
173:
2049:
157:
and many other developing countries (in view of low profits in the light of stiff competition from the United States, the workers could hardly make both ends meet to survive with cotton sales).
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and pests in the early 1920s, the main reason is undoubtedly the mechanization of agriculture in explaining why many blacks moved to northern American cities in the 1940s and 1950s during the "
1847:
2024:
3168:
2132:
23:
1305:
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2088:
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495:
The industry faces challenges from increases in cotton production elsewhere where US cotton exports had gone and shifts to less expensive synthetic fibers, such as polyesters.
335:
and the boll weevil pest wiped out the sea island cotton crop in 1921. Annual production slumped from 1,365,000 bales in the 1910s to 801,000 in the 1920s. In South Carolina,
3251:
3246:
3178:
2159:
1292:
3266:
372:
The United States is the world's top exporter of cotton. Four out of the top five importers of U.S.-produced cotton are in North America; the principal destination is
364:
ranked the highest cotton-producing states of 2020 as Texas, Georgia, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, California, and North Carolina.
1782:
Meikle, Paulette Ann. "Globalization and Its Effects on Agriculture and Agribusiness in the Mississippi Delta: A Historical Overview and Prospects for the Future."
3261:
2223:
2017:
3401:
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59:
than any other country, though it ranks third in total production, behind China and India. Almost all of the cotton fiber growth and production occurs in the
3188:
2978:
2201:
446:
in the United States. The California cotton industry provides more than 20,000 jobs in the state and generates revenues in excess of $ 3.5 billion annually.
2127:
2041:
1887:
131:
2115:
244:
brought in more profits, and "cotton towns" (settlements that formed an economy based on the cotton trade) sprung up throughout the U.S. Following the
41:
Left: Acres of upland cotton harvested as a percent of harvested cropland acreage (2007). Right: Unloading freshly harvested cotton using a mechanical
3256:
2010:
104:
3163:
3136:
3050:
361:
582:
3173:
3131:
2122:
2093:
523:
487:
was 1937 (2.692 million bales produced over 3.421 million acres); the highest cotton yields were in 2004 (1034 pounds of lint produced per acre).
358:
1313:
2218:
2191:
328:
had become effective enough to be commercially viable, and it quickly gained appeal and affordability throughout the U.S. cotton growing area.
426:
Cotton was grown in Mexican California. It became a major crop in the 1930s. California’s cotton is mostly grown in seven counties within the
3289:
2290:
1824:
1690:
1183:
1151:
1124:
1066:
1032:
995:
961:
637:
141:
2258:
2253:
2228:
2103:
2054:
1860:
3141:
2505:
2273:
2268:
2248:
2243:
252:, a pest from Mexico, began to spread across the United States, affecting yields drastically as it moved east. The fashion cloth of the
3342:
2066:
1699:
Beckert, Sven. "Emancipation and empire: Reconstructing the worldwide web of cotton production in the age of the American Civil War."
1759:
1509:
877:
Sven Beckert, "Emancipation and empire: Reconstructing the worldwide web of cotton production in the age of the American Civil War."
3113:
1468:
862:
567:
817:
1209:
3309:
2883:
2098:
2033:
562:
376:, with about 33% of the total, although this has been in decline slightly over recent years. The next most important importer is
146:
1704:
882:
331:
The cotton industry in the United States hit a crisis in the early 1920s. Cotton and tobacco prices collapsed in 1920 following
3347:
3327:
2196:
1983:
1913:
1880:
149:. Cotton farming was also subsidized in the country by the U.S. government, as a trade policy, specifically to the "corporate
1953:
1908:
1353:
793:
2804:
2655:
2206:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1610:"Crops - Planted, Harvested, Yield, Production, Price (MYA), Value of Production Sorted by Value of Production in Dollars"
1494:
2463:
2365:
2278:
2263:
2154:
2076:
2061:
1923:
1309:
577:
197:
662:
2861:
2495:
2490:
2468:
2081:
1973:
1928:
1856:
1815:
1712:
Cotton kingdom of the new South; a history of the Yazoo Mississippi Delta from reconstruction to the twentieth century
1395:
507:
1609:
1789:
Musoke, Moses S. and Alan L. Olmstead. "The rise of the cotton industry in California: A comparative perspective."
