1681:" von Fersen. However, it was nearly four years later, on von Fersen's second visit to France in the summer of 1778, when the relationship blossomed. Here he was accepted by Marie-Antoinette into her trusted circle and invited to her private gatherings at the Petit Trianon. It seems that the friendship grew very quickly and caused jealousy among those at court. In Beaumont's account, von Fersen left for the war in America in the early part of 1780 to avoid causing a scandal, as it was widely known that the two were close, and it was rumoured that he was the queen's lover. Beaumont wrote in his memoirs that von Fersen asked Swedish minister to France
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route. Because security was tight around the royal family, von Fersen travelled to Paris wearing a large wig and false moustache, and assumed the identity of a minister plenipotentiary of the Queen of
Portugal. They arrived in Paris without difficulty, and were able to sneak into the Tuileries and speak with Marie-Antoinette. Von Fersen laid the escape plan before Louis, however, the King did not feel that it would work. As he told von Fersen:
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1282:. On 20 June, the Tuileries was stormed by a large crowd and Louis was made to wear a red bonnet of liberty and drink a toast to the health of the people of Paris and the Nation. Three days later Marie-Antoinette was able to get an encrypted letter out to von Fersen: "Your friend is in the greatest danger. His illness is making terrible progress ... Tell his relations about his unfortunate situation".
1436:. His accession restored von Fersen and other supporters of Gustav III to favour at court. Von Fersen and his best friend, Baron Taube, became two of the most influential advisers to the young king, inculcating in him a "steadfast opposition to Revolutionary France, close relations with Russia, and hostility to Denmark, with the ultimate objective of acquiring Norway".
1455:"No doubt," said he, "the king of Sweden would regard with disfavour a French minister who had attempted to raise the people of Stockholm against him. On the same principle, the French Republic ought not to allow men too well known for their connection with the late king and queen of France to be sent to mock the minister of the first nation on earth."
1039:. They are hunted everywhere, and yesterday, in one spot, we captured 119; many more will probably be taken ... Disorder is increasing throughout the country. The has better pay than in our regiments and there are no means not employed to entice them. It is said that ... there have been, since July 13th, 12,750 deserters, without counting the
969:, arguing that the three orders were no more than arbitrary divisions of one body. By the end of June, the monarchy had reinforced its concentration of regiments around the capital, ostensibly to maintain order in and around Paris, although many believed the troops would be turned against the recalcitrant Third Estate. Von Fersen wrote:
1574:(Horse Guards) formed the advance guard in the procession; von Fersen, as Marshal of the Realm, and other court dignitaries, rode in coaches before the coffin, while the rear of the procession was brought up by a squadron of cavalry which had accompanied the Crown Prince's remains from Scania. Foot Guards paraded on the
1341:; I named myself; he made me a compliment, saying he ought to have known me by my handsome face ... On the whole, I found him a true Frenchman, vain, confident, heedless; with much intelligence and little judgement. His scheme failed through excess of confidence in his strength and in his influence with the army.
766:, was on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles. In contrast to Versailles, the dress and manners at the Petit Trianon were simple and down-to-earth; her guests were personally invited and treated equally, as friends. However, the private festivities often caused jealousy among those who were excluded from them.
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After his return from
America in June 1783, he was again accepted into the Queen's private society. There were again rumours that the two were romantically involved. But since most of their correspondence was lost, destroyed, or redacted, there was no conclusive evidence. Starting in 2016, scientists
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Von Fersen, with a violent effort, flung back one of the assailants who grasped him and shook himself free of the others who were pressing round. There was a momentary lull, and the curses shrank from shouts to mutterings. Von Fersen's face bled where a stone had cut it, his decorations glittering in
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I can see clearly that they are dragging things along purposely to prevent the King of Sweden from sending troops this year; they fear his activity, and also that he may command in person. They want to avoid acting, or else to act alone if it becomes necessary. Nothing is being done; the requisitions
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19 November: The queen treats me with great kindness; I often pay her my court at her card games, and each time she makes to me little speeches that are full of good-will. As someone had told her of my
Swedish uniform, she wished to see me in it; I am to go Thursday thus dressed, not to Court, but to
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came to tell me that the
Austrians have been defeated before Mons ... that retreat from Brussels is decided on ... At nine oâclock the news was made public; consternation and fear general; nothing as seen but people running about in search for means to get away. For two days there had been orders to
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In late-February 1787, the
Assembly of Notables was convened. Von Fersen attended the closing of the last day of that meeting, and described the gathering as "imposing". Von Fersen was secretly entrusted, by Gustavus III, with the role of special envoy to the King and Queen of France. Some sensitive
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on 22 June around 11 p.m., but here they were discovered and eventually held in custody until troops from the
National Convention arrived. They departed Varennes surrounded by 6,000 armed citizens and National Guardsmen. Having left behind him a long declaration which had been read and published in
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One is almost tempted to say that the government wanted to give the people a victim to play with, just as when one throws something to an irritated wild beast to distract its attention. The more I consider it all, the more I am certain that the mob had the least to do with it ... But in God's name
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Having talked with La Marck on the means of saving the queen, and agreeing that there were none except to push forward at once a strong body of cavalry to Paris - which would be the easier to do at this moment, because there are no troops before the city and the granaries are full, - I went to see
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All men's minds are in a ferment. Nothing is talked of but a constitution. The women especially are joining in the hubbub, and you know as well as I what influence they have in this country. It is a mania, everybody is an administrator and can talk only of progress; the lackeys in the antechambers
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It was at this moment when
Beaumont arrived on the scene with General Silfversparre and a small detachment of troops. This intervention further enraged the large crowd. Von Fersen, realising that the authorities planned to do nothing, turned and dashed into the first door he could find. The crowd
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When I called at his hotel to pay my compliments he asked would I be kind enough to tell him what minister from Sweden is now in Paris. As you know, there is none. My reply was necessarily vague. Then he said that it was astounding that the Court of Sweden should behave in such a manner towards a
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On 7 June 1784 von Fersen returned to
Versailles with Gustavus, who concluded a treaty of alliance with France on the 19th of the month. On 27 June, Gustavus and the rest of his entourage were invited to the Petit Trianon. Von Fersen sat in the royal box beside Marie-Antoinette. A month later von
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modesty and reserve, but above all, in the decision he made to go to
America. By thus departing he avoided all dangers; but it needed, evidently, a firmness beyond his years, to surmount that seduction. The queen's eyes could not leave him, during the last days, and they often filled with tears.
