Cotton-top tamarin

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individuals' alarm calls. Further, adults are able to discriminate the gender of callers from their ACs and determine the range of calls within a related tamarin's alarm calling repertoire. Alarm call-based identification is postulated to play a number of functional roles in the cotton-top tamarin. Firstly, an AC recipient is able to identify a cooperating tamarin, and by recognizing which in their group it is, be able to judge the reliability of the AC from past experience. This may arise from a selective pressure for being able to statistically determine the amount of risk present, and how endangered an individual and its group are.

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Based on this, researchers believe that repeated interactions in a cooperative society like that of the cotton-top tamarin can heighten the chances that an individual will designate behavioral punishments to others in its group. This reaction has also been observed in other species. However, these reciprocal punishments, or relative lack of altruistic actions, may alternatively happen as a result of response facilitation that increases the chances of a cotton-top punishing another primate after watching that individual perform a similar action.

896:. Additionally, the cooperative breeding structure of cotton-tops can change with group size and parental experience. First-time sires spend a greater amount of time carrying the infant than experienced ones, and in smaller groups, sires do a greater proportion of carrying and feeding the infant than in larger groups, where helpers take on more of the work. Total care for infants remains constant with varying group size, and infant outcome is not significantly different in groups that have differing levels of experience in raising offspring. 843: 1065:

differing calls in various contexts, but by using solely the infant prototypical chirp. For instance, adult cotton-tops are known to significantly reduce the amount of general alarm calling in the presence of infants. This is likely adapted so that adults in close proximity to the groups young do not attract the attention of predators to infant-dense areas. Additionally, infants reduce their prototype chirping in the presence of predators. Whether infants are

112: 958: 589: 258: 900: 1057: 70: 42: 1145: 1110: 1181: 1238:("Project Tamarin") was started in 1985 to provide information and support in conservation of the cotton-top tamarin and its habitat in northern Colombia. Proyecto Tití's programs combine field research, education, and community programs to spread awareness about this endangered species and encourage the public to participate in its protection. It now has partner status with the 698:. It can adapt to forest fragments and can survive in relatively disturbed habitats. In the dry forests are pronounced seasons. Between December and April, it is dry, while heavy rainfall occurs between August and November which can flood the forest floor. Across its range, annual rainfall varies between 500 and 1,300 mm (20 and 51 in). 1077:

used to indicate food preference and when navigating to a food source, an infant approaches the adult caller to be fed, but do not use the prototype calling as a proxy for C-calls. This finding argues for the idea that infants are able to understand vocalizations first, and later acquire the ability to communicate with adult vocalizations.

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take in a feeding context and whether a preferable food source is available. Despite this research indicating that food calls may be informative to fellow group mates, other observations of cotton-tops show that quantity and distribution of food and audience do not significantly alter a caller's food-centered vocalizations.

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Since only one female in a group breeds, heavy investment in infant care ensures that all offspring survive until independence. Accordingly, cotton-top tamarins bear excessive costs to care for the group's young. Male carriers, especially paternal carriers, incur large energetic costs for the sake of

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occurs early on with speech comprehension abilities arising first. Infants can at times produce adult-like chirps, but this is rarely done in the correct context and remains inconsistent across the first 20 weeks of life. Regardless, infant cotton-tops are able to respond in behaviorally appropriate

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fields for threat signals may indicate females have developed diverging evolutionary threats through differential use of these markings. These variable signals may be used to sign a territorial encounter, or serve as a reproductive signal. The intensity of female threats is generally comparable when

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during infant care. Males, particularly those that are paternal, show greater involvement in caregiving than do females. Despite this, both male and female infants prefers contact and proximity to their mothers over their fathers. Males may invest additional support in rearing offspring as a form of

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In cooperative breeding, the effort put into caring for the dominant breeders' offspring is shared by the group members. Parents, siblings, and immigrant adults share young rearing duties for the breeding pair's young. These duties include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging

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and sleeps with its social group in trees with foliage cover. The group leaves the sleeping tree together an hour after dawn and spends the day foraging, resting, travelling, and grooming. The species is thought to rise late and increases the speed of its foraging and travelling before dusk to avoid

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to the south and east, the Atlantic coast to the north, and the Atrato River to the west. They are found exclusively in Colombia; 98% of their habitat has been destroyed. Historically, the entire area was suitable for the cotton-top tamarin, but due to habitat loss through deforestation, it survives

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To confirm the notion that language acquisition occurs as a progression of comprehension before production, Castro and Snowdon (2000) showed that infants respond behaviorally to vocalizing adults in a fashion that indicates they can comprehend auditory inputs. When an adult produces a C-call chirp,

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The cotton-top tamarin is seen to produce food calls both in the presence and absence of group members. Additionally, response to food calls are directed back to an original caller independent of visual confirmation of a food source. While this may appear to be a result of a very primitive form of

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C-call chirping is believed to be an honest signal for communicating food preference, and a cotton-top tamarin more often and more rapidly vocalizes with these chirps when approaching a highly favored food source. Functionally, this behavior may inform other tamarins of the actions the caller will

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flowing over the shoulders. The skin of the face is black with gray or white bands located above the eyes. These bands continue along the edge of the face down to the jaw. Tamarins are generally divided into three groups by their facial characteristics: hairy-faced, mottled-faced, and bare-faced.

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in language experiments, this theory has been confirmed multiple times in literature. However, the individual syllables within a complete CLC vocalization in isolation of each other do not transfer sufficient information to communicate messages between monkeys. Scientists thus consider the whole,

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Castro and Snowdon (2000) observed that aside from inconsistent adult-like chirping, cotton-top infants most often produce a prototype chirp that differs in vocalization structure from anything seen in the full adult range of vocalizations. Infants are thought to imitate adult speakers, which use

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a predator's location. In the context of the cotton-top's cooperative breeding groups, this is postulated as being adaptive for determining the variable risk to one's group members. For example, a call recipient is able to determine which of its kin are and are not at risk (e.g. young offspring,

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that are produced by isolated individuals using chirps and whistles. This type of call is also used for seemingly altruistic alarm calls, thus adding to its range of cooperative behaviors. It is issued in the presence of kin when a threatening llamas predator is seen. Predators of the cotton-top

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through negative reciprocity and punishment. They have been observed to immediately start denying cooperation with monkeys that deny them benefits. Further, in captivity, these primates are not observed to increase altruistic behavior with fellow primates that are committed fully to cooperation.

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Dominant pairs are the only breeding pair within their groups, and the female generally has authority over the breeding male. While nonbreeding group members can be the leading pair's offspring, immigrant adults may also live with and cooperate in these groups. This social grouping in cotton-top

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V., Link, A., Guzman-Caro, D., Defler, T.R., Palacios, E., Stevenson, P.R. & Mittermeier, R.A. 2021. Saguinus oedipus (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T19823A192551067. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T19823A192551067.en.

