3056:"I wish I was so ingenious and sage to praise the brilliance of his arms, held by him in honour, according to my volition! His escutcheon is not disfigured by any flaws; it beams a silvery colour, and is divided in two equal parts. One field gleams in the light colour of pearls and rubies, and is polished for radiant, and there lie in the horizontal direction eight picked fesses; another field of blue celeste is redundantly graced by domed golden fleurs-de-lis that stood by the arms many times with their plentiful rays, which are very pleasant to see. The helmet's top decorates a richly decked golden crown with a lot of shining gemstones, smoothed to lustrous; from the crown standing off two ostrich feathers and between them to be seen the ermine neck of the ostrich; his eyes sparkling from the rubies towards the enemy, his bill is golden, in which he beautifully holds a handsomely curved horseshoe-shaped charge made of gold. His head is being richly crowned by gold." This poem is an evidence that in the past there really existed some coat of arms made of gemstones.
2092:
2172:, a separate hatching represents each metal and colour, while the furs are treated as combinations of metal and colour. Argent is represented by a plain field, while or is represented by a field strewn with dots. Gules is represented by vertical lines, azure by horizontal lines, and sable by a combination of horizontal and vertical lines. Diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base represent vert, while purpure is the reverse, represented by diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base. Sanguine is represented by diagonal lines running in each direction, while tenné is represented by a combination of horizontal lines and diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base.
1443:
2180:
represented by vertical lines combined with diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base; earth-colour by horizontal and vertical lines combined with diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base; iron-grey by diagonal lines running in each direction (the same as sanguine in Petra Sancta's system); water-colour by broken horizontal lines; flesh-colour by broken vertical lines; ashen-grey by a combination of broken horizontal and broken diagonal lines; orange by broken vertical lines interspersed with dots; and the colour of nature by zig-zag lines running from dexter chief to sinister base.
1457:
1755:, typically depicting a fortress successfully captured or defended, or a particular ship, or a battle in which the armiger to whom the augmentation was granted was involved. Such landscapes, usually appearing on a chief, might be blazoned with great particularity as to the things portrayed and the colours used to portray them. Officially, these landscapes appeared on a field of argent, but it was common, and perhaps expected, for the artist to add further details, such as the sky and clouds, by which the field might be wholly obscured. The use of landscapes in heraldry fell out of fashion during the
1358:, "variegated". It is usually depicted as a series of alternating shapes, conventionally known as panes or "vair bells", of argent and azure, arranged in horizontal rows, so that the panes of one tincture form the upper part of the row, while those of the opposite tincture are on the bottom. Succeeding rows are staggered, so that the bases of the panes making up each row are opposite those of the other tincture in the rows above and below. As with ermine, the argent panes may be depicted as either white or silver; silver is used more often with vair than with ermine, but the natural fur is white.
2741:
1167:, an orange or dark yellow to brownish colour. These were termed "stains" by some of the more influential heraldic writers, and supposed to represent some sort of dishonour on the part of the bearer; but in fact there is no evidence that they were ever so employed, and they probably originated as mere variations of existing colours. Nevertheless, the belief that they represented stains upon the honour of an armiger served to prevent them receiving widespread use, and it is only in recent times that they have begun to appear on a regular basis.
1429:
1288:
2111:
5612:
1971:
1261:, which is blue-grey above and white below. These furs were commonly used to line the cloaks and robes of the nobility. Both ermine and vair give the appearance of being a combination of metal and colour, but in heraldic convention they are considered a separate class of tincture that is neither metal nor colour. Over time, several variations of ermine and vair have appeared, together with three additional furs typically encountered in continental heraldry, known as
5644:
2680:. During the process of transmutation the light-coloured starting material is transformed to a darker and more reddish one. In astrology the dragon's head is connected to good luck, while the dragon's tail is unlucky. These links indicate that heraldry in the 15th century was strongly under the influence of magical views and alchemistic ideas, which were in turn connected to the lore of sympathies between colours, planets, gemstones, metals, virtues etc.
216:
2138:
916:, "silver". Although sometimes depicted as metallic silver or faint grey, it is more often represented by white, in part because of the tendency for silver paint to oxidize and darken over time, and in part because of the pleasing effect of white against a contrasting colour. Notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour.
1821:
capitalize only the first word or the first tincture appearing in the blazon, but no other words. In the elaborate calligraphy appearing on most grants of arms, all of the tinctures are capitalized, as indeed are the names of the charges, but this is purely a matter of decorative style, and in no way does the manner of capitalization used in the original grant affect how the arms may be described on other occasions.
7026:
5978:
174:
1331:
1583:
against placing metal on metal or colour on colour (see below). This difficulty is avoided if "white" is considered a colour in this particular instance, rather than a synonym of "argent". This interpretation has neither been accepted nor refuted by any heraldic authority, but a counter-argument is that the labels are not intended to represent a heraldic tincture, but are in fact white labels proper.
162:
1998:
2478:
7036:
6400:
1234:
2711:(d. 1609) enumerates 14 different methods of blazon: 1. by colours; 2. by planets; 3. by precious stones; 4. by virtues; 5. by celestial signs; 6. by the months of the year; 7. by the days of the week; 8. by the ages of man; 9. by flowers; 10. by the elements; 11. by the seasons of the year; 12. by the complexions of man; 13. by numbers; and 14. by metals.
4408:
795:
2195:
262:, was established in the seventeenth century. Other colours have appeared occasionally since the eighteenth century, especially in continental heraldry, but their use is infrequent, and they have never been regarded as particularly heraldic, or numbered among the tinctures that form the basis of heraldic design.
1825:
combine elements of the same tincture in this manner, more creative descriptions may be used. For example, instead of "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant gules, armed and langued argent", one might say, "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant
249:
The basic scheme and rules of applying the heraldic tinctures dates back to the 12th century. The earliest surviving coloured heraldic illustrations, from the mid-thirteenth century, show the standardized usage of two metals, five colours, and two furs. Since that time, the great majority of heraldic
1833:." Similar phrases include "of the last" and "of the like". Alternately, descriptions such as "gold" and "silver" might be substituted for "or" and "argent" on a subsequent occurrence. Another rule of blazon relating to tinctures suggests the placing of a comma after each occurrence of a tincture.
1315:
is normally depicted as a white field powdered with black spots, known as "ermine spots", representing the ermine's black tail. The use of white instead of silver is normal, even when silver is available, since this is how the fur naturally appears; but occasionally silver is used to depict ermine.
1778:
refers only to the group conventionally referred to as "colours". But as the word "colour" seems inapplicable to the heraldic furs, and no other term clearly encompasses all three classes, the word "tincture" has come to be used in this broader sense, while "colour" has acquired the more restricted
2766:
to the zodiac sign of Leo (♌︎) . Rudolphi also refers to trefoil (♣) as a designation of colour vert, usually connected with Venus. He also assigned specific variants of astrological signs for dragon's head and dragon's tail (☊ ☋), derived from the sign for Leo, to the tinctures orange
1862:
The main duty of a heraldic device is to be recognized, and the dark colours or light metals are supposed to be too difficult to distinguish if they are placed on top of other dark or light colours, particularly in poor light. Though this is the practical genesis of the rule, the rule is technical
1836:
In recent years, the
College of Arms has regularly dispensed with many of these practices, believing them to cause confusion, and in new grants of arms, the names of tinctures are repeated on each instance that they occur. The names of all tinctures and charges are capitalized, although the word
1820:
in order to avoid confusion with the conjunction. However, there are relatively few occasions in which the conjunction "or" would appear in the blazon of a coat of arms, and if properly worded, which meaning is intended should be readily apparent from the context. Another convention has been to
1801:
as white or silver. Recently the
College of Arms explained, "there are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too
1750:
The most extensive use of non-heraldic colours is probably associated with "landscape heraldry", a common feature of
British and German armory during the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the early part of the nineteenth. Although rarely used for the field itself, landscapes were often
1729:
is not a tincture in itself, and if, as is sometimes the case, a charge is meant to be depicted in particular colours that are not apparent from the word "proper" alone, they may be specified in whatever detail is necessary. Certain charges are considered "proper" when portrayed with particular
1824:
A long-standing heraldic tradition has been to avoid repeating the names of tinctures multiple times in any given blazon. If it is possible to mention multiple charges of the same tincture at once, followed by the name of the tincture, then this problem is avoided, but when it is impossible to
1582:
or. The use of "white" in place of "argent" would be consistent with the
Victorian practice of heraldic blazon that discouraged repeating the name of a tincture in describing a coat of arms, but if it were merely intended as a synonym of "argent", this placement would clearly violate the rule
253:
Over time, variations on these basic tinctures were developed, particularly with respect to the furs. Authorities differ as to whether these variations should be considered separate tinctures, or merely varieties of existing ones. Two additional colours appeared, and were generally accepted by
2179:
in 1639, were intended to represent other colours, although none of them correspond with regular heraldic tinctures, and they have never been used in
British armory. A combination of vertical lines with diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base represents brown; blood red is
2202:
Before the use of hatching to depict individual heraldic tinctures, it was common to label colours in heraldic designs with abbreviations, a practice known as "tricking", when colours were unavailable. The arms would be drawn in outline, and the tinctures written in abbreviated form:
1417:
they are depicted as scales, resembling those of a butterfly's wings (whence the name is derived). These can be modified with the colour, arrangement, and size variants of vair, though those variants are much less common. In German heraldry there is also a fur known as
1393:, "upside-down crutch vair"). In this form, the familiar "vair bell" is replaced by a T-shaped figure, known as a "potent" due to its resemblance to a crutch. Other furs sometimes encountered in continental heraldry, which are thought to be derived from vair, include
1147:. This expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced a much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour; and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules.