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nearly 80 years later, von Fersen remarked that he wouldn't be surprised to see
Virginia separate herself from the rest of the states at some point due to the strain of "aristocracy" prevalent there as opposed to the northern states. In December 1782, the French made sail for the West Indies and
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The young Count Fersen has been so well received by the queen that this has given umbrage to several persons. I own that I cannot help thinking that she had a liking for him; I have seen too many indications to doubt it. The conduct of the young count has been admirable on this occasion for its
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In December 1791, von Fersen confided to Beaumont about another possible escape attempt for the royal family. Because the roads were closely watched, it was decided that Louis should escape through the woods and then by sea, while von Fersen conveyed Marie-Antoinette and the children by another
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began. Von Fersen told Beaumont that in France "it is the fashion to rhapsodise over the Americans' rebelliousness against England." France had officially declared war against her "natural enemy" (Great Britain) in February 1778, but it wasn't until 1780 that French troops were sent to America.
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Before long, one man appeared at the window "and with a triumphant shout" hurled down von Fersen's cloak and sword, which were seized by the angry crowd. Von Fersen was dragged back out into the square. His gloves were pulled off and thrown in his face, and his coat torn off and trampled upon.
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some years ago. M. Constant, an intimate friend of his, gave me a letter of introduction to him ... I was struck by the beauty of his eyes and the vivacity of his expression. It was, I confess, curiosity rather than admiration which led me to seek his acquaintance ... He was not only extremely
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At 11:15 p.m. the royal children were brought out without difficulty. At 11:45 the king's sister, Madame Elizabeth, appeared, followed by Louis himself. Half an hour later they were still waiting for Marie-Antoinette. However, she came out at the same time as the torchlit carriage of
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Silfversparre, attempting to save von Fersen, offered to arrest him and have him tried in court for the Crown Prince's murder. At this moment, the mounted escort turned and rode away. The mob "had been almost quiet, but now raised yells of delight and triumph, and fell upon von Fersen".
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have not been sent, although they assure me the troops are to march at once ... I see a well-formed plan to do only trifling things over the winter, to try to patch up matters for the time being, and not to act until spring, and not then unless it is absolutely necessary.
1395:, I was devastated by the reality. I did not have the strength to feel anything ... I thought about her constantly, about all the horrible circumstances of her sufferings, of the doubt she might have had about me, my attachment, my interest. That thought tortured me.
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nation, with which it had been on more or less friendly terms for a long while. Before I had time to respond, he remarked that the Court of Sweden seemed to take a pleasure in sending agents and ambassadors who were personally disagreeable to every French citizen.
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have witnessed, she would doubtless have reiterated her usual observation as to his icy coldness of temperament, and his absolute insensitivity and passionless. I should have said that his nerves were strained almost to snapping, and that to see and speak to this
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at the Saint-Elizabeth prison on the slim hope of hearing news that might be of use. Drouet was the postmaster who recognised Louis on his flight to Varennes and was able to alert the authorities in time to stop them. Beaumont related the scene from his memoirs:
985:, and on 16 July, von Fersen was at Versailles with the King and Queen to debate how to forestall the incipient revolution in Paris. After much discussion, Louis decided to go to Paris with the guardsmen to show his personal goodwill towards the revolution. The
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was immediately armed and that did much to restore tranquility. We have had our little riot here but it is all over. Now the idle scoundrels have spread themselves over the country districts; they are pillaging, or putting under contribution all the abbeys and
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at France's Research Centre for the Conservation of Collections (CRCC) uncovered some of the redacted text of the queen's letters to Fersen. The revealed texts do not mention a physical relationship, but do confirm a very strong emotional relationship.
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by twelve on Friday night, come back to Paris, unlock my bureau, and burn everything you find...; and, if within the next 24 hours you hear I am killed or imprisoned, burn all my papers. But I hope it will not come to that, for we have so arranged matters."
1525:. The Riksdag dissolved in mid-June but not before several prominent aristocrats walked out and renounced their noble status. Though creating a much-talked about sensation, they had virtually left a vacuum in the political field which their rivals filled.
1565:. Rumours were rife throughout the country that he had been poisoned by the partisans of Gustav IV Adolf; von Fersen and his sister Sophie were seen as prime suspects. They were abused in public, and von Fersen received anonymous death threats.
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was invisible until the paper was covered with coal or other dust; when the dust was shaken off, the secret writing stood out as black as that for which ink had been used. In this manner we wrote to each other, and sent the letters by couriers.
1494:, Gustav IV Adolf appointed von Fersen as Chancellor of the university. According to Adlerbeth, this amounted to "a declared French royalist being made the Swedish Jacobins' schoolmaster". That winter a wave of rioting occurred in Stockholm,
742:. Besides military matters, they were treated to dinner and dances attended by the officers and their wives. Von Fersen later paid his respects to the French royal family for the first time since his grand tour more than three years earlier:
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To an unforgettable brother, the courage in his last moments on 20 June 1810, bears testimony to his virtues and clean conscience. In these parts where before he has enjoyed friendship and serenity shall his spirit be met by blesings and
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In 1801, von Fersen was appointed Marshal of the Realm. He was now the highest official in the court of Sweden. Around this time, von Fersen's sister, Sophie, returned to Sweden from Germany and took over his household in lieu of a wife.
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Axel von Fersen died that day in Stockholm as Sweden's highest-ranking official next to the king; his death sent shockwaves throughout the country. The cause of death was determined to be "crushing of the ribcage" when the Swedish-Finn
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decided to host a fraternal dinner party for the regiment, and von Fersen and Beaumont attended. Despite having reservations at first, the King and Queen made an appearance towards the end. This banquet, however, provided fuel for the
1586:, commander of the Stockholm garrison, was alerted to the possibility of disturbances but may himself have been a member of the court party that opposed von Fersen. The procession proceeded slowly through the Hornsgatan and
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Following the overthrow and exile of King Gustavus IV in 1809, a dispute over the royal succession divided the nobility and much of Swedish society. Von Fersen, now Earl Marshal of Sweden, led a political faction ("the
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I was witness of it all and I returned to Paris in one of the carriages of the king's suite: we were six hours and a half on the way . God keep me from ever again seeing so afflicting a sight as that of those two days.