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Since tamarins can discriminate between predatory threats using varying vocalizations, recipients of an AC are thought to extract various complex signals from this form of communication. Primarily, cotton-tops are able to glean the identity of the cooperating tamarin through differences in

977:, stages aggressive displays almost exclusively towards fellow monkeys that belong to the same gender. These intrasexual displays of aggression are more frequent in females, and are vital when a breeding female is forcing both subadult and adult females to emigrate out of a familial group. 1038:

usage. Each type of call is given a letter signifier; for example, C-calls are associated with finding food and D-calls are associated with eating. Further, these calls can be modified to better deliver information relevant to auditory localization in call-recipients. Using this range of

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Additionally, being able to localize auditory signals may help determine predator location, especially in the presence of a second AC from a different tamarin in the group. This can help confirm predator presence, type (e.g. flying versus ground-based), and support the recipient in

541:. This is supported by morphological considerations of the transition from juvenile to adulthood, during which the fur coloration patterns change. significantly and are similar between the two species. Hershkovitz proposed that the separation of the two species happened in the 834:. This suppresses sexual behavior and delays puberty. Unrelated males that join the group can release the females from this reproductive suppression; this may result in more than one female of the group becoming pregnant, but only one of the pregnancies will be successful. 1203:

The illegal pet trade and scientific research have also been cited as factors by the IUCN. While biomedical studies have recently limited their use of this species, illegal capture for the pet trade still plays a major role in endangering the cotton-top. Before 1976, when

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are irrelevant in the prosociality of these primates. Some researchers believe these primates tend to cooperate for selfish reasons and in situations where they incur some benefit for themselves. That is, cooperation in cotton-top tamarins can be better described by

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The cotton-top tamarin makes selective, specialized vocalizations in the presence of food. These include the C-call, produced when a cotton-top approaches and sorts through food, and the D-call, which is associated with food retrieval and is exhibited while eating.

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hypothesis predicts that cotton-top tamarins engage with this young-rearing paradigm, and in turn, naturally embrace patterns of prosocial behavior. These monkeys engage in such behavior by acting altruistically within their groups in caring for infants, vocalizing

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whereby the group's subordinate adults help in rearing the offspring of the dominant pair. The dominant female is more likely to give birth to non-identical twins than a singleton, so it would be too energetically expensive for just one pair to raise the young.

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Another way to look at punishment in cotton-top tamarins is by observing their aggressive behavioral responses within and between groups, as well as between species. The cotton-top tamarin, like many marmosets, other tamarins, and specifically those in the

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in the north. It is seldom found at altitudes above 400 m (1,300 ft), but has been encountered up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft). It prefers the lower levels of the tropical forests, but may also be found foraging on the ground and between the

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The cotton-top tamarin has fur covering all of the body except the palms of the hands and feet, the eyelids, the borders of the nostrils, the nipples, the anus, and the penis. The back is brown, and the underparts, arms, and legs are whitish-yellow. The

633:, and the base of the tail have lower densities, while the forward region is much higher. Many individuals have stripes or whorls of fur of striking coloration on their throats. The cotton-top also has whiskers on its forehead and around its mouth. 1021:

rules. Jayne Cleveland and Charles Snowdon performed an in-depth feature analysis to classify the cotton-top's repertoire of vocalizations in 1982. They concluded that it uses a simple grammar consisting of eight phonetic variations of short,

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The cotton-top tamarin is a highly social primate that typically lives in groups of two to nine individuals, but may reach up to 13 members. These small familial groups tend to fluctuate in size and in composition of individuals and a clear

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CLCs involve the production of complex sequence multisyllabic vocalizations. Researchers have argued that long calls exhibit individual differences, thus can carry information sufficient for recipients to determine caller identity. Using

916:, and in sharing food. Though some studies indicate that cotton-top tamarins have the psychological capacity to participate in reciprocally mediated altruism, it is unclear whether the cotton-top tamarin acts solely using judgments on 2930:; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A. B.; Ganzhorn, J. U.; Oates, J. F.; Williamson, E. A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E. W.; Kierulff, M. C. M.; Long Yongcheng; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009). 1053:

ways to varying contexts when presented with adult chirps. This indicates that verbal perception is a quickly acquired skill for offspring, followed closely by auditory comprehension, and later by proper vocal producibility.

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Over the first 20 weeks, after a cotton-top tamarin is born, it is not fully capable of producing the range of vocalizations that an adult monkey can. Despite this limitation on speech producibility, researchers believe that

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tend to cause swift, irreparable breakups between these primates and their cooperators. To avoid this, cotton-top tamarins may make economically driven decisions based on the projected incentives of a potential cooperator.

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Tamarins in captivity have shown the ability to distinguish other individuals based on cooperative tendencies and past behavior. Cotton-tops ultimately use this information to guide future cooperation. Brief periods of

784: 782: 779: 778: 783: 765:, and snakes. The cotton-top tamarin is extremely vigilant, always looking for potential predators. When the group is resting, one individual moves apart and acts as a lookout to alert the group if it sees a threat. 460:, but as the species does not have particularly large feet, it is unknown why he chose this name. (Linnaeus often selected names from mythology without any particular rationale, and he may have used the name of 1123:

intact string of vocalizations to be the unit of perception for CLCs in the cotton-top tamarin. These examinations may confirm that cotton-tops incorporate a lexical syntax in areas of their communication.

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vocalizations, the adults may be able to communicate with one another about intention, thought processes, and emotion, including curiosity, fear, dismay, playfulness, warnings, joy, and calls to young.

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has the common names "cotton-top tamarin" and "cotton-headed tamarin" in English. Its name comes from the white hair that spans its head and flows down past the neck. In Spanish, it is commonly called

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Among the typical cotton-top tamarin communicative vocalizations, the combination long call (CLC) and the alarm call (AC) are the most heavily represented in the literature. CLCs encompass a range of

781: 1231:, for the benefit of humans. The species is now protected by international law. Although enough individuals are in captivity to sustain the species, it is still critically endangered in the wild. 868:

the group's young. This burden may cause some male cotton-tops to lose up to 10–11% of their total body weight. The large weight loss may occur from reduced food intake as infant-carrying inhibits

1192:, while the lowland forest in which it lives has been reduced to 5% of its historical range. This land is then used for large-scale agricultural production (i.e. cattle) and farming, logging, 1106:. Early observations by Patricia Neyman even showed that cotton-tops produce diverse sets of alarm calls that can discriminate the presence of birds of prey versus ground-based predators. 892:

reasons. Namely, the costs to male weight and foraging ability may, in turn, promote consecutive pregnancies in dominant females, thereby providing more offspring bearing the sire's