1771:. With respect to the heraldic tinctures, French heraldry, which is often cited by heraldic authors, uses similar terminology. However, German heraldry, also highly influential, uses a different vocabulary; it calls the colours by their everyday names.
270:
The frequency with which different tinctures have been used over time has been much observed, but little studied. There are some general trends of note, both with respect to the passage of time, and noted preferences from one region to another.
2091:
1316:
There is considerable variation in the shape of ermine spots; in the oldest depictions, they were drawn realistically, as long, tapering points; in modern times they are typically drawn as arrowheads, usually topped by three small dots.
2553:
organized nature according to a system of sympathies and antipathies among species and other elements of the natural world. This doctrine influenced medieval medicine, pharmacy, alchemy and also heraldry. During the 1350s, the work of
1896:, the flag and arms of the Vatican, and the bishop's mitre in the arms of Andorra. These uses of gold on silver indicate the exceptional holy and special status of these coats of arms. An example of "colour on colour" is the arms of
1221:, "to tan", is the third of the so-called "stains". It is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was occasionally used in continental heraldry, but in England largely confined to
1863:
and appearance is not used in determining whether arms conform to the rule. Another reason sometimes given to justify this rule is that it was difficult to paint enamel colours over other enamel colours, or with metal over metal.
1792:
In most heraldic tradition, the various metals and colours have no fixed appearance, hue, or shade. The heraldic artist is free to choose a lighter or darker blue or green, a deeper or brighter red; to choose between depicting
1994:, seen here, the field is divided with the left half white (argent) and the right half green (vert), and the counterchanged tree is green where it lies on the white part of the field, and white where it lies on the green part.
1734:
is green, even though wild parrots occur in a variety of colours. In some cases, a charge depicted in a particular set of colours may be referred to as "proper", even though it consists entirely of heraldic tinctures; a rose
1369:
of the tinctures used. Normally vairé consists of one metal and one colour, although ermine or one of its variants is sometimes used, with an ermine spot appearing in each pane of that tincture. Vairé of four colours (Ger.
2566:(1387) that the metal gold (Or) is the noblest in the world because, due to its very nature, it is bright and shining and full of virtues. During the late medieval period and Renaissance, there was an occasional practice of
3046:
The odd terminology of colours used by
Heraldus Britannus, as mentioned by Spener, can partly reflect the view of alchemy: aurum–cytrine, argentum–aspre, rubeus–coccine, caeruleus– veneto, Niger–mauro, viridis–prasino, and
2683:
The work of Jean
Courtois was distributed in manuscripts and later in one of the first books printed in French. During the Tudor and Stuart dynasties in England (1485–1702), it appeared in heraldry manuals. In his book
1422:, or "vair bellies", consisting of panes depicted hairy and brown. Here the phrase "vair bellies" may be a misnomer, as the belly of the red squirrel is always white, although its summer coat is indeed reddish brown.
322:, still the most common, became less dominant. A survey of French arms granted during the seventeenth century reveals a distinct split between the trends for the arms granted to nobles and commoners. Among nobles,
1181:, "blood red", one the so-called "stains" in British armory, is a dark blood red between gules and purpure in hue. It probably originated as a mere variation of red and may in fact represent the original hue of
1697:
which is either treated separate or as a specific shade of azure or céleste. Differing from most heraldic practice, the
Institute of Heraldry often specifies the exact shades to be used in depicting various arms.
3036:
The
Spanish and Dutch languages, in common with English, also use heraldic terminology derived from Norman French; while Portuguese, Italian, Swedish, Polish and Czech, like German, use everyday names for the
1689:, as in some cases it is treated as a separate tincture, while in others it is used to specify the shade of gules to be employed by the artist. Similar issue exists about a blue-green colour referred to as
869:, "gold". It may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artist's discretion; "yellow" has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or.
1816:
Most heraldic authors do not capitalize the names of the various tinctures, although a few do (sometimes inconsistently), and some who do not capitalize the other tinctures recommend capitalizing
2157:
for the purpose of depicting heraldic designs without the use of colour. Intended chiefly for printing and engraving, the system which eventually gained widespread acceptance was that of
2585:, together with the virtues, metals, months, the zodiac, and weekdays. His main contribution was the development of a gemstone-planetary blazon that related colour to gemstone to planet:
2032:; it becomes more frequently applied from the seventeenth century onward, especially with the substantial number of newly created coats of arms, of which some notable examples include
1185:, which is now treated as a much bluer colour than when it first appeared in heraldry. It was long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on the part of the bearer.
2017:) in which the colours are reversed (i.e., the bend is counterchanged). The 2nd and 3rd quarters are themselves quartered between white (argent) and red (gules) with a counterchanged
246:
in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The range of tinctures and the manner of depicting and describing them has evolved over time, as new variations and practices have developed.
2082:. In this case, three martlets argent rest on a chief gules, while three martlets gules rest on the argent field. Some heraldic authorities regard the use of this term as erroneous.
3012:
Or the universal symbol for a woman pendant from its crosspiece a pair of scales Rose and in base three bars wavy Azure on a canton the mark of the Prime
Ministership of Canada
2013:, who founded the colony of Maryland in 1632. In the 1st and 4th quarters, the field is divided into six vertical bands of gold (or) and black (sable) with a diagonal band (a
6652:
4166:
258:, from the belief that they were used to signify some dishonour on the part of the bearer. The practice of depicting certain charges as they appear in nature, termed
1245:
The use of heraldic furs alongside the metals and colours dates to the beginning of the art. In this earliest period, there were only two furs, ermine and vair.
202:
2696:, the seven planets, the 12 celestial signs, gemstones, weekdays, the three elements etc. This book is among the earliest writings on heraldry available today.
2902:
Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold
1442:
1779:
sense originally given to "tincture". Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term is given.
1685:
appears as a colour in the arms of the Special Troops Battalion of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. There seems to be some confusion about the colour
1882:"arms of enquiry"; any violation was presumed to be intentional, to the point that one was supposed to enquire how it came to pass. One of the most famous
2149:
During the first half of the seventeenth century, the proliferation of the printing press coupled with the persistence of difficulties in and expense of
1199:, "mulberry", it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Murrey is also the official colour of the Order of the Bath ribbon.
6803:
2275:
are in colour, the practice of tricking is used in all other cases, even after the widespread adoption of hatching for printing and engraving arms.
1660:
3499:
2853:), for example describing the arms of the king of England as an escutcheon covered with Arabian gold with leopards made of rubies (lines 310–320).
4668:
6657:
3549:
3524:
1456:
6793:
6022:
5010:
3983:
2978:
de Brunâtre, a cross patée argent supporting a raven rising sable, and holding in its beak a horse-shoe proper, its points towards the chief
1471:
4974:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3617:
2495:
2110:
219:
A diagram of various tinctures in heraldry:—First row: Metals; Second row: Colours; Third row: Stains; Fourth row: Nontraditional tinctures
2055:
In Scottish heraldry, charges are sometimes blazoned as counterchanged of different colours from the field – for instance,
1907:
The "rule of tincture" has had an influence reaching far beyond heraldry. It has been applied to the design of flags, so that the flag of
6869:
2010:
4440:
195:
2545:
The lore of sympathies originated with the Babylonians, who saw gems and rare minerals as the concentrates of cosmic powers. Later,
4363:
4344:
4306:
4270:
4219:
4051:
2517:
2098:
3574:
2176:
2530:
Heraldry has been influenced by allegorical and astrological views, including the idea of sympathies and antipathies among stars,
6814:
3599:
3477:
7039:
6993:
1578:. In a number of instances, a label or collar blazoned as "white" rather than "argent" appears on a supporter blazoned argent
6874:
6809:
6798:
4726:
3455:
2887:
A rare exception of sanguine in older heraldry, cited by Woodward and Burnett, was the arms of the Clayhills of Invergowrie:
2499:
2869:
At one point, aluminum paint was used for argent, as it was more resistant to oxidation; but its effect also faded with age.
2009:
is another example of counterchanging. The only U.S. state flag to be directly based on English heraldry, it is the arms of
1428:
5987:
2906:
Murrey a Snow Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure.
1767:
In the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on
188:
4412:
6677:
6337:
5248:
5243:
3838:
1637:
3842:
7060:
6111:
1759:, when heraldic scholars and artists began looking to earlier and simpler periods of armorial design for inspiration.
1702:
1605:
971:
is of uncertain derivation; outside of the heraldic context, the modern French word refers to the mouth of an animal.
310:, although present from the formative period of heraldic design, was relatively scarce. Over time, the popularity of
3684:
3642:
2740:
6879:
6537:
6466:
6195:
6015:
3698:
1967:), meaning that the charges are divided the same way as the field upon which they rest, with the colours reversed.
3670:
3656:
2920:
is also named after the dark pelt of a type of marten, it has always been regarded as a colour, rather than a fur.
2488:
7065:
6854:
6672:
6644:
4184:
4162:
3357:
1565:
6849:
6844:
6839:
4830:
419:, pavilions, and the lining of crowns and caps. In fact, furs occur infrequently in German and Nordic heraldry.
6859:
6322:
6055:
5807:
5303:
3978:. Formisano, Marco, Eijk, Ph. J. van der (Philip J.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–251.
3007:
2041:
2021:
that is red where it lies on the white part of the field and white where it lies on the red part of the field.
1802:
orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artists to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate."
1610:
1590:
830:, representing gold and silver respectively, although in practice they are often depicted as yellow and white.