1426:
Moses S. Musoke, and Alan L. Olmstead. "The rise of the cotton industry in California: A comparative perspective."
3406:
3228:
3218:
2873:
2421:
2238:
1968:
1943:
1938:
1918:
1873:
550:
3198:
2635:
2478:
2377:
2283:
2211:
1933:
519:
515:
2176:
1756:
Statistical atlas of southern counties: listing and analysis of socio-economic indices of 1104 southern counties
1585:
3015:
3010:
2893:
2137:
1377:
511:
207:
After the Civil War, cotton production expanded to small farms, operated by white and black tenant farmers and
3183:
1725:
3193:
2878:
2767:
2615:
2573:
2426:
2404:
1336:
1746:
The cotton industry; an essay in American economic history. Part I. The cotton culture and the cotton trade
3223:
2988:
2787:
2755:
2539:
2453:
2387:
2313:
345:
307:
60:
3294:
3060:
2485:
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2382:
2330:
2325:
1226:
987:
A Chain of Events: A Black Woman's Perspective on Our Rise to Prominence from Slavery to the White House
759:
473:
273:
110:
64:
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2772:
2690:
2650:
2620:
2598:
2527:
2512:
2441:
2414:
467:
225:
96:
1443:
3337:
2948:
2908:
2809:
2705:
2551:
2355:
336:
258:
1835:
Big cotton: How a humble fiber created fortunes, wrecked civilizations, and put America on the map
3003:
2854:
2745:
2730:
2640:
2335:
2071:
1334:
Xiuzhi Wang, Edward A. Evans, and Fredy H. Ballen, "Overview of US Agricultural Trade with China"
1261:
680:
503:
427:
381:
245:
201:
92:
3213:
3088:
2918:
2898:
2866:
2819:
2603:
1820:
1686:
1627:
Missouri Cotton Facts. Cotton Extension Program, University of Missouri Agricultural Extension
1488:
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1120:
1062:
1056:
1028:
1022:
991:
985:
957:
858:
633:
546:
455:
439:
435:
165:
1561:
1089:
951:
852:
627:
3271:
3040:
2792:
2680:
2431:
1659:
1253:
1114:
1024:
Black and African-American Studies: American Dilemma, the Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
728:
459:
340:
1675:
The Cotton Kings: Capitalism and Corruption in Turn-of-the-Century New York and New Orleans
854:
The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in the Cotton Culture of Central Texas
629:
The U.S. textile and apparel industry : a revolution in progress : special report
181:
3322:
3317:
2993:
2797:
2760:
2397:
2110:
1340:
1213:
821:
772:
692:
431:
282:
466:
cultivated various cotton hybrids seeking ideal traits. By the early 1900s, the botanist
1852:
1806:
Snow, Whitney Adrienne. "Cotton Mill City: The Huntsville Textile Industry, 1880-1989."
1648:
814:
32:
3299:
3020:
2928:
2670:
2588:
1776:
1206:
833:
Joyce E. Chaplin, "Creating a Cotton South in Georgia and South Carolina, 1760-1815."
332:
262:
233:
454:
In the late 19th and early 20th century, federal agricultural engineers worked in the
3395:
2968:
2839:
2777:
2720:
2695:
2660:
2625:
2578:
2532:
2446:
2409:
2370:
2295:
1722:
King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945
1715:
938:
King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945
325:
208:
145:
to its slavery-dependent economy. Over the centuries, cotton became a staple crop in
52:
42:
3030:
2953:
2710:
2544:
2458:
2350:
2318:
2002:
920:
706:
658:
413:
339:
production fell from 37,000 bales in 1920 to 2,700 bales in 1922 and one farmer in
150:
1413:
607:. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. March 5, 2013
3098:
2849:
2735:
2566:
2500:
2340:
572:
463:
443:
385:
249:
221:
190:
80:
401:
In 2020, producers in South Carolina harvested 179,000 acres of upland cotton.