549:, where it intersected the Cauca-Magdalena. At that time, the area was covered by a sea, which created a geographic barrier that caused the species to diverge through the process of 2970:. Illustrated by S. D. Nash. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–40. Archived from 4209: 2964: 4179: 1030:"—each representing varying messages—and five longer constant frequency "whistles". They hypothesize that some of these calls demonstrate that the cotton-top tamarin uses 1974:

Savage, A.; Ziegler, T. E.; Snowdon, C. T. (1988). "Sociosexual development, pair bond formation, and mechanisms of fertility suppression in female cotton-top tamarins (

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

565:, the marmosets and tamarins; it weighs 432 g (15.2 oz) on average. Its head–body length is 20.8–25.9 cm (8.2–10.2 in), while its tail—which is not 2021:

Heistermann, M.; Kleis, E.; Pröve, E.; Wolters, H. J. R. (1989). "Fertility status, dominance, and scent marking behavior of family-housed female cotton-top tamarins (

319: 2939:. Illustrated by S. D. Nash. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–92. 3993: 629:

and inner thighs and upper tail are reddish-orange. The fur is distributed with varying densities throughout the body: the genital region (scrotum and pubic zone),

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communication, Roush and Snowdon (2005) maintain that the food-calling behavior confers some mentally representable information about food to recipient tamarins.

392:, as the lowland forest in northwestern Colombia where the cotton-top tamarin is found has been reduced to 5% of its previous area. It is currently classified as 1069:

the calling behavior of adults or they are comprehending danger remains unclear. However, researchers argue that young cotton-top tamarins are able to represent

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Habitat destruction through forest clearing is the main cause of this collapse, and the cotton-top has lost more than three-quarters of its original habitat to

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is common in the cotton-top and the species hunts for insects using a variety of methods: stealth, pouncing, chasing, exploring holes, and turning over leaves.

2068:

Savage, A.; Shideler, S. E.; Soto, L. H.; Causado, J.; Giraldo, L. H.; Lasley, B. L.; Snowdon, C. T. (1997). "Reproductive events of wild cotton-top tamarins (

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The cotton-top tamarin has fine white hair covering its face, but they are so fine as to appear naked, thus it is considered a bare-faced tamarin. Its lower

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to win the favor of the group's dominant female. However, evidence indicates that time spent carrying infants does not correlate with a male's overall

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Roush, R. S.; Snowdon, C. T. (2001). "Food transfer and development of feeding behavior and food-associated vocalizations in cotton-top tamarins".

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directed at intruders of either gender. In contrast, male cotton-tops are considerably more threatening towards fellow males than towards females.

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weighing less than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb). This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest

4006: 722:, and occasionally reptiles and amphibians. Due to its small body size and high food passage rate, its diet must be high-quality and high-energy. 388:

gave them the highest level of protection and all international commercial trade was prohibited. Now, the species is at risk due to large-scale

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Although limited in their own vocal ranges, juvenile cotton-tops respond appropriately to varying contexts provided by adult vocalizations.

573:, the male and female are of a similar size and weight. Members of the Callitrichinae subfamily (including this species) have sharp nails ( 2854:

Elowson, A. M.; Tannenbaum, P. L.; Snowdon, C. T. (1991). "Food-associated calls correlate with food preferences in cotton-top tamarins".

1786:

Savage, A.; Giraldo, L. H.; Soto, L. H.; Snowdon, C. T. (1996). "Demography, group composition, and dispersal in wild cotton-top tamarin (

2341:"Give unto others: Genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back" 2971: 4214: 4194: 3556: 806:

is always present within a party. At the head of the group is the breeding pair. The male and female in this pair are typically in a

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The wild population is estimated at 6,000 individuals, with 2,000 adults. This species is critically endangered, and was listed in "

980:

Though aggression can occur within groups, the response towards intruders of another species is much more drastic and can involve a

3565: 2085: 1945:

Savage, A.; Snowdon, C. T.; Giraldo, L. H.; Soto, L. H. (1996). "Parental care patterns and vigilance in wild cotton-top tamarins (

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The species is critically endangered, with a wild population of merely 6,000 individuals including about 2,000 free-roaming adults.

2217: 1803: 1519:

Hernández-Camacho, J.; Cooper, R. W. (1976). "The nonhuman primates of Colombia". In Thorington Jr., J. R.; Heltne, P. G. (eds.).

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in tropical ecosystems. While larger primates eat larger seeds, tamarins eat the smaller ones. The expelled seeds have a higher

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ability for a carrier. The trend of male-carrier weight loss and decreased food intake is in contrast to the dominant female's

439: 247: 2554: 4050: 4011: 1575:

Linnaeus, Crested Tamarins: 1. History, Characters, Evolution, and Subspecies; and 2. Biology of Crested Bare-face Tamarins"

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Once infants reach sufficient age, they permanently leave the backs of their carriers and begin contributing to the group.

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to prevent other females in the group from breeding. These tamarins have been extensively studied for their high level of

74: 427:(literally "Liszt monkey") due to the resemblance of its crest to the hairstyle of Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso 4189: 3675: 1173:

between 2008 and 2012." The publication lists highly endangered primate species and is released every two years by the

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Weiss, D.; Garibaldi, B.; Hauser, M. D. (2001). "The production and perception of long calls by cotton-top tamarins (

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in northern Colombia pointing out the tamarin's endangered status in the only part of the world where it still exists

2200:

Sánchez, S.; Peláez, F.; Gil-Bürmann, C.; Kaumanns, W. (1999). "Costs of infant-carrying in the cotton-top tamarin (

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The cotton-top tamarin can live as long as 24 years in captivity, while its lifespan in the wild averages 13 years.

3819: 3529: 3488: 2118:

Cleveland, J.; Snowdon, C. T. (1984). "Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin (

876:, when she gains weight after increasing her own food intake and relinquishing much of her infant-carrying duties. 3077: 4063: 3378: 111: 706:

The cotton-top tamarin has a diet of mainly fruit (40%) and animal material (40%). This includes insects, plant

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French, J. A.; Snowdon, C. T. (1981). "Sexual dimorphism in responses to unfamiliar intruders in the tamarin,

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The species is thought to vocalize food preference using C-calls and food retrieval and eating using D-calls.

667: 3369: 3324: 2783:

Weiss, D.; Hauser, M. (2002). "Perception of harmonics in the combination long call of cotton-top tamarins,

450: 3900: 1701:

Neyman, P. F. (1978). "Aspects of the ecology and social organization of free-ranging cotton-top tamarins (

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calls. Researchers describe its repertoire of 38 distinct sounds as unusually sophisticated, conforming to

1013:

The cotton-top tamarin vocalizes with bird-like whistles, soft chirping sounds, high-pitched trilling, and

3835: 3574: 3497: 3438: 3429: 842: 3923: 2963:; Schwitzer, C.; Rylands, A. B.; Taylor, L. A.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E. A.; Wallis, J., eds. (2012). 1493:

New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation

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intruder response tactics, whereas males are more prone to vocalizing threats, physical aggression, and

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The cotton-top tamarin displays a wide variety of social behaviors. In particular, groups form a clear

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Tardif, S. D.; Bales, K. (1997). "Is infant-carrying a courtship strategy in callitrichid primates?".