1600:, at the instant when the escort was turning to the right, a tremendous crowd barred the way of Fersen's carriage ... the remained passive while the rabble unharnessed the horses, and dragged Fersen out of the coach.
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With the government nearly bankrupt, and poor harvests and declining trade undermining his efforts to resolve the issue without recourse to parliament, Gustav IV Adolf reluctantly announced the first assembly of the
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for King Louis XVI against the Revolution but stipulated that Austria would only go to war if the other European powers followed them into war, which at this point in time was not likely to happen. Von Fersen wrote:
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restored order. In order to calm the protestors, Louis agreed to go to the balcony of the Cour de Marbre and tell the crowd that he would return with them to Paris. Von Fersen recounts the departure in his diaries:
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to secure, for Gustav IV Adolf, the hand of the Princess Friederike of Baden, whom Gustav IV Adolf married in October. In 1799, following von Fersen's return to Sweden from Germany, he was appointed as one of the
881:. Gustavus was planning on making war on Denmark, and was on a trip through the Continent to secure aid from other countries. Gustavus promoted von Fersen to titulary-colonel in the Swedish army, chevalier of the
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26 August: "Last Tuesday I went to Versailles to be presented to the royal family. The charming queen said when she saw me, 'Ah! Here is an old acquaintance.' The rest of the family did not say a word to me."
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Even before the royal family returned to Paris, it was discovered that von Fersen was one of the people who facilitated their escape, and a warrant was put out for his arrest. Von Fersen left France and in
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Riots are taking place in all the cities of the kingdom ... So far all is confined to breaking into the tax offices and opening the prisons, for it is the lowest of the populace who make the disorder. The
1043:. The king's authority is totally annihilated, so is that of the parliaments and the magistrates. The States-General themselves tremble before Paris, and this fear greatly influences their deliberations.
1313:, the sad details of the death of the King of France". On 1 February, France officially declared war against Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, but the tide quickly turned against the French in the
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He has the air of a hero; he is very cold, speaks little, but is polite and civil. An air of sadness pervades his whole countenance, which is not unbecoming to him, and makes him the more interesting.
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The Dauphine talked to me for a long time without me knowing who she was; at last when she was recognised, everybody pressed round her and she retired into a box at three oâclock: I left the ball.
1267:, their carriage was stopped by a Frenchman doubting the authenticity of their passport but, with von Fersen feigning sleep, Beaumont managed to talk himself out of trouble and they continued on.
1510:, and other Swedish towns following the onset of a severe winter and famine. Von Fersen wrote: "Who, given the spirit that now prevails, can guarantee that there will not be a general upheaval?"
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clever, but also very lucky; and one of the reasons of his success was that he was disliked, admired and befriended by different great people in such a way that his fame could not fail to spread.
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First curses then copper coins and various missiles were hurled at the carriage till its windows were broken; then savage threats and showers of stones become continuous, and, at last in the
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was arrested, bringing the affair to public knowledge. Von Fersen wrote to his father in September that everyone believed the Queen (Marie-Antoinette) had fooled the King. In August 1786,
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The young nobleman was a favourite at the French court, owing partly to the recollection of his father's devotion to France, but principally because of his own amiable qualities. Queen
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why I did not go to her card parties on Sundays; and hearing that I did go one Sunday when there was none, she sent me a sort of excuse. Her pregnancy advances and is quite visible."
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of the regency. As a result, von Fersen was deprived of his diplomatic appointments and his post as ambassador. In November 1796, Prince Gustav was declared of age and become King
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The simplest plan was to write an ordinary letter with the lines rather far apart, and then to write the real information between the lines, using milk instead of ink. The milk
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Fersen stood with his back to the light, wasted as few words as possible, and was stony in manner; even when both Drouet and the officer had the effrontery to assure him that
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On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined at the Place de la RĂ©volution. Von Fersen heard the news while in Cologne: "Received last night at 10:30, from the Archbishop of
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Mercy about it and found him all ice to the idea ... He believes the royal family lost and that nothing can be done for them. He does not think the factious would negotiate.
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Months later, with the revolution spreading to the rest of the country and the royal army in disintegration, the Flanders Regiment was brought to Versailles to replace the
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1005:. Again and again she implored him, as she went, in case the king should be detained, to interest himself with all the foreign ministers to interpose for his liberation.
1154:, seven miles from Paris, where the Queen's maids and a fresh relay of horses awaited them. The royal family took the post road and von Fersen took a different route to
1001:, and all of us could do to recover from the most violent convulsions. At last, coming to herself, she retired ... at the same time requesting Fersen to follow to the
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diplomatic contacts between Sweden and France were conducted, not through the Swedish embassy, but through von Fersen. To be closer to Paris, he moved into a house in
1139:, who was responsible for the royal family's custody, appeared with some of his men, Marie-Antoinette was able to conceal herself and the royal family slipped away.
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625:. Under his childhood tutor, von Fersen learned several languages including French, Latin, English, German and Italian. His later education was primarily military.
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finally apprised Louis XVI of the desperate state of the French finances, and by the very end of the year it was announced that there would be a convening of an
1187:, the former Controller-General; together they made plans to convince the other European powers to declare war on France. In Brussels, von Fersen worked out a
1517:" led to the trial and punishment of four known university radicals, one of whom was dismissed. The "Music Trial" proved the deathblow to Uppsala radicalism.
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as lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Horse Guards but by December 1788, von Fersen was again with his French regiment in Valenciennes to witness the following:
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while awaiting her trial. During this time von Fersen was still attempting to find a way to save her and the remaining royal family. On 11 August he wrote:
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On 3 July 1770, von Fersen made his first journey abroad with the intention of seeing the world and finishing his studies at military academies, including
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what were the troops about? How could such a thing happen in broad daylight during a procession, when troops and a military escort were actually present?