153:" almost ruined the economy of people in many underdeveloped countries such as
3378:
3103:
3065:
2608:
2517:
2147:
1732:
Cotton capitalists: American Jewish entrepreneurship in the reconstruction era
534:
530:
241:
237:
72:
1626:
1537:
1398:. Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Texas A&M University. Archived from
1094:(Public domain ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1915. pp. 28–
3363:
3332:
3108:
3093:
2938:
2829:
2556:
2142:
1816:
Cinderella of the New South: A History of the Cottonseed Industry, 1855-1955
316:
88:
1399:
751:
1865:
200:) from Africa and the Caribbean to hoe and harvest the crop. Prior to the
122:
1637:
1116:
Dark Sweat, White Gold: California Farm Workers, Cotton, and the New Deal
373:
292:
84:
1992:
1794:
1431:
1265:
838:
380:, with about 18%, a figure which has been broadly stable, and then the
76:
1614:
nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=MISSOURI
1058:
Fertile ground, narrow choices: women on Texas cotton farms, 1900-1940
3373:
1897:
1775:(LSU Press, 1986) major scholarly survey with detailed bibliography;
438:
also have acres planted. In the 1990s cotton was also planted in the
377:
56:
1523:
1257:
3368:
1649:
University of Missouri Extension - Southeast Missouri Crop Budgets
1241:
472:
412:
298:
253:
180:
172:
164:
121:
109:
68:
1739:
Plantation kingdom: the American South and its global commodities
1333:
626:
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment (1987).
1853:
Newspaper clippings about Cotton production in the United States
320:
154:
2006:
1869:
91:. More than 99 percent of the cotton grown in the US is of the
1766:
Cotton and Conquest: How the Plantation System Acquired Texas.
1354:"USDA/NASS 2020 State Agriculture Overview for South Carolina"
1343:, University of Florida IFAS Extension. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
1638:
USDA NASS (used total production in pounds to determine rank)
754:. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
750:
Voora, Vivek; Larrea, Cristina; Bermudez, Steffany (2020).
545:
Cotton growing is largely confined to western parts of the
1384:. United States Department of Agriculture. 20 August 2019.
3169:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
2133:
Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States
265:
are an encouraging development for the growth of cotton.
232:
The introduction of modern textile machinery such as the
177:
Adams & Bazemore Cotton Warehouse, Macon, GA, c. 1877
1242:"The Selling and Financing of the American Cotton Crop"
248:
and the abolition of slavery in the United States, the
3209:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
3204:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1538:"Missouri Cotton Facts - Missouri Crop Resource Guide"
953:
Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944 - 1969
2089:
Early history of food regulation in the United States
1510:"Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860)"
1306:"Leading destinations of U.S. cotton textile exports"
729:"National Cotton Council of America – Rankings"
3356:
3308:
3282:
3237:
3179:
California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975
3154:
3122:
3076:
2304:
2184:
2040:
1801:
Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production
896:The farmer's last frontier: agriculture, 1860-1897
664:Big Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber
599:
597:
1773:Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960
1475:. Archived from the original on December 7, 2012
1280:"Ranking of States That Produce the Most Cotton"
1768:Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
1119:. University of California Press. pp. 7–.
311:Farm Worker in East Texas Cotton Field -- 1940s
925:Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber
857:. University of California Press. p. 32.
297:Right: Cotton field ready for harvest in West
2018:
1881:
1178:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 485.
1016:
1014:
8:
3412:Agricultural production in the United States
1167:
1165:
1163:
2128:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains
1444:"California Cotton Questions & Answers"
1091:American Cotton Supply and Its Distribution
909:Historical Statistics of the United States,
132:History of agriculture in the United States
2116:List of food plants native to the Americas
2025:
2011:
2003:
1888:
1874:
1866:
1293:"Monthly Economic Letter : June 2017"
1146:. Purdue University Press. pp. 359–.
824:, Cotton's Journey. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
417:Loading cotton module in California (2002)
291:Left: Cotton farming in Mississippi using
3189:Children's Act for Responsible Employment
3137:National Agricultural Statistics Service
1586:"USDA/NASS QuickStats Ad-hoc Query Tool"
788:
786:
784:
782:
442:. California is the largest producer of
362:National Agricultural Statistics Service
306:
3174:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
3132:United States Department of Agriculture
2094:Indentured servitude in British America
1295:, cottoninc.com. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
1027:. Transaction Publishers. p. 233.