3954: 3882: 3803: 3794: 3775: 3757: 3720: 3693: 3396: 3297: 2901: 2648:

Cleveland, J.; Snowdon, C. T. (1982). "The complex vocal repertoire of the adult cotton-top tamarin (

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Washabaugh, K. F.; Snowdon, C. T.; Ziegler, T. E. (2002). "Variations in care for cottontop tamarin,

1049: 1023: 908: 873: 861: 823: 507: 362: 3512: 3479: 3315: 2960: 2927: 1740: 1318: 1213: 1175:

International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group

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behaviors. Communication between cotton-top tamarins is sophisticated and shows evidence of simple

370: 354: 59: 1396: 1227:. Up to 40,000 individuals were caught and exported for research into those diseases, as well as 3748: 3470: 3360: 3270: 2871: 2804: 2621: 2577: 2477: 2321: 2229: 2177: 2139: 2097: 2050: 2003: 1865: 1815: 1035: 985: 949:

Despite an expansive array of altruistic behaviors, cotton-top tamarins engage in great bouts of

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To prevent younger, subordinate females within the group from breeding, the dominant female uses

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rate than others and ingesting larger seeds may help to dislodge and expel intestinal parasites.

570: 469: 465: 270: 106: 3238: 2688:

Castro, N.; Snowdon, C. (2000). "Development of vocal responses in infant cotton-top tamarins".

2529: 2521: 1670: 1664: 1582: 1570: 3998: 670:, which consists of 460,000 hectares (1,800 sq mi) of primary and secondary forests. 4184: 4071: 3931: 3351: 3342: 2940: 2831: 2823: 2765: 2533: 2500: 2469: 2426: 2370: 2282: 2221: 2089: 2042: 1995: 1954: 1927: 1807: 1763: 1715: 1674: 1643: 1611: 1586: 1542: 1496: 1464: 1458: 1360: 1282: 1272: 981: 957: 857: 588: 396:

and is one of the rarest primates in the world, with only 6,000 individuals left in the wild.

2495:

Hammerstein, P. (2003). "Why is reciprocity so rare in social animals? A protestant appeal".

1606:

Eisenberg, J. F.; Redford, K. H. (1999). "The Contemporary Mammalian Fauna: Order Primates".

1441: 4076: 3279: 2909: 2863: 2796: 2757: 2697: 2661: 2613: 2569: 2461: 2416: 2408: 2360: 2352: 2313: 2272: 2264: 2213: 2169: 2131: 2081: 2034: 1987: 1917: 1909: 1901: 1857: 1799: 1235: 1197: 1066: 695: 678: 666:

in fragmented parks and reserves. One of the most important areas for the cotton-top is the

323: 303: 257: 4097: 4024: 3766: 3220: 3097: 1913: 888:, particularly in cotton-top sires, the costs of infant care may in fact be tolerated for 682: 662: 566: 3887: 1136:

mates, subordinates, relatives, carriers, etc.) and plan subsequent actions accordingly.

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Up to 40,000 cotton-top tamarins are thought to have been caught and exported for use in

2905: 2719: 2457: 3420: 3288: 3129: 2665: 2421: 2396: 2365: 2340: 2277: 2248: 1922: 1889: 899: 730: 674: 597: 562: 347: 315: 193: 2867: 2617: 2135: 1848:, alarm calls contain sufficient information for recognition of individual identity". 923:

Other studies involving cotton-top tamarins have hinted that positive reciprocity and

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The white hair on the back of the head and neck inspire its common name, "cotton-top".

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in play behavior with the group's young. Cotton-top tamarins display high levels of

41: 4129: 3936: 3684: 3453: 3253: 2181: 2101: 1258: 1224: 1086: 989: 913: 754: 606: 546: 534: 357:

where only dominant pairs breed. The female normally gives birth to twins and uses

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Mammals of the Neotropics: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil

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banning all international trade, the cotton-top tamarin was exported for use in

1144: 1119: 1109: 1018: 746: 734: 723: 711: 658: 569:—is slightly longer at around 33–41 cm (13–16 in). The species is not 542: 533:

This species of white-headed tamarin is thought to have diverged from the other

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reproductive relationship, and together serve as the group's dominant leaders.

522:

dental morphology (1987) and by Skinner (1991), who found similarities between

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Clutton-Brock, T. H.; Parker, G. A. (1995). "Punishment in animal societies".

2268: 1890:"Prosocial behaviour emerges independent of reciprocity in cottontop tamarins" 997: 885: 741: 691: 335: 173: 3858: 2249:"Costs of caregiving: weight loss in captive adult male cotton-top tamarins ( 822:

that benefits other members of the group, and are well known for engaging in

585:. Tegulae resemble a squirrel's claws and help with movement through trees. 2828:

Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition

2701: 1286: 1001: 937: 831: 815: 750: 715: 519: 358: 318:

crest extending from its forehead to its shoulders. The species is found in

123: 2800: 2769: 2555:"Parent-offspring conflict and sibling competition in a monogamous primate" 2430: 2412: 2374: 2356: 2317: 2286: 2225: 2173: 2046: 2038: 1999: 1991: 1931: 1905: 1811: 1706: 1425: 1331: 2473: 2093: 4123: 3910: 3852: 3147: 1193: 1177:. The cotton-top tamarin was not selected for the 2012–2014 publication. 1070: 1014: 993: 992:. Scent-marking in cotton-top tamarins is done in two ways: either using 869: 789: 758: 654: 626: 561:

The cotton-top tamarin is part of the most diminutive family of monkeys,

473: 464:, the mythical Greek king of Thebes, more or less arbitrarily.) In 1977, 366: 331: 327: 143: 3946: 1705:) and the conservation status of the species". In Kleiman, D. G. (ed.). 1579:

Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini): with an Introduction to Primates

1271:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 135. 553:. Today, the two species are principally separated by the Atrato River. 421:. In German-speaking areas, the cotton-top tamarin is commonly known as 4151: 4143: 3972: 3625: 3159: 1220: 1095: 707: 621:

teeth on each side of its jaw, not three like other New World monkeys.