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After spending 11 months in Newport in total inaction, Rochambeau began a march on 12 June 1781, to link up with Washington's army at Philipsburg on the
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I know that I am called feeble and irresolute, but no one has ever been in a position such as mine. It is true that I lost the opportune moment; it was
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On 16 March 1792, Gustav III was shot at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm, and died almost two weeks later. In Sweden, Gustav's younger brother, the
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four days later, when it was rumored that the tricolour (cockade) was trampled upon at the banquet. Von Fersen was in Versailles to witness the march.
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1646:, and he finally received a state burial with all pomp and ceremony. His sister, Sophie Piper, withdrew from Stockholm to her Löfstad manor, near
885:, and lieutenant-colonel of the light-horse cavalry of the King. Gustavus also used his influence to persuade Louis to have von Fersen appointed
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8 September: "The queen, who is the prettiest and most amiable princess that I know, has had the kindness to inquire about me often; she asked
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Secret Memoirs of Princess Lamballe: Being Her Journals, Letters and Conversations During Her Confidential Relations with Marie Antoinette ...
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On the morning of 6 October 1789, an armed crowd made their way to the royal apartments. Two of the royal bodyguards were killed before the
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We struggled through a crowd of people and found him in a lower room, the windows besieged by the people outside. He was alone with three
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are occupied in reading the pamphlets that come out, ten or twelve in a day, and I do not know how the printing-presses can do the work.
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That night von Fersen saw the king and queen for the last time. After the meeting, von Fersen and Beaumont headed back north. Outside
1083:"I have to be away tonight," said Axel, "and I will return for a few hours on Tuesday if I can ... It is supposed that I am going to
858:, but word reached them of the signing of peace and the ships headed back to France. Von Fersen arrived back in France in June 1783.
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The situation of the royal family became considerably more desperate on 18 April 1791, when they were prevented from travelling to
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all the newspapers in his absence, Louis himself had made it impossible to sustain the pretence that he had been "abducted".
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In the autumn of that year, Gustav IV Adolf became concerned about sympathy for the French Revolution in the city of
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Fersen returned to Sweden, tasking himself with the job of getting a dog for Marie-Antoinette, which she named Odin.
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A few months after the murder, von Fersen and his family were cleared of any suspicion connected with the death of
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In April, an attempt to trick the Uppsala orchestra into performing a composition containing an excerpt from the "
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and von Fersen, but Mirabeau's death on 2 April 1791 put an end to that discussion. Following the aborted trip to
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t en oförgÀtlig broder, mannamodet uti hans sista stunder den 20 juni 1810 vittna om hans dygder och sinnes lugn
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party, was the most politically influential man in Sweden at that time and also one of the richest in the realm.
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Von Fersen returned to Sweden in 1791. In the following years, he observed the ever-increasing expansion of the
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on 5 May, as Louis read his opening speech. Before long, however, the Third Estate reconstituted itself as the
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by Washington, though he was forbidden by his monarch to wear a medallion earned fighting in a republican war.
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I dessa neider dÀr han fordom niutit wÀnskapen och friden skall hans skugga mötas af wÀlsignelse och tÄrar.
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In the late summer of 1778, von Fersen traveled to Normandy with his friends, Barrington Beaumont and the
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certainly, but what is to be done when we get there?" I lost the opportunity, and it has not come again.
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Diary and Correspondence of Count Axel Fersen: Grand-marshal of Sweden, Relating to the Court of France
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the sun. The guards, who were supposed to protect him, gazed at him with a sort of curious expectancy.
1251:, I ought to have gone then, but you must remember that monsieur himself entreated me to stay, and the
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in Paris. The escape was arranged to take place on 20 June, coinciding with a particular guard change.
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Count Axel von Fersen, dressed in the robes of a Swedish Privy Councilor, with various chivalric orders
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Square, and was met with threats and insults directed at von Fersen as soon as it entered the city.
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Marie-Antoinette was executed 10 days later. Von Fersen heard the news of this while in Brussels:
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Yates, Edmund Hodgson; Tinsley, William; Downey, Edmund; Croft, William (1884). "Count Fersen".
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They have brought about 12,000 to 15,000 troops into the neighborhood of Versailles, La Muette,
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It was impossible not to understand this. I felt somewhat as I had felt the day we interviewed
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Pillars of monarchy: an outline of the political and social history of royal guards, 1400-1984
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Von Fersen followed Louis to the capital and arrived in time to watch Louis take the national
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The younger Axel was influenced by French culture, owing in part to his father's services to
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574:
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and merely said that I would make known to my Court what I had just heard; and I left him.
1374:
was very well treated, had all she wished, and was in no danger, he did not comment. Could
997:
No sooner, however, had the king left the room than it was as much as the Count de Fersen,
1765:
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93:
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to attend Mass by a large hostile crowd. Escape plans had been broached earlier between
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1314:
1018:
938:
831:
2146:
The Fall of the French Monarchy: Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the Baron de Breteuil
1537:
48:
2614:
2567:
2495:
2463:
1912:
1647:
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1334:
1302:
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French Army infantry regiment. Louis also appointed von Fersen second-colonel of the
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763:
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822:. On 15 August, von Fersen was tasked with conveying a letter from Rochambeau to
503:
in the American Revolutionary War, diplomat and statesman, and a friend of Queen
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1116:
1108:
1036:
1031:
646:
540:
372:
2569:
The Fatal Friendship: Marie Antoinette, Count Fersen and the Flight to Varennes
908:
Von Fersen divided his time between Paris, Versailles, and his new regiment in
657:. In England nearly seven years later, von Fersen looked back on that meeting:
1547:
1495:
1155:
715:
687:
642:
607:
599:
311:
1921:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 291â292.
1102:
Conversation recalled by Barrington Beaumont on the afternoon of 20 June 1791
1471:
1462:, and I preserved the same apparent indifference. I looked down serenely at
1318:
1275:
855:
611:
255:
866:
Following the end of hostilities, the United States and Sweden concluded a
1278:. On 20 April, France officially declared war on Austria, and invaded the
1568:
20 June 1810 was the date set for the Crown Prince's public funeral. The
1562:
1507:
1290:
679:
654:
1609:
converged on this spot, and a few ran into the house in pursuit of him.