593:
524:United States Department of Agriculture
321:United States Department of Agriculture
1808:Alabama Review;; 63.4 (2010): 243-281.
1486:
768:
757:
688:
678:
653:
651:
649:
477:Cotton harvester in Mississippi (2007)
319:per acre in 1914 was estimated by the
1799:Smith, C. Wayne, and J. Tom Cothren.
1227:"U.S. Cotton production down in 2020"
1205:National Cotton Council of America, "
1143:American agriculture: a brief history
7:
3402:Cotton industry in the United States
950:Lawson, Steven F. (1 January 1999).
709:. National Cotton Council of America
3142:United States Census of Agriculture
1673:Baker, Bruce E., and Barbara Hahn.
583:Brazil–United States cotton dispute
506:producing counties in Missouri are
3343:United Food and Commercial Workers
3247:Agricultural workers mental health
1683:Empire of Cotton: A Global History
1524:"Cotton Production in Mississippi"
632:. DIANE Publishing. pp. 38–.
529:Missouri grows upland cotton, and
14:
3114:Pacific Northwest oyster industry
1819:. University of Tennessee Press.
1512:. Mississippi Historical Society.
568:Cotton Research and Promotion Act
126:Picking cotton in Oklahoma (1897)
2175:
2034:Agriculture in the United States
1991:
1784:Journal of Rural Social Sciences
1677:(Oxford University Press, 2016).
1061:. UNC Press Books. p. 163.
563:Black Belt in the American South
281:
272:
31:
22:
3328:Farm Labor Organizing Committee
1848:U.S. cotton production by state
1526:. Mississippi State University.
956:. Lexington Books. p. 20.
707:"Cotton Newsline: May 15, 2013"
1803:(1999) focus on United States.
1660:USDA Economic Research Service
1382:USDA Economic Research Service
796:. Mississippi Blues Commission
752:"Global Market Report: Cotton"
1:
1813:Wrenn, Lynette Boney (1995).
984:Green, Ruthie (August 2012).
518:(110,000 bales in 2016), and
95:variety, with the rest being
3348:Woman's Land Army of America
2077:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2062:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
1312:. 2013-05-14. Archived from
1310:US Department of Agriculture
1216:" (accessed 5 October 2013).
578:Slavery in the United States
2123:Native American in Virginia
1857:20th Century Press Archives
1791:Journal of Economic History
1428:Journal of Economic History
1378:"Cotton Sector at a Glance"
1207:U.S. Cotton Bale Dimensions
1055:Sharpless, Rebecca (1999).
835:Journal of Southern History
458:on an experimental farm in
169:Black cotton farming family
3428:
3229:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
3219:Packers and Stockyards Act
3084:Southwestern United States
2173:
1701:American Historical Review
990:. iUniverse. p. 104.
879:American Historical Review
392:Cotton production by state
315:The average production of
188:
185:Black cotton workers, 1886
129:
3262:Genetically modified food
3199:Food Security Act of 1985
3047:Northern Mariana Islands
2506:genetically modified food
2284:Connecticut shade tobacco
1989:
1905:
1737:Follett, Richard, et al.
1562:"Top County's Production"
1493:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1175:South Carolina: a history
1140:Hurt, Douglas R. (2002).
553:'s harvest is of cotton.
514:(171,200 bales in 2016),
510:(197,000 bales in 2016),
1744:Hammond, Matthew Brown.
1703:109.5 (2004): 1405-1438
1590:quickstats.nass.usda.gov
1414:"Texas Cotton Producers"
881:109.5 (2004): 1405-1438
295:prison convicts (1911).
1021:Myrdal, Gunnar (1995).
3224:Pure Food and Drug Act
1793:42.2 (1982): 385-412.
1716:online free to borrow
1681:Beckert, Sven (2014).
1469:"The Pima Cotton Boom"
1430:42.2 (1982): 385-412.