4298:
6906:
6864:
5970:
5932:
5263:
5203:
4590:
4535:
4500:
3882:
2555:
2550:
1678:
1287:
6262:
6087:
4706:
4683:
4639:
4578:
4433:
3068:
smaragden und karvunkel ,/ jachande und crisolîten ,/ die wurden bi den zîten/ getengelt ûz den schilten.
2832:
2677:
2574:
2158:
1924:
1752:
1645:
1633:
127:
52:
6788:
6543:
6444:
6432:
6008:
4711:
4661:
4656:
4634:
4518:
3503:
1920:
71:
1877:
1586:
Other exceptional colours have occasionally appeared during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries:
372:
is so scarce in French heraldry that some authorities do not regard it as a "real heraldic tincture".
292:, at least one of which necessarily appeared on the majority of arms (see below). Among the colours,
6761:
5830:
4617:
4583:
4475:
3866:
3553:
3528:
2755:
2689:
2582:
2142:
2037:
2029:
1908:
1893:
1889:
1556:
1378:, "gay-coloured" or "checked vair") is also known, usually consisting of two metals and two colours.
5611:
1663:. The armorial designs of the Institute of Heraldry include a number of novel tinctures, including
6891:
6408:
6297:
6099:
5688:
5486:
5258:
4841:
4793:
4768:
4470:
2567:
2132:
1970:
1928:
1869:
1171:
601:
496:
243:
4014:
2570:
by gemstones, or by references to the seven classical "planets" (including the sun and the moon).
6305:
6257:
6205:
6190:
6185:
6163:
6092:
5882:
5855:
5183:
5128:
5078:
4989:
4979:
4916:
4891:
4826:
4801:
4773:
4673:
4460:
4022:
1656:
1238:
802:
The colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as
5643:
3621:
2558:(1313/1314–1357) linked Or to the sun, Azure to the element air, and Gules to the element fire.
1730:
colours, even though a range of different colours is found in nature; for instance, a popinjay
7070:
7001:
6954:
6682:
6551:
6449:
6366:
6327:
6244:
6200:
5799:
5721:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5113:
4949:
4821:
4760:
4738:
4716:
4600:
4552:
4426:
4388:
4369:
4359:
4340:
4323:
4302:
4288:
4276:
4266:
4236:
4215:
4194:
4172:
4150:
4131:
4103:
4057:
4047:
3989:
3979:
2719:
2715:
1621:
1616:
1282:
1246:
147:
134:
113:
41:
1866:
This "rule" has at times been followed so pedantically that arms that violate it were called
1837:"proper", indicating the colour of nature, is not, and internal commas are entirely omitted.
6949:
6944:
6924:
6919:
6504:
6277:
6272:
6252:
6210:
6168:
6146:
6070:
5567:
5555:
5476:
5278:
5083:
5030:
5025:
4959:
4944:
4886:
4851:
4701:
4696:
4629:
4595:
4523:
2810:
2162:
2075:
2006:
1901:
1892:, which had gold crosses on silver. This use of white and gold together is also seen on the
1846:
1273:, the origins of which are more mysterious, but which probably began as variations of vair.
1037:
997:
974:
712:
579:
476:
471:
446:
300:
294:
215:
120:
92:
78:
2660:) were in use from ancient times. In heraldry the dragon's head symbolizes a light colour (
6979:
6969:
6964:
6929:
6831:
6667:
6614:
6531:
6526:
6437:
6332:
5982:
5894:
5579:
5424:
5409:
5404:
5339:
5020:
4984:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4811:
4783:
4557:
4480:
3361:
2745:
2735:
2638:
2546:
2272:
2154:
2150:
2137:
2049:
2045:
2033:
2025:
2014:
1768:
1050:
1030:
481:
305:
178:
4382:
4188:
4125:
4043:
2559:
4317:
4230:
3578:
2878:
Despite the origin of the name, sable is always regarded as a colour, rather than a fur.
1546:, a strong violet-red, found in at least one grant of arms to a Bohemian knight in 1701;
7029:
6974:
6959:
6939:
6934:
6717:
6499:
6385:
6354:
6310:
6267:
6139:
6104:
6077:
5906:
5872:
5865:
5419:
5384:
5176:
5103:
5088:
5068:
4806:
4646:
4540:
4528:
4319:
Pimbley's Dictionary of Heraldry: An Authoritative Guide to the Terminology of Heraldry
4095:
2626:
1488:
Several other tinctures are occasionally encountered, usually in continental heraldry:
1233:
536:
234:
the various tinctures is one of the most important aspects of heraldic art and design.
3603:
2581:(1414), Courtois developed a heraldic system consisting of the tinctures, planets and
7054:
6914:
6712:
6494:
6486:
6419:
6287:
6227:
6151:
6134:
6040:
5954:
5889:
5860:
5520:
5444:
5376:
5324:
4465:
4144:
3485:
2700:
2673:
2018:
1991:
1756:
1665:
1652:
1144:
1091:
833:
589:
461:
288:
2703:(1564–1641) used the symbols of the planets to designate tinctures in his 1654 book
6886:
6749:
6705:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6427:
6380:
6349:
6282:
6126:
5944:
5922:
5877:
5774:
5755:
5730:
5414:
5319:
4881:
4846:
4691:
4624:
4547:
4485:
3003:
2828:
1524:
1258:
1044:
924:
Five colours have been recognized since the earliest days of heraldry. These are:
545:
155:
60:
2714:
As well as the main tinctures, tricking abbreviations for other tinctures such as
1330:
4292:
3451:
1470:
6744:
6567:
6471:
6315:
6220:
6178:
6173:
6116:
6082:
5949:
5764:
5288:
5268:
5136:
4836:
4778:
4036:
2723:
2657:
2542:, and people. Some tinctures were considered to represent astrological symbols.
2477:
2057:
per fess gules and azure, a sun in splendour counterchanged or and of the first.
1501:
1155:
Three more tinctures were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities:
4384:
A treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries
4208:
1997:
1644:, while (possibly yellow but more likely red) ochre appears in the arms of the
6896:
6739:
6576:
6459:
6399:
6215:
6156:
5783:
5449:
5439:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5334:
5208:
5166:
5146:
5118:
5098:
4495:
2900:
For instance, the arms of Lewes Old Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012:
2803:
2708:
2645:
2634:
2622:
2451:(green); German heraldry makes little use of purpure, but in its place allows
1493:
730:
724:
718:
17:
4280:
4154:
4107:
3993:
3025:
a dapple-grey horse proper, the mane and tail sable, and both hind feet white
2965:
Argent, a lion rampant sable, the head, paws, and half of the tail ash colour
6756:
6729:
6724:
6233:
5850:
5454:
5434:
5429:
5238:
5223:
5040:
4745:
4061:
3834:
2727:
2653:
2649:
1987:
1975:
584:
254:
heraldic writers, although they remained scarce, and were eventually termed
85:
5967:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
4135:
1253:, a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine.
161:
4407:
1659:, which makes extensive use of heraldry, does have its own authority, the
7011:
6734:
6342:
5939:
5700:
5481:
5366:
5344:
5293:
5273:
5218:
5161:
5156:
5151:
4721:
4651:
4449:
2783:
2763:
2759:
2665:
2661:
2189:
2061:
per fess gules and azure, a sun in splendour per fess or and of the first
1361:
When the pattern of vair is used with other colours, the field is termed
1203:
1095:
781:
776:
771:
761:
628:
501:
416:
227:
106:
49:
28:
3500:"11th Transportation Battalion Insignia Page, The Institute of Heraldry"
3066:
2748:
used trefoil to designate colours other than the seven main tinctures ("
6783:
6065:
5591:
5356:
5349:
5283:
5253:
5233:
5228:
5213:
5193:
5108:
5073:
5052:
5047:
5035:
5015:
5005:
4964:
4928:
4861:
4816:
4612:
4573:
3074:
2795:
2693:
2669:
2618:
2531:
2502: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2278:
French heraldry also uses tricking to depict heraldic tinctures, using
1897:
1106:
786:
766:
756:
700:
486:
368:
4042:(2nd ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp.
2461:(brown). These abbreviations may be either capitalized or lowercase.
794:
7006:
6609:
6599:
5927:
5901:
5676:
5508:
5361:
5298:
5188:
5171:
5141:
4954:
4921:
4876:
4866:
4607:
4490:
3354:
2807:
2799:
2787:
2731:
2535:
1811:
1594:
1574:
1222:
1189:
1099:
873:
694:
574:
549:
491:
456:
338:
at nearly equal levels; sable was a very distant fifth choice, while
282:
231:
2251:
for "blue" being used in older trickings to avoid confusion between
2194:
1614:
as a colour in 1997. In 2002, the Authority granted arms including
2842:– 1287) also mentioned coats of arms made of gemstones in his poem
2573:
The work of Bonet influenced the 15th century Burgundian heraldist
1381:
Several variant shapes exist, of which the most common is known as
6634:
6629:
6619:
6589:
6060:
6031:
5791:
5543:
5198:
4871:
4750:
4733:
2889:
per bend sanguine and vert, two greyhounds courant bendways argent
2779:
2539:
2193:
1996:
1979:
1969:
1628:
1560:, often used in French heraldry as the colour of white human skin.
1329:
1286:
1250:
1232:
991:
948:
793:
746:
741:
706:
569:
559:
540:
466:
276:
214:
141:
99:
3218:
Chrisopher von Warnstedt, "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe", in
2722:– er etc. existed in English and some other languages during the
6624:
6604:
6584:
6454:
6371:
6000:
5652:
5647:
5093:
4969:
4856:
4392:
4373:
4327:
4240:
4198:
4176:
3328:, (editors), Funk & Wagnalls Company, Inc., New York (1962).