842:. On 19 October, the British surrendered, hastening the end of the war.
511:
by a Stockholm mob, following rumors of his involvement in the death of
2394:
I Love You Madly: Marie-Antoinette and Count Fersen: The Secret Letters
1761:
1522:
1483:
1391:
Though I was prepared for it and expected it since the transfer to the
1326:
1264:
1229:
1221:
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1010:
508:
488:
306:
758:
the queen's apartments. She is the most amiable princess that I know."
738:, to see a large army camp that was training under the command of the
582:
Von Fersen's ancestors came from Estonia to Sweden at the time of the
1558:
1205:
974:
662:
650:
1424:. In late December 1793, he was suspected of possible complicity in
1383:
was an almost unbearable test, even of his remarkable self-control.
1119:, von Fersen revived these plans with vigor. In June, he acquired a
961:
finally met. Von Fersen and Beaumont sat in one of the boxes of the
1650:. Here she raised a memorial to her brother, with the inscription:
1738:
1536:
1403:
1370:
1310:
1151:
1094:
671:
638:
573:
480:
2526:
Count Hans Axel von Fersen: An Aristocrat in an Age of Revolution
877:
In 1783, Gustavus III asked von Fersen to join him in Germany as
1256:
614:. Von Fersen's father, the de facto parliamentary leader of the
1301:
give no post-horses without permission ... The whole road from
790:, commander of the expedition. On 4 May 1780, they sailed from
567:, were Swedish ladies-in-waiting and leading socialites of the
1689:
to Rochambeau. According to Creutz in a letter to Gustav III:
2547:
Marie-Antoinette and Count Axel Fersen: The Untold Love Story
547:. Axel was the second of four children; he had two sisters,
475:; 4 September 1755 – 20 June 1810), known as
444:
Knight Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword, 1798
2379:"Science sheds new light on Marie Antoinette 'love affair'"
944:
In spring, 1788, von Fersen joined Gustav for the latter's
2483:
Lamballe, Marie ThérÚse Louise de Savoie Carignan (1901).
1191:
technique for writing with Beaumont and Marie-Antoinette:
1830:
Memoirs of the Court of Marie Antoinette: Queen of France
1208:
to discuss the situation with Marie-Antoinette's brother
2318:
Marie-Antoinette and Count Fersen: The Untold Love Story
649:. In October 1771, he passed through Switzerland and in
2500:. Wormeley, Katherine Prescott (Translator). Heinemann.
2295:(in Swedish) (Swedish ed.). Fischer. p. 281.
1305:
was covered with war equipages and carts with wounded.
983:
Invalides and the Bastille were both stormed and taken
836:
de Grasse defeated the British fleet in the Chesapeake
1550:") which supported Gustavus' son against the popular
1329:. On 18 March, von Fersen was able to meet with him:
714:
where he stayed for roughly four months and met King
710:
Von Fersen continued the Grand Tour by travelling to
2651:
Military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
1561:, Charles August fell from his horse and died from
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79:
69:
62:
34:
2711:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (France)
2566:
2451:The Reminiscences of Sir Barrington Beaumont, Bart
2422:
1827:Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette (1 January 2009).
1093:"Not unless you like ... If I have not arrived at
661:I once had two hours of his society when I was at
2656:Swedish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
2468:(1st ed.). New York: N.A. Talese/Doubleday.
2425:Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era: 1760 - 1815
2217:. Vol. IV (Fifteenth ed.). p. 110.
1490:celebrated Bonaparte's return to France from his
1017:, and placed it in his own hat. On 8 August, the
2686:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
794:. Nearly two months later, the French landed at
442:Knight Commander of the Order of the Sword, 1791
2508:Remarkable Adventurers and Unrevealed Mysteries
2320:(2nd Revised ed.). Peter Owen Publishers.
1691:
1622:
1592:
1449:
1389:
1365:
1351:
1345:On 2 August, Marie-Antoinette was moved to the
1331:
1295:
1245:
1235:
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1081:
1070:
1027:
995:
971:
950:
862:Years leading up to the Revolution (1783â1787)
812:
744:
704:
659:
1358:On 6 October 1793, von Fersen paid a visit to
1317:. The general in charge of the northern army,
1142:Von Fersen drove the carriage, first from the
810:. On meeting Washington, von Fersen remarked:
27:Swedish count, Marshal and General (1755â1810)
1970:
1968:
1966:
1685:to use his influence to get him appointed as
694:. A little over a week later, von Fersen met
670:In November 1772, von Fersen continued on to
8:
1931:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1470:While in Germany, von Fersen made a trip to
826:, who had been waiting for a signal to join
602:. In 1735, the von Fersen family purchased
438:Member of the Institution of Military Merit
2352:
2340:
2278:
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2188:
2130:
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2094:
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2010:
1998:
1974:
1945:
1865:
1853:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1557:On 28 May 1810, while reviewing troops in
1439:In November 1797, von Fersen attended the
762:Marie-Antoinette's personal property, the
586:, which took place from 1618 to 1648. The
47:
31:
1634:jumped with both feet on Fersen's chest.
838:, and by the end of the month Washington
447:Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
2523:Barton, Hildor Arnold (1 January 1975).
2022:
1986:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1090:"But I need not suppose so?" I queried.
989:(who in 1792 would lose her life in the
2701:18th-century Swedish military personnel
2254:
1957:
1783:
1224:; it declared the joint support of the
849:with the French army. Anticipating the
674:, Italy, where he paid a visit to King
433:Member of the Society of the Cincinnati
2364:
2200:
2176:
1924:
916:took place, and only months later the
513:Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden
288:
2741:Politicians assassinated in the 1810s
1212:, now Emperor. On 27 August 1791 the
590:made their name during the reigns of
470:
7:
2597:"Fersen, Hans Axel, Count von"
1908:"Fersen, Hans Axel, Count von"
1737:Fersen is mentioned in the Japanese
1408:Axel von Fersen in the robes of the
1204:From 2â14 August, von Fersen was in
528:Axel von Fersen was born in 1755 to
782:Von Fersen secured the position of
41:His Excellency the Right Honourable
2143:Price, Munro (23 September 2011).