1212:6 October 2013 at the
1172:Edgar, Walter (1998).
907:Bureau of the Census,
794:"Cotton Pickin' Blues"
767:Cite journal requires
533:, which is a valuable
478:
418:
312:
186:
178:
170:
127:
114:
61:Southern United States
3295:California nut crimes
2307:or territory-specific
1837:(Viking Press, 2005).
1777:online free to borrow
1473:arizonaexperience.org
1113:Weber, Devra (1996).
837:57.2 (1991): 171-200
667:. Barnesandnoble.com/
476:
416:
310:
184:
176:
168:
130:Further information:
125:
113:
65:Western United States
2305:State, commonwealth,
1771:Kirby, Jack Temple.
1754:Johnson, Charles S.
1710:Brandfon, Robert L.
1246:The Economic Journal
1240:Wyse, R. C. (1920).
851:Foley, Neil (1997).
468:Thomas Henry Kearney
147:American agriculture
3338:United Farm Workers
3184:Capper–Volstead Act
3164:Agricultural policy
1720:Brown, D. Clayton.
462:. It was here that
337:Williamsburg County
259:genetic engineering
2072:Columbian exchange
1764:Kennedy, Roger G.
1741:(JHU Press, 2016).
1734:(NYU Press, 2017).
1730:Cohen, Michael R.
1542:crops.missouri.edu
1508:Dattel, Eugene R.
1339:2013-05-22 at the
936:D. Clayton Brown,
820:2007-02-24 at the
549:. Over 50% of the
479:
428:San Joaquin Valley
419:
382:Dominican Republic
313:
187:
179:
171:
128:
115:
3407:Cotton production
3389:
3388:
3214:Grain Futures Act
3089:Black Dirt Region
2000:
1999:
1833:Yafa, Stephen H.
1826:978-0-87049-882-4
1692:978-0-375-71396-5
1685:. Vintage Books.
1358:www.nass.usda.gov
1185:978-1-57003-255-4
1153:978-1-55753-281-7
1126:978-0-520-91847-4
1068:978-0-8078-4760-2
1034:978-1-4128-1510-9
997:978-1-4697-7390-2
963:978-0-7391-0087-5
898:(1945) pp 76–117.
894:Fred A. Shannon,
639:978-1-4289-2294-5
551:Santa Rosa County
456:Arizona Territory
440:Sacramento Valley
436:Palo Verde Valley
3419:
3290:Adulterated food
3272:Ogallala Aquifer
2179:
2050:African-American
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142:Native Americans
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3323:Convict leasing
3318:Bracero Program
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3072:
2975:Virgin Islands
2905:South Carolina
2306:
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2160:Native American
2111:New World crops
2055:Black land loss
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1996:
1987:
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1786:31.2 (2016): 8.
1693:
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1668:Further reading
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346:Great Migration
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105:Great Migration
67:, dominated by
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3300:Cattle raiding
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3259:
3257:Farmer suicide
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502:The top four
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55:exports more
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2862:Pennsylvania
2677:Mississippi
2233:
2202:Blackcurrant
2104:Pennsylvania
1978:
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731:. Cotton.org
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544:
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464:Pima Indians
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215:20th century
206:
194:
161:Early period
151:agribusiness
140:
101:
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3240:environment
3123:Government
3099:Cotton Belt
2985:Washington
2874:Puerto Rico
2784:New Mexico
2752:New Jersey
2599:aquaculture
2422:Connecticut
2331:aquaculture
1750:online free
1416:. Texagnet.