3077:
and cryolites,/ these were in that time/ mixed upon the shield."
2820:– 1395) used gemstones to designate the tinctures even earlier (
2791:
2775:
2771:
1325:
1254:
751:
688:
676:
564:
391:, and unlike French heraldry, it has always made regular use of
6004:
4422:
2024:
Counterchanging is rare in early heraldry; early examples from
6700:
6594:
6359:
5329:
4091:
Beheim Mihály élete és művei a magyar történelem szempontjából
2471:
1713:
A charge that is coloured as it naturally appears is blazoned
1655:, heraldry is not governed by any official authority; but the
1516:, or brown, occasionally used in German heraldry, in place of
682:
554:
3671:"SPECIAL TROOPS BATTALION, 1ST BRIGADE, 1ST CAVALRY DIVISION"
1857:
metal should not be placed upon metal, nor colour upon colour
3577:. Aeronautical Systems Center History Office. Archived from
362:, which was used more by commoners than among the nobility;
280:
was by far the most common tincture, followed by the metals
4418:
2770:
Ultimately, a system of nine tinctures was developed, with
2165:
priest and heraldic scholar, originally published in 1638.
4127:
Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry
3620:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from
3552:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from
3527:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from
2991:
Per pale azure and bleu-celeste an estoile counter changed
383:, while English heraldry is characterized by heavy use of
3976:
Knowledge, text and practice in ancient technical writing
3835:"Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1813–1918 (Germany)"
2577:(d. 1436), also known as the Sicily Herald. In his work
1669:(employed variously as either a metal or a colour), and
27:
Not to be confused with the herbal liquid also known as
2198:
Tricked arms of John Browne of Spexhall, Suffolk (1591)
2080:
silver, a chief gules with six martlets countercoloured
326:
remained the most common tincture, closely followed by
226:
is the limited palette of colours and patterns used in
1677:
has appeared in the heraldry of both the Army and the
1572:
should be considered a heraldic colour, distinct from
375:
On the whole, French heraldry is known for its use of
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3266:
3264:
2103:
Or a Chief Azure overall five Pallets counterchanged.
1919:
When a charge or group of charges is placed across a
1797:
with yellow or any of various gold paints, to depict
3350:
3348:
3346:
399:. German heraldry is known for its extensive use of
6992:
6905:
6830:
6823:
6774:
6693:
6643:
6575:
6566:
6485:
6418:
6407:
6296:
6243:
6125:
6048:
6039:
5915:
5843:
5816:
5740:
5709:
5663:
5601:
5530:
5495:
5467:
5375:
5312:
5127:
5061:
4998:
4937:
4792:
4759:
4682:
4566:
4511:
2831:of the Hungarian king Louis the Great (1342–1382).
2153:prompted the development of a number of systems of
1194:
6653:Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate
4207:
4035:
3384:
3382:
2751:qui ultimus color alibi signo trifolii ♣ pinguitur
2676:that is subjected to transmutation to produce the
2562:, a heraldist from Provence, declared in his work
1725:), or "the colour of nature". Strictly speaking,
3643:"MOISE'S E. MOLINA HIGH SCHOOL JROTC, DALLAS, TX"
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
346:was easily the most common tincture, followed by
3405:
3403:
3401:
3134:
3132:
3130:
1532:, a sky blue colour intended to be lighter than
407:. German and Nordic heraldry rarely make use of
4089:
3934:
3781:
3714:
3409:
3388:
3305:
3255:
3150:
3138:
2664:), and dragon's tail symbolizes a dark colour (
4294:Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition
4168:The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory
3777:
3710:
3708:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3222:, vol. XI, no. 84 (October 1970), pp. 128–130.
3073:Rough translation: "emeralds and carbunkles,/
2961:Cendrée, a mount of three coupeaux in base, or
1851:The first so-called "rule" of heraldry is the
6016:
4434:
3525:"190th Quartermaster Battalion Insignia Page"
2904:and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015:
2168:In Petra Sancta's method, illustrated in the
1620:, treated as a metal, to the municipality of
196:
34:Metal, colour, or fur used in heraldic design
8:
3945:
3943:
3725:
3723:
3478:"Armoria academica – University of Transkei"
3422:
3420:
3418:
3206:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2283:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1719:
1508:
1387:
1372:
1342:
1307:
1299:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1086:, "green". The alternative name in French,
1074:
1066:
1058:
1021:
1013:
1005:
982:
963:
955:
904:
896:
888:
880:
857:
849:
841:
366:, however, was even scarcer in common arms.
230:. The need to define, depict, and correctly
59:External devices in addition to the central
4098:from the aspect of Hungarian history].
4034:Jung, Emma; von Franz, Marie-Luise (1998).
4010:
3922:
3701:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.
3687:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.
3673:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.
3659:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.
3645:. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.
2749:
1352:
1216:
1176:
395:, and occasional, if not extensive, use of
7035:
6827:
6572:
6415:
6045:
6023:
6009:
6001:
5492:
4789:
4441:
4427:
4419:
4256:] (in German). Munich: Callway-Verlag.
4214:. Cranbury, NJ: A. S. Barnes and Company.
4006:
3961:
3949:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3765:
3753:
3729:
3438:
3426:
3392:
3373:
3337:
3286:
3238:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3154:
2692:deals with the relation of colours to the
2271:for proper. Although most records of the
2116:Arms of Balfour, baronets of Albury Lodge.
1552:, or iron-colour, found in German heraldry
203:
189:
36:
4381:Woodward, John; Burnett, George (1892) .
4124:Boutell, Charles; Aveling, S. T. (1890).
3309:
3270:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3166:
3109:
2518:Learn how and when to remove this message
1413:, the panes are depicted as feathers; in
6804:International Commission on Illumination
3789:
3741:
3274:
2699:The English historian and heraldist Sir
2175:Nine additional hatchings, published by
2136:
2059:A more typical blazon for this would be
2028:are found in the late fifteenth-century
1661:United States Army Institute of Heraldry
426:
298:was the second most common, followed by
4018:
3089:
2862:
2445:, or a shape like an upright leaf, for
2084:
1424:
250:art has employed these nine tinctures.
242:The use of tinctures dates back to the
48:
6794:Color Association of the United States
4263:Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning
3793:
3121:
2099:Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council
1568:proposed that, in some circumstances,
1102:), which was famous for its pigments.
1090:, is derived from the ancient city of
4387:. Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson.
4354:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander (1981).
3862:
1911:was modified to conform to the rule.
1163:, a dark red or mulberry colour; and
994:, known for its dark, luxuriant fur.
244:formative period of European heraldry
7:
4232:A glossary of terms used in heraldry
4229:Parker, James; Gough, Henry (1894).
3685:"PINON HIGH SCHOOL JROTC, PINON, AZ"
3657:"648TH MANEUVER ENHANCEMENT BRIGADE"
2500:adding citations to reliable sources
2169:
1241:of Bruges, solemn winterdress in fur
912:is similarly derived from the Latin
631:
4356:Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles
3322:The New Cassell's French Dictionary
2011:George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore
1043:both referring to the blue mineral
6658:Blue–green distinction in language
1739:, whether red or white, is barbed
1632:, both red and yellow, appears in
1257:represents the winter coat of the
342:remained scarce. Among commoners,
25:
3600:"American Heraldry Society forum"
2929:Sometimes, in older authorities,
2656:) and dragon's tail (also called
1047:, used to produce blue pigments.
7034:
7025:
7024:
6815:International Colour Association
6398:
5976:
5642:
5610:
4406:
4316:Pimbley, Arthur Francis (1908).
4265:. London: Macdonald and Jane's.
3355:College of Arms official website
2758:(1717. p. 113) also linked
2739:
2476:
2109:
2090:
1469:
1455:
1441:
1427:
865:derives its name from the Latin
172:
160:
6810:International Colour Consortium
3845:from the original on 2022-12-11
3458:from the original on 2020-09-07
2644:The dragon's head (also called
2487:needs additional citations for
798:Table of the tinctures and furs
266:Frequency and national variants
6875:List of Crayola crayon colours
6799:International Colour Authority
4250:Das große Buch der Wappenkunst
4193:. New York: Dodge Publishing.
4143:Elvin, Charles Norton (1889).
2989:Cinti (now Cini) of Florence:
2782:having their arms blazoned by
2177:Marcus Vulson de la Colombière
2070:is sometimes used in place of
1978:: "per pale Argent and Vert a
428:Heraldic tinctures (excluding
1:
4395:– via Internet Archive.
4337:The Complete Book of Heraldry
4330:– via Internet Archive.
4243:– via Internet Archive.
4201:– via Internet Archive.
4157:– via Internet Archive.
4138:– via Internet Archive.
4094:" [The life and works of
3935:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3879:Le grand vocabulaire françois
3782:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3715:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3452:"South Africa – Coat of Arms"
3410:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3389:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3306:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3256:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3151:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3139:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
2847:
2836:
2821:
2814:
2767:and carnation, respectively.
1894:arms of the King of Jerusalem
528:
524:
6678:Traditional colours of Japan
6455:Achromatic colours (Neutral)
6338:Multi-primary colour display
5733:(metal in the United States)
4261:Neubecker, Ottfried (1977).
4190:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
3778:Boutell & Aveling (1890)
2798:having arms blazoned by the
2078:were originally blazoned as
1859:, for the sake of contrast.
1705:, who treat it as a colour.
1640:, adopted in 2000, includes
1350:derives its name from Latin
6112:Spectral power distribution
5825:
4358:. Dorset: Blandford Press.
4130:. London: Frederick Warne.