1669:Relationship with Marie-Antoinette
148:Minister to the Emperor of Austria
25:
2228:Mansel, Philip (1 October 1984).
1616:Von Fersen's contemporary, Baron
840:surrounded Cornwallis in Yorktown
18:Count Axel von Fersen the Younger
2676:Assassinated Swedish politicians
2671:Swedish people of German descent
2377:Joseph Bamat (12 January 2016).
2316:Farr, Evelyn (12 October 2013).
1274:, became regent to the underage
690:he attended the ceremony of the
472:[hÉËnsËÇksÉlfÉnËfĂŠÌÊËÉn]
428:Knight of the Order of the Sword
2661:People of the French Revolution
2505:Wraxall, Sir Lascelles (1863).
1170:War against France (1791â1793)
1123:and drove it to a courtyard at
946:Finnish campaign against Russia
941:borrowed from Count Esterhazy.
845:Von Fersen spent the winter in
392:Mestre de camp propriétaire of
2494:von Fersen, Hans Axel (1902).
2421:Barton, Hildor Arnold (1986).
2234:. Quartet Books. p. 121.
2149:. Pan Macmillan. p. xxv.
770:The American Revolutionary War
485:Marshal of the Realm of Sweden
142:Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein
132:Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein
115:Minister to the King of France
1:
2706:18th-century Swedish nobility
2544:Farr, Evelyn (January 1998).
2431:University of Minnesota Press
1285:On 7 November, following the
1179:he put himself in touch with
870:. Von Fersen was awarded the
537:Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie
415:Russo-Swedish War (1788â1790)
2448:Barrington, Michael (1902).
2392:Farr, Evelyn (1 July 2016).
1541:Von Fersen killed by the mob
1185:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
928:to discuss future measures.
868:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
565:Christina Augusta von Fersen
1644:Carl August of Augustenburg
1552:Crown Prince Charles August
1422:French revolutionary empire
1321:, was defeated 18 March at
1058:Women's March on Versailles
332:Hedvig Catharina von Fersen
2757:
2666:Politicians from Stockholm
2291:Lindqvist, Herman (1991).
1726:In the 2006 drama/romance
1533:Swedish politics and death
1441:Second Congress of Rastatt
1428:conspiracy to deprive the
1287:French victory at Jemappes
776:American Revolutionary War
653:, he met the philosopher,
629:The grand tour (1771â1775)
507:of France. Von Fersen was
410:American Revolutionary War
173:Second Congress of Rastatt
2681:People murdered in Sweden
2396:. Peter Owen Publishers.
1661:
1412:, miniature from 1798 by
1183:, the exiled prince, and
1161:The royal family reached
895:Royal Deux-Ponts regiment
533:Axel von Fersen the Elder
479:in France, was a Swedish
457:
453:
398:General of Horse (Sweden)
355:
322:Axel von Fersen the Elder
296:
287:
84:Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna
46:
39:
2565:Loomis, Stanley (1972).
1754:He is also mentioned in
1578:. General Silfversparre
1410:Royal Order of the Sword
1400:Later years (1793â1810)
1289:, von Fersen wrote from
963:Salle des Menus Plaisirs
912:. During this time, the
692:Order of the Holy Spirit
543:and grandson of General
2726:French royal favourites
2550:. Allison & Busby.
2215:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1918:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1764:series associated with
1214:Declaration of Pillnitz
914:Diamond Necklace Affair
899:Order of Military Merit
578:A young Axel von Fersen
2696:18th-century diplomats
2603:Encyclopedia Americana
1833:. The Floating Press.
1744:The Rose of Versailles
1696:
1627:
1602:
1542:
1468:
1417:
1397:
1385:
1356:
1343:
1307:
1261:
1240:
1202:
1105:
1087:to join my regiment."
1075:
1051:who had mutinied. The
1045:
1007:
979:
955:
834:. In early September,
816:
760:
708:
702:, for the first time:
668:
579:
559:. Two female cousins,
524:Descent and early life
394:Régiment Royal-Suédois
2691:Marshals of the Realm
2529:. Twayne Publishers.
1730:, he is portrayed by
1707:In the 1938 American
1540:
1407:
993:) related the scene:
981:On 14 July 1789, the
932:The French Revolution
897:and chevalier of the
808:Hartford, Connecticut
800:Newport, Rhode Island
577:
379:Years of service
35:Count Axel von Fersen
2646:Gustavian era people
1903:Bain, Nisbet, Robert
1683:Gustaf Philip Creutz
1632:Otto Johan Tandefelt
1620:, stated afterward:
1486:. After students at
1430:Duke of Södermanland
1360:Jean-Baptiste Drouet
1280:Austrian Netherlands
1255:said, "We can go to
1137:Marquis de Lafayette
1127:'s residence on the
987:Princess de Lamballe
926:Assembly of Notables
879:Captain of the Guard
872:Order of Cincinnatus
682:, and his mistress,
676:Charles Emmanuel III
545:Hans Reinhold Fersen
464:Hans Axel von Fersen
297:Hans Axel von Fresen
190:Position Established
64:Marshal of the Realm
2731:Court of Gustav III
2721:De la Gardie family
1886:. Tinsley Brothers.
1757:The Bane Chronicles
1571:Livgardet till HĂ€st
1253:Marechal de Broglie
1015:Jean Sylvain Bailly
991:September Massacres
957:On 2 May 1789, the
887:proprietary colonel
555:, and one brother,
539:. He was nephew of
2511:. Richard Bentley.
2191:, pp. 269â270
2121:, pp. 195â196
2097:, pp. 289â290
2061:, p. 169-1702
1880:Tinsley's Magazine
1703:In popular culture
1543:
1488:Uppsala University
1477:Lords of the Realm
1445:Napoleon Bonaparte
1418:
1148:Porte Saint-Martin
1144:Place du Carrousel
1078:Flight to Varennes
999:Princess Elizabeth
922:Vicomte de Calonne
883:Order of the Sword
851:American Civil War
788:General Rochambeau
774:In the 1770s, the
623:Louis XV of France
606:, which overlooks
580:
499:, aide-de-camp to
497:Lords of the Realm
205:Uppsala University
198:Position Abolished
165:Lars von Engeström
2626:Swedish diplomats
2557:978-0-7490-0370-8
2536:978-0-8057-5363-9
2475:978-0-385-48948-5
2440:978-0-8166-1392-2
2241:978-0-7043-2424-4
2156:978-1-4472-1169-3
1927:cite encyclopedia
1840:978-1-77541-158-1
1723:portrays Fersen.