689:|work=
573:King Cotton
482:Mississippi
444:Pima cotton
386:El Salvador
250:boll weevil
222:E. H. Hurst
191:King Cotton
81:Mississippi
3396:Categories
3379:Dude ranch
3238:Health and
3104:Fruit Belt
2925:Tennessee
2667:Minnesota
2585:Louisiana
2378:California
2185:Industries
2148:Sheep wars
1984:Uzbekistan
1914:Azerbaijan
1900:production
1595:2018-09-15
1571:2018-09-15
1566:cotton.org
1547:2018-09-10
1448:calcot.com
1363:2021-06-02
1320:2013-06-01
605:"Overview"
531:cottonseed
508:New Madrid
422:California
254:blue jeans
242:cotton gin
238:power loom
137:Background
73:California
3364:Corn maze
3333:H-2A visa
3194:Farm bill
3109:Rice Belt
3094:Corn Belt
3077:By region
3011:Wisconsin
2960:Virginia
2836:Oklahoma
2717:Nebraska
2687:Missouri
2647:Michigan
2524:Illinois
2438:Delaware
2362:Arkansas
2143:Range war
1954:Nicaragua
1909:Argentina
815:"History"
691:ignored (
681:cite book
589:Footnotes
547:Panhandle
430:, though
246:Civil War
89:Louisiana
45:in Texas.
3157:politics
3051:cannabis
3041:cannabis
3027:Wyoming
2989:cannabis
2979:Cannabis
2964:cannabis
2949:cannabis
2945:Vermont
2894:cannabis
2879:Cannabis
2855:cannabis
2788:cannabis
2773:cannabis
2768:New York
2756:cannabis
2731:cannabis
2706:cannabis
2702:Montana
2691:cannabis
2656:cherries
2651:cannabis
2636:cannabis
2621:cannabis
2616:Maryland
2604:cannabis
2574:Kentucky
2528:cannabis
2475:Georgia
2442:cannabis
2427:cannabis
2415:cannabis
2405:Colorado
2388:cannabis
2356:cannabis
2347:Arizona
2336:cannabis
2207:Cannabis
2165:Colonial
2099:Virginia
1964:Paraguay
1959:Pakistan
1949:Ethiopia
1758:(1941).
1724:(2010)
1489:cite web
1337:Archived
1210:Archived
818:Archived
557:See also
520:Pemiscot
516:Stoddard
491:Missouri
374:Honduras
293:Parchman
85:Arkansas
63:and the
3155:Law and
2846:Oregon
2727:Nevada
2563:Kansas
2540:Indiana
2454:Florida
2393:walnuts
2383:almonds
2314:Alabama
2279:Tobacco
2264:Spinach
2254:Poultry
2155:Slavery
2042:History
1924:Bolivia
1859:of the
1855:in the
1760:excerpt
1748:(1897)
1726:excerpt
1714:(1967)
1616:. USDA.
1396:"Texas"
1266:2222871
940:(2010).
541:Florida
512:Dunklin
460:Sacaton
450:Arizona
368:Exports
301:(2007).
261:and of
226:Liberty
196:labor (
118:History
77:Arizona
3374:Cowboy
3057:Texas
2884:Coffee
2595:Maine
2491:coffee
2486:Hawaii
2464:tomato
2326:Alaska
2234:Cotton
2219:Cherry
2192:Banana
1974:Uganda
1929:Brazil
1898:cotton
1896:World
1823:
1795:online
1705:online
1689:
1479:2 June
1453:2 June
1432:online
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883:online
861:
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800:3 June
735:2 June
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671:2 June
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611:1 June
378:Mexico
240:, and
198:slaves
93:Upland
87:, and
57:cotton
3369:Ranch
3357:Other
3310:Labor
3283:Crime
3037:Guam
3016:dairy
2935:Utah
2826:Ohio
2793:chile
2513:Idaho
2496:sugar
2469:mango
2291:Wheat
2269:Sugar
2244:Dairy
2239:Cider
1969:Syria
1944:Egypt
1939:China
1919:Benin
1262:JSTOR
405:Texas
299:Texas
69:Texas
3066:wine
3061:rice
3031:wine
3021:wine
3004:wine
2994:wine
2969:wine
2954:wine
2939:wine
2929:wine
2919:wine
2909:wine
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2867:wine
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2319:wine
2296:Wine
2259:Rice
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2212:Hemp
2138:Wine
1934:Chad
1821:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1495:link
1481:2013
1455:2013
1193:2013
1180:ISBN
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1121:ISBN
1100:2013
1076:2013
1063:ISBN
1042:2013
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773:help
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693:help
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634:ISBN
613:2013
434:and
359:USDA
317:lint
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