2086:Examples of counterchanging
1703:Canadian Heraldic Authority
1606:Canadian Heraldic Authority
1195:
7087:
6538:Colour realism (art style)
6196:Evolution of colour vision
4339:. New York: Hermes House.
4185:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
4163:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
2187:
2130:
2122:Monochromatic presentation
1982:eradicated counterchanged"
1844:
1809:
1323:
1280:
1249:represents the fur of the
26:
7020:
6855:List of colours (compact)
6673:Colour in Chinese culture
6396:
5963:
5602:
4456:
4248:Leonhard, Walter (1976).
4206:Franklyn, Julian (1968).
4171:. London: Benjamin Blom.
4102:(in Hungarian): 808–809.
4078:. Nürnberg, 1698. 96. l.
4011:Parker & Gough (1894)
3923:Parker & Gough (1894)
3699:"MARIANAS BONINS COMMAND"
3618:"15th Ordnance Battalion"
2976:Mieroszewsky of Silesia:
2963:. Gwilt of South Wales:
2672:the dragon's head is the
2159:Silvestro de Petra Sancta
1986:In the municipal arms of
1701:Buff is also used by the
667:
595:
532:
507:
452:
445:
442:
439:
436:
429:
6860:List of colours by shade
6323:Digital image processing
6056:Electromagnetic spectrum
4335:Slater, Stephen (2003).
4254:The big book of heraldry
4235:. London: James Parker.
4146:A dictionary of heraldry
3482:geocities.com/wapenskild
3364:, accessed 3 March 2016.
3008:Prime Minister of Canada
2042:Barrett-Lennard baronets
1608:granted arms containing
1591:Jewish Autonomous Region
533:Non-heraldic equivalent
314:increased above that of
6865:List of colour palettes
5971:List of oldest heraldry
4149:. London: Kent and Co.
4088:Bleyer, Jakab (1899). "
3974:Holmes, Brooke (2017).
3895:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch
3824:, pp. 101–102, 104
3067:
2730:(carnea tinctura), the
2556:Bartolo de Sassoferrato
1774:In its original sense,
238:Development and history
6088:Structural colouration
4090:
3391:, pp. 63, 68–74;
2750:
2579:Le Blason des Couleurs
2457:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2199:
2146:
2002:
1983:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1888:was the shield of the
1884:
1876:
1868:
1720:
1646:University of Transkei
1634:South African heraldry
1509:
1388:
1373:
1353:
1343:
1335:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1242:
1217:
1177:
1159:, a venous-blood red,
1128:
1120:
1114:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1022:
1014:
1006:
983:
964:
956:
905:
897:
889:
881:
858:
850:
842:
799:
274:In medieval heraldry,
220:
6870:List of colour spaces
6789:Color Marketing Group
6544:On Vision and Colours
6477:Tinctures in heraldry
6460:Polychromatic colours
6445:Complementary colours
6433:Monochromatic colours
3550:"1st Space Battalion"
2738:was used in reverse (
2639:descending lunar node
2613:, amethyst, Mercury;
2605:, sapphire, Jupiter;
2468:Poetic representation
2197:
2140:
2000:
1973:
1638:national coat of arms
1564:The heraldic scholar
1333:
1290:
1236:
1139:, in turn from Greek
797:
218:
6850:List of colours: N–Z
6845:List of colours: G–M
6840:List of colours: A–F
6762:Tint, shade and tone
6645:Cultural differences
4415:at Wikimedia Commons
3606:on February 8, 2006.
3506:on December 30, 2006
2844:Turnier von Nantheiz
2627:ascending lunar node
2496:improve this article
2391:In German heraldry,
2350:(to avoid confusing
2328:(to avoid confusing
2143:Jan Baptist Zangrius
2038:Nightingale baronets
2030:Wernigerode Armorial
2001:The flag of Maryland
1909:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1890:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1829:, armed and langued
1449:Plumeté or and sable
6897:List of web colours
6892:List of RAL colours
6298:Colour reproduction
6263:Lüscher colour test
6100:Colour of chemicals
5983:Heraldry portal
5410:Hastings/Hungerford
4697:Crowns and coronets
4669:National traditions
4301:. Harry N. Abrams.
3277:, pp. 128, 129
3207:von Volborth (1981)
2959:Aschau of Bavaria:
2833:Konrad von Würzburg
2678:philosopher's stone
2601:, diamond, Saturn;
2593:, pearl, the moon;
2568:blazoning tinctures
2564:Arbre des Batailles
2133:Hatching (heraldry)
1963:verschränkte Farben
1955:verwechselte Farben
1463:Gules, papelonné or
1143:, the dye known as
433:
350:, and only then by
179:Heraldry portal
7061:Heraldic tinctures
6306:Colour photography
6258:Colour preferences
6201:Impossible colours
6191:Colour vision test
6186:Colour temperature
6164:Colour calibration
6093:Animal colouration
5367:Waterlily/Seeblatt
4591:Ancient and modern
4413:Heraldic tinctures
4299:Abrams Discoveries
4289:Pastoureau, Michel
3839:Flags of the World
3796:, pp. 72–73;
3788:, pp. 70–87;
3784:, pp. 60–64;
3780:, pp. 11–16;
3360:2019-11-16 at the
3273:, pp. 86–87;
3169:, pp. 86–87;
3153:, pp. 61–62;
2609:, emerald, Venus;
2589:, topaz, the sun;
2200:
2147:
2141:Hatching guide by
2074:. The arms of the
2003:
1984:
1947:de l'un en l'autre
1904:on a gules field.
1788:Artistic liberties
1657:United States Army
1497:, or "ash-colour";
1336:
1293:
1243:
1029:comes through the
800:
427:
221:
7048:
7047:
6988:
6987:
6770:
6769:
6694:Colour dimensions
6683:Human skin colour
6562:
6561:
6552:Theory of Colours
6450:Analogous colours
6394:
6393:
6328:Colour management
6245:Colour psychology
6127:Colour perception
5998:
5997:
5839:
5838:
5777:(color in Canada)
5463:
5462:
4411:Media related to
4076:Heraldica Curiosa
4015:p.573, "Tincture"
4007:Fox-Davies (1909)
3985:978-1-316-77045-0
3962:Fox-Davies (1909)
3950:Fox-Davies (1909)
3822:Fox-Davies (1909)
3810:Fox-Davies (1909)
3798:Pastoureau (1997)
3786:Fox-Davies (1909)
3766:Pastoureau (1997)
3754:Fox-Davies (1909)
3730:Fox-Davies (1909)
3575:"88th ABW Emblem"
3439:Fox-Davies (1909)
3427:Fox-Davies (1909)
3393:Fox-Davies (1909)
3374:Fox-Davies (1909)
3338:Fox-Davies (1909)
3287:Fox-Davies (1909)
3239:Fox-Davies (1909)
3195:Pastoureau (1997)
3183:Pastoureau (1997)
3171:Pastoureau (1997)
3155:Fox-Davies (1909)
2690:Clément Prinsault
2528:
2527:
2520:
2267:for purpure, and
1900:, with its sable
1622:Whitehorse, Yukon
1515:
1349:
1314:
1283:Ermine (heraldry)
1193:, from the Greek
1134:
1081:
1028:
989:
970:
911:
864:
792:
791:
213:
212:
16:(Redirected from
7078:
7066:Color in culture
7038:
7037:
7028:
7027:
6828:
6573:
6505:Secondary colour
6416:
6402:
6278:National colours
6273:Political colour
6253:Colour symbolism
6211:Opponent process
6169:Colour constancy
6147:Colour blindness
6078:Spectral colours
6046:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6002:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5819:
5806:
5798:
5790:
5782:
5772:
5762:
5754:
5751:
5743:
5728:
5720:
5712:
5699:
5696:
5687:
5684:
5675:
5672:
5646:
5614:
5590:
5587:
5578:
5575:
5566:
5563:
5554:
5551:
5542:
5539:
5519:
5516:
5507:
5504:
5493:
5477:Rule of tincture
5194:Griffin/Keythong
4790:
4481:Officers of arms
4443:
4436:
4429:
4420:
4410:
4396:
4377:
4350:
4331:
4312:
4284:
4257:
4244:
4225:
4213:
4202:
4180:
4158:
4139:
4112:
4111:
4093:
4085:
4079:
4074:J. A. Rudolphi:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4041:
4038:The grail legend
4031:
4025:
4023:p. 62,"Tincture"
4004:
3998:
3997:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3952:, pp. 75–76
3947:
3938:
3937:, pp. 63–64
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3892:
3886:
3875:
3869:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3800:, pp. 45–49
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3756:, pp. 87–88
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3732:, pp. 74–76
3727:
3718:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:on June 22, 2008
3614:
3608:
3607:
3602:. Archived from
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:on July 24, 2008
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3502:. Archived from
3496:
3490:
3489:
3488:on June 3, 2004.
3484:. Archived from
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3454:. Crwflags.com.
3448:
3442:
3441:, pp. 70–72
3436:
3430:
3429:, pp. 79–83
3424:
3413:
3412:, pp. 68–71
3407:
3396:
3395:, pp. 77–85
3386:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3352:
3341:
3340:, pp. 70–74
3335:
3329:
3319:
3313:
3312:, pp. 86–87
3310:Neubecker (1977)
3303:
3290:
3289:, pp. 70–71
3284:
3278:
3271:Neubecker (1977)
3268:
3259:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3223:
3220:The Coat of Arms
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3167:Neubecker (1977)
3164:
3158:
3148:
3142:
3141:, pp. 60–61
3136:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3112:, pp. 86–87
3110:Neubecker (1977)
3107:
3078:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3047:purpureus–oiscy.