1585:
1492:Italian campaigns
1226:Holy Roman Empire
1125:Eleanore Sullivan
1113:Comte de Mirabeau
1041:gardes françaises
967:National Assembly
918:Cardinal de Rohan
828:Comte de Grasse's
804:George Washington
736:Baron de Stedingk
610:, a lake outside
594:(queen regnant),
584:Thirty Years' War
561:Ulrika von Fersen
461:
460:
349:Military Official
301:
300:
101:Lord of the Realm
57:
16:(Redirected from
2748:
2631:Swedish generals
2607:
2599:
2584:
2572:
2561:
2540:
2512:
2501:
2490:
2489:M. Walter Dunne.
2479:
2465:Marie Antoinette
2455:
2444:
2428:
2408:
2407:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2355:, pp. 13â14
2350:
2344:
2343:, pp. 42â47
2338:
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2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1977:, pp. 69â75
1972:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1910:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1728:Marie Antoinette
1675:Marie-Antoinette
1664:
1579:
1443:and met general
1426:Baron Armfeldt's
1414:Niklas Lafrensen
1337:. He recognised
1216:was issued from
1053:King's bodyguard
1013:from the mayor,
796:Narragansett Bay
730:Marie-Antoinette
696:Marie-Antoinette
505:Marie-Antoinette
489:General of Horse
474:
469:
360:Military service
289:
269:
253:4 September 1755
252:
250:
233:Charles XIV John
171:Minister to the
53:
51:
32:
21:
2756:
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2750:
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2716:Lynching deaths
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2537:
2522:
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2517:Further reading
2504:
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2460:Fraser, Antonia
2458:
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2412:
2411:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2353:von Fersen 1902
2351:
2347:
2341:Barrington 1902
2339:
2335:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2293:Axel von Fersen
2290:
2289:
2285:
2279:Barrington 1902
2277:
2273:
2267:Barrington 1902
2265:
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2253:
2249:
2242:
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2222:
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2199:
2195:
2189:Barrington 1902
2187:
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2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2131:von Fersen 1902
2129:
2125:
2119:Barrington 1902
2117:
2113:
2107:von Fersen 1902
2105:
2101:
2095:von Fersen 1902
2093:
2089:
2083:von Fersen 1902
2081:
2077:
2071:von Fersen 1902
2069:
2065:
2059:Barrington 1902
2057:
2053:
2047:von Fersen 1902
2045:
2041:
2035:Barrington 1902
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2011:Barrington 1902
2009:
2005:
1999:von Fersen 1902
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1975:von Fersen 1902
1973:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1946:von Fersen 1902
1944:
1940:
1923:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1877:
1876:
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1866:von Fersen 1902
1864:
1860:
1854:Barrington 1902
1852:
1848:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1815:von Fersen 1902
1813:
1809:
1803:von Fersen 1902
1801:
1797:
1791:Barrington 1902
1789:
1785:
1780:
1766:Cassandra Clare
1713:Marie Anoinette
1705:
1671:
1640:
1597:Riddarhustorget
1576:Riddarhustorget
1535:
1434:Gustav IV Adolf
1402:
1376:Madame de Staël
1218:Pillnitz Castle
1172:
1080:
959:Estates-General
934:
864:
824:Comte de Barras
772:
740:Duke of Broglie
732:
720:Queen Charlotte
684:Madame du Barry
631:
604:Steninge Palace
557:Fabian Reinhold
549:Hedvig Eleonora
526:
521:
467:
445:
443:
441:
436:
431:
419:
397:
384:1770–1790
383:
382:1770–1810
371:
283:
267:
254:
248:
246:
223:Gustav IV Adolf
94:Magnus Stenbock
75:1770–1790
74:
73:1770–1810
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2621:Swedish counts
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2590:
2589:External links
2587:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2562:
2556:
2541:
2535:
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2515:
2514:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2456:
2454:. C. Richards.
2445:
2439:
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2413:
2410:
2409:
2403:978-0720618778
2402:
2384:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2327:978-0720610017
2326:
2308:
2301:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2240:
2220:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2155:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1913:Chisholm, Hugh
1889:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1839:
1819:
1807:
1805:, pp. 6â7
1795:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1704:
1701:
1670:
1667:
1639:
1636:
1618:Gustaf Armfelt
1534:
1531:
1401:
1398:
1181:Comte d'Artois
1171:
1168:
1079:
1076:
1065:National Guard
1019:August Decrees
1003:HĂŽtel de Ville
933:
930:
863:
860:
832:Chesapeake Bay
771:
768:
731:
728:
630:
627:
525:
522:
520:
517:
477:Axel de Fersen
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
425:
421:
420:
418:
417:
412:
406:
404:
400:
399:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
366:
365:Branch/service
362:
361:
357:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
347:
344:
339:
335:
334:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
314:
309:
303:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
285:
284:
279:Ljungs kyrka,
278:
276:
272:
271:
270:(aged 54)
264:
260:
259:
244:
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
203:Chancellor of
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
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150:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:Titular tenure
104:
103:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2753:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Fersen family
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
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2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2573:. Doubleday.