610: 582: 461: 343: 311: 307: 203: 163: 2965:"Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012–2014" 2401:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2086:

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:4<329::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-Z

472:

analysis of the species based on fur coloration patterns, cranial and

3985: 3895: 3153: 3141: 2465: 2218:

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:2<99::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-6

1844:

Sproul, C.; Palleroni, A.; Hauser, M. D. (2006). "Cottontop tamarin,

1804:

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)38:1<85::AID-AJP7>3.0.CO;2-P

1099: 1091: 961:

Dominant females may evict subordinate females from the group out of

719: 630: 339: 183: 153: 133: 3829: 2933:

Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010

2573: 846:

A male grooming a female as part of the species' cooperative ritual

4084: 1634:

Garber, P. A. (1993). "Feeding ecology and behaviour of the genus

1209: 1205: 1179: 1143: 1113:

A mature cotton-top tamarin producing vocalization for group mates

1108: 1103: 1055: 1027: 971: 956: 898: 893: 841: 775: 762: 653:

The cotton-top tamarin is restricted to a small area of northwest

640: 587: 385: 96: 90: 1949:)". In Norconk, M. A.; Rosenberger, A. L.; Garber, P. A. (eds.). 1760:

Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Volume 2, New World Monkeys

1514: 1512: 1268:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2304:, infants as a function of parental experience and group size". 614: 601: 577:) on all digits except the big toes, which have the flat nails ( 491:

and Coimbra-Filho (1981), and later Grooves (2001) consider the

3959: 3833: 3101: 1200:

projects that fragment the cotton-top tamarin's natural range.

518:. This view is supported by Hanihara and Natoria's analysis of 2824:"Meaningful acoustic units in nonhuman primate vocal behavior" 487:. Subsequent analyses by Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976), 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1223:, which is linked to an increased risk of a certain type of 1888:

Cronin, K. A.; Schroeder, K. K. E.; Snowdon, C. T. (2010).

1640:

Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behaviour, and Ecology

617:. Like other callitrichids, the cotton-top tamarin has two 3055: 1355:

Burton, R. (2002). "Pinché tamarin". In Burton, M. (ed.).

2993: 2991: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2339:

Hauser, M. D.; Chen, M. K.; Chen, F.; Chuang, E. (2003).

2195: 2193: 2191: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1000:

scent-marking. The ability to use both of these separate

2887: 2885: 2849: 2847: 2739: 2737: 2113: 2111: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 502:

Some researchers, such as Thorington (1976), posit that

410:

bichichi, tití pielroja, tití blanco, tití cabeza blanca

2345:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2155: 2153: 1894:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1735:

Snowdon, C. T.; Soini, P. (1988). "The tamarins, genus

2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 1781: 1779: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1629: 1627: 1357:

Marshall Cavendish International Wildlife Encyclopedia

1073:

information regardless of immature speech production.

2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2595: 2593: 2591: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1747:. Vol. 2. World Wildlife Fund. pp. 223–298. 1743:; Coimbra-Filho, A. F.; da Fonseca, G. A. B. (eds.). 2397:"Evolving the ingredients for reciprocity and spite" 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1521:

Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation

4113: 3842: 3792: 3733: 3642: 3623: 3510: 3451: 3418: 3251: 3174: 1446:(in Latin). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). p. 28. 3010:. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) Library 2826:. In Bekoff, M.; Allen, C.; Burghardt, G. (eds.). 1708:The Biology and Conservation of the Callitrichidae 1407:. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) Library 1359:. Vol. 19. Marshall Cavendish. p. 2625. 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 2497:The Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation 1714:. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 39–71. 2748:): acoustic analyses and playback experiments". 2395:Hauser, M.; McAuliffe, K.; Blake, P. R. (2009). 1219:In captivity, the cotton-top is highly prone to 2524:. In Slater, P. J. B.; Halliday, T. R. (eds.). 1523:. National Academy of Sciences. pp. 35–69. 1463:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 296. 1610:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 230–. 1457:Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2009). 600:, consisting of white hairs, from forehead to 3113: 530:in 16 of 17 morphological traits considered. 415: 408: 8: 4210:Critically endangered biota of South America 1745:Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates 1541:(2nd ed.). CONSERVATION International. 422: 4180:IUCN Red List critically endangered species 1951:Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates 3830: 3639: 3120: 3106: 3098: 256: 68: 40: 31: 3000:"Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin ( 2420: 2364: 2276: 2247:Achenbach, G. G.; Snowdon, C. T. (2002). 1921: 1397:"Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin ( 2822:Miller, C. T.; Ghazanfar, A. A. (2002). 1669:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 1581:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1034:, while other calls may be exemplars of 884:While caregiving by males appears to be 673:The cotton-top tamarin is found in both 476:morphology, and ear size. He classified 314:is easily recognized by the long, white 3031:"Rare monkey twins born at Chester Zoo" 2528:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1762:. Pearson Preston Hall. pp. 207–. 1250: 1171:The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 814:tamarins is hypothesized to arise from 1401:) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology" 984:in displays. Females typically employ 818:pressure. Cotton-top tamarins exhibit 753:predators. Its main predators include 7: 4157:906E175E-60AF-487B-A018-F9563E3F3D10 2257:International Journal of Primatology 1120:habituation-discrimination paradigms 2998:Cawthon Lang, K. A. (18 May 2005). 1395:Cawthon Lang, K. A. (18 May 2005). 434:The species was first described by 3029:Sherlock, Gemma (August 9, 2024). 2666:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb00320.x 1953:. Plenum Press. pp. 187–199. 596:The cotton-top tamarin has a long 25: 3602:Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin ( 3557:Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin ( 3078:"Cotton-top Tamarin Conservation" 2750:Journal of Comparative Psychology 2253:) following the birth of infants" 1537:(2004). Mahecha, J. V. R. (ed.). 3566:Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin ( 2914:10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00670.x 2025:) in absence of their mothers". 1666:Primate Adaptation and Evolution 1460:The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals 788:Two cotton-top tamarins feed at 265:Range of the Cotton-top Tamarin 110: 3611:Weddell's saddle-back tamarin ( 3584:Illiger's saddle-back tamarin ( 2830:. MIT Press. pp. 265–274. 2654:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 2522:"The evolution of intelligence" 2206:American Journal of Primatology 2074:American Journal of Primatology 2027:American Journal of Primatology 1980:American Journal of Primatology 1792:American Journal of Primatology 506:is more closely related to the 3676:Eastern black-handed tamarin ( 3593:Lesson's saddle-back tamarin ( 1914:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-2865-B 499:types to be separate species. 1: 4205:Critically endangered animals 3082:Wildlife Conservation Network 2868:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80145-9 2718:. Oakland Zoo. Archived from 2618:10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80016-4 2499:. MIT Press. pp. 83–93. 2136:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80279-1 1862:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.04.006 1240:Wildlife Conservation Network 685:in the south of its range to 647:Tayrona National Natural Park 613:, creating the appearance of 3530:Andean saddle-back tamarin ( 3489:Golden-headed lion tamarin ( 3406:Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset ( 1638:". In Rylands, A. B. (ed.). 1320:Downloaded on 06 April 2021. 4220:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 2762:10.1037/0735-7036.115.3.258 1642:. Oxford University Press. 350:in the tropical ecosystem. 27:Species of New World monkey 4236: 740:The cotton-top tamarin is 4215:Mammals described in 1758 4195:Endemic fauna of Colombia 3816: 3370:Gold-and-white marmoset ( 3136: 3128:Extant species of family 1208:listed the species under 346:, and it is an important 276: 269: 264: 255: 232: 225: 107:Scientific classification 105: 88: 66: 57: 48: 39: 34: 4200:Mammals of the Caribbean 3575:Golden-mantled tamarin ( 3498:Superagui lion tamarin ( 3439:Western pygmy marmoset ( 3430:Eastern pygmy marmoset ( 3379:Hershkovitz's marmoset ( 2650:Saguinus oedipus oedipus 1976:Saguinus oedipus oedipus 1569:Hershkovitz, P. (1977). 1495:. Springer. p. 35. 1426:German Knowledge article 1265:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 637:Habitat and distribution 557:Physical characteristics 3658:Golden-handed tamarin ( 3548:Brown-mantled tamarin ( 3539:Black-mantled tamarin ( 3334:Black-tailed marmoset ( 3307:Black-headed marmoset ( 3230:White-headed marmoset ( 3212:Buffy-tufted marmoset ( 3203:Buffy-headed marmoset ( 3194:Black-tufted marmoset ( 2702:10.1163/156853900502259 2553:Kleiman, D. G. (1979). 2269:10.1023/A:1013210226793 1758:Sussman, R. W. (2000). 1663:Fleagle, J. G. (1998). 932:than by true altruism. 668:Paramillo National Park 3776:Mottle-faced tamarin ( 3758:White-lipped tamarin ( 3721:White-footed tamarin ( 3520:(saddle-back tamarins) 3325:Schneider's marmoset ( 2801:10.1006/anbe.2002.3083 2526:Behavior and Evolution 2413:10.1098/rstb.2009.0116 2357:10.1098/rspb.2003.2509 2318:10.1006/anbe.2002.3018 2174:10.1006/anbe.1996.0353 2039:10.1002/ajp.1350180302 1992:10.1002/ajp.1350140404 1906:10.1098/rspb.2010.0879 1185: 1149: 1114: 1061: 966: 904: 847: 793: 650: 593: 423: 416: 409: 3480:Golden lion tamarin ( 3361:Munduruku marmoset ( 3261:(Amazonian marmosets) 2520:Byrne, R. W. (1994). 1183: 1147: 1112: 1059: 960: 902: 845: 787: 644: 591: 551:allopatric speciation 545:at the height of the 449:. Linnaeus chose the 438:in his landmark 1758 394:critically endangered 375:grammatical structure 75:Critically Endangered 3749:Moustached tamarin ( 3712:Geoffroy's tamarin ( 3703:Cotton-top tamarin ( 3471:Black lion tamarin ( 3271:Rio Acari marmoset ( 3184:(Atlantic marmosets) 2716:"Cotton-top Tamarin" 1539:Primates of Colombia 1491:Estrada, A. (2006). 1332:"Appendices | CITES" 1102:, and most notably, 1050:language acquisition 1043:Language acquisition 945:Spite and aggression 909:cooperative breeding 874:periovulatory period 824:cooperative breeding 687:tropical dry forests 609:are longer than its 508:white-footed tamarin 338:. Its diet includes 4190:Mammals of Colombia 3804:Goeldi's marmoset ( 3694:Martins's tamarin ( 3397:Rondon's marmoset ( 3343:Santarem marmoset ( 3298:Emilia's marmoset ( 2906:2001Ethol.107..415R 2562:American Naturalist 2458:1995Natur.373..209C 2407:(1533): 3255–3266. 2351:(1531): 2363–2370. 2120:Saguinus o. oedipus 1900:(1701): 3845–3851. 