3044:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2852:
2849:
2841:
2838:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2811:Peter Suchenwirt
2753:
2743:
2686:Traité du blason
2523:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2480:
2472:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2113:
2094:
2076:Fenwick baronets
2007:flag of Maryland
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1902:two-headed eagle
1887:
1885:armes à enquérir
1881:
1878:armes à enquérir
1874:"false arms" or
1873:
1853:rule of tincture
1847:Rule of tincture
1841:Rule of tincture
1723:
1597:have a field of
1589:The arms of the
1566:A. C. Fox-Davies
1512:
1505:
1473:
1459:
1445:
1431:
1391:
1376:
1356:
1346:
1339:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1237:Canons from the
1220:
1198:
1180:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1002:
986:
979:
967:
959:
952:
940:, or green; and
908:
900:
892:
884:
877:
861:
853:
845:
838:
633:
434:
205:
198:
191:
177:
176:
175:
164:
37:
21:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7016:
6984:
6901:
6819:
6776:
6766:
6689:
6668:Blue in culture
6664:Colour history
6639:
6558:
6532:Colour analysis
6527:Colour triangle
6481:
6438:black-and-white
6410:
6403:
6390:
6333:Colour printing
6292:
6239:
6121:
6035:
6029:
5999:
5994:
5977:
5975:
5959:
5911:
5835:
5817:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5752:
5749:
5741:
5736:
5726:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5694:
5685:
5682:
5673:
5670:
5659:
5597:
5588:
5585:
5576:
5573:
5564:
5561:
5552:
5549:
5540:
5537:
5526:
5517:
5514:
5505:
5502:
5491:
5459:
5425:Hungerford knot
5395:Cavendish/Savoy
5371:
5308:
5123:
5057:
4994:
4933:
4788:
4755:
4678:
4562:
4507:
4452:
4447:
4403:
4380:
4366:
4353:
4347:
4334:
4315:
4309:
4287:
4273:
4260:
4247:
4228:
4222:
4205:
4183:
4161:
4142:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4073:
4069:
4054:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4005:
4001:
3986:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3893:
3889:
3876:
3872:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3790:Franklyn (1968)
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3742:Franklyn (1968)
3740:
3736:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3531:on May 17, 2008
3523:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3416:
3408:
3399:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3362:Wayback Machine
3353:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:, Denis Gerard
3320:
3316:
3304:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3275:Leonhard (1976)
3269:
3262:
3254:
3245:
3237:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3165:
3161:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2839:
2824:
2817:
2802:. The Austrian
2746:German heraldry
2726:. To designate
2631:sanguine/murrey
2551:Natural History
2547:Pliny the Elder
2524:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2493:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2273:College of Arms
2192:
2186:
2151:colour printing
2135:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2105:
2095:
2068:countercoloured
2050:Baron Alvingham
2046:Verney baronets
2034:Baron Baltimore
2026:German heraldry
1917:
1915:Counterchanging
1849:
1843:
1814:
1808:
1790:
1785:
1765:
1711:
1486:
1484:Other tinctures
1479:
1474:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1389:Sturzkrückenfeh
1328:
1322:
1285:
1279:
1231:
1175:from the Latin
1153:
990:is named for a
922:
822:The metals are
820:
669:
654:purp., pu., p.
597:
425:
268:
240:
209:
173:
171:
166:
165:
159:
152:
138:
131:
124:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
75:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7084:
7082:
7074:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7032:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6998:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6718:Pastel colours
6710:
6709:
6708:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6649:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6548:
6547:(Schopenhauer)
6540:
6535:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6500:Primary colour
6491:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6424:
6422:
6413:
6405:
6404:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6386:Colour mapping
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6311:Colour balance
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6268:Kruithof curve
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6140:Sonochromatism
6131:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6052:
6050:
6049:Colour physics
6043:
6041:Colour science
6037:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5907:Trophy of arms
5904:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5866:banner of arms
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5768:
5758:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5692:
5680:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5559:
5547:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5512:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5450:Tristram/Bowen
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4605:
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4603:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4536:Ecclesiastical
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4402:
4401:External links
4399:
4398:
4397:
4378:
4364:
4351:
4345:
4332:
4313:
4307:
4285:
4271:
4258:
4245:
4226:
4220:
4203:
4181:
4159:
4140:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4096:Michael Beheim
4080:
4067:
4052:
4026:
4019:Pimbley (1908)
4009:, p. 77;
3999:
3984:
3966:
3954:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3887:
3870:
3855:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3792:, p. 21;
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3719:
3704:
3690:
3676:
3662:
3648:
3634:
3609:
3591:
3566:
3541:
3516:
3491:
3468:
3443:
3431:
3414:
3397:
3378:
3366:
3342:
3330:
3314:
3308:, p. 60;
3291:
3279:
3260:
3243:
3224:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3159:
3143:
3126:
3114:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3058:
3049:
3039:
3029:
3016:
2995:
2982:
2969:
2952:
2946:Occasionally,
2939:
2922:
2909:
2893:
2880:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2597:, ruby, Mars;
2526:
2525:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2188:Main article:
2185:
2182:
2131:Main article:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2072:counterchanged
1933:counterchanged
1916:
1913:
1845:Main article:
1842:
1839:
1810:Main article:
1807:
1804:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1764:
1761:
1710:
1707:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1537:
1521:
1498:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1230:
1227:
1152:
1149:
1135:is from Latin
1082:is from Latin
992:type of marten
921:
918:
819:
816:
790:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
735:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
673:Heavenly body
671:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
625:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
599:
596:Monochromatic
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
543:
534:
530:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
450:
449:
444:
441:
438:
424:
421:
267:
264:
239:
236:
211:
210:
208:
207:
200:
193:
185:
182:
181:
168:
167:
153:
139:
132:
125:
118:
111:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
56:
55:
46:
45:
33:
24:
18:Counterchanged
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7083:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7041:
7033:
7031:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:organisations
6773:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6713:Colourfulness
6711:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6495:Colour mixing
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6487:Colour theory
6484:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:Light-on-dark
6465:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6420:Colour scheme
6417:
6414:
6412:
6406:
6401:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6288:Chromotherapy
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6228:Tetrachromacy
6226:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6152:Achromatopsia
6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6135:Chromesthesia
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6007:
6006:
6003:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5956:
5955:Sigillography
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5779:
5776:
5769:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5693:
5690:
5681:
5678:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5584:
5581:
5572:
5569:
5560:
5557:
5548:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5513:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:Laurel wreath
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Grant of arms
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4365:0-7137-0940-5
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4346:9781843098249
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4308:9780810928305
4304:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4272:9780354044936
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4221:9780498066832
4217:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4053:0-691-00237-1
4049:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3925:, p. 139
3924:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3812:, p. 104
3811:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3794:Slater (2003)
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3581:on 2010-06-09
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:Mike Oettle.
3472:
3469:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:Slater (2003)
3118:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:For example,
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2834:
2830:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:Henry Spelman
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:materia prima
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:dragon's tail
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:dragon's head
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:Jean Courtois
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2485:This section
2483:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2019:cross bottony
2016:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:Saxony-Anhalt
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1943:, but modern
1942:
1940:
1939:contre-changé
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1870:armes fausses
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1769:Norman French
1762:
1760:
1758:
1757:Victorian era
1754:
1753:augmentations
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:United States
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1215:, from Latin
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1145:Tyrian purple
1142:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:
987:
985:
978:
977:
972:
968:
966:
960:
958:
951:
950:
945:
944:, or purple.
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
917:
915:
909:
907:
901:
899:
893:
891:
885:
883:
876:
875:
870:
868:
862:
860:
854:
852:
846:
844:
837:
836:
831:
829:
825:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
796:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:Dragon's Head
729:
726:
725:Dragon's Tail
723:
720:
719:Dragon's Tail
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
670:designations
666:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
648:as., bl., b.