2571:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2367:, p. 202
2366:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2281:, p. 304
2280:
2275:
2272:
2269:, p. 302
2268:
2263:
2260:
2257:, p. 219
2256:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2203:, p. 237
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2179:, p. 235
2178:
2173:
2170:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2133:, p. 255
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2109:, p. 293
2108:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2085:, p. 349
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:, p. 279
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2049:, p. 137
2048:
2043:
2040:
2037:, p. 150
2036:
2031:
2028:
2025:, p. 248
2024:
2023:Lamballe 1901
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1989:, p. 180
1988:
1987:Lamballe 1901
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1960:, p. 215
1959:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1610:
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1601:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1589:
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1577:
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1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1464:M. le Général
1461:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:aides-de-camp
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1189:steganography
1186:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1129:Rue de Clichy
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1049:French Guards
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
984:
978:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
954:
949:
947:
942:
940:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:Royal Suédois
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
861:
859:
857:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
777:
769:
767:
765:
764:Petit Trianon
759:
755:
753:
748:
743:
741:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
628:
626:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
576:
572:
570:
569:Gustavian age
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:and countess
534:
531:
530:Field Marshal
523:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:, one of the
494:
491:in the royal
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
465:
456:
452:
448:
439:
434:
429:
426:
422:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
405:
401:
395:
391:
387:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
358:
354:
348:
345:
342:
341:
340:
336:
333:
330:
326:
323:
320:
316:
313:
310:
308:
304:
295:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
265:
261:
257:
245:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
72:
68:
65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2601:
2568:
2546:
2525:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2464:
2450:
2424:
2393:
2387:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2317:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2255:Wraxall 1863
2250:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2145:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2013:, p. 44
2006:
2001:, p. 76
1994:
1982:
1958:Wraxall 1863
1953:
1948:, p. 68
1941:
1916:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1868:, p. 30
1861:
1856:, p. 42
1849:
1829:
1822:
1817:, p. 12
1810:
1798:
1793:, p. 22
1786:
1771:Shadowhunter
1769:
1755:
1753:
1749:Riyoko Ikeda
1742:
1736:
1732:Jamie Dornan
1725:
1721:Tyrone Power
1718:matinée idol
1711:
1709:feature film
1706:
1697:
1692:
1687:aide-de-camp
1686:
1678:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1570:
1567:
1556:
1544:
1527:
1519:
1515:Marseillaise
1512:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1438:
1419:
1393:Conciergerie
1390:
1386:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1347:Conciergerie
1344:
1332:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1269:
1262:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1203:
1194:
1173:
1160:
1141:
1133:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1071:
1062:
1046:
1040:
1028:
1023:Valenciennes
1008:
996:
980:
972:
956:
951:
943:
935:
910:Valenciennes
907:
903:
876:
865:
847:Williamsburg
844:
817:
813:
784:aide-de-camp
781:
773:
761:
756:
749:
745:
733:
724:Gustavus III
709:
705:
669:
660:
632:
620:
581:
527:
493:Swedish Army
476:
463:
462:
403:Battles/wars
369:Swedish Army
281:Ăstergötland
268:(1810-06-20)
266:20 June 1810
55:
40:
29:
2641:1810 deaths
2636:1755 births
2381:. France24.
2365:Fraser 2001
2201:Barton 1986
2177:Barton 1986
2162:1 September
1774:franchise.
1315:Netherlands
1197:calligraphy
1117:Saint Cloud
1109:Saint-Cloud
1032:bourgeoisie
686:. While at
541:Eva Ekeblad
373:French Army
219:Predecessor
187:Predecessor
161:Predecessor
128:Predecessor
80:Predecessor
2615:Categories
2580:0931933331
2302:9170546576
1778:References
1660:(English:
1648:Norrköping
1548:Gustavians
1500:Norrköping
1496:Gothenburg
1323:Neerwinden
716:George III
688:Versailles
643:Strasbourg
600:Charles XI
553:Eva Sophie
501:Rochambeau
343:Politician
338:Occupation
312:von Fersen
249:1755-09-04
1638:Aftermath
1588:Södermalm
1504:Linköping
1472:Karlsruhe
1319:Dumouriez
1276:Gustav IV
1272:Duke Karl
856:Venezuela
830:fleet on
635:Brunswick
612:Stockholm
596:Charles X
592:Christina
256:Stockholm
229:Successor
214:1799â1810
195:Successor
182:1797â1798
156:1791â1791
138:Successor
123:1790â1793
110:1799â1810
90:Successor
2462:(2001).
1905:(1911).
1563:apoplexy
1298:Breteuil
1291:Brussels
1163:Varennes
1085:Varennes
1037:chĂąteaux
700:Dauphine
680:Louis XV
655:Voltaire
647:LĂŒneburg
468:Swedish:
396:(France)
346:Diplomat
258:, Sweden
2606:. 1920.
2415:Sources
2213:"???".
1915:(ed.).
1762:novella
1741:series
1679:le beau
1523:Riksdag
1484:Uppsala
1369:Madame
1339:Simolin
1327:Louvain
1265:Cambrai
1249:July 14
1230:Prussia
1222:Dresden
1210:Leopold
1177:Koblenz
1156:Bourget
1146:to the
1121:Berline
1011:cockade
939:Auteuil
889:of the
712:England
698:, then
608:MĂ€laren
509:lynched
449:, 1800.
2577:
2554:
2533:
2472:
2437:
2400:
2324:
2299:
2238:
2153:
1837:
1663:tears.
1559:Scania
1460:Drouet
1381:Drouet
1206:Vienna
975:Meudon
820:Hudson
752:Creutz
663:Geneva
651:Ferney
598:, and
588:family
440:, 1786
435:, 1783
430:, 1781
424:Awards
328:Mother
318:Father
275:Burial
211:Tenure
179:Tenure
153:Tenure
120:Tenure
70:Tenure
1911:. In
1739:manga
1508:Malmö
1371:Capet
1311:Tours
1220:near
1152:Bondy
1095:Arlon
792:Brest
672:Turin
639:Turin
481:count
307:House
292:Names
2575:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2164:2013
2151:ISBN
1933:link
1835:ISBN
1760:, a
1656:and
1325:and
1303:Mons
1257:Metz
1228:and
718:and
645:and
616:Hats
563:and
551:and
519:Life
487:, a
389:Rank
263:Died
243:Born
1768:'s
1747:by
1734:.
806:in
798:in
786:to
2617::
2600:.
2433:.
2429:.
1965:^
1929:}}
1925:{{
1892:^
1884:35
1882:.
1751:.
1716:,
1665:)
1582:sv
1554:.
1506:,
1502:,
1498:,
1479:.
1447::
1293::
1158:.
1025::
901:.
726:.
641:,
637:,
571:.
515:.
483:,
2583:.
2560:.
2539:.
2478:.
2443:.
2406:.
2330:.
2305:.
2244:.
2166:.
1935:)
1843:.
1584:)
1580:(
1416:.
466:(
251:)
247:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