1214:biomedical research 1165:Conservation status 1024:frequency-modulated 925:reciprocal altruism 853:parental investment 804:dominance hierarchy 489:Russell Mittermeier 483:as a subspecies of 400:Taxonomy and naming 390:habitat destruction 382:biomedical research 355:dominance hierarchy 283:Linnaeus, 1758 60:Conservation status 35:Cotton-top tamarin 3316:Marca's marmoset ( 3280:Silvery marmoset ( 2961:Mittermeier, R. A. 2928:Mittermeier, R. A. 1741:Mittermeier, R. A. 1229:Epstein–Barr virus 1186: 1150: 1115: 1062: 996:scent-marking, or 967: 905: 848: 820:prosocial behavior 794: 651: 594: 581:) common to other 571:sexually dimorphic 478:Geoffroy's tamarin 466:Philip Hershkovitz 384:before 1976, when 294:cotton-top tamarin 4167: 4166: 4072:Open Tree of Life 3836:Taxon identifiers 3827: 3826: 3788: 3787: 3767:Emperor tamarin ( 3636: 3523: 3464: 3388:Satéré marmoset ( 3264: 3239:Wied's marmoset ( 3221:Common marmoset ( 3187: 2946:978-1-934151-34-1 2837:978-0-262-52322-6 2539:978-0-521-42923-8 2506:978-0-262-08326-3 2452:(6511): 209–216. 1960:978-0-306-45399-1 1769:978-0-536-74364-0 1721:978-0-87474-587-0 1680:978-0-12-260341-9 1649:978-0-19-854022-9 1617:978-0-226-19542-1 1592:978-0-226-32788-4 1548:978-1-881173-83-0 1470:978-0-8018-9533-3 1438:Linnaeus, Carolus 1366:978-0-86307-949-8 1196:plantations, and 982:sexual dimorphism 785: 679:secondary forests 516:S. geoffroyi 497:S. geoffroyi 481:S. geoffroyi 324:secondary forests 310:, the cotton-top 290: 289: 284: 100: 83: 18:Cottontop tamarin 16:(Redirected from 4227: 4160: 4159: 4147: 4146: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4106: 4105: 4093: 4092: 4080: 4079: 4067: 4066: 4054: 4053: 4041: 4040: 4028: 4027: 4015: 4014: 4002: 4001: 3989: 3988: 3976: 3975: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3927: 3926: 3914: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3901:saguinus-oedipus 3891: 3890: 3888:Saguinus_oedipus 3878: 3877: 3876: 3874:Saguinus oedipus 3863: 3862: 3861: 3844:Saguinus oedipus 3831: 3740: 3649: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3352:Maués marmoset ( 3289:White marmoset ( 3263: 3262: 3258: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3008:Primate Info Net 3002:Saguinus oedipus 2995: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2938: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2856:Animal Behaviour 2851: 2842: 2841: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2789:Animal Behaviour 2785:Saguinus oedipus 2780: 2774: 2773: 2746:Saguinus oedipus 2741: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2685: 2670: 2669: 2645: 2630: 2629: 2606:Animal Behaviour 2602:Saguinus oedipus 2597: 2586: 2585: 2559: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2466:10.1038/373209a0 2441: 2435: 2434: 2424: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2368: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2306:Animal Behaviour 2302:Saguinus oedipus 2297: 2291: 2290: 2280: 2251:Saguinus oedipus 2244: 2238: 2237: 2202:Saguinus oedipus 2197: 2186: 2185: 2162:Animal Behaviour 2157: 2148: 2147: 2124:Animal Behaviour 2115: 2106: 2105: 2072:) in Colombia". 2070:Saguinus oedipus 2065: 2059: 2058: 2023:Saguinus oedipus 2018: 2012: 2011: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1947:Saguinus oedipus 1942: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1850:Animal Behaviour 1846:Saguinus oedipus 1841: 1824: 1823: 1788:Saguinus oedipus 1783: 1774: 1773: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1713: 1703:Saguinus oedipus 1698: 1685: 1684: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1573:Saguinus oedipus 1566: 1553: 1552: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1516: 1507: 1506: 1488: 1475: 1474: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1434: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1405:Primate Info Net 1399:Saguinus oedipus 1392: 1371: 1370: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1291: 1290: 1255: 1090:tamarin include 792:in Japan (video) 786: 729:Tamarins act as 683:tropical forests 663:Magdalena Rivers 539:S. leucopus 528:S. leucopus 512:S. leucopus 440:10th edition of 426: 419: 412: 363:cooperative care 326:in northwestern 304:New World monkey 299:Saguinus oedipus 282: 260: 238: 236:Saguinus oedipus 115: 114: 94: 77: 72: 71: 44: 32: 21: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4155: 4150: 4142: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4075: 4070: 4062: 4057: 4049: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4023: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3958: 3953: 3945: 3943: 3935: 3930: 3922: 3917: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3886: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3838: 3828: 3823: 3812: 3784: 3735: 3729: 3667:Black tamarin ( 3644: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3619: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3461:(lion tamarins) 3460: 3459: 3457: 3447: 3432:C. niveiventris 3414: 3372:M. chrysoleucos 3260: 3259: 3257: 3247: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3170: 3132: 3126: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3058:. Proyecto Tití 3056:"Proyecto Tití" 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3004:) Conservation" 2997: 2996: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2936: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2722:on 18 June 2012 2714: 2713: 2709: 2687: 2686: 2673: 2647: 2646: 2633: 2599: 2598: 2589: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2394: 2393: 2382: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2199: 2198: 2189: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2020: 2019: 2015: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1887: 1886: 1877: 1843: 1842: 1827: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1711: 1700: 1699: 1688: 1681: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1633: 1632: 1625: 1618: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1568: 1567: 1556: 1549: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1503: 1490: 1489: 1478: 1471: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1394: 1393: 1374: 1367: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1340: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1294: 1279: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1167: 1142: 1083: 1081:General calling 1045: 1032:phonetic syntax 1011: 947: 882: 840: 799: 776: 774: 731:seed dispersers 704: 639: 559: 524:S. oedipus 504:S. oedipus 493:S. oedipus 485:S. oedipus 442:Systema Naturae 402: 320:tropical forest 251: 240: 234: 221: 218:S. oedipus 109: 101: 84: 73: 69: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4233: 4231: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4148: 4135: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4094: 4081: 4068: 4055: 4042: 4029: 4016: 4003: 3990: 3977: 3964: 3951: 3941: 3928: 3915: 3905: 3892: 3879: 3864: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3685:Pied tamarin ( 3682: 3673: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3637: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3577:S. tripartitus 3572: 3563: 3554: 3550:L. fuscicollis 3545: 3541:L. nigricollis 3536: 3526: 3524: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3495: 3491:L. chrysomelas 3486: 3477: 3473:L. chrysopygus 3467: 3465: 3454:Leontopithecus 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3345:M. humeralifer 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3196:C. penicillata 3190: 3188: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3130:Callitrichidae 3127: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3094: 3069: 3047: 3021: 2987: 2952: 2945: 2919: 2900:(5): 415–429. 2881: 2843: 2836: 2814: 2795:(3): 415–426. 2775: 2756:(3): 258–271. 2733: 2707: 2671: 2631: 2587: 2574:10.1086/283524 2568:(5): 753–760. 2545: 2538: 2512: 2505: 2487: 2436: 2380: 2331: 2292: 2263:(1): 179–189. 2239: 2187: 2149: 2107: 2080:(4): 329–337. 2060: 2033:(3): 177–189. 2013: 1986:(4): 345–359. 