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
630:
627:
626:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
600:
598:designations
594:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
547:
544:
542:
538:
535:
531:
526:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
451:
448:
435:
431:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
304:
302:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
284:
279:
278:
272:
265:
263:
261:
257:
251:
247:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
217:
206:
201:
199:
194:
192:
187:
186:
184:
183:
180:
170:
169:
163:
158:
157:
150:
149:
144:
143:
137:
136:
130:
129:
123:
122:
116:
115:
109:
108:
102:
101:
95:
94:
88:
87:
81:
80:
74:
73:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
30:
19:
6887:Colour chart
6750:Fluorescence
6706:Dichromatism
6568:Colour terms
6550:
6542:
6522:Colour wheel
6517:Colour solid
6512:Chromaticity
6476:
6381:Colour space
6350:Colour model
6283:Chromophobia
6232:
5945:Phaleristics
5878:Roll of arms
5844:Applications
5756:Bleu celeste
5742:Rare colours
5468:
5435:Ormonde/Wake
5320:Fleur-de-lis
4882:Inescutcheon
4847:Crozier head
4692:Coat of arms
4579:Augmentation
4486:King of Arms
4383:
4355:
4336:
4318:
4293:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4231:
4209:
4189:
4167:
4145:
4126:
4118:Bibliography
4099:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4037:
4029:
4002:
3975:
3969:
3964:, p. 77
3957:
3930:
3918:
3894:
3890:
3878:
3877:Panckoucke,
3873:
3863:Elvin (1889)
3858:
3847:. Retrieved
3829:
3817:
3805:
3773:
3768:, p. 46
3761:
3749:
3744:, p. 68
3737:
3717:, p. 62
3693:
3679:
3665:
3651:
3637:
3626:. Retrieved
3622:the original
3612:
3604:the original
3594:
3583:. Retrieved
3579:the original
3569:
3558:. Retrieved
3554:the original
3544:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3519:
3508:. Retrieved
3504:the original
3494:
3486:the original
3481:
3471:
3460:. Retrieved
3446:
3434:
3376:, p. 73
3369:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3282:
3258:, p. 60
3241:, p. 70
3219:
3214:
3209:, p. 10
3202:
3197:, p. 45
3190:
3185:, p. 83
3178:
3173:, p. 83
3162:
3157:, p. 74
3146:
3124:, p. 72
3117:
3061:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3004:Kim Campbell
2998:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2843:
2829:coat of arms
2769:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2685:
2682:
2643:
2633:, sardonyx,
2630:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2560:Honoré Bonet
2544:
2529:
2514:
2508:October 2019
2505:
2494:Please help
2489:verification
2486:
2463:
2452:
2442:
2441:(blue); and
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2395:is used for
2392:
2390:
2379:
2363:
2341:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:for argent,
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2174:
2167:
2148:
2102:
2097:Arms of the
2079:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2048:(1818), and
2023:
2004:
1985:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1931:, it may be
1918:
1906:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1835:
1831:of the third
1830:
1827:of the field
1826:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1806:In blazoning
1798:
1794:
1791:
1783:Designations
1775:
1773:
1766:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1671:horizon blue
1670:
1664:
1650:
1641:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:bleu de ciel
1529:
1525:Bleu-céleste
1523:
1517:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1476:
1462:
1448:
1434:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:red squirrel
1244:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:lapis lazuli
1040:
1036:, from the
1033:
1020:
1012:
1004:
998:
996:
981:
975:
973:
962:
954:
947:
946:
941:
937:
933:
932:, or black;
929:
925:
923:
913:
903:
895:
887:
879:
872:
871:
866:
856:
848:
840:
834:
832:
827:
823:
821:
811:
807:
803:
801:
415:, except in
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
299:
293:
287:
281:
275:
273:
269:
259:
255:
252:
248:
241:
223:
222:
156:Coat of arms
154:
146:
140:
133:
126:
119:
112:
105:
98:
91:
84:
77:
70:
61:coat of arms
6745:Iridescence
6577:Basic terms
6472:Web colours
6428:Colour tool
6367:subtractive
6316:Colour cast
6221:Unique hues
6179:Colour code
6174:Colour task
6117:Colorimetry
6083:Chromophore
5950:Vexillology
5711:Rare metals
5691:(blood red)
5289:Winged lion
5269:Sea-griffin
5204:Hippocampus
5137:Allocamelus
4779:Fimbriation
4707:Compartment
4684:Achievement
4652:Marshalling
4618:distinction
4476:Law of arms
4461:Authorities
4322:. Pimbley.
2948:varry cuppy
2851: 1258
2840: 1230
2825: 1355
2818: 1320
2724:Renaissance
2718:– ppr, pp,
2658:Catabibazon
2247:for azure (
2239:for sable;
2231:for gules;
2170:table above
1763:Terminology
1751:granted as
1743:and seeded
1675:Silver gray
1550:Eisen-farbe
936:, or blue;
128:Compartment
72:Escutcheon
53:achievement
7055:Categories
6907:Shades of:
6740:Brightness
6411:philosophy
6216:Afterimage
6206:Metamerism
6157:Dichromacy
5895:equestrian
5679:(mulberry)
5405:Harrington
5335:Quatrefoil
5264:Salamander
5209:Hippogriff
5167:Cockatrice
5147:Amphiptere
5119:Wolfsangel
5099:Portcullis
5011:Black swan
4965:Camelopard
4794:Ordinaries
4712:Escutcheon
4662:impalement
4657:quartering
4640:variations
4558:Attributed
4496:pursuivant
3865:, p.
3849:2022-12-11
3628:2009-04-16
3585:2009-04-16
3560:2009-04-16
3535:2009-04-16
3510:2007-08-14
3462:2009-04-16
3085:References
2804:troubadour
2709:John Ferne
2646:Anabibazon
2583:carbuncles
2263:for vert,
1599:aquamarine
1178:sanguineus
1096:Asia Minor
928:, or red;
330:, then by
40:Part of a
6757:Grayscale
6730:Lightness
6725:Luminance
6534:(fashion)
6234:The dress
5988:resources
5933:socialist
5856:Hatchment
5851:Bookplate
5831:Carnation
5818:Realistic
5631:Erminites
5469:Tinctures
5420:Hinckaert
5385:Bourchier
5239:Ouroboros
5224:Manticore
5129:Legendary
5104:Reremouse
5041:Przepaska
4970:Hind/stag
4960:Dog/hound
4769:Attitudes
4746:Supporter
4674:Societies
4635:divisions
4584:abatement
4281:852003621
4155:919809145
4108:0039-8098
3994:982288043
2916:Although
2857:Footnotes
2827:) in the
2784:gemstones
2728:carnation
2705:Aspilogia
2654:astrology
2650:astronomy
2431:(black);
2411:(white);
2066:The term
1988:Behnsdorf
1976:Behnsdorf
1925:variation
1695:turquoise
1679:Air Force
1642:red ochre
1557:Carnation
1544:columbine
1415:papelonné
1407:papellony
1403:papelonné
1267:papelonné
585:Blood red
508:Tincture
86:Supporter
7071:Heraldry
7030:Category
7012:Lighting
6735:Darkness
6555:(Goethe)
6355:additive
6343:Quattron
5940:Logotype
5883:Illyrian
5765:Brunâtre
5689:Sanguine
5626:Erminois
5594:(purple)
5487:Hatching
5482:Tricking
5445:Stafford
5345:Shamrock
5294:Woodwose
5274:Sea-lion
5244:Pantheon
5219:Lindworm
5162:Chollima
5157:Biscione
5152:Basilisk
5074:Crapaudy
4975:Kangaroo
4837:Componée
4831:Łękawica
4727:pavilion
4722:Mantling
4601:courtesy
4596:Alliance
4524:dominion
4519:National
4450:Heraldry
4393:02020303
4374:81670212
4328:08029181
4291:(1997).
4241:77094021
4210:Heraldry
4199:09023803
4187:(1909).
4177:68056481
4165:(1904).
4100:Századok
4062:39256214
3881:(1768),
3843:Archived
3456:Archived
3358:Archived
3037:colours.
3002:Arms of
2796:emperors
2764:sanguine
2734:sign of
2688:(1465),
2666:sanguine
2532:minerals
2401:(gold);
2211:for or;
2190:Tricking
2184:Tricking
2155:hatching
2127:Hatching
2052:(1929).
2044:(1801),
2040:(1628),
2036:(1624),
1974:Arms of
1929:ordinary
1921:division
1776:tincture
1540:Amaranth
1502:Brunâtre
1399:plumetty
1309:hermelin
1172:Sanguine
1157:sanguine
1141:porphyra
1041:lāžavard
1034:lāzaward
914:argentum
782:Sardonyx
777:Sardonyx
772:Amethyst
762:Sapphire
651:vt., v.
645:s., sa.
629:Tricking
602:Hatching
580:Mulberry
497:Sanguine
443:Colours
417:mantling
318:, while
228:heraldry
224:Tincture
107:Mantling
50:Heraldic
29:Tincture
6994:Related
6955:Magenta
6880:history
6784:Pantone
6071:Visible
6066:Rainbow
5916:Related
5784:Cendrée
5767:(brown)
5621:Ermines
5592:Purpure
5582:(green)
5558:(black)
5531:Colours
5511:(white)
5415:Heneage
5357:Thistle
5350:Trefoil
5284:Unicorn
5259:Phoenix
5254:Pegasus
5249:Panther
5234:Musimon
5229:Mermaid
5214:Lampago
5184:Enfield
5177:Chinese
5114:Serpent
5109:Scallop
5079:Dolphin
5053:Pelican
5048:Martlet
5036:Szaszor
5006:Alerion
4980:Leopard
4955:Bull/ox
4929:Saltire
4917:Roundel
4892:Lozenge
4862:Flaunch
4827:Chevron
4817:Bordure
4802:Annulet
4774:Erasure
4761:Charges
4625:Canting
4613:Cadency
4574:Armiger
4548:Burgher
4501:private
4471:History
4136:6102523
3075:jacinth
3006:, 19th
2800:planets
2788:princes
2694:virtues
2670:alchemy
2619:jacinth
2611:purpure
2536:animals
2428:schwarz
2421:(red);
2375:pourpre
2369:purpure
2353:sinople
1951:, Ger.
1898:Albania
1687:crimson
1651:In the
1518:purpure
1494:Cendrée
1411:plumeté
1395:plumeté
1374:Buntfeh
1305:, Ger.
1301:hermine
1295:Ermine
1263:plumeté
1239:chapter
1218:tannare
1183:purpure
1137:purpura
1125:, Ger.
1121:pourpre
1115:purpure
1107:Purpure
1088:sinople
1084:viridis
1072:, Ger.
1068:sinople
1038:Persian
1019:, Ger.
984:Schwarz
961:, Ger.
957:gueules
942:purpure
920:Colours
906:silbern
808:colours
787:Jacinth
767:Emerald
757:Diamond
713:Mercury
701:Jupiter
668:Poetic
487:Purpure
440:Metals
409:purpure
397:purpure
369:Purpure
7007:Qualia
7002:Vision
6950:Purple
6945:Violet
6925:Yellow
6920:Orange
6775:Colour
6615:Orange
6610:Purple
6600:Yellow
6409:Colour
6034:topics
6032:Colour
5928:Emblem
5902:Tabard
5826:Proper
5805:
5800:Orange
5797:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5771:
5763:
5761:
5753:
5750:
5729:
5727:
5722:Copper
5719:
5698:
5695:
5686:
5683:
5677:Murrey
5674:
5671:
5664:Stains
5653:Potent
5616:Ermine
5589:
5586:
5577:
5574:
5570:(blue)
5565:
5562:
5553:
5550:
5541:
5538:
5523:(gold)
5518:
5515:
5509:Argent
5506:
5503:
5496:Metals
5362:Turnip
5313:Plants
5299:Wyvern
5189:Garuda
5172:Dragon
5142:Alphyn
4938:Beasts
4922:Bezant
4877:Hamade
4867:Goutte
4822:Canton
4739:slogan
4717:Helmet
4608:Blazon
4567:Topics
4491:herald
4391:
4372:
4362:
4343:
4326:
4305:
4279:
4269:
4239:
4218:
4197:
4175:
4153:
4134:
4106:
4060:
4050:
3992:
3982:
3897:, pp.
3883:p. 556
3326:et al.
2808:herald
2786:, and
2780:barons
2778:, and
2756:Spener
2732:zodiac
2720:Ermine
2716:Proper
2707:. Sir
2668:). In
2591:argent
2540:plants
2385:propre
2378:; and
2337:argent
2295:argent
2163:Jesuit
2145:, 1600
1923:line,
1812:Blazon
1799:argent
1737:proper
1732:proper
1727:proper
1721:propre
1715:proper
1709:Proper
1683:Bronze
1636:; the
1617:copper
1595:Russia
1575:argent
1506:(Ger.
1477:Kürsch
1435:Potent
1420:Kürsch
1385:(Ger.
1383:potent
1354:varius
1340:(Ger.
1291:Ermine
1277:Ermine
1271:kürsch
1269:, and
1247:Ermine
1223:livery
1190:Murrey
1161:murrey
1151:Stains
1129:Purpur
1100:Turkey
1092:Sinope
1031:Arabic
980:(Ger.
898:Silber
878:(Ger.
874:Argent
859:golden
839:(Ger.
828:argent
818:Metals
810:, and
804:metals
738:Jewel
695:Saturn
575:Purple
550:Yellow
537:Silver
492:Murrey
457:Argent
447:Stains
437:Class
413:ermine
389:argent
358:, and
356:argent
332:argent
283:argent
260:proper
256:stains
232:blazon
148:slogan
135:Charge
114:Helmet
42:series
7040:Index
6980:Black
6970:White
6965:Brown
6930:Green
6832:Lists
6824:Names
6806:(CIE)
6635:Brown
6630:White
6620:Black
6590:Green
6105:Water
6061:Light
5873:Badge
5792:Ochre
5701:Tenné
5568:Azure
5556:Sable
5546:(red)
5544:Gules
5440:Savoy
5400:Dacre
5390:Bowen
5377:Knots
5279:Tyger
5199:Harpy
5084:Emmet
5062:Other
5031:Eagle
4999:Birds
4887:Label
4872:Gyron
4852:Chief
4842:Cross
4784:Lines
4751:Torse
4734:Motto
4702:Crest
4647:Fraud
4630:Field
4553:Women
4541:papal
4529:civic
4512:Types
4252:[
2935:verry
2931:varry
2918:sable
2792:kings
2776:earls
2772:dukes
2760:tenné
2662:tenné
2615:tenné
2603:azure
2599:sable
2595:gules
2458:braun
2408:weiss
2359:sable
2356:with
2334:with
2315:sable
2305:gules
2219:, or
1980:tilia
1935:(Fr.
1927:, or
1717:(Fr.
1629:Ochre
1570:white
1534:azure
1510:Braun
1409:. In
1401:and
1367:vairy
1363:vairé
1297:(Fr.
1251:stoat
1213:tawny
1209:tenny
1204:Tenné
1196:morum
1165:tenné
1111:(Fr.
1056:(Fr.
1003:(Fr.
999:Azure
976:Sable
953:(Fr.
949:Gules
934:azure
930:sable
926:gules
902:, or
890:Weiss
867:aurum
855:, or
747:Topaz
742:Pearl
707:Venus
632:abbr.
590:Tawny
570:Green
560:Black
541:White
502:Tenné
477:Azure
472:Sable
467:Gules
453:Name
405:sable
385:gules
377:azure
360:sable
352:gules
344:azure
336:azure
324:gules
320:gules
316:sable
312:azure
301:azure
295:sable
277:gules
142:Motto
121:Crown
100:Torse
93:Crest
79:Field
6975:Gray
6960:Pink
6940:Blue
6935:Cyan
6625:Grey
6605:Pink
6585:Blue
6372:CMYK
5890:Seal
5861:Flag
5808:Rose
5775:Buff
5731:Buff
5648:Vair
5636:Pean
5603:Furs
5580:Vert
5455:Wake
5430:Lacy
5340:Rose
5304:Yale
5094:Lucy
5026:Dove
5021:Crow
5016:Cock
4990:Wolf
4985:Lion
4950:Boar
4945:Bear
4912:Pile
4907:Pall
4902:Pale
4897:Orle
4857:Fess
4812:Bend
4389:LCCN
4370:LCCN
4360:ISBN
4341:ISBN
4324:LCCN
4303:ISBN
4277:OCLC
4267:ISBN
4237:LCCN
4216:ISBN
4195:LCCN
4173:LCCN
4151:OCLC
4132:OCLC
4104:ISSN
4058:OCLC
4048:ISBN
3990:OCLC
3980:ISBN
2806:and
2794:and
2762:and
2754:").
2652:and
2607:vert
2455:for
2448:grün
2438:blau
2435:for
2425:for
2415:for
2405:for
2398:gelb
2382:for
2366:for
2347:vert
2344:for
2340:);
2331:azur
2325:bleu
2322:for
2312:for
2302:for
2292:for
2282:for
2265:Purp
2255:and
2161:, a
2015:bend
2005:The
1741:vert
1691:teal
1666:buff
1611:rose
1604:The
1338:Vair
1334:Vair
1326:Vair
1320:Vair
1255:Vair
1229:Furs
1076:Grün
1060:vert
1052:Vert
1023:Blau
1015:bleu
1007:azur
938:vert
882:Weiß
851:Gold
843:Gelb
826:and
812:furs
752:Ruby
733:, ☊
727:, ☋
721:, ☋
715:, ☿
709:, ♀
703:, ♃
697:, ♄
691:, ♂
689:Mars
685:, ☉
679:, ☾
677:Moon
642:gu.
636:ar.
565:Blue
546:Gold
482:Vert
430:furs
423:List
403:and
393:vert
387:and
379:and
364:vert
340:vert
334:and
307:Vert
286:and
145:(or
6915:Red
6701:Hue
6595:Red
6360:RGB
5923:Mon
5330:Oak
5089:Ged
5069:Bee
4807:Bar
4044:110
3911:318
3907:239
3903:238
3899:202
2933:or
2744:).
2736:Leo
2648:in
2641:).
2629:);
2549:'s
2498:by
2418:rot
2372:or
2362:);
2259:);
2243:or
2235:or
2227:or
2221:arg
2207:or
1959:or
1693:or
1681:.
1673:.
1593:in
1542:or
1528:or
1405:or
1397:or
1365:or
1344:Feh
1211:or
1207:or
1118:or
1094:in
1064:or
1011:or
965:Rot
683:Sun
663:♌︎
660:♌︎
657:m.
639:o.
555:Red
411:or
7057::
5521:Or
4368:.
4297:.
4275:.
4056:.
4046:.
4021:,
4017:;
4013:,
3988:.
3942:^
3909:,
3905:,
3901:,
3867:35
3841:.
3837:.
3722:^
3707:^
3480:.
3417:^
3400:^
3381:^
3345:^
3294:^
3263:^
3246:^
3227:^
3129:^
3092:^
3010::
2848:c.
2837:c.
2822:c.
2815:c.
2790:,
2774:,
2621:,
2617:,
2587:or
2538:,
2534:,
2453:Br
2443:Gr
2388:.
2380:Pr
2318:;
2308:;
2298:;
2288:;
2285:or
2269:Pr
2261:Vt
2257:az
2253:ar
2241:Az
2237:sa
2229:gu
2217:ar
2215:,
2209:or
2101::
2063:.
1990:,
1855::
1818:or
1795:or
1747:.
1745:or
1648:.
1624:.
1601:.
1580:or
1265:,
1225:.
894:,
886:,
847:,
835:Or
824:or
814:.
806:,
462:Or
432:)
401:or
381:or
354:,
348:or
328:or
289:or
44:on
6024:e
6017:t
6010:v
4833:)
4829:(
4442:e
4435:t
4428:v
4376:.
4349:.
4311:.
4283:.
4224:.
4179:.
4110:.
4064:.
3996:.
3913:.
3885:.
3852:.
3631:.
3588:.
3563:.
3538:.
3513:.
3465:.
3071:"
3065:"
3027:.
3014:.
2993:.
2980:.
2967:.
2950:.
2937:.
2891:.
2846:(
2835:(
2813:(
2637:(
2625:(
2521:)
2515:(
2510:)
2506:(
2492:.
2433:B
2423:S
2413:R
2403:W
2393:G
2364:P
2342:V
2320:B
2310:S
2300:G
2290:A
2280:O
2249:B
2245:B
2233:S
2225:G
2213:A
2205:O
1536:;
1520:;
1514:)
1348:)
1313:)
1133:)
1098:(
1080:)
1027:)
988:)
969:)
910:)
863:)
548:/
539:/
303:.
204:e
197:t
190:v
151:)
31:.
20:)
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