1966: 1959: 1937: 1875: 1825: 1775: 1768: 1750: 1727: 1720: 1686: 1679: 1655: 1648: 1623: 1616: 1598: 1591: 1554: 1547: 1526: 1508: 1501: 1476: 1469: 1449: 1429: 1418: 1372: 1365: 1347: 1323: 1292: 1277: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1166: 1163: 1141: 1138: 1082: 1079: 1044: 1041: 1036:lexical syntax 1010: 1007: 946: 943: 881: 878: 839: 836: 798: 797:Social systems 795: 773: 770: 703: 700: 657:, between the 638: 635: 598:sagittal crest 563:Callitrichidae 558: 555: 537:forms such as 456:, which means 401: 398: 348:seed disperser 330:, where it is 288: 287: 286: 285: 274: 273: 267: 266: 262: 261: 253: 252: 241: 230: 229: 223: 222: 215: 213: 209: 208: 201: 197: 196: 194:Callitrichidae 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 103: 102: 89: 86: 85: 67: 64: 63: 58: 55: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4232: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4115:Simia oedipus 4112: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3822: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3568:L. nigrifrons 3564: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3532:L. leucogenys 3528: 3527: 3525: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3381:M. intermedia 3377: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3327:M. schneideri 3323: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3282:M. argentatus 3278: 3276: 3274: 3273:M. acariensis 3269: 3268: 3266: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3009: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2977:on 2013-10-21 2973: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2212:(2): 99–111. 2211: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798:(1): 85–100. 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502:0-387-25854-X 1498: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1453: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1348: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1278:0-801-88221-4 1274: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1263:Wilson, D. E. 1260: 1259:Groves, C. P. 1254: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1236:Proyecto Tití 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1198:hydroelectric 1195: 1191: 1190:deforestation 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133:triangulating 1128: 1124: 1121: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1087:contact calls 1080: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1009:Communication 1008: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 986:scent-marking 983: 978: 976: 973: 964: 959: 955: 952: 944: 942: 939: 933: 931: 926: 921: 919: 918:reinforcement 915: 910: 901: 897: 895: 891: 887: 879: 877: 875: 871: 865: 863: 859: 854: 844: 837: 835: 833: 828: 825: 821: 817: 811: 809: 805: 796: 791: 771: 769: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 738: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 701: 699: 697: 693: 688: 684: 681:, from humid 680: 676: 671: 669: 664: 660: 656: 648: 643: 636: 634: 632: 628: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 599: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 556: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 452: 451:specific name 448: 447:Simia oedipus 444: 443: 437: 436:Carl Linnaeus 432: 430: 425: 420: 418: 417:tití leoncito 411: 406: 399: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 372: 368: 365:, as well as 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302:) is a small 301: 300: 295: 281: 280:Simia oedipus 278: 277: 275: 272: 268: 263: 259: 254: 249: 245: 239: 237: 231: 228: 227:Binomial name 224: 220: 219: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 113: 108: 104: 98: 92: 87: 81: 76: 65: 61: 56: 52: 51:Singapore Zoo 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4114: 3843: 3818: 3805: 3793: 3777: 3769:S. imperator 3768: 3759: 3750: 3737: 3734: 3722: 3714:S. geoffroyi 3713: 3704: 3702: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3646: 3643: 3624: 3612: 3604:L. lagonotus 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3559:L. cruzlimai 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3511: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3452: 3440: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3363:M. munduruku 3362: 3353: 3344: 3336:M. melanurus 3335: 3326: 3317: 3309:M. nigriceps 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3252: 3240: 3232:C. geoffroyi 3231: 3222: 3213: 3205:C. flaviceps 3204: 3195: 3175: 3085:. 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Retrieved 1335: 1326: 1267: 1253: 1233: 1225:colon cancer 1218: 1202: 1187: 1168: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1084: 1075: 1063: 1046: 1012: 990:piloerection 979: 974: 968: 948: 934: 922: 906: 883: 866: 849: 829: 812: 800: 767: 739: 728: 705: 672: 652: 623: 607:canine teeth 595: 560: 547:Atrato River 538: 532: 527: 523: 515: 511: 503: 501: 496: 492: 484: 480: 468:performed a 458:swollen foot 457: 453: 446: 441: 433: 414: 404: 403: 379: 352: 298: 297: 293: 291: 279: 235: 233: 217: 216: 204: 180:Infraorder: 53:, Singapore 29: 3981:iNaturalist 3868:Wikispecies 3760:S. labiatus 3723:S. leucopus 3696:S. martinsi 3613:L. weddelli 3586:L. illigeri 3513:Leontocebus 3500:L. caissara 3291:M. leucippe 2312:(6): 1163. 2168:(5): 1001. 1856:(6): 1379. 1790:) groups". 1411:19 November 1019:grammatical 914:alarm calls 864:frequency. 838:Cooperation 747:crepuscular 735:germination 724:Insectivory 543:Pleistocene 429:Franz Liszt 184:Simiiformes 4174:Categories 4130:Q122189166 3806:C. goeldii 3778:S. inustus 3705:S. oedipus 3687:S. bicolor 3633:(tamarins) 3482:L. rosalia 3441:C. pygmaea 3408:M. humilis 3399:M. rondoni 3390:M. saterei 3300:M. emiliae 3223:C. jacchus 3177:Callithrix 3166:Haplorhini 3164:Suborder: 2981:2013-03-04 2862:(6): 931. 2696:(5): 629. 2660:(3): 231. 2612:(3): 822. 2130:(2): 432. 1535:Defler, T. 1341:2022-01-14 1246:References 1210:Appendix I 1140:Food calls 998:suprapubic 994:anogenital 886:altruistic 862:copulation 832:pheromones 808:monogamous 692:understory 645:A sign in 567:prehensile 514:) than to 474:mandibular 405:S. oedipus 367:altruistic 359:pheromones 342:and plant 322:edges and 174:Haplorhini 170:Suborder: 93:Appendix I 3795:Callimico 3751:S. mystax 3738:Tamarinus 3736:Subgenus 3678:S. ursula 3645:Subgenus 3595:L. fuscus 3354:M. mauesi 3318:M. marcai 3241:C. kuhlii 3214:C. aurita 3140:Kingdom: 3040:August 9, 2690:Behaviour 1336:cites.org 1067:shadowing 1002:glandular 938:defection 930:mutualism 920:history. 858:courtship 816:predation 759:mustelids 751:nocturnal 535:Amazonian 520:toothcomb 470:taxonomic 424:Lisztaffe 212:Species: 130:Kingdom: 124:Eukaryota 4185:Saguinus 4124:Wikidata 4085:Species+ 4051:12100251 3999:10228017 3908:BioLib: 3853:Wikidata 3820:Category 3669:S. niger 3660:S. midas 3647:Saguinus 3626:Saguinus 3421:Cebuella 3160:Primates 3154:Mammalia 3148:Chordata 3146:Phylum: 3142:Animalia 2894:Ethology 2876:53252085 2809:49480605 2770:11594495 2626:53151699 2582:55162428 2482:21638607 2431:19805432 2375:14667352 2326:53167116 2287:16804560 2234:31747571 2226:10333430 2144:53189140 2055:85794285 2047:31964031 2008:85779307 2000:31968911 1932:20630886 1870:53182811 1820:84120098 1812:31914712 1737:Saguinus 1636:Saguinus 1440:(1758). 1287:62265494 1261:(2005). 1194:oil palm 1071:semantic 1015:staccato 975:Saguinus 880:Altruism 870:foraging 790:Ueno Zoo 772:Behavior 710:such as 708:exudates 694:and the 655:Colombia 611:incisors 583:primates 371:spiteful 344:exudates 332:arboreal 328:Colombia 316:sagittal 308:primates 271:Synonyms 244:Linnaeus 205:Saguinus 190:Family: 164:Primates 154:Mammalia 144:Chordata 140:Phylum: 134:Animalia 120:Domain: 80:IUCN 3.1 4152:ZooBank 4144:6142051 4038:1000824 3973:2436469 3859:Q137528 3158:Order: 3152:Class: 3014:5 March 2902:Bibcode 2726:20 June 2530:223–265 2474:7816134 2454:Bibcode 2422:2781875 2366:1691522 2278:1483063 2182:3714267 2102:6750233 2094:9403097 1923:2992700 1221:colitis 1096:ocelots 890:selfish 755:raptors 742:diurnal 702:Ecology 675:primary 579:ungulae 575:tegulae 462:Oedipus 454:oedipus 340:insects 336:diurnal 312:tamarin 200:Genus: 160:Order: 150:Class: 95: ( 78: ( 4077:489218 4012:572933 3960:323908 3944:ECOS: 3924:211579 3896:ARKive 3087:29 May 3062:29 May 2943: 2874: 2834: 2807: 2768: 2624: 2580: 2536: 2503: 2480: 2472: 2446:Nature 2429: 2419: 2373: 2363: 2324: 2285: 2275: 2232: 2224: 2180: 2142: 2100: 2092: 2053: 2045: 2006: 1998: 1957: 1930: 1920: 1868: 1818: 1810: 1766: 1739